1.
Latin
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Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
2.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
3.
Universities in the United Kingdom
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Universities in the United Kingdom have generally been instituted by Royal Charter, Papal Bull, Act of Parliament or an instrument of government under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. For new public universities, approval is required from the Privy Council, the exact criteria for University title vary between the four countries of the United Kingdom. These include a number of institutions that feature regularly in the tables of the worlds top universities, such as UCL. The central co-ordinating bodies for universities in the United Kingdom is Universities UK, Universities in Britain date back to the dawn of mediaeval studium generale, with Oxford and Cambridge taking their place among the worlds oldest universities. No other universities were founded in England during this period, opposition from Oxford and Cambridge blocked attempts to establish universities in Northampton. Medical schools in London, though not a university in its own right, were among the first to provide medical teachings in England, in Scotland, St Andrews, Glasgow and Kings College, Aberdeen were founded by Papal Bull. Post-Reformation, these were joined by Edinburgh, Marischal College, Aberdeen, gresham College was, however, established in London in the late 16th century, despite concerns expressed by Cambridge. In Ireland, Trinity College Dublin was founded as the mother of a University by a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth, the 18th century saw the establishment of medical schools at Edinburgh and Glasgow universities and at hospitals in London. A number of dissenting academies were also established, but the next attempt to found a university did not come until the Andersonian Institute was established in Glasgow in 1798. The French Revolution and the ensuing Napoleonic wars led to over 40% of universities in Europe closing, from 153 universities in 1789, numbers fell to only 83 in 1815. The next quarter century saw a rebound, with 15 new universities founded, by then, the higher education revolution was well under way. This would, however, have required government support, the opinion of Robert Peel – cabinet minister and MP for Oxford University – was sought, and he advised against proceeding. This period also saw the establishment of Mechanics Institutes in a number of cities, many others would eventually become polytechnics and then, in 1992, universities. Very soon after news of the York scheme broke, Thomas Campbell wrote to The Times proposing a university be founded in London and this would become UCL, founded in 1826 as a joint stock company under the name of London University. This became Kings College London, granted a charter in 1829 –. Neither of the Colleges was residential – a break from the two ancient English universities, although non-residential universities were the norm in Scotland, Cambridge voted to petition the King not to allow the awarding of degrees with the same name as theirs or Oxfords. Then, later in 1831, a plan was announced to found a university in Durham, greys government supported the bill to establish the university, despite it limiting its degrees to Anglicans. Thus the University of Durham was established by Act of Parliament in 1832, in 1836 it pioneered the system of external examiners for its final degree examinations, bringing in Oxford academics to ensure the same standards
4.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
5.
Virginia Bottomley
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Virginia Hilda Brunette Maxwell Bottomley, Baroness Bottomley of Nettlestone, PC, DL is a British Conservative Party politician. She was a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons from 1984 to 2005 and she was raised to the peerage in 2005. She was a member of the Supervisory Board of Akzo Nobel NV from 2000–12, as part of her pro-bono activities, Virginia is Chancellor of the University of Hull. She was a Governor of the London School of Economics for 31 years and she is a member of the UK Advisory Council of the International Chamber of Commerce. She has been Chair of the Board Practice at executive head-hunting firm Odgers Berndtson where she has been since 2000 and her paternal aunt was Labour Greater London Council Member Margaret Jay. She first met Peter Bottomley, her husband, when she was 12 years old. Bottomley was educated at Putney High School, an independent school for girls in Putney in south-west London and she later graduated from the London School of Economics with the degree of Master of Arts. She began her life as a social scientist, researcher for Child Poverty Action Group, social worker, magistrate. She was appointed a member of the Privy Council upon joining John Majors Cabinet as Secretary of State for Health in 1992 and she was the 9th woman in the British cabinet. She then served as Secretary of State for National Heritage from 1995 to 1997, after the 1997 general election, she returned to the backbenches, also become a headhunter at Odgers. She stepped down from the House of Commons when the 2005 general election was called, Bottomley is involved with charitable and academic bodies in addition to business. She was on the founding Council of the University of the Arts and she is also a Council Member of the Ditchley Foundation and was President of Farnham Castle, Centre for International Briefing. From 2000 until May 2012 she has sat on the Supervisory Board of Akzo Nobel and she was a non-executive director of Bupa, a healthcare company. She is on the Advisory Council of the International Chamber of Commerce UK and was for the Judge School of Management, Bottomley has been a trustee and is a fellow of the Industry and Parliament Trust. She was National President of the Abbeyfield Society and a Vice-Patron of Carers and she was a lay canon of Guildford Cathedral, and a Freeman of the City of London. In 2006, she was elected and installed as Chancellor of the University of Hull and she was also appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Surrey in March of that year and Sheriff of Hull in 2013. Virginia Garnett married Sir Peter Bottomley in 1967, after the birth of their eldest child and they live in Westminster and Milford, Surrey, they have three children, Cecilia, Adela and Joshua and eight grandchildren. Bottomleys family includes many figures in politics and public life and her brother, Christopher Garnett, was the chief executive of train operating company GNER
6.
Susan Lea
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Professor Susan Lea is a chartered psychologist and academic, and is Vice-Chancellor at the University of Hull. Previously she was Deputy Vice-Chancellor at the University of Greenwich, Lea attended the University of Cape Town where she gained a Bachelor of Social Science in 1982, a Bachelor of Arts in 1984 and a Master of Arts in 1986. In 1995 she received her Doctor of Philosophy from Loughborough University on South African Racial Discourse, Lea trained as a community psychologist at the University of Cape Town. While at Plymouth University she was Acting Dean of the Health Faculty, Associate Dean of the Health Faculty, Lea joined the University of Greenwich in April 2015 as Deputy Vice-Chancellor with responsibility for academic strategy including all aspects of quality, standards and enhancement. This involves working with police, NHS staff and academics
7.
Lord President of the Council
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The Lord President of the Council is the fourth of the Great Officers of State of the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord High Treasurer and above the Lord Privy Seal. The Lord President usually attends and is responsible of presiding over meetings of the Privy Council, in the modern era, the holder is by convention always a member of one of the houses of Parliament and the office is a Cabinet post. The Lord President is currently David Lidington as of 14 July 2016, the Privy Council meets once a month, wherever the Sovereign may be residing at the time, to give formal approval to Orders in Council. Only a few Privy Counsellors need attend such meetings, and only invited to do so at the Governments request. As the duties of the Lord President are not onerous, the post has often given to a government minister whose responsibilities are not department-specific. In recent years it has been most typical for the Lord President to also serve as Leader of the House of Commons or Leader of the House of Lords. Before the change of government in 2010, the Lord President was Peter Mandelson, examples of this practice are the meetings in New Zealand in 1990 and 1995, when Geoffrey Palmer and James Bolger respectively were acting Lords President. In the 19th century, the Lord President was generally the cabinet responsible for the education system. This role was gradually scaled back in the late 19th and early 20th centuries but remnants of it remain, a particularly vital role was played by the Lord President of the Council during the Second World War. The Lord President served as chairman of the Lord Presidents Committee and this committee acted as a central clearing house for dealing with the countrys economic problems. This was vital to the running of the British war economy. Winston Churchill, clearly believing that this wartime co-ordinating role was beneficial, introduced a similar, the so-called overlord ministers included Frederick Leathers as Secretary of State for the Co-ordination of Transport, Fuel and Power and Frederick Marquis, 1st Baron Woolton as Lord President. Wooltons job was to co-ordinate the then separate ministries of agriculture, the Lord President has no role in the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Privy Council Office Vice-President of the Executive Council President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada Sinecure
8.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
9.
Kingston upon Hull
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Kingston upon Hull, usually abbreviated to Hull, is a city and unitary authority in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It lies upon the River Hull at its confluence with the Humber estuary,25 miles inland from the North Sea, the town of Hull was founded late in the 12th century. The monks of Meaux Abbey needed a port where the wool from their estates could be exported and they chose a place at the confluence of the rivers Hull and Humber to build a quay. The exact year the town was founded is not known but it was first mentioned in 1193, renamed Kings-town upon Hull by King Edward I in 1299, Hull has been a market town, military supply port, trading hub, fishing and whaling centre, and industrial metropolis. Hull was a theatre of battle in the English Civil Wars. Its 18th-century Member of Parliament, William Wilberforce, took a prominent part in the abolition of the trade in Britain. The city is unique in the UK in having had a municipally owned telephone system from 1902, sporting cream, not red, telephone boxes. After suffering heavy damage in the Second World War, Hull weathered a period of decline, gaining unfavourable results on measures of social deprivation, education. In the early 21st-century spending boom before the late 2000s recession the city saw large amounts of new retail, commercial, housing, tourist attractions include the historic Old Town and Museum Quarter, Hull Marina and The Deep, a city landmark. The redevelopment of one of Hulls main thoroughfares, Ferensway, included the opening of St Stephens Hull, spectator sports include Premier League football and Super League Rugby. The KCOM Stadium houses Hull City football club and Hull F. C. rugby club, Hull is also home to the English Premier Ice Hockey League Hull Pirates. The University of Hull was founded in 1927 and now more than 16,000 students. It is ranked among the best in the Yorkshire and the Humber region and located in the leafy Newland suburb, in 2013, it was announced that Hull would be the 2017 UK City of Culture. In 2015 it was announced that the Ferens Art Gallery will be hosting the annual art prize, The Turner Prize. The prize is held outside London every other year, Kingston upon Hull stands on the north bank of the Humber estuary at the mouth of its tributary, the River Hull. The valley of the River Hull has been inhabited since the early Neolithic period, the area was attractive to people because it gave access to a prosperous hinterland and navigable rivers but the site was poor, being remote, low-lying and with no fresh water. It was originally a part of the hamlet of Myton. The name is thought to either from a Scandinavian word Vik meaning inlet or from the Saxon Wic meaning dwelling place or refuge
10.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
11.
Turquoise (color)
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Turquoise /ˈtɜːrkɔɪz/ or /ˈtɜːrkwɔɪz/ is the name of a bluish-green color, based on the gem of the same name. The word turquoise comes from the French for Turkish, as the gem was originally imported from Turkey, the first recorded use of turquoise as a color name in English was in 1573. It is, generally thought to consist of 70% blue and 30% green, the X11 color named turquoise is displayed on the right. Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a phosphate of copper and aluminium. It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been prized as a gem, in many cultures of the Old and New Worlds, this gemstone has been esteemed for thousands of years as a holy stone, a bringer of good fortune or a talisman. The oldest evidence for this claim was found in ancient Egypt, in the ancient Persian Empire, the sky-blue gemstones were earlier worn round the neck or wrist as protection against unnatural death. If they changed color, the wearer was thought to have reason to fear the approach of doom, meanwhile, it has been discovered that turquoise can change color. The change can be caused by light, or by a chemical reaction brought about by cosmetics, Turquoise is a stone and color that is strongly associated with the domes and interiors of large mosques in Iran, Central Asia and Russia. The color Celeste is a sky bluish turquoise, light Turquoise is a lighter tone of turquoise. Turquoise blue is a close to turquoise on the color wheel. The first recorded use of blue as a color name in English was in 1900. Turquoise association of Iran is developer center of Iranian turquoise all of the world and this association started their work as the only authentic representative and exporter of precious Persian Turquoise since 1998 and now our honor is getting more and more well-thought-of in market. At right is displayed the web color medium turquoise, at right is displayed the web color dark turquoise. At right is displayed the color pearl mystic turquoise
12.
East Riding of Yorkshire
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The East Riding of Yorkshire, or simply East Yorkshire, is a ceremonial county of England. It is located in the region of Yorkshire and the Humber, the modern East Riding of Yorkshire, was formed in 1996 from the northern part of the non-metropolitan county of Humberside. The East Riding of Yorkshire may also refer to the riding of Yorkshire. The historic riding covered an area than the modern county, it included some areas now in North Yorkshire, but did not include the area of Goole. At the 2011 Census the Unitary Authority population was 334,179, the landscape consists of a crescent of low chalk hills, the Yorkshire Wolds, surrounded by the low-lying fertile plains of Holderness and the Vale of York. The Humber Estuary and North Sea mark its southern and eastern limits, archaeological investigations have revealed artefacts and structures from all historical periods since the last ice age. There are few settlements and no industrial centres. The area is administered from the ancient market and ecclesiastical town of Beverley, Christianity is the religion with the largest following in the area and there is a higher than average percentage of retired people in residence. The economy is based on agriculture and this, along with tourism, has contributed to the rural. These aspects are also reflected in the places of interest to visitors and major landmarks, which include buildings, nature reserves. The open and maritime aspects and lack of urban developments have also led to the county being allocated relatively high targets for the generation of energy from renewable sources. Bishop Burton is the site of a college, and Hull provides the regions only university. On the southern border, close to Hull, the Humber Bridge spans the Humber Estuary to enable the A15 to link Hessle with Barton-upon-Humber in North Lincolnshire. When the last glacial period ended, the hunter gatherers of the Palaeolithic period followed the herds across the land between continental Europe and Britain. Until about 6,000 BC, Mesolithic people appear to have exploited their environment as they found it, as communities came to rely on a smaller territorial range and as population levels increased, attempts began to be made to modify or control the natural world. In the Great Wold Valley, pollen samples of Mesolithic date indicate that the forest cover in the area was being disturbed and altered by man, the Yorkshire Wolds became a major focus for human settlement during the Neolithic period as they had a wide range of natural resources. The oldest monuments found on the Wolds are the Neolithic long barrows, two earthen long barrows in the region are found at Fordon, on Willerby Wold, and at Kilham, both of which have radiocarbon dates of around 3700 BC. From around 2000 to 800 BC, the people of the Bronze Age built the 1,400 Bronze Age round barrows that are known to exist on the Yorkshire Wolds and these are found both in isolation and grouped together to form cemeteries
13.
Hull York Medical School
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The Hull York Medical School is a medical school in England which took its first intake of students in 2003. The early history of education in Hull and York goes back to the three following institutions, Hull Medical School, York Medical Society and the York Medical School. Notable doctors associated with the York school included John Hughlings Jackson, Daniel Hack Tuke, Thomas Laycock, James Atkinson and it is thought that the York school closed in the 1860s. The medical school admits 140 students each year, around 1,000 applied for 2013 entry. Of the successful applicants each year, half are based at the University of Hull, in 2014, HYMS was ranked 20th in the UK by the Guardian University Subject Guide and 27th in the UK by the Complete University Guide 2014. As of 2006 applicants have been required to sit the UKCAT admissions test, information about the test and preparation can be found at UKCAT. The course has had, in the past, a proportion of mature students when compared to other medical courses. The 2005 intake had 44 mature students spread over both Hull and York universities, a number than in most medical schools. Students spend the two years in one at their academic bases. Phase two consists of rotation around York, Hull, Scunthorpe, Grimsby and Scarborough, in the final year of the course, students essentially take on the role of a junior pre-registration house officer and are also able to carry out an elective period overseas. This is a feature in most UK medical curricula. The schools first international students began their studies in September 2006 and this has been praised by the General Medical Council and students alike, who see the vocational nature of the course one of the most exciting parts of their medical education. The course uses clinically orientated subjects, as opposed to medical school subjects which are more abstract science based. Like other medical schools, HYMS also offers the ability to intercalate a BSc degree in subjects, such as anatomy, biology. Students spend five years at HYMS and graduate with an MB BS degree and he co-presented a second series with von Hagens in 2006 called Autopsy, Life and Death. The Hull York Medical School Discussion forum for applicants to Hull York Medical School
14.
University of York
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The University of York is a research-intensive plate glass university located in the city of York, England. Established in 1963, the university has expanded to more than thirty departments and centres. In the 2014 Research Assessment Exercise, York was named as the 14th best research institution in the United Kingdom. The university also places among the top 20 in the country, top 50 universities in Europe, York is described as a genuinely world class institution by The Times and The Sunday Times. In 2012 York joined the Russell Group, which some of the UKs most prestigious universities. Situated to the south-east of the city of York, the university campus is about 200 acres in size, incorporating the York Science Park and its wildlife, campus lakes and greenery are prominent, and the institution also occupies buildings in the city of York. In May 2007 the university was granted permission to build an extension to its main campus, the second campus, known as Heslington East, opened in 2009 and now hosts three colleges and three departments as well as conference spaces, sports village and a business start-up incubator. York is a university and every student is allocated to one of the universitys nine colleges. The ninth college was founded in 2014 and was named Constantine after the Roman emperor Constantine I, there are plans to build two new colleges in the near future. The first petition for the establishment of a university in York was presented to James I in 1617, in 1641 a second petition was drawn up but was not delivered due to the English Civil War in 1642. A third petition was created in 1647 but was rejected by Parliament, in the 1820s there were discussions about the founding of a university in York, but this did not come to fruition due to the founding of Durham University in 1832. In 1903 F. J. Munby and the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, amongst others, oliver Sheldon a director of Rowntrees and co-founder of York Civic Trust, was a driving force behind the campaign to found the university. Morell and the history of the foundations, in 1963 the university opened with 216 undergraduates,14 postgraduates, and 28 academic and administrative staff. The university started with six departments, Economics, Education, English, History, a year later, work began on purpose-built structures on the Heslington Campus, which now forms the main part of the university. Due to the influence of Graeme Moodie, founding head of the Politics Department, students are involved in the governance of the university at all levels, and his model has since been widely adopted. Yorks first two Colleges, Derwent and Langwith were founded in 1965, and were followed by Alcuin and Vanbrugh in 1967, in 1972 this was followed by Wentworth College. The university was noted for its approach to teaching. It was known for its adoption of joint honours degrees which were often very broad such as history
15.
Hull University Union
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Hull University Union is the students union for the University of Hull in Kingston upon Hull, England. It is run as a separate entity to the university itself. There is a Union Executive Committee chaired by the President, Matt Evans, which consists of six sabbatical officers. Union Council is the major scrutinizing body of Hull University Union, HUU has a presence on both the Hull and Scarborough campuses. On Tuesday 24 May 2016, Hull University Union announced its intention to disaffiliate from the National Union of Students following a referendum where 811 students voted to leave against 476 to stay, HUU is a registered charity and the supervisory body is the Charities Commission. Some changes have come into effect, for example, the trustee structure has already changed. There are now four student trustees, four trustees and all six sabbatical officers are also trustees. The Union Executive Committee structure changed as of 29 June 2010, there will be 6 full-time sabbatical officers. The new UEC is The new Media & Volunteering position is a merger of the duties of the HUSSO Chair. The VP was the editor of Hullfire, but because the workload of the new role is greater, societies were the responsibility of VP, but that has now become part of the remit of VP. Chair ISA was a position that existed, but it was a student voluntary role. As of 07/08 it will still be a student position, and it will be the same with Chair Campaigns. The Chair HUSSO became a role, still with a place on the UEC. Like any student union, there are regulations governing the way it runs, the biggest recent issue regarding these was the change of the unions constitution so it complies with the Charities Act - a bill which expected to have royal assent either this year or the next. The new constitution came into force on 1 August 2007, alongside the constitution, there are also Bye-Laws, Standing Orders and Policies & Procedures. The Bye-Laws and Standing Orders are also going through a period of change, for the likes of Standing Orders and other regulations, they must first pass through the Union Executive Committee and then be discussed and/or ratified by Union Council. In the case of the constitution, it has to go through University Senate. HUU provides a variety of events for all groups of people, one of the biggest events is the End of Year Ball
16.
Brynmor Jones Library
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The Brynmor Jones Library is the main library at the University of Hull. In 1967 it was named after Sir Brynmor Jones who initiated research in the field of Liquid Crystals at Hull and he was the Vice-Chancellor of the University from 1956 to 1972. The new section has views over the Humber with three lifts for student use and a lift for staff. It contains over a million books, plus other reference materials, there are also a large number of open access computers within the library which are connected to the University network. A swipe card is required for access and to take out books, the poet Philip Larkin served as Librarian here for thirty years from 1955 until his death in 1985. BJL website Hull Uni Library on Twitter
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Philip Larkin
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Philip Arthur Larkin CH CBE FRSL was an English poet, novelist and librarian. His many honours include the Queens Gold Medal for Poetry and he was offered, but declined, the position of Poet Laureate in 1984, following the death of Sir John Betjeman. After graduating from Oxford in 1943 with a first in English language and literature and it was during the thirty years he worked with distinction as university librarian at the Brynmor Jones Library at the University of Hull that he produced the greater part of his published work. Eric Homberger called him the saddest heart in the post-war supermarket—Larkin himself said that deprivation for him was what daffodils were for Wordsworth, influenced by W. H. Auden, W. B. Yeats, and Thomas Hardy, his poems are highly structured, Larkins public persona was that of the no-nonsense, solitary Englishman who disliked fame and had no patience for the trappings of the public literary life. On 2 December 2016, the 31st anniversary of his death, a floor stone memorial for Larkin was unveiled at Poets Corner in Westminster Abbey. Philip Larkin was born on 9 August 1922 at 2, Poultney Road, Radford, Coventry, the son and younger child of Sydney Larkin, who came from Lichfield. His sister Catherine, known as Kitty, was 10 years older than he was and he introduced his son to the works of Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, James Joyce and above all D. H. Lawrence. His mother was a nervous and passive woman, a kind of defective mechanism. Her ideal is to collapse and to be taken care of, although home life was relatively cold, Larkin enjoyed support from his parents. For example, his passion for jazz was supported by the purchase of a drum kit. From the junior school he progressed to King Henry VIII Senior School and he fared quite poorly when he sat his School Certificate exam at the age of 16. Despite his results, he was allowed to stay on at school, two later he earned distinctions in English and History, and passed the entrance exams for St Johns College, Oxford. Larkin began at Oxford University in October 1940, a year after the outbreak of Second World War, the old upper class traditions of university life had, at least for the time being, faded, and most of the male students were studying for highly truncated degrees. Due to his eyesight, Larkin failed his military medical examination and was able to study for the usual three years. Through his tutorial partner, Norman Iles, he met Kingsley Amis, who encouraged his taste for ridicule and irreverence, Amis, Larkin and other university friends formed a group they dubbed The Seven, meeting to discuss each others poetry, listen to jazz, and drink enthusiastically. During this time he had his first real social interaction with the opposite sex, in 1943 he sat his finals, and, having dedicated much of his time to his own writing, was greatly surprised at being awarded a first-class honours degree. In 1943 Larkin was appointed librarian of the library in Wellington. It was while working there that in early 1944 he met his first girlfriend, Ruth Bowman, in 1945, Ruth went to continue her studies at Kings College London, during one of his visits their friendship developed into a sexual relationship
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Larkin 25
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Larkin 25 was an arts festival and cultural event in Kingston upon Hull, England, organised to mark the 25th anniversary of the death of the poet and University of Hull librarian, Philip Larkin. Larkin was born in Coventry and lived in Hull while he was librarian at the Brynmor Jones Library from 1955 until his death in 1985. Larkin was a critic for The Daily Telegraph between 1961 and 1971. He lived for much of time in a flat in Pearson Park in Hull near the University. A compilation of Larkins favourite jazz recordings titled Larkins Jazz was released in conjunction with the festival, in June, Sir Tom Courtenay visited the University of Hull to perform a one-man play, Larkin Revisited, and repeated the performance at Hull Truck Theatre in November 2010. A Hull city bus was named Philip Larkin by Sir Andrew Motion in honour of the poet, on 7 October 2010, Poetry on the Buses was launched in Hull and East Yorkshire to coincide with National Poetry Day. Forty of Larkins poems were displayed on East Yorkshire Motor Services vehicles until the end of the festival in December 2010, the centrepiece of the festival was a public art display and trail, Larkin with Toads, launched in the city centre on Saturday 17 July. It consisted of 40 fibre-glass toad sculptures, each painted with a design created by artists and local people inspired by Larkins poems about working life. Examples of the designs included a Larkin toad, a Punk toad, a Tiger Toad, the toads were auctioned for charity at the end of the event, though there were calls to make them a permanent feature. Most of the sculptures have been removed and transported to their new owners, on 26 September 2010 it was reported that the toads had been auctioned for £60,000 though some had hoped their popularity could have made them a permanent feature. The Larkin toad trail covered many locations in the city centre, such as Hull Paragon Interchange, Hull Truck Theatre, there were toads in the St Stephens, Princes Quay and Prospect shopping centres. By late July 2010 the Hull Daily Mail reported that over 30,000 guides had been distributed, during the festival some Larkin toads were vandalised and stolen. A punk toad near Hull Truck Theatre had its mohican hair ripped off, the organisers repaired the damage and made the toads more resilient to vandalism. The Magenta Toad was stolen from Melton and it was later found dumped by the A63 and recovered for repair. A report after the event has suggested that the toad trail brought about £1 million in to the local economy. On the 25th anniversary of his Larkins death, Thursday 2 December 2010, funding for the £100,000 statue was raised during the festival. The unveiling was accompanied by Nathaniel Seamans Fanfare for Larkin, specially composed to mark the occasion, martin Jennings produced the sculpture using photographs from the University of Hulls Larkin Research Centre and researched his poems and biography to get a sense of the man. He worked on the maquette for the casting at his studio in Coombe
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Andrew Motion
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Sir Andrew Motion FRSL is an English poet, novelist, and biographer, who was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom from 1999 to 2009. During the period of his laureateship, Motion founded the Poetry Archive, in 2012, he became President of the Campaign to Protect Rural England, taking over from Bill Bryson. Motion was born on 26 October 1952 in London, his mother was Catherine Gillian Bakewell, the family moved to Stisted, near Braintree in Essex, when Motion was 12 years old. Motion went to boarding school from the age of seven joined by his younger brother, most of the boys friends were from the school and when Motion was in the village he spent a lot of time on his own. He began to have an interest and affection for the countryside, when Motion was 17 years old, his mother had a horse riding accident and suffered a serious head injury requiring a life-saving neurosurgery operation. She regained some speech, but she was paralysed and remained in. She died in 1978 and her husband died of cancer in 2006, Motion has said that he wrote to keep his memory of his mother alive and that she was a muse of his work. At University he studied at weekly sessions with W. H. Auden, Motion won the universitys Newdigate Prize and graduated with a first class honours degree. Between 1976 and 1980, Motion taught English at the University of Hull and while there, at age 24, at Hull he met university librarian and poet Philip Larkin. Motion was later appointed as one of Larkins literary executors which would privilege Motions role as his biographer following Larkins death in 1985 and he reports how, as executor, he rescued many of Larkins papers from imminent destruction following his friends death. His 1993 biography of Larkin, which won the Whitbread Prize for Biography, was responsible for bringing about a revision of Larkins reputation. He is now on the faculty at the Johns Hopkins Writing Seminars, Motion was appointed Poet Laureate on 1 May 1999, following the death of Ted Hughes, the previous incumbent. The Nobel Prize-winning Northern Irish poet and translator Seamus Heaney had ruled out for the post. Breaking with the tradition of the retaining the post for life. The yearly stipend of £200 was increased to £5,000 and he wanted to write poems about things in the news, and commissions from people or organisations involved with ordinary life, rather than be seen a courtier. As laureate, he founded the Poetry Archive, an on-line library of historic. Motion remarked that he found some of the attendant to the post of poet laureate difficult and onerous. The appointment of Motion met with criticism from some quarters, as he prepared to stand down from the job, Motion published an article in The Guardian that concluded, To have had 10 years working as laureate has been remarkable
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Poet laureate
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A poet laureate is a poet officially appointed by a government or conferring institution, who is often expected to compose poems for special events and occasions. The Italians Albertino Mussato and Francesco Petrarca were the first to be crowned poets laureate after the classical age, in Britain, the term dates from the appointment of Bernard André by Henry VII of England. In modern times, the title may also be conferred by an organization such as the Poetry Foundation, over a dozen national governments continue the poet laureate tradition. In ancient Greece, the laurel was used to form a crown or wreath of honour for poets and heroes. This custom, first revived in Padua for Albertino Mussato, was followed by Petrarchs own crowning ceremony in the hall of the medieval senatorial palazzo on the Campidoglio on 8 April 1341. As the concept of the laureate has spread, the term laureate has come in English to signify recognition for preeminence or superlative achievement. As a royal degree in rhetoric, poet laureate was awarded at European universities in the Middle Ages, the term might also refer to the holder of such a degree, which recognized skill in rhetoric, grammar and language. The Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate is appointed as an officer of the Library of Parliament, the position alternates between an English and French speaking laureate. Candidates must be able to write in both English and French, have a publication history displaying literary excellence and have written work reflecting Canada. The first laureate was George Bowering, in 2002, in 2004, the title was transferred to Pauline Michel, in 2006 to John Steffler until December 3,2008, to Pierre DesRuisseaux on April 28,2009, and to Fred Wah in December 2011. Michel Pleau was installed in January,2014, Poets Laureate of Dominican Republic include, Pedro Mir. Poets Laureate of Ethiopia include, Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin, Poets Laureate of Nazi Germany include, Hanns Johst from 1935 to 1946. Sripada Krishnamurty Sastry was the first poet laureate of Andhra Pradesh, kannadasan was the poet laureate of Tamil Nadu at the time of his death. Malek o-Shoarā Bahār was the laureate of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar. He was born in Mashhad in 1884 and was a figure among the modernists. The closest equivalent is the title Saoi held by up to seven members at a time of Aosdána, a body of those engaged in fine arts, literature. Poets awarded the title include Máire Mhac an tSaoi, Anthony Cronin, the unofficial Poet Laureate of Netherlands is Ester Naomi Perquin as Dichter des Vaderlands. The previous laureate was Anne Vegter, gerrit Komrij was the first Dichter des Vaderlands
21.
Richard Wilberforce, Baron Wilberforce
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Richard Orme Wilberforce, Baron Wilberforce, QC, PC, was a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary in the House of Lords from 1964 to 1982. Richard Wilberforce was a great-great-grandson of the famous abolitionist William Wilberforce, and son of Samuel and his mother Katherine was the daughter of Bishop John Sheepshanks. He was born in India and attended Norwich School, Sandroyd School, Winchester College and New College, Oxford and he was called to the Bar in 1932 and became a Queens Counsel in 1954. He was first appointed to the bench in 1961 as a Chancery judge and he is the only England and Wales judge in recent times to have been appointed to the House of Lords straight from the High Court Bench, without serving in the Court of Appeal. His decisions were known for being reserved and cautious and he served as a Law Lord for 18 years. Wilberforce was Chancellor of the University of Hull between 1978 and 1994, hon. Lord Wilberforce The Guardian obituary
22.
Robert Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Ilminster
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Robert Temple Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Ilminster, GCB, CVO, son of the musician Sir Thomas Armstrong, is a British Lord Temporal and former civil servant. He was educated at the Dragon School, Eton College, where he was a Kings Scholar, and Christ Church, Oxford, in a long civil service career, Armstrong worked in several departments, including HM Treasury and the Home Office. From 1970 to 1975 he served as the Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister, from 1979 to 1987, he served as Secretary of the Cabinet under Margaret Thatcher. Armstrong was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1974, in the 1978 Birthday Honours he was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath and to Knight Grand Cross in the 1983 New Year Honours. He was created a peer as Baron Armstrong of Ilminster, of Ashill in the County of Somerset on 26 February 1988. From 1994 to 2006, Lord Armstrong was Chancellor of the University of Hull and he was chairman of the Sir Edward Heath Charitable Foundation until 2013. At the time Wright was a retired high-ranking member of MI5 and was about to publish his book in Australia, the evidence given by Armstrong was widely ridiculed by the British press for its absurd ambiguity and seemly deceptive nature. Wrights lawyer, Malcolm Turnbull, who is now Prime Minister of Australia, was successful in lifting the publication ban. Turnbull described Armstrong as being like Sir Humphrey Appleby from Yes, Minister and said f he is an honest man, then he appears rather like a well-educated mushroom. Armstrong was aware of Sir Peter Hayman’s paedophilia, and since leaving office, has commented “Clearly, I was aware of it at the time but I was not concerned with the personal aspect of it. ”. Armstrong gave Margaret Thatcher what he calls a warning not to sanction Jimmy Savile’s knighthood for charitable work. Armstrong was warned by the security services in 1986 that an MP had ‘a penchant for small boys’, but no action was taken and Armstrong, who refused to name the MP involved, insisted the allegations were just ‘shadows of a rumour’. He said he believed the decision not to investigate the claims was ‘correct at the time’. Armstrong has been portrayed by the actors in film and television productions. Timothy West in the 2004 BBC production of The Alan Clark Diaries. org Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou. com Profile at Westminster Parliamentary Record Profile at BBC News Democracy Live
23.
Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
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The Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is a senior member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. They do not assume the duties and powers of the Prime Minister in the absence, illness, or death. The Deputy Prime Minister does not automatically succeed the Prime Minister when the latter is incapacitated, the designation of someone to the role of Deputy Prime Minister may provide additional practical status within the cabinet, enabling exercise of de facto, if not de jure, power. The Deputy Prime Minister usually deputises for the Prime Minister at official functions, the post of Deputy Prime Minister is not currently in use, having been left empty since the end of the coalition government following the 2015 UK general election. Many theories exist as to the absence of a formal post of Deputy Prime Minister in Britains uncodified constitution, theoretically the sovereign possesses the unrestricted right to choose someone to form a government following the death, resignation or dismissal of a Prime Minister. However, only two Deputy Prime Ministers have gone on to become Prime Minister, clement Attlee won the 1945 general election and succeeded Winston Churchill after their coalition broke up but only after a two-month interval when Attlee was not a member of the government. Anthony Eden succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister not because he had been Deputy Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Ministership, where it exists, may bring with it practical influence depending on the status of the holder, rather than the status of the position. Rab Butler held the post in 1962/63 under Harold Macmillan, but was passed over for the premiership in favour of Alec Douglas-Home, during the Heath administration of the 1970s, the title of Deputy Prime Minister was not formally used. However in his Memoirs, Home Secretary Reginald Maudling describes himself as Deputy Prime Minister under Heath from 1970 to his resignation in 1972 over the Poulson affair, William Armstrong, head of the Civil Service, was also called Heaths Deputy Prime Minister. William Whitelaw was Margaret Thatchers deputy from 1979–1988, a post he combined with that of Home Secretary in 1979–83, sir Geoffrey Howe was given the title in 1989, on being removed from the post of Foreign Secretary. He resigned as Deputy Prime Minister in 1990, making a speech that is widely thought to have hastened Thatchers downfall. Thatchers successor John Major did not appoint a Deputy Prime Minister until 1995, in 2001 this superdepartment was split up, with Prescott being given his own Office of the Deputy Prime Minister with fewer specific responsibilities. Following the 2010 general election, which returned a hung parliament, as leader of the smaller of the two parties in the coalition, Nick Clegg was appointed Deputy Prime Minister on the advice of the new Prime Minister, Conservative leader David Cameron. He chose instead to appoint the Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne as First Secretary of State - his effective deputy, after the 2016 referendum on European Union membership, Camerons successor as Prime Minister, Theresa May, also did not appoint an individual to the post. She did not appoint a replacement for Osborne as First Secretary of State either, the most recent Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg maintained an office at the Cabinet Office headquarters,70 Whitehall, which is linked to 10 Downing Street. Cleggs predecessor, John Prescott, maintained his office at 26 Whitehall. The office is not a single department and as such is part of. Given that there is no office of Deputy Prime Minister, with the position being recreated on a case by case basis
24.
John Prescott
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John Leslie Prescott, Baron Prescott is a British politician who was the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007. Born in Prestatyn, Wales, he represented Hull East as the Labour member of parliament from 1970 to 2010, in the 1994 leadership election, he stood for both Leader and Deputy Leader of the Labour Party, winning election to the latter office. He was appointed Deputy Prime Minister after Labours victory in the 1997 election, with a brief as Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport. In his youth he failed the 11-Plus entrance examination for school, but went on to graduate from Ruskin College. Prescott also developed a reputation as a key conciliator in the stormy relationship between Prime Minister Tony Blair and Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown. On 27 June 2007 he resigned as Deputy Prime Minister, coinciding with Blairs resignation as Prime Minister, following an election within the Labour party, he was replaced as Deputy Leader by Harriet Harman. Prescott retired as an MP at the 2010 election, on 8 July 2010, he entered the House of Lords as a life peer with the title Baron Prescott, of Kingston upon Hull in the County of East Yorkshire. Prescott stood as the Labour candidate in the election to be the first Police and Crime Commissioner for Humberside Police, on 21 February 2015, it was announced that Prescott would return to politics as a special adviser to then-Labour leader, Ed Miliband. The son of John Herbert Prescott, a signalman and Labour councillor, and Phyllis. In 2009, he said, Ive always felt very proud of Wales and being Welsh. I was born in Wales, went to school in Wales and its my place of birth, my country. In 2009, John Prescott featured in the BBC Wales programme Coming Home about his Welsh family history, with roots in Prestatyn and he left Wales in 1942 at the age of four and was brought up initially in Brinsworth in South Yorkshire, England. He attended Brinsworth Manor School, where in 1949 he sat, shortly afterwards, his family moved to Upton, Cheshire, and he attended Grange Secondary Modern School in nearby Ellesmere Port. He became a steward and waiter in the Merchant Navy, thus avoiding National Service, working for Cunard, Prescotts time in the Merchant Navy included a cruise from England to New Zealand in 1957. Among the passengers was Sir Anthony Eden, recuperating after his resignation over the Suez Crisis, Prescott reportedly described Eden as a real gentleman. Apart from serving Eden, who stayed in his much of the time, Prescott also won several boxing contests. He married Pauline Tilly Tilston at Upton Church in Chester on 11 November 1961 and he then went to the independent Ruskin College, which specialises in courses for union officials, where he gained a diploma in economics and politics in 1965. In 1968, he obtained a BSc in economics and economic history at the University of Hull, the defeated Conservative challenger was Norman Lamont. Previously, he had attempted to become MP for Southport in 1966, from July 1975 to 1979, he concurrently served as a Member of the European Parliament and Leader of the Labour Group, when its members were nominated by the national Parliaments
25.
Deputy Leader of the Labour Party (UK)
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The Deputy Leader of the Labour Party is a senior politician in the British Labour Party. The post is held by Tom Watson, who was elected as deputy on 12 September 2015. Unlike other political party leaders, the Labour leader does not have the power to appoint or dismiss his or her deputy, the post is instead elected using the partys electoral college system, it was elected by Labour MPs before 1981. Recently, the office of Deputy Prime Minister has been revived, the previous Labour deputy leader, John Prescott, held this post from 1997 to 2007. However, the deputy leader is essentially a party official and there is no link between the two roles. The former Labour British Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, announced on his election as Labour leader that the newly elected deputy leader, Harriet Harman. Brown subsequently appointed her Leader of the House of Commons in his first cabinet, in the event of a vacancy in the office of leader when the Labour Party is in opposition, the deputy leader automatically becomes temporary leader of the Party until a new leader is elected. To date, the only Deputy Leaders who have gone on to become the leader of the Labour Party are Clement Attlee. Margaret Beckett briefly served as Labour leader following the death of John Smith in 1994. Harriet Harman was leader after Gordon Brown resigned in 2010 and after Ed Miliband resigned in 2015, conversely, John Robert Clynes served as leader prior to becoming Deputy Leader
26.
Roy Hattersley
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Roy Sydney George Hattersley, Baron Hattersley, PC, FRSL is a British Labour politician, author and journalist from Sheffield. He was MP for Birmingham Sparkbrook for 33 years from 1964 to 1997 and he served as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party from 1983 to 1992. Hattersley was born on 28 December 1932 in Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, to Enid Brackenbury and Frederick Hattersley and his mother was a city councillor, and later served as Lord Mayor of Sheffield. Hattersley was a socialist and Labour supporter from his youth, electioneering at the age of 12 for his local MP and city councillors and he won a scholarship to Sheffield City Grammar School and went from there to study at the University of Hull. Having been accepted to read English at the University of Leeds, Hattersley became chairman of the new club and later treasurer, and he went on to chair the National Association of Labour Student Organisations. He also joined the executive of the IUSY, after graduating Hattersley worked briefly for a Sheffield steelworks and then for two years with the Workers Educational Association. He married his first wife Molly, who became a headteacher, in 1956 he was elected to the City Council as Labour representative for Crookesmoor and was, very briefly, a JP. On the Council he spent time as chairman of the Public Works Committee and his aim became a Westminster seat, and he was eventually selected for Labour to stand for election in the Sutton Coldfield constituency but lost to the Conservative Geoffrey Lloyd in 1959. He kept hunting for prospective candidacies, applying for twenty-five seats over three years, in 1963 he was chosen as the prospective parliamentary candidate for the multi-racial Birmingham Sparkbrook constituency and facing a Conservative majority of just under 900. On 16 October 1964 he was elected by a majority of 1,254 votes, at first he was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Margaret Herbison, the Minister for Pensions. His maiden speech was on a housing subsidies bill, still a Gaitskellite, he also joined the 1963 Club. He also wrote his first Endpiece column for The Spectator, despite the support of Roy Jenkins and Tony Crosland he did not gain a ministerial position until 1967, joining Ray Gunter at the Ministry of Labour. He was reportedly disliked by Prime Minister Harold Wilson as a Jenkinsite, the following year he was promoted to Under Secretary in the same ministry, now led by Barbara Castle, and become closely involved in implementing the unpopular Prices and Incomes Act 1966. In 1969 after the fiasco over In Place of Strife he was promoted to deputy to Denis Healey, one of his first jobs, while Healey was hospitalised, was to sign the Army Board Order – putting troops into Northern Ireland. The Labour defeat of 1970 ended six years of Labour government, Hattersley was to hold his seat – often increasing his majority – but for the next twenty-six years as MP he was to spend twenty one in Opposition. He was appointed Deputy Foreign Affairs Spokesman, again under Healey and he also took a Visiting Fellowship to the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard. During this time he became an enthusiastic supporter of the Common Market. For standing by the party Hattersley was appointed Shadow Defence Secretary 1972 to 1973, in the Wilson government of 1974 he was appointed the Minister of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, and in the 1975 New Year Honours, he was sworn of the Privy Council
27.
Tom Watson (Labour politician)
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Thomas Anthony Watson is a British Labour Party politician who was elected as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party in September 2015. He has been the Member of Parliament for West Bromwich East since the 2001 general election and was Minister for Digital Engagement, in October 2011, Ed Miliband appointed Watson as the Deputy Chair of the Labour Party and the Labour Partys Campaign Co-ordinator for the 2015 general election. He resigned from both roles in July 2013 following a controversy over the selection of a new candidate for Falkirk to replace Eric Joyce. He was Chair of the National Organisation of Labour Students from 1992–93 and he then worked as a marketing officer and advertising account executive. In 1993, he began to work for the Labour Party as National Development Officer for Youth and he then worked on the partys 1997 general election campaign before becoming the National Political Officer of the AEEU trade union. He was elected MP for West Bromwich East at the 2001 general election, in 2002 Watson was a member of the Home Affairs Select Committee when it ran an inquiry into UK drug policy. In his first year in Parliament, Watson launched a campaign to ban sales of convicted sex offender Gary Glitter. In 2002, Watson moved a Ten Minute Rule Bill to change organ donation laws, the Organ Donation Bill was part of a joint campaign with the British Medical Association to increase the supply of organ donors in the UK. In 2003, Tom Watson voted for the Iraq War, in 2003, he began to include a blog on his website. In 2004, he won the New Statesman New Media Award in the category of elected representative for using his blog to further the democratic process and he is also an active user of Twitter. Watson was appointed as an Assistant Government Whip on 9 September 2004 and was nominated as a Top Toadie by The Guardian Diary on 6 January 2005 and he was promoted on 5 May 2006 to Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Ministry of Defence. During his time at the MoD, Watson was instrumental in ensuring that soldiers shot for cowardice in the First World War received posthumous pardons. Watson was said to have acted having met the relatives of Harry Farr and this number included three men from New Zealand,23 from Canada, two from the West Indies, two from Ghana, and one each from Sierra Leone, Egypt and Nigeria. On 5 September 2006, it was reported that Watson had signed a letter to Tony Blair urging the Prime Ministers resignation to end the uncertainty over his succession. The Government Chief Whip, Jacqui Smith, told Watson that evening that he must either withdraw his signature to the letter, how and why this situation has arisen no longer matters. I share the view of the majority of the party and the country that the only way the party. Tony Blair was quoted by the BBC as saying that the statement and letter from Watson was disloyal, discourteous and wrong and he said that he had planned to dismiss Watson from Government for having signed the letter urging him to resign. Within days of the incident suggestions appeared that Watson had been to Chancellor Gordon Browns residence in Scotland only the day before the memo was sent to Blair
28.
Chris Mullin (politician)
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Christopher John Mullin is a British Labour politician and diarist who was Member of Parliament for Sunderland South from 1987 to 2010. In the 1980s, Chris Mullin led a campaign resulted in the release of the Birmingham Six. He was also the author of the novel A Very British Coup which was adapted for television. Mullin was educated at St Josephs College, a Roman Catholic boarding independent school for boys in the town of Ipswich in Suffolk, followed by the University of Hull and he joined the Labour Party after his politics shifted leftward in response to the Vietnam War. Mullin stood unsuccessfully In the 1970 general election against Liberal Leader Jeremy Thorpe in North Devon, by 1980 he was an executive member of the Labour Co-ordinating Committee. In addition Mullin edited two collections of Benns speeches and writings Arguments for Socialism and Arguments for Democracy and he was widely regarded as a leading Bennite, a highly influential movement within the Labour Party in the early 1980s. Mullin was portrayed in the TV Movie Who Bombed Birmingham, also known as The Investigation, Inside a Terrorist Bombing by John Hurt, which also starred Martin Shaw. He was also editor of the Tribune newspaper, where he provided support for Tony Benn. In addition, he sought to turn Tribune into a workers cooperative and his novel A Very British Coup was published in 1982. It portrays the destabilisation of a left wing British government by the forces of the Establishment, the novel was adapted for television by Alan Plater, with substantial alterations to the plot, and screened in 1988. It is credited as having inspired the Channel 4 drama Secret State screened in 2012 and he did not seek re-election in 2010. Mullin was on the left of the party and his selection met with the disapproval of Neil Kinnock, in the late 1980s, Mullin was frequently targeted by the right-wing, tabloid press for his left-wing views. Headlines included,20 things you didnt know about crackpot Chris, Loony Lefty MP, and Is this the most odious man in Britain. Mullin recounted this in a speech to Parliament in 1997, When I was first elected in 1987, The Sun published photographs across a page of what it called Kinnocks Top Ten Loony Tunes. Yes, I once briefly displaced my hon, friend the Member for Brent, East as the most odious man in Britain—the highest honour that The Sun can confer. There is Loony MP backs bomb gang, which was given a front page. I did not know most of them either, poor Sunderland, wrote Lord Chapple in the Daily Mail on hearing the news of my selection in 1985, First its football team is relegated and now comes even worse news. Well, I am sorry to say that our team has just been relegated again
29.
Anthony Giddens
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Anthony Giddens, Baron Giddens is a British sociologist who is known for his theory of structuration and his holistic view of modern societies. He is considered to be one of the most prominent modern sociologists, in 2007, Giddens was listed as the fifth most-referenced author of books in the humanities. Four notable stages can be identified in his academic life, the first one involved outlining a new vision of what sociology is, presenting a theoretical and methodological understanding of that field, based on a critical reinterpretation of the classics. His major publications of that era include Capitalism and Modern Social Theory, in the second stage Giddens developed the theory of structuration, an analysis of agency and structure, in which primacy is granted to neither. His works of that period, such as New Rules of Sociological Method, Central Problems in Social Theory and The Constitution of Society, the third stage of Giddenss academic work was concerned with modernity, globalisation and politics, especially the impact of modernity on social and personal life. Giddens ambition was both to recast social theory and to re-examine our understanding of the development and trajectory of modernity, and, in a series of lectures and speeches, the nature and consequences of the digital revolution. Giddens served as Director of the London School of Economics 1997–2003 and he is a Life Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge. Giddens was born and raised in Edmonton, London, and grew up in a family, son of a clerk with London Transport. He was the first member of his family to go to university, Giddens received his undergraduate academic degree at the University of Hull in 1959, followed by a masters degree at the London School of Economics. He later gained a PhD at Kings College, Cambridge, in 1961, he started working at the University of Leicester where he taught social psychology. At Leicester — considered to be one of the seedbeds of British sociology — he met Norbert Elias and began to work on his own theoretical position. In 1969, he was appointed to a position at the University of Cambridge, where he helped create the Social and Political Sciences Committee. Giddens worked for years at Cambridge as a fellow of Kings College and was eventually promoted to a full professorship in 1987. He is cofounder of Polity Press, from 1997 to 2003, he was director of the London School of Economics and a member of the Advisory Council of the Institute for Public Policy Research. He was also an adviser to Tony Blair, it was Giddens whose third way political approach has been Tony Blairs guiding political idea and he has been a vocal participant in British political debates, supporting the centre-left Labour Party with media appearances and articles. He was given a peerage in June 2004, as Baron Giddens, of Southgate in the London Borough of Enfield. He has written commentaries on most leading schools and figures and has used most sociological paradigms in both micro and macrosociology and his writings range from abstract, metatheoretical problems to very direct and down-to-earth textbooks for students. His textbook, Sociology, first published in 1988, is currently in its eighth edition, in view of his knowledge and works, one may view much of his lifes work as a form of grand synthesis of sociological theory
30.
Roger McGough
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Roger McGough CBE, FRSL is an English poet, performance poet, broadcaster, childrens author and playwright. He presents the BBC Radio 4 programme Poetry Please, as well as performing his own poetry, McGough was one of the leading members of the Liverpool poets, a group of young poets influenced by Beat poetry and the popular music and culture of 1960s Liverpool. He is a fellow of Liverpool John Moores University, fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. Roger McGough was born in Litherland, Lancashire on the outskirts of Liverpool and his ancestry is Irish and he was raised in the Roman Catholic faith. He was a pupil at St Marys College in Crosby with Laurie Taylor, future sociologist and criminologist, before going on to study French, McGough lived in one of the university residences, Needler Hall, for three years from 1955 and served as hall librarian. Contemporaneously, the poet Philip Larkin became the librarian, newly arrived at Hull. Several years later McGough corresponded with Larkin about poetry, sending him some of his own poems as he lacked the confidence to approach the man directly. Larkin replied, thanking McGough for the poetry, which he had enjoyed reading and he added that he believed that McGough walked an impressionistic tightrope which, though exhilarating, meant that on occasion he fell off. Returning to Merseyside in the early 1960s, he worked as a French teacher and, with John Gorman, after meeting Mike McGear the trio formed the Scaffold, working the Edinburgh Festival Fringe until they signed to Parlophone records in 1966. The Scaffold performed a mixture of songs, comedy sketches. The group scored several hit records, reaching one in the UK Singles Chart in 1968 with their version of Lily the Pink. McGough wrote the lyrics for many of the songs and also recorded the musical comedy/poetry album McGough. In 1971 Grimms was formed, originally as a merger of the Scaffold, the Bonzo Dog Band, as a poet, McGough came to national prominence through the publication of The Mersey Sound in 1967. The Mersey Sound is an anthology of poetry by three Liverpool poets, McGough, Brian Patten, and Adrian Henri. It went on to sell over 500,000 copies, becoming one of the poetry anthologies of all time, remaining in continuous publication, it was revised in 1983. McGoughs personal connection with the Beatles was referenced in a later comic poem, To Maccas Trousers. McGough discovered a long pair of Paul McCartneys blue mohair trousers in his attic. One of McGoughs early poems, Let Me Die a Youngmans Death, was included in a BBC anthology of the British nations hundred favourite poems, McGough has been nicknamed the patron saint of poetry by Carol Ann Duffy
31.
Anthony Minghella
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Anthony Minghella, CBE was a British film director, playwright and screenwriter. He was chairman of the board of Governors at the British Film Institute between 2003 and 2007 and he won the Academy Award for Best Director for The English Patient. Minghella was born in Ryde, on the Isle of Wight and his family are well-known on the Island, where they have run an eponymous business making and selling Italian-style ice cream since the 1950s. His parents were Edoardo Minghella and Leeds-born Gloria Alberta and his mothers ancestors originally came from Valvori, a small village in the Lazio region of central Italy. One of five children, Minghella attended St. Marys Catholic Primary School, Ryde, Sandown Grammar School and St Johns College, early interests suggested a possible career as a musician, with Minghella playing keyboards with local bands Earthlight and Dancer. The latter recorded an album Tales of the Riverbank in 1972 although it was not released until 2001 and he attended the University of Hull, studying Drama. After several years of teaching at the university, he abandoned his pursuit of a PhD to work for the BBC. His debut work was an adaptation of Gabriel Josipovicis Mobius the Stripper. His double bill of Samuel Becketts Play and Happy Days was his debut and debut feature film as a director was A Little Like Drowning. He wrote several episodes of the ITV detective drama Inspector Morse, made in Bangkok found mainstream success in the West End. Radio success followed with a Giles Cooper Award for the radio drama Cigarettes and it was revived on 3 May 2008 as a tribute to its author director following his death. His production starred Juliet Stevenson, Bill Nighy and Jenny Howe and his first radio play Hang Up, starring Anton Lesser and Juliet Stevenson, was revived on 10 May 2008 as part of the BBC Radio 4 Minghella season. Truly, Madly, Deeply, a drama written and directed for the BBCs Screen Two anthology strand, bypassed TV broadcast. He bypassed an offer of another Inspector Morse directorial to do the project, the English Patient brought him two Academy Awards nominations, Best Director and Adapted Screenplay. He also received an Adapted Screenplay nomination for The Talented Mr. Ripley, the No.1 Ladies Detective Agency, a pilot episode television adaptation which he co-wrote and directed, was broadcast posthumously on BBC One, watched by 6.3 million viewers. He vocally supported I Know Im Not Alone, a film of musician Michael Frantis peacemaking excursions into Iraq, Palestine and he directed a party election broadcast for the Labour Party in 2005. When you are talking to me, Ill give you my full attention only if I think you are very high status or if I love you, on that party political broadcast, they are staring at each other like lovers. With Samuel Becketts 100th birthday celebrations, he returned to radio on BBC Radio 3 with Eyes Down Looking, with, Jude Law, Juliet Stevenson, an operatic directorial debut came with Puccinis Madama Butterfly
32.
University of London
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The University of London is a collegiate research university located in London, England, consisting of 18 constituent colleges, nine research institutes and a number of central bodies. The university moved to a structure in 1900. The specialist colleges of the university include the London Business School, Imperial College London was formerly a member before leaving the university in 2007. City is the most recent constituent college, having joined on 1 September 2016, in post-nominals, the University of London is commonly abbreviated as Lond. or, more rarely, Londin. From the Latin Universitas Londiniensis, after its degree abbreviations, University College London was founded under the name London University in 1826 as a secular alternative to the religious universities of Oxford and Cambridge. In response to the controversy surrounding such educational establishment, Kings College London was founded and was the first to be granted a royal charter. Yet to receive a charter, UCL in 1834 renewed its application for a royal charter as a university. In response to this, opposition to exclusive rights grew among the London medical schools, the idea of a general degree awarding body for the schools was discussed in the medical press. And in evidence taken by the Select Committee on Medical Education, in 1835, the government announced the response to UCLs petition for a charter. Following the issuing of its charter on 28 November 1836, the university started drawing up regulations for degrees in March 1837. The death of William IV in June, however, resulted in a problem – the charter had been granted during our Royal will and pleasure, queen Victoria issued a second charter on 5 December 1837, reincorporating the university. The university awarded its first degrees in 1839, all to students from UCL, the university established by the charters of 1836 and 1837 was essentially an examining board with the right to award degrees in arts, laws and medicine. However, the university did not have the authority to grant degrees in theology, in medicine, the university was given the right to determine which medical schools provided sufficient medical training. Beyond the right to students for examination, there was no other connection between the affiliated colleges and the university. In 1849 the university held its first graduation ceremony at Somerset House following a petition to the senate from the graduates, about 250 students graduated at this ceremony. The London academic robes of this period were distinguished by their rich velvet facings, the list of affiliated colleges grew by 1858 to include over 50 institutions, including all other British universities. In that year, a new charter effectively abolished the affiliated colleges system by opening up the examinations to everyone whether they attended a college or not. The expanded role meant the university needed more space, particularly with the number of students at the provincial university colleges
33.
Duke of York
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The Duke of York is a title of nobility in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Since the 15th century, it has, when granted, usually given to the second son of English monarchs. The equivalent title in the Scottish peerage was Duke of Albany, initially granted in the 14th century in the Peerage of England, the title Duke of York has been created eight times. Additionally, the title Duke of York and Albany has been created three times and these occurred during the 18th century, following the 1707 unification of the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland into a single, united realm. The double naming was done so that a territorial designation from each of the separate realms could be included. The current Duke of York is Prince Andrew, the son of Queen Elizabeth II. Prince Andrew currently has no heirs and has been unmarried since his 1996 divorce. In medieval times, York was the city of the North of England. Yorkshire was Englands largest shire in area, York under its Viking name Jorvik was a petty kingdom in the Early Medieval period. In the interval between the fall of independent Jorvik under Eirik Bloodaxe, last King of Jorvik, and the first creation of the Dukedom of York, there were a few Earls of York. The title Duke of York was first created in the Peerage of England in 1385 for Edmund of Langley, the surviving son of Edward III. His son Edward, who inherited the title, was killed at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, the title passed to Edwards nephew Richard, the son of Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge. The younger Richard managed to obtain a restoration of the title, but when his eldest son, who inherited the title, became king in 1461 as Edward IV, the title was next created for Richard of Shrewsbury, second son of King Edward IV. Richard was one of the Princes in the Tower, and, as he died without heirs, the third creation was for Henry Tudor, second son of King Henry VII. When his elder brother Arthur, Prince of Wales, died in 1502, when Henry ultimately became King Henry VIII, his titles merged into the crown. The title was created for the time for Charles Stuart. When his elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, died in 1612 and he was created Prince of Wales in 1616 and eventually became Charles I in 1625 when the title again merged into the Crown. The fifth creation was in favour of James Stuart, the son of Charles I
34.
George VI
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George VI was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death. He was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth, known as Albert until his accession, George VI was born in the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria, and was named after his great-grandfather Albert, Prince Consort. As the second son of King George V, he was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his life in the shadow of his elder brother. He attended naval college as a teenager, and served in the Royal Navy, in 1920, he was made Duke of York. He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923 and they had two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret, in the mid-1920s, he had speech therapy for a stammer, which he never fully overcame. Georges elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII upon the death of their father in 1936, however, later that year Edward revealed his desire to marry divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson. British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin advised Edward that for political and religious reasons he could not marry a divorced woman, Edward abdicated in order to marry, and George ascended the throne as the third monarch of the House of Windsor. During Georges reign, the break-up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated, the parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the countrys constitution on the day of his accession. The following year, a new Irish constitution changed the name of the state to Ireland, from 1939, the Empire and Commonwealth – except Ireland – was at war with Nazi Germany. War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively, though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined. After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, George remained king of countries, but relinquished the title of Emperor of India in June 1948. Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949, George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by problems in the later years of his reign. He was succeeded by his eldest daughter, Elizabeth II, George was born at York Cottage, on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk, during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria. His father was Prince George, Duke of York, the second and eldest-surviving son of the Prince and his mother was the Duchess of York, the eldest child and only daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck. His birthday was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather, Albert, uncertain of how the Prince Consorts widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been rather distressed. Two days later, he again, I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her. Consequently, he was baptised Albert Frederick Arthur George at St. Mary Magdalenes Church near Sandringham three months later, within the family, he was known informally as Bertie
35.
Hull City Council
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Hull City Council is the governing body for the unitary authority and city of Kingston upon Hull. It was created in 1972 as the successor to the Corporation of Hull, since 2002 Hull City Council consists of 59 councillors which are elected from 23 wards, each ward returning either two or three councillors. The council has several subcomponents with differing responsibilities, Cabinet, The Cabinet makes most day-to-day decisions and it consists of the council leader, council deputy leader, and eight other councillors, all elected by the full council. Cabinet Committees, The Cabinet appoints councillors to Cabinet Committees to handle specific responsibilities, Task Groups, The Cabinet can form temporary units called Task Groups, usually to deal with specific issues. These can contain members from outside the council, such as expert in the issue or members of the public. Area committees, These committees are responsible for different geographic areas of the city and they advise the Council and perform certain duties assigned. The Area Committees hold public area forums, in which citizens can participate directly, regulatory Committees, Required by law or by the nature of the function for which they are responsible. These functions include planning, licensing, standards, school government, overview and Scrutiny Committees, Designed to allow citizens greater say in council oversight, these committees hold public hearings into issues of local concern. The council had been led by Labour since the early 1970s until 2002 and they again led the council as a minority administration between 2003 and 2006. In the 2011 election Labour regained control of the following the collapse of the Liberal Democrat vote. In the 2012 election Labour increased the number of seats they held, in the 2014 election two Labour councillors formed an Independent Labour Group in protest against their own partys budget plans, off-setting the two seats gained by Labour in the election. Hull local elections List of Mayors of Kingston upon Hull http, //www. hullcc. gov. uk
36.
Thomas Ferens
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Thomas Robinson Ferens was a British politician, a philanthropist, and an industrialist. He was the Member of Parliament for Hull East for 13 years and he helped establish Reckitt and Sons, a manufacturer of household goods, as one of Kingston upon Hull’s foremost businesses. His career with the company spanned 61 years—from his initial employment as a confidential and shorthand clerk until his death, as chairman, in the House of Commons, Ferens spoke to further the cause of Womens Rights. He supported womens suffrage at home, and repeatedly drew attention to the trafficking of women, but never a great orator, and by nature a retiring man, much of his work at Westminster was completed in the committee rooms, away from the limelight. He did not seek re-election after being unseated in a campaign in 1918. A devout Wesleyan Methodist, Ferens made numerous charitable donations throughout his life and his gifts to Hull include the Ferens Art Gallery and a donation of £250,000 for the establishment of University College. He is memorialized in the Universitys motto, Lampada Ferens, in other parts of the country he made substantial donations to schools, hospitals and charitable organisations. Ferens was born on 4 May 1847 in East Thickley, a close to the market town of Bishop Auckland. He was the third of the seven children of George Waller Ferens, a flour miller, after attending Bishop Auckland private school until the age of 13, he found employment as a clerk in the Shildon office of the mineral department of the Stockton and Darlington Railway. Six years later, he left home for Stockton where he worked as a clerk to Head, a committed autodidact, he taught himself grammar, arithmetic, mechanics, and shorthand. At weekends he taught at Sunday school and enjoyed playing cricket, in 1868, after working in Stockton for two years, he left to take up a post as a confidential shorthand clerk to James Reckitt of Reckitt and Sons in Kingston upon Hull. In Hull, Ferens continued to teach in Sunday School, a practice he began during his time in Stockton, while teaching at the Brunswick Sunday School he met Ester Ellen Field, a fellow teacher and a wealthy merchant’s daughter of rather masculine appearance. They married in 1873 at Sculcoates Registry Office, and they continued to teach at the Sunday School for the rest of their lives, though Ettie remained childless, the couple adopted her nephew, John Johnson Till, in 1880. Till Ferens separated from his wife and became estranged from his parents during the 1914–18 war. Till Ferens, like Thomas, was a Liberal and stood for the Liberal Party at Gainsborough in the 1935 general election, Reckitt and Sons was already a successful firm when Ferens joined it in 1868. It produced household wares such as starch, washing blue and black lead and it had been acquired by Isaac Reckitt, a Quaker, in 1840 and was now run by his sons, also Quakers, George, Francis and James. Ferens was industrious and forward-thinking, he moved swiftly through the managerial ranks. In 1874 he became works manager with a share in profits, in 1879, secretary, in 1880 and he joined the board of directors in 1888 when Reckitt and Sons became a private joint-stock company
37.
John Venn
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John Venn, FRS, FSA, was an English logician and philosopher noted for introducing the Venn diagram, used in the fields of set theory, probability, logic, statistics, and computer science. John Venn was born on 4 August 1834 in Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire to Martha Sykes and Rev. Henry Venn and his mother died when he was three years old. Venn was descended from a line of church evangelicals, including his grandfather John Venn. Venn was brought up in a very strict atmosphere at home. His father Henry had played a significant part in the Evangelical movement and he was also the secretary of the ‘Society for Missions to Africa and his grandfather was pastor to William Wilberforce of the abolitionist movement, in Clapham. He began his education in London joining Sir Roger Cholmeleys School, now known as Highgate School and he moved on to Islington proprietary school and in October 1853 he went to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. In 1857, he obtained his degree in mathematics and became a fellow, in 1903 he was elected President of the College, a post he held until his death. He would follow his vocation and become an Anglican priest, ordained in 1859, serving first at the church in Cheshunt, Hertfordshire. In 1862, he returned to Cambridge as a lecturer in science, studying and teaching logic and probability theory. These duties led to his developing the diagram which would bear his name. I began at once somewhat more work on the subjects. I now first hit upon the device of representing propositions by inclusive and exclusive circles. In 1868, he married Susanna Carnegie Edmonstone with whom he had one son, in 1883, he resigned from the clergy, having concluded that Anglicanism was incompatible with his philosophical beliefs. In that same year, Venn was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and was awarded a Sc. D. by Cambridge. Venn is commemorated at the University of Hull by the Venn Building, built in 1928 A stained glass window in the hall of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Venn then further developed George Booles theories in the 1881 work Symbolic Logic, Venn compiled Alumni Cantabrigienses, a biographical register of former members of the University of Cambridge. This work is still being updated online, see #External links and his other works include, A Cambridge Alumni Database The Venn archives clarify the confusing timeline of the various Venns. Obituary of John Venn Portrait of Venn by Charles Brock, and a link to a site about Venn Another view of the Venn stained glass window John Venn at Find a Grave
38.
Brick
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A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Traditionally, the term referred to a unit composed of clay. A brick can be composed of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks, block is a similar term referring to a rectangular building unit composed of similar materials, but is usually larger than a brick. Lightweight bricks are made from expanded clay aggregate, fired bricks are one of the longest-lasting and strongest building materials, sometimes referred to as artificial stone, and have been used since circa 5000 BC. Air-dried bricks, also known as mudbricks, have an older than fired bricks. Bricks are laid in courses and numerous patterns known as bonds, collectively known as brickwork, the earliest bricks were dried brick, meaning that they were formed from clay-bearing earth or mud and dried until they were strong enough for use. The oldest discovered bricks, originally made from shaped mud and dating before 7500 BC, were found at Tell Aswad, in the upper Tigris region, ceramic, or fired brick was used as early as 3000 BC in early Indus Valley cities. In pre-modern China, bricks were being used from the 2nd millennium BCE at a site near Xian, the carpenters manual Yingzao Fashi, published in 1103 at the time of the Song dynasty described the brick making process and glazing techniques then in use. He also had to know when to quench the kiln with water so as to produce the surface glaze, Early civilisations around the Mediterranean adopted the use of fired bricks, including the Ancient Greeks and Romans. The Roman legions operated mobile kilns, and built large brick structures throughout the Roman Empire, during the Early Middle Ages the use of bricks in construction became popular in Northern Europe, after being introduced there from Northern-Western Italy. An independent style of architecture, known as brick Gothic flourished in places that lacked indigenous sources of rocks. Examples of this style can be found in modern-day Denmark, Germany, Poland. A clear distinction between the two styles developed at the transition to Baroque architecture. In Lübeck, for example, Brick Renaissance is clearly recognisable in buildings equipped with terracotta reliefs by the artist Statius von Düren, production of bricks increased massively with the onset of the Industrial Revolution and the rise in factory building in England. For reasons of speed and economy, bricks were increasingly preferred as building material to stone and it was at this time in London, that bright red brick was chosen for construction to make the buildings more visible in the heavy fog and to help prevent traffic accidents. The transition from the method of production known as hand-moulding to a mechanised form of mass-production slowly took place during the first half of the nineteenth century. His mechanical apparatus soon achieved widespread attention after it was adopted for use by the South Eastern Railway Company for brick-making at their factory near Folkestone, the Bradley & Craven Ltd ‘Stiff-Plastic Brickmaking Machine’ was patented in 1853, apparently predating Clayton
39.
Red brick university
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The term is now used more broadly to refer to British universities founded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in major cities. Six of the original institutions, or their predecessor institutes. Eight of the nine institutions are members of the Russell Group, the term red brick or redbrick was first coined by Edgar Allison Peers, a professor of Spanish at the University of Liverpool, to describe the civic universities. Although Peers used red brick in the title of the book, he used redbrick adjectivally in the text. He is said to have regretted his use of red brick in the title. Peers reference was inspired by the fact that The Victoria Building at the University of Liverpool is built from a distinctive red pressed brick, with terracotta decorative dressings. On this basis the University of Liverpool claims to be the red brick institution, although the titular. The University of Birmingham grew from the Mason Science College, a red brick. In this sense they owed their structural heritage to the Humboldt University of Berlin, scotlands ancient universities were founded on a different basis between 1400 and 1600. These universities developed out of various 19th-century private research and education institutes in industrial cities, the 1824 Manchester Mechanics Institute formed the basis of the Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, and thus led towards the current University of Manchester formed in 2004. The University of Birmingham has origins dating back to the 1825 Birmingham Medical School, the University of Leeds also owes its foundations to a medical school, the 1831 Leeds School of Medicine. Reading was established as a college by Oxford University in 1892, incorporating pre-existing schools of art and science. All of the redbricks, with the exception of Reading, were non-residential, in contrast to Oxford, Cambridge, graduates of Oxford, Cambridge, and London had already been enfranchised and graduates of the University of Wales were enfranchised at the same time. Reading University was added to the Combined English Universities constituency in 1928, the constituency was abolished in 1950. Various other civic institutions with origins dating from the 19th and early to mid-20th centuries have also described as Red Brick. According to historian William Whyte of the University of Oxford, Truscotts original definition includes the University of Dundee, Newcastle University, notably, Whyte does not include Reading or Nottingham, which Truscot lists in his second edition. The Robbins Report lists Reading, Nottingham, Southampton, Hull, Exeter and Leicester, as a result it meets the dictionary definition of a red brick university, and is sometimes named as such. The term red brick is also used more widely to mean any of the non-ancient universities
40.
Victorian era
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The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victorias reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities, the era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period. The later half of the Victorian age roughly coincided with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe, culturally there was a transition away from the rationalism of the Georgian period and toward romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts. The end of the saw the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of political reform, industrial reform. Two especially important figures in period of British history are the prime ministers Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone. Disraeli, favoured by the queen, was a gregarious Conservative and his rival Gladstone, a Liberal distrusted by the Queen, served more terms and oversaw much of the overall legislative development of the era. The population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901, Scotlands population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901. However, Irelands population decreased sharply, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901, mostly due to the Great Famine. Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrants departed the UK permanently, in search of a life in the United States, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia. During the early part of the era, politics in the House of Commons involved battles between the two parties, the Whigs/Liberals and the Conservatives. These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Gladstone, Disraeli, Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign until 1901 was mainly a time of peace, Britain reached the zenith of its economic, political, diplomatic and cultural power. The era saw the expansion of the second British Empire, Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era as Britains Golden Years. There was prosperity, as the income per person grew by half. There was peace abroad, and social peace at home, opposition to the new order melted away, says Porter. The Chartist movement peaked as a movement among the working class in 1848, its leaders moved to other pursuits, such as trade unions
41.
Edwardian era
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The death of Queen Victoria in January 1901 marked the end of the Victorian era. The new king Edward VII was already the leader of an elite that set a style influenced by the art. The Liberals returned to power in 1906 and made significant reforms, below the upper class, the era was marked by significant shifts in politics among sections of society that had been largely excluded from wielding power in the past, such as common labourers. The Edwardian period is sometimes imagined as a golden age of long summer afternoons and garden parties. This perception was created in the 1920s and later by those who remembered the Edwardian age with nostalgia, the Edwardian age was also seen as a mediocre period of pleasure between the great achievements of the preceding Victorian age and the catastrophe of the following war. Recent assessments emphasise the differences between the wealthy and the poor during the Edwardian era and describe the age as heralding great changes in political and social life. Robert Tressells popular novel The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists is an example of the eras social critique. Despite this, this type of perception has been challenged more recently by modern historians, the British historian Lawrence James has argued that, during the early 20th century, the British felt increasingly threatened by rival powers such as Germany, Russia, and the United States. There was a political awareness of the working class, leading to a rise in trade unions. The aristocracy remained in control of top government offices, the Conservatives – at the time called Unionists – were dominant from the 1890s to 1906. The party had many strengths, appealing to voters supportive of imperialism, tariffs, the Church of England, a powerful Royal Navy, and traditional hierarchical society. There was a powerful leadership base in the aristocracy and landed gentry in rural England, plus strong support from the Church of England. Historians have used election returns to demonstrate that Conservatives did surprisingly well in working-class districts and they had an appeal as well to the better-off element of traditional working class Britons in the larger cities. Nevertheless, the weaknesses were accumulating, and proved so overwhelming in 1906 that they did not return to power until 1922. The Conservative Party was losing its drive and enthusiasm, especially after the retirement of the charismatic Joseph Chamberlain, there was a bitter split on tariff reform, that drove many of the free traders over to the Liberal camp. Tariff reform was an issue that the Conservative leadership inexplicably clung to. Support among the top tier of the class, and in lower middle class weakened. The 1906 election was a landslide for the opposition, which saw its total vote jump 25 percent, the Liberal Party lacked a unified ideological base in 1906
