1.
Latin
–
Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
Latin
–
Latin inscription, in the
Colosseum
Latin
–
Julius Caesar 's
Commentarii de Bello Gallico is one of the most famous classical Latin texts of the Golden Age of Latin. The unvarnished, journalistic style of this
patrician general has long been taught as a model of the urbane Latin officially spoken and written in the floruit of the
Roman republic.
Latin
–
A multi-volume Latin dictionary in the
University Library of Graz
Latin
–
Latin and Ancient Greek Language - Culture - Linguistics at
Duke University in 2014.
2.
Public university
–
A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
Public university
–
Cairo University, the prime indigenous model for Egyptian state universities
Public university
–
Old Merensky Library at
University of Pretoria, South Africa
Public university
–
Sebelas Maret University, one of Indonesia's prominent public universities.
Public university
–
Chulalongkorn University main auditorium in Thailand
3.
Flagship university
–
A flagship is a vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships, characteristically a flag officer entitled by custom to fly a distinguishing flag. Used more loosely, it is the ship in a fleet of vessels, typically the first, largest, fastest, most heavily armed. In common naval use, the flagship is fundamentally a temporary designation. Historically, only larger ships could accommodate such requirements, the term was also used by commercial fleets, when the distinction between a nations navy and merchant fleet was not clear. In the age of sailing ships, the flagship was typically a first-rate, non-first rates could serve as flagships, however, the USS Constitution, a frigate, served as flagship for parts of the United States Navy during the early 19th century. In the 20th century, ships became large enough that the types, cruisers and up, could accommodate a commander. Some larger ships may have a flag bridge for use by the admiral. Because its primary function is to coordinate a fleet, a flagship is not necessarily more heavily armed or armored than other ships, during World War II admirals often preferred a faster ship over the largest one. Modern flagships are designed primarily for command and control rather than for fighting, as with many other naval terms, flagship has crossed over into general usage, where it means the most important or leading member of a group, as in the flagship station of a broadcast network. Is used as both a noun and adjective describing the most prominent or highly touted product, brand, location, derivations include the flagship brand or flagship product of a manufacturing company, flagship store of a retail chain, or flagship service of a hospitality or transportation concern. The term flagship may have applications, Auto companies may have a flagship in the form of their leading or highest-priced car. Electronics companies may have a series of products considered to be their flagship, for example, the Samsung Galaxy S series consists of several flagship smartphones that are released on a yearly basis. In rail transport, a service is either the fastest or most luxurious. Often it is also a train or service. In some cases, special service or a class above first class may be available in the service while it is not offered in normal services. Flagship services are used to present the company in advertising or abroad. Most states in the United States provide public university education through one or more university systems, the phrase flagship institution or flagship university may be applied to an individual school or campus within each state system. These schools are often land-grant, sea-grant, or space-grant research universities, the use of the term is seen by some as elitist and boastful
Flagship university
–
HMS Victory, flagship of the
First Sea Lord of the
Royal Navy
Flagship university
–
Abercrombie & Fitch flagship store on
Fifth Avenue in
New York City
4.
Sea grant colleges
–
The National Sea Grant College Program is a program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration within the U. S. Department of Commerce. The program is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and is based in Silver Spring, no sea rights have actually been granted, only money. There are 30 member institutions, called Sea Grant colleges, many, the program was instituted in 1966 when Congress passed the National Sea Grant College Program Act. The name Sea Grant was chosen to draw a parallel with the land grant college program that was funded by grants of lands to the states by the 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862. Final signing of the 1966 Sea Grant College and Program Act into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson was on October 15,1966, a map showing the locations of and links to the institutions involved with the program is available from the NOAA
Sea grant colleges
–
Contents
5.
Land-grant university
–
A land-grant university is an institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890. The Morrill Acts funded educational institutions by granting federally controlled land to the states for them to sell, to funds, to establish. This mission was in contrast to the practice of higher education to focus on an abstract liberal arts curriculum. Ultimately, most land-grant colleges became large public universities that offer a full spectrum of educational opportunities. However, some land-grant colleges are schools, including Cornell University. The concept of publicly funded agricultural and technical educational institutions first rose to attention through the efforts of Jonathan Baldwin Turner in the late 1840s. The first land-grant bill was introduced in Congress by Representative Justin Smith Morrill of Vermont in 1857, the bill passed in 1859, but was vetoed by President James Buchanan. Morrill resubmitted his bill in 1861, and it was enacted into law in 1862. Upon passage of the federal land-grant law in 1862, Iowa was the first state legislature to accept the provisions of the Morrill Act, Iowa subsequently designated the State Agricultural College as the land grant college on March 29,1864. The first land-grant institution actually created under the Act was Kansas State University, which was established on February 16,1863, the oldest school that currently holds land-grant status is Rutgers University, founded in 1766 and designated the land-grant college of New Jersey in 1864. The oldest school to ever hold land-grant status was Yale University and this designation was later stripped by the Connecticut legislature under populist pressure and transferred to what would become the University of Connecticut. A second Morrill Act was passed in 1890, aimed at the former Confederate states and this act required each state to show that race was not an admissions criterion, or else to designate a separate land-grant institution for persons of color. Among the seventy colleges and universities which eventually evolved from the Morrill Acts are several of historically black colleges and universities. In imitation of the land-grant colleges focus on agricultural and mechanical research, Congress later established programs of sea grant colleges, space grant colleges and it is also the smallest land-grant university in the country. The Farmers High School of Pennsylvania, later to become The Pennsylvania State University, michigan State and Penn State were subsequently designated as the federal land-grant colleges for their states in 1863. Older state universities – such as the University of Georgia, which was established with a grant of land in 1784 – were also funded through the use of land grants. Indeed, land grants to institutions are a practice inherited from Europe. These earlier examples, however, offered a different mission than the education offered by land-grant institutions established under the Morrill Act
Land-grant university
–
Painting of an early land grant college (
Kansas State University) from the Westward Expansion Corridor at the
U.S. Capitol
Land-grant university
–
Contents
Land-grant university
–
United States Postal Service commemorative
stamp
6.
Financial endowment
–
A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
Financial endowment
–
Basic investment types
7.
Postgraduate education
–
In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
Postgraduate education
–
The enrollment of some students in the
University of Bologna.
8.
Orono, Maine
–
Orono is a town in Penobscot County, Maine, United States. Located on the Penobscot and Still Water Rivers, it was first settled by Europeans in 1774 and named in honor of Chief Joseph Orono and it is home to the University of Maine. The towns population was 10,362 at the 2010 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 19.60 square miles. The town is divided by the Stillwater River, a branch of the Penobscot River and it occupies part of Marsh Island, which is surrounded by the Penobscot and the Stillwater, and the remainder of the town is on the mainland. The Orono Dam impounds the Stillwater River at its confluence with the Penobscot River near downtown Orono and this climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot summers and cold winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Orono has a continental climate. As of the census of 2010, there were 10,363 people,2,831 households, the population density was 569.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 3,089 housing units at a density of 169.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 93. 7% White,1. 2% African American,1. 1% Native American,1. 9% Asian,0. 4% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 5% of the population. 30. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.77. The median age in the town was 21.8 years. 8. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,55. 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24,12. 2% were from 25 to 44,13. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 10. 4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 51. 8% male and 48. 2% female, as of the census of 2000, the town had a population of 9,112 people,2,691 households, and 1,291 families residing in the town. The population density is 500.3 people per square mile, there are 2,899 housing units at an average density of 159.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 93. 54% White,1. 38% Black or African American,0. 95% Native American,2. 39% Asian,0. 07% Pacific Islander,0. 52% from other races, and 1. 15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 21% of the population,31. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 0% had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the family size was 2.81
Orono, Maine
–
Mill Street business in downtown Orono
Orono, Maine
–
Seal
Orono, Maine
–
Orono town offices
9.
Maine
–
Maine is the northernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the U. S. states and territories and it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the north. Maine is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States, and it is known for its jagged, rocky coastline, low, rolling mountains, heavily forested interior, and picturesque waterways, and also its seafood cuisine, especially clams and lobster. There is a continental climate throughout the state, even in areas such as its most populous city of Portland. For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine, the first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony, established by the Plymouth Company in 1607, as Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived. Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maines territory during the American Revolution, Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become an independent state. On March 15,1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise, there is no definitive explanation for the origin of the name Maine, but the most likely origin is the name given by early explorers after a province in France. Whatever the origin, the name was fixed for English settlers in 1665 when the English Kings Commissioners ordered that the Province of Maine be entered from then on in official records. The state legislature in 2001 adopted a resolution establishing Franco-American Day, other theories mention earlier places with similar names, or claim it is a nautical reference to the mainland. Attempts to uncover the history of the name of Maine began with James Sullivans 1795 History of the District of Maine. He made the allegation that the Province of Maine was a compliment to the queen of Charles I, Henrietta Maria. MAINE appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 in reference to the county of Dorset, the view generally held among British place name scholars is that Mayne in Dorset is Brythonic, corresponding to modern Welsh maen, plural main or meini. Some early spellings are, MAINE1086, MEINE1200, MEINES1204, mason had served with the Royal Navy in the Orkney Islands where the chief island is called Mainland, a possible name derivation for these English sailors. Initially, several tracts along the coast of New England were referred to as Main or Maine, Maine is the only state whose name has exactly one syllable. The original inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including the Abenaki, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet and Penobscot, who had a loose confederacy. European contact with what is now called Maine started around 1200 CE when Norwegians interacted with the native Penobscot in present-day Hancock County, most likely through trade
Maine
–
The coast of Maine near
Acadia National Park
Maine
–
Flag
Maine
–
Boothbay Harbor
Maine
–
Autumn in Stratton
10.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
11.
Rural
–
In general, a rural area or countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Whatever is not urban is considered rural, typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural areas are rural, though so are others such as forests. Different countries have varying definitions of rural for statistical and administrative purposes, in Canada, the census division has been used to represent regions and census consolidated sub-divisions have been used to represent communities. Intermediate regions have 15 to 49 percent of their living in a rural community. Predominantly urban regions have less than 15 percent of their living in a rural community. Predominantly rural regions are classified as rural metro-adjacent, rural non-metro-adjacent and rural northern, following Ehrensaft, as well, rural northern regions encompass all of the Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Statistics Canada defines rural for their population counts and this definition has changed over time. Typically, it has referred to the population living outside settlements of 1,000 or less inhabitants, the current definition states that census rural is the population outside settlements with fewer than 1,000 inhabitants and a population density below 400 people per square kilometre. 84% of the United States inhabitants live in suburban and urban areas, Rural areas occupy the remaining 90 percent. The U. S. Census Bureau, the USDAs Economic Research Service, an urbanized area consists of a central surrounding areas whose population is greater than 50,000. USDA The USDAs Office of Rural Development may define rural by various population thresholds, for example, a metropolitan county is one that contains an urbanized area, or one that has a twenty-five percent commuter rate to an urbanized area regardless of population. In 2014, the USDA updated their rural / non-rural area definitions based on the 2010 Census counts, Rural health definitions can be different for establishing under-served areas or health care accessibility in rural areas of the United States. This became the Goldsmith Modification definition of rural, health care delivery in rural areas of the United States can be challenging. From 2005-2011, the rate of potentially preventable hospitalizations for acute conditions was highest in rural areas, in Brazil, theres different notions of rural area and countryside. Rural areas are any place outside an urban development and its carried by informal usage. Otherwise, countryside are officially defined as all municipalities outside the capitals metropolitan region. Some states as Mato Grosso do Sul doesnt have any metropolitan region, thus all of the state, Rio de Janeiro is singular in Brazil and its de facto a metropolitan state, as circa 70% of its population are located in Greater Rio
Rural
–
The
Barossa Valley in
South Australia is an area noted for
vineyards
Rural
–
A typical countryside scene in rural
Yorkshire Dales,
England.
12.
NCAA Division I
–
Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 2006, Division I-A and I-AA were renamed Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, respectively. FCS teams are allowed to award scholarships, a practice technically allowed. FBS teams also have to meet attendance requirements, while FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. Another difference is post season play, starting with the 2014 postseason, a four-team playoff called the College Football Playoff, replaced the previous one game championship format. Even so, Division I FBS football is still the only NCAA sport in which a champion is not determined by an NCAA-sanctioned championship event. All D-I schools must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, Several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III. Each playing season has to be represented by each gender as well, there are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria. Mens and womens teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams, for men, they must play one-third of all their contests in the home arena. The NCAA has limits on the financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. Equivalency sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport, the term counter is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a counter as an individual who is receiving financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport. The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in sport is listed below. In this table, scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a point, for equivalency sports, they are listed with a decimal point. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport, participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football
NCAA Division I
–
Main logo used by the NCAA in Divisions I, II, and III.
13.
America East Conference
–
The America East Conference is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA Division I, whose members are located mainly in the Northeastern United States. The conference was known as the Eastern College Athletic Conference-North from 1979 to 1988, the America East Conference was founded as the Eastern College Athletic Conference-North, a mens basketball-only athletic conference in 1979. Many other events have occurred since its formation, Rhode Island left in 1980, the University of Hartford joined in 1985. Colgate left in 1990 to join the Patriot League, the University of Delaware and Drexel University joined in 1991. On July 1,1996, the name changed to its present name. During 2001, Delaware, Drexel, Hofstra and Towson left to join the Colonial Athletic Association while the University at Albany, Binghamton University, the University of Maryland, Baltimore County soon joined in 2003. Northeastern left in 2005 to join the CAA, most recently, Boston University left to join the Patriot League on July 1,2013, while the University of Massachusetts Lowell joined from Division II. There are nine schools with membership, There are currently four schools with associate membership. All are in California, and moved their field hockey teams into the America East in July 2015, a fifth associate member, from Virginia, will be added in mens and womens swimming & diving in the 2017–18 school year. Three schools have had single-sport membership in the past, two of these, Fairfield and Providence, moved their America East sports into their all-sports conferences. The third, NJIT, left when it joined a conference that sponsored its America East sport, full members Other Conference Other Conference The America East Conference sponsors championship competition in seven mens and eleven womens NCAA sanctioned sports. The most recent change to the roster of America East sports was announced in 2016, Notes Notes The conference does not sponsor football. Four members have football programs, all of which compete in the Colonial Athletic Association, Albany, Maine, New Hampshire, the conference does not sponsor ice hockey. Members who participate in that sport do so as members of Hockey East
America East Conference
–
America East Conference (America East)
14.
Hockey East
–
The Hockey East Association, also known as Hockey East, is a college ice hockey conference which operates mostly in New England. It participates in the NCAAs Division I as a hockey-only conference, Hockey East came into existence in 1984 for mens hockey when most of its current members split from what is today known as ECAC Hockey. It largely sought to emulate the Big East Conference, which had grown quickly since its creation a few years earlier, the womens league, the WHEA, began play in 2002. On October 5,2011, the University of Notre Dame Fighting Irish announced they would be joining Hockey East as the conferences first non-New England school in 2013 after the CCHA folded. On March 22,2016, Notre Dame subsequently announced their mens team would leave Hockey East for the Big Ten Conference at the start of the 2017-2018 season. The University of Connecticut and Hockey East jointly announced on June 21,2012 that UConns mens team, then in Atlantic Hockey, there are currently 12 member schools, with all 12 participating in the mens division and nine in the womens division. Men Women Both The Hockey East Championship Game has been held in Boston since 1987, first at the Boston Garden and now the TD Garden, the first two were held in Providence, Rhode Island at the Providence Civic Center. The final game and the games are held on consecutive nights in mid-March at the Garden. The quarterfinal round takes place the previous weekend, the top eight teams in the league advance to the quarterfinal round, the quarterfinal round series are 2-out-of-3 series with all games played at the higher seeds rink. There have been two cases where the #8 seed won on the #1 teams ice, the Hockey East Championship was held in Boston from its inception in 2003 until 2007. The event was held at Northeasterns Matthews Arena in 2003 and 2004 before moving to BUs Walter Brown Arena in 2005, the tournament returned to Matthews Arena in 2006, was held at UNHs Whittemore Center in 2007, and at UConns Mark Edward Freitas Ice Forum in 2008. The tournament went back to UNH in 2009, Providence in 2010, the tournament moved to Hyannis, Massachusetts in 2012 and has been held there ever since. Boston College, Boston University, and Northeastern all take part in the annual Beanpot tournament with Harvard of ECAC Hockey, the previously existing fierce rivalry between Boston College and Notre Dame, the Holy War on Ice, became a conference matchup with Notre Dames arrival in Hockey East. The two are rivals in sports as well, as both are members of the Atlantic Coast Conference for most sports. Maine also has a rivalry with New Hampshire, often called The Border War. Providence and UConn also have a rivalry which spills over from the basketball court. At the conclusion of regular season schedule the coaches of each Hockey East team vote which players they choose to be on the three All-Conference Teams, first team, second team and rookie team. Additionally they vote to award up to 6 individual trophies to a player at the same time
Hockey East
15.
Colonial Athletic Association
–
Most of its members are public universities, and the conference is headquartered in Richmond. The CAA was historically a Southern conference until the addition of five northeastern schools after the turn of the 21st century, the CAA was founded in 1979 as the ECAC South basketball league. It was renamed the Colonial Athletic Association in 1985 when it added championships in other sports, as of 2006, it organizes championships in 21 mens and womens sports. The addition of Northeastern University in 2005 gave the conference the NCAA minimum of six football programs needed to sponsor football, for the 2007 football season, all of the Atlantic 10 Conferences football programs joined the CAA football conference, as agreed upon in May 2005. The CAA has expanded in recent years, following the exits of longtime members such as the United States Naval Academy, the University of Richmond, East Carolina University, and American University. In 2001, the conference added four additional universities, Towson University, Drexel University, Hofstra University. Four years later the league expanded again when Georgia State University and Northeastern University joined, Virginia Commonwealth University left for the Atlantic 10 Conference in July 2012. More changes came in 2013, Old Dominion University left for Conference USA, Georgia State joined the Sun Belt Conference, in 2006, George Mason became the first CAA team to reach the Final Four. In 2011, the VCU Rams became the second CAA team to reach the Final Four, as well as the first team to win five games en route, on March 25,2013, George Mason University left the CAA to join the Atlantic-10 Conference. Shortly after, the CAA ceased sponsorship of wrestling due to the lack of teams, the 2015–16 basketball season saw the conference RPI reach its highest rating when it finished the season ranked 9th in the nation. Notes ‡ – Towson joined the league as a member in 1979, left in 1981 to join the ECAC-Metro Conference. Notes Full members Full members Assoc. members Assoc. member The CAA sponsors championship competitions in ten mens, twelve schools are associate members in three sports. Neither cheerleading nor dance team competitions are sponsored by the NCAA, RS = regular-season champion, T = tournament champion Note, The conference was known as the ECAC South from 1979 to 1985. In December 2012 the CAA announced that the 2014 through 2016 tournaments would be held at the then known as 1st Mariner Arena, now known as Royal Farms Arena. It marked the first time the tournament was held outside the state of Virginia, for this reason, there are no true football associate members as every member of CAA Football is a full-member of the football-only conference. In the 2004–05 academic year, the CAA had five schools that sponsored football, all of them as football-only members of the Atlantic 10 Conference. In 2005, as noted, Northeastern accepted the CAAs offer of membership. At that time, the CAA announced it would launch its new conference in 2007
Colonial Athletic Association
–
Colonial Athletic Association Football Conference (CAA, CAA Football)
Colonial Athletic Association
16.
Maine Black Bears
–
The Maine Black Bears are the athletic teams which represent the University of Maine. They compete in NCAA Division I athletics, with the majority of the playing in the America East Conference. The only exceptions are the ice hockey programs, which compete in Hockey East, and the football program, the mens ice hockey program was introduced in 1977. The team has been successful and have won the Hockey East title five times, appeared in eleven Frozen Fours, the Black Bears compete in the Hockey East conference, which includes teams such as Boston College, Boston University, Northeastern, and New Hampshire. The program has produced many professional ice hockey players, such as Paul Kariya, Eric Weinrich, Keith Carney, Garth Snow, Mike Dunham, Dustin Penner, and Jimmy Howard. The team is best known for its 1992–93 season, in which the only lost one game. The team is noted for its head coach Shawn Walsh, who coached the team for seventeen seasons, Walsh is credited with turning the team into such a successful program, as well as turning the Alfond Arena into one of the most intimidating arenas in college hockey. Walsh died of renal cell carcinoma on September 26,2001, the baseball program has made several trips to the College World Series and has produced numerous major- league baseball players. The program has also made 16 NCAA tournament appearances, most recently in 2011 when they defeated FIU, 4-1, the program has won the AEC Tournament five times, in 1993,2002,2005,2006, and 2011. The program also won the conference in 1990 and 1991, before the America East sponsored a baseball tournament, the basketball teams, as well as all other sports teams, participate in the America East Conference. Current Clemson University head baseball coach Jack Leggett also attended the university, other notables include Rufus Harris, Kevin Reed, Matt Rossignol, Jim Boylen, Andy Bedard, and several former Maine high school stars including Bangors Jon McAllian and Edward Littles Troy Barnies. A prominent current player is San Diego-native Gerald Mclemore, the womens and mens basketball teams play at Alfond Arena, with some games being played at Cross Insurance Center in Bangor starting with the 2013-14 season. The men’s team has held a total of eight games at Memorial Gym since 2003–04, the team has never played in the NCAA Division I Mens Basketball Tournament. The womens basketball team is noted for producing one-time WNBA player Cindy Blodgett. On May 23,2007, Blodgett was named the coach of the womens team. She was released in March 2011, the program has developed 2 NBA players those being former Los Angeles Clippers Jeff Cross and former Boston Celtics and current head coach of the Dallas Mavericks Rick Carlisle. Maines football team competes in the Colonial Athletic Association, prior to the 2007 season, the NCAA football league was sponsored by the Atlantic 10 Conference. Current Iowa coach, and 2002 AP National Coach of the Year Kirk Ferentz began his coaching career at Maine
Maine Black Bears
–
Maine Black Bears
17.
University of the Arctic
–
UArctic was launched on June 12,2001, endorsed by the Arctic Council and in conjunction with the 10th anniversary of the Rovaniemi Process and the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy. There are 143 members of UArctic, which includes 174 members, most UArctic members are higher education institutions, but other members include circumpolar indigenous organizations and research institutions. The University of the Arctic is governed by a structure in which the institutions are represented through various mechanisms. It has evolved steadily since the founding in 2001, with the latest addition being the Rectors Forum. The foundation of the structure is the annual UArctic Council, which consists of representatives from all member institutions and it holds powers roughly corresponding to the parliament of a parliamentary democracy. Between Council meetings, the committee, Toyon, deals with relevant issues. Toyon consists of the Chair, the Vice-secretary and the Chairs of all standing committees, all these positions are elected by the Council. The government of UArctic is the Board of Governors, which is elected by the council. At the Board meetings, the President and leader of the International Secretariat also participate, the Board works with the Council and Administration on relevant issues, and may delegate specific tasks. The President of UArctic is the chief executive officer and is responsible for overall administration. S/he is accountable to the Board for the management of the University. The President participates ex officio in meetings of the Council, Toyon and the Board, the Secretariat has the primary responsibility for coordinating internal and external information, examples of which are the monthly UArctic newsletter, Shared Voices, the website and news services. The Secretariat provides support for the rest of the UArctic structure, the Rectors Forum brings together university and college Presidents, Rectors, Provosts, Chancellors and Vice-Presidents around specific themes. The member organizations contribute resources to the University of the Arctic, a small membership fee is also collected from member organizations. Special emphasis is given to matters concerning Indigenous people of the Circumpolar North, the Circumpolar Studies program consists of two required components, The BCS Core and an Advanced Emphasis. The BCS Core consists of one lower-level introductory course and six upper-level advanced courses in three fields of study. As a north2north participant, students travel to another institution for a period of 3–12 months. This time period is dependent on the needs of the student, as well as the structures of their home, students have the advantage of taking courses that may not be available at their home institution and the courses taken during the exchange year are credited towards their degree
University of the Arctic
–
University of Akureyri, Akureyri (Iceland)
University of the Arctic
–
Ilisagvik College, Ilisagvik, Alaska (USA)
University of the Arctic
–
University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Norway)
University of the Arctic
–
Arkhangelsk State Technical University, Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Province (Russia)
18.
Flagship
–
A flagship is a vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships, characteristically a flag officer entitled by custom to fly a distinguishing flag. Used more loosely, it is the ship in a fleet of vessels, typically the first, largest, fastest, most heavily armed. In common naval use, the flagship is fundamentally a temporary designation. Historically, only larger ships could accommodate such requirements, the term was also used by commercial fleets, when the distinction between a nations navy and merchant fleet was not clear. In the age of sailing ships, the flagship was typically a first-rate, non-first rates could serve as flagships, however, the USS Constitution, a frigate, served as flagship for parts of the United States Navy during the early 19th century. In the 20th century, ships became large enough that the types, cruisers and up, could accommodate a commander. Some larger ships may have a flag bridge for use by the admiral. Because its primary function is to coordinate a fleet, a flagship is not necessarily more heavily armed or armored than other ships, during World War II admirals often preferred a faster ship over the largest one. Modern flagships are designed primarily for command and control rather than for fighting, as with many other naval terms, flagship has crossed over into general usage, where it means the most important or leading member of a group, as in the flagship station of a broadcast network. Is used as both a noun and adjective describing the most prominent or highly touted product, brand, location, derivations include the flagship brand or flagship product of a manufacturing company, flagship store of a retail chain, or flagship service of a hospitality or transportation concern. The term flagship may have applications, Auto companies may have a flagship in the form of their leading or highest-priced car. Electronics companies may have a series of products considered to be their flagship, for example, the Samsung Galaxy S series consists of several flagship smartphones that are released on a yearly basis. In rail transport, a service is either the fastest or most luxurious. Often it is also a train or service. In some cases, special service or a class above first class may be available in the service while it is not offered in normal services. Flagship services are used to present the company in advertising or abroad. Most states in the United States provide public university education through one or more university systems, the phrase flagship institution or flagship university may be applied to an individual school or campus within each state system. These schools are often land-grant, sea-grant, or space-grant research universities, the use of the term is seen by some as elitist and boastful
Flagship
–
HMS Victory, flagship of the
First Sea Lord of the
Royal Navy
Flagship
–
Abercrombie & Fitch flagship store on
Fifth Avenue in
New York City
19.
Research university
–
Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names. From the late 20th century to the present, U. S. research universities have dominated most international college and university rankings
Research university
–
Degree ceremony at the
University of Oxford. The Pro-Vice-Chancellor in
MA gown and hood,
Proctor in official dress and new
Doctors of Philosophy in scarlet full dress. Behind them, a
bedel, a Doctor and Bachelors of Arts and Medicine graduate.
Research university
–
The
University of Bologna is the oldest University in history, founded in 1088.
Research university
–
Meeting of doctors at the
University of Paris. From a medieval manuscript.
Research university
–
Sapienza University of Rome is the largest university in Europe and one of the most prestigious European universities.
20.
Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act
–
The Morrill Land-Grant Acts are United States statutes that allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges in U. S. states using the proceeds of federal land sales. The Morrill Act of 1862 was enacted during the American Civil War, for 20 years prior to the first introduction of the bill in 1857, there was a political movement calling for the creation of agriculture colleges. The movement was led by Professor Jonathan Baldwin Turner of Illinois College, for example, the Michigan Constitution of 1850 called for the creation of an agricultural school, though it was not until February 12,1855, that Michigan Governor Kinsley S. Unlike the Turner Plan, which provided a grant to each state. This was more advantageous to the populous eastern states. The Morrill Act was first proposed in 1857, and was passed by Congress in 1859, in 1861, Morrill resubmitted the act with the amendment that the proposed institutions would teach military tactics as well as engineering and agriculture. Aided by the secession of states that did not support the plans. The previous day Lincoln signed a bill financing the railroad with land grants. Less than two months earlier he signed the Homestead Act encouraging western settlement, together these actions, taken at a time when the Union Army was poorly performing, did much to define post-Civil War America. Under the act, each state received a total of 30,000 acres of federal land, either within or contiguous to its boundaries. This land, or the proceeds from its sale, was to be used toward establishing and funding the educational institutions described above. After the war, however, the 1862 Act was extended to the former Confederate states, it was extended to every state and territory. 8 On September 11,1862, the state of Iowa was the first to accept the terms of the Morrill Act which provided the funding boost needed for the fledgling State Agricultural College and Model Farm. The first land-grant institution actually created under the Act was Kansas State University, which was established on February 16,1863, before the Civil War American engineers were mostly educated at West Point. While the Congressional debate associated with the Morrill Act was largely focused on benefits to agriculture, after the Civil War, as the German University model began to replace the English College, with the encouragement of the Morrill Act the engineering discipline was gradually defined. Because the Morrill Act excluded spending on buildings, engineering specific infrastructure such as textbooks, in 1866 there were around 300 American men with engineering degrees and six reputable colleges granting them. By 1911 the United States was graduating 3000 engineers a year, the Morrill Act coincided with the establishment of engineering in the American university. With a few exceptions, nearly all of the Land-Grant Colleges are public, to maintain their status as land-grant colleges, a number of programs are required to be maintained by the college
Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act
–
Justin Smith Morrill
Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act
–
Morrill Hall, on the campus of the
University of Maryland, College Park (a land-grant university), is named for Senator
Justin Morrill, in honor of the act he sponsored.
Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act
–
Beaumont Tower at
Michigan State University marks the site of
College Hall which is the first building in the United States to teach agricultural science.
Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act
–
Celebration of the 150th Anniversary of the Morrill Act, at the
Library of Congress, June 23, 2012
21.
Abraham Lincoln
–
Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father
Abraham Lincoln
–
Lincoln in 1863, aged 54
Abraham Lincoln
–
The young Lincoln in sculpture at Senn Park, Chicago.
Abraham Lincoln
–
1864 photo of President Lincoln with youngest son,
Tad
Abraham Lincoln
–
Lincoln depicted protecting a Native American from his own men in a scene often related about Lincoln's service during the
Black Hawk War.
22.
Liberal arts
–
Grammar, logic, and rhetoric were the core liberal arts, while arithmetic, geometry, the theory of music, and astronomy also played a part in education. In modern times, liberal arts education term that can be interpreted in different ways and it can refer to academic subjects such as literature, philosophy, mathematics, and social and physical sciences, or it can also refer to overall studies in a liberal arts degree program. For example, Harvard University offers a Bachelor of Arts degree, for both interpretations, the term generally refers to matters not relating to the professional, vocational, or technical curriculum. The four scientific artes – music, arithmetic, geometry and astronomy – were known from the time of Boethius onwards as the Quadrivium. After the 9th century, the three arts of the humanities – grammar, logic, and rhetoric – were classed as well as the Trivium. It was in that form that the seven liberal arts were studied in the medieval Western university. During the Middle Ages, logic gradually came to take predominance over the parts of the Trivium. In the Renaissance, the Italian humanists and their Northern counterparts, despite in many respects continuing the traditions of the Middle Ages, the ideal of a liberal arts, or humanistic education grounded in classical languages and literature, persisted until the middle of the twentieth century. Some subsections of the arts are in the trivium—the verbal arts, grammar, logic, and rhetoric, and in the quadrivium—the numerical arts, arithmetic, geometry, music. Analyzing and interpreting information is also included, the liberal arts education at the secondary school level prepares the student for higher education at a university. They are thus meant for the more academically minded students, in addition to the usual curriculum, students of a liberal arts education often study Latin and Ancient Greek. Some liberal arts education provide general education, others have a specific focus, today, a number of other areas of specialization exist, such as gymnasiums specializing in economics, technology or domestic sciences. In some countries, there is a notion of progymnasium, which is equivalent to beginning classes of the full gymnasium, here, the prefix pro is equivalent to pre. In the United States, liberal arts colleges are schools emphasizing undergraduate study in the liberal arts, in most parts of Europe, liberal arts education is deeply rooted. In Germany, Austria and countries influenced by their education system, the term is not to be mixed up with some modern educational concepts that use a similar wording. Educational institutions that see themselves in that tradition are often a Gymnasium and they aim at providing their pupils with comprehensive education in order to form personality with regard to a pupils own humanity as well as his/her innate intellectual skills. Going back to the tradition of the liberal arts in Europe, education in the above sense was freed from scholastic thinking. In particular, Wilhelm von Humboldt played a key role in that regard, universities encourage students to do so and offer respective opportunities, but do not make such activities part of the universitys curriculum
Liberal arts
–
Philosophia et septem artes liberales, The seven liberal arts – Picture from the
Hortus deliciarum of
Herrad of Landsberg (12th century)
Liberal arts
–
Page from
Marriage of Mercury and Philology
23.
The Maine Campus
–
The Maine Campus is a weekly newspaper produced by the students of the University of Maine in the United States. It covers university and Town of Orono events, and has four sections, News, Opinion, Culture and it serves the 20,000 students, faculty and staff of the university. Founded in 1875, it is one of the oldest surviving papers in Maine, only The Bowdoin Orient, founded in 1871, The Bates Student, founded in 1873, and the Sun Journal, founded in 1847, are older. Approximately 2,500 copies of the Campus are printed every issue, in recent years, the Campus published a 20-page full color edition on Mondays and a 16-page spot color edition on Thursdays. Now, with the new format, the papers length varies. In addition to the new size, the paper is printed in every issue now and, depending on its length. The Campus has been online since the late 1990s, on April Fools Day the Campus runs a satirical edition named The Maine Crapus. The Maine Campus has existed since 1875, and has at times been a weekly, daily and semiweekly paper. The Crucible was the first student newspaper at the University of Maine, established in 1873, the Reporter became The Cadet, which was published monthly from 1855-1899. It then continued as The Campus, until changing its name to The Maine Campus on June 1,1904, by the time it became The Maine Campus, it was publishing semimonthly, and by 1912 it was published weekly. It became The Daily Maine Campus in 1979 under editor Dan Warren and it remained a daily newspaper, peaking at 5,000 circulation through the 1980s, under editors Tammy Eaves, Steve McGrath, Stephen Olver and Ernie Clark. In 1990 it changed from a newspaper to a thrice-weekly newspaper. The Campus is a student organization, meaning it is an independent company that receives money directly from the school and is not under the purview of student government. However, the paper has, on occasions, required financial assistance. The Campus is partially funded through the communications fee, and partially through ad sales, the paper is editorially independent of the university. The newspaper is run by the editor in chief and the business manager, the editor in chief makes all content decisions and is the public face of the newspaper, while the business manager has final say on business decisions. The paper also has a composed of the editor in chief, news editor, Web editor, sports editor, production manager, style editor, photography editor, opinion editor. Unlike many other newspapers, the Campus does not have any non-student employees
The Maine Campus
The Maine Campus
–
The cover of an early copy of The Maine Campus from 1912.
24.
Marsh Island (Maine)
–
Marsh Island is an island on the Penobscot River in Penobscot County. The Penobscot River borders the side of the island, while the Stillwater River. The towns of Old Town and Orono occupy portions of Marsh Island, the University of Maine campus occupies the southwestern corner of the island while Old Town Municipal Airport and Seaplane Base are at the islands northern end. U. S. Route 2 crosses the island and connects Old Town, a former Georgia-Pacific paper mill is located on the island in Old Town. In 2011 Marsh Island was opened to bow deer hunting
Marsh Island (Maine)
–
Penobscot River from Marsh Island
Marsh Island (Maine)
–
Main Street in Old Town on Marsh Island
Marsh Island (Maine)
–
The University of Maine on Marsh Island
Marsh Island (Maine)
–
Wetland on Marsh Island
25.
Penobscot River
–
The Penobscot River /pəˈnɒbskət/ is a 109-mile-long river in the U. S. state of Maine. Including the rivers West Branch and South Branch increases the Penobscots length to 264 miles, making it the second longest river system in Maine and its drainage basin contains 8,610 square miles. It arises from four branches in several lakes in north-central Maine, after the uniting of the West Branch with the East Branch at Medway, the Penobscot flows 109 miles south, past the city of Bangor, where it becomes navigable. Also at Bangor is the tributary Kenduskeag Stream and it empties into the Atlantic Ocean in Penobscot Bay. It is home to the Penobscot people that live on Indian Island, the United States government maintains three river flow gages on the Penobscot river. The first is on the East Branch in Grindstone where the rivershed is 1,086 square miles, flow here has ranged from 400 to 1,300 cubic feet per second. The second is in West Enfield where the rivershed is 6,671 square miles, flow here has ranged from 4,410 to 9,660 cubic feet per second. The third is in Eddington,0.4 miles downstream from the Veazie Dam where the rivershed is 7,764 square miles, the Penobscot River was an early trade corridor to interior Maine from the Atlantic coast. Ocean ships could navigate upstream to Bangor, the first European known to have explored the river was the Portuguese Estêvão Gomes in 1524, followed by the Frenchman Samuel de Champlain in 1605. A few years later French Jesuit priests came among the Penobscot people as missionaries, in 1669, the Mohawk tribe made raids from the west that were very destructive to the Penobscot people. During Father Rales War, the English settlers in Massachusetts also sent periodic raiding parties to the Penobscot and this signaled the beginning of English domination, and the incorporation of the Penobscot River valley into New England. The first permanent English settler on the river was Joshua Treat and his oldest son, Joshua Treat, Jr. During the War of 1812, the British again invaded Maine and defeated an American force at the Battle of Hampden, the fort never fired a shot in anger, but remains one of the Penobscots major man-made landmarks. A secondary economic use made of the late in the century was as a source of sawn ice for urban markets. Wood pulp and paper mills create dioxins as a byproduct of the bleaching process in making paper. This substance was discharged from seven mills located close to the Tribal community of Penobscot people, dioxins, which are highly potent toxic chemicals that may cause cancer and other health problems, were being poured daily into this adjacent river, the Penobscot. A Penobscot woman, Rebecca Sockbeson, a Penobscot, is quoted saying that her people have survived on fish from this river and she continued on to say that neither dioxin nor cancer is indigenous to the Penobscot people, however they are both pervasive in my tribal community. The health and survival of the Penobscot people is threatened by the impact that persistent organic pollutants have on reproduction
Penobscot River
–
Panorama of the Penobscot River in
Millinocket,
Maine
Penobscot River
–
The Penobscot River watershed
Penobscot River
–
Bucksport Harbor, about 1905
Penobscot River
–
View near
Winterport about 1906
26.
Stillwater River (Maine)
–
The Stillwater River is an 11. 5-mile-long side channel of the Penobscot River in Maine. From its source in Old Town, the Stillwater runs 2.3 miles northwest along the northeast side of Orson Island and it then runs 9.2 miles south along the west sides of Orson and Marsh islands, over three dammed falls. The stream rejoins the main stem of the Penobscot in Orono, the University of Maine campus, including the Fay Hyland Botanical Plantation, overlooks the Stillwater River near its confluence with the Penobscot River. List of rivers of Maine Stillwater River, Maine Streamflow Data from the USGS Maine Watershed Data From Environmental Protection Agency
Stillwater River (Maine)
–
Stillwater River
27.
Frederick Law Olmsted
–
Frederick Law Olmsted was an American landscape architect, journalist, social critic, and public administrator. He is popularly considered to be the father of American landscape architecture, in Washington, D. C. he worked on the landscape surrounding the United States Capitol building. The quality of Olmsteds landscape architecture was recognized by his contemporaries and his work, especially in Central Park in New York City, set a standard of excellence that continues to influence landscape architecture in the United States. Olmsted was born in Hartford, Connecticut, on April 26,1822 and his father, John Olmsted, was a prosperous merchant who took a lively interest in nature, people, and places, Frederick Law and his younger brother, John Hull, also showed this interest. His mother, Charlotte Law Olmsted, died before his fourth birthday and his father remarried in 1827 to Mary Ann Bull, who shared her husbands strong love of nature and had perhaps a more cultivated taste. When the young Olmsted was almost ready to enter Yale College, after working as an apprentice seaman, merchant, and journalist, Olmsted settled on a 125-acre farm in January 1848 on the south shore of Staten Island NY, which his father helped him acquire. This farm, originally named the Akerly Homestead, was renamed Tosomock Farm by Olmsted and it was later renamed The Woods of Arden by owner Erastus Wiman. On June 13,1859, Olmsted married Mary Cleveland Olmsted, Daniel Fawcett Tiemann, the mayor of New York, officiated the wedding. He adopted her three children, John Charles Olmsted, Charlotte Olmsted and Owen Olmsted, Frederick and Mary had two children together who survived infancy, a daughter, Marion and a son Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. Their first child, John Theodore Olmsted, was born on June 13,1860, Olmsted had a significant career in journalism. In 1850 he traveled to England to visit gardens, where he was greatly impressed by Joseph Paxtons Birkenhead Park. He subsequently wrote and published Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England in 1852 and this supported his getting additional work. Interested in the economy, he was commissioned by the New York Daily Times to embark on an extensive research journey through the American South. His dispatches to the Times were collected into three volumes which remain vivid first-person social documents of the pre-war South. A one-volume abridgment, Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom, was published during the first six months of the American Civil War at the suggestion of Olmsteds English publisher. To this he wrote a new introduction in which he stated explicitly his views on the effect of slavery on the economy and my own observation of the real condition of the people of our Slave States, gave me. He argued that slavery had made the slave states inefficient and backward both economically and socially, the citizens of the cotton States, as a whole, are poor. They work little, and that little, badly, they earn little, they sell little, they buy little and their destitution is not material only, it is intellectual and it is moral
Frederick Law Olmsted
–
Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr.
Frederick Law Olmsted
Frederick Law Olmsted
–
View of Willowdell Arch with the team that created Central Park. Standing on the pathway over the span, from Right: Frederick Law Olmsted,
Jacob Wrey Mould,
Ignaz Anton Pilat,
Calvert Vaux,
George Waring, and
Andrew Haswell Green. Photographed in 1862.
Frederick Law Olmsted
–
Olmsted and Vaux in 1863 adopted 'landscape architect' as a professional title and used it to describe their work for the planning of urban
park systems.
28.
Alfond Stadium (University of Maine)
–
Morse Field at Harold Alfond Sports Stadium is a 10, 000-seat multi-purpose stadium in Orono, Maine. It is home to the University of Maine Black Bears football team and it replaced Alumni Stadium which was condemned in 1996 after failing inspection. A temporary stadium on site was erected for the 1996 and 1997 seasons in which the east grandstand was constructed, the stadium is named for Harold Alfond, a longtime Maine booster. The field is named for Phillip and Susan Morse, who donated the lights, original Astroturf, in the summer of 2008, new FieldTurf was installed to replace the old AstroTurf. com
Alfond Stadium (University of Maine)
29.
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
–
The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian peoples of the Americas and their descendants. The term Amerindian is used in Quebec, the Guianas, Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians, and Alaska Natives. Application of the term Indian originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, eventually, the Americas came to be known as the West Indies, a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the blanket term Indies and Indians for the indigenous inhabitants, although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in the Amazon basin, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time, although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting, and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states, and empires. Many parts of the Americas are still populated by peoples, some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico. At least a different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages, many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples. The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the dates and routes traveled, are the subject of ongoing research. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the Wisconsin glaciation, 50–17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the bridge of Beringia that joined Siberia to northwest North America. Alaska was a glacial refugium because it had low snowfall, allowing a small population to exist, the Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of North America, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska for thousands of years. Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single population, one that developed in isolation. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years, around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets. Another route proposed involves migration - either on foot or using primitive boats - along the Pacific Northwest coast to the south, archeological evidence of the latter would have been covered by the sea level rise of more than 120 meters since the last ice age
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
–
Quechua women in
Peru
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
–
Pai Tavytera Indians in
Amambay Department,
Paraguay, 2012
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
–
Paleo-Indians hunting a
glyptodont
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
–
Drawing accompanying text in Book XII of the 16th-century
Florentine Codex (compiled 1540–1585), showing
Nahuas of conquest-era central Mexico suffering from smallpox
30.
Arboretum
–
An arboretum in a narrow sense is a collection of trees only. Related collections include a fruticetum, and a viticetum, a collection of vines, more commonly, today, an arboretum is a botanical garden containing living collections of woody plants intended at least partly for scientific study. An arboretum specializing in growing conifers is known as a pinetum, other specialist arboreta include saliceta, populeta, and querceta. The term arboretum was first used in an English publication by John Claudius Loudon in 1833 in The Gardeners Magazine, egyptian Pharaohs planted exotic trees and cared for them, they brought ebony wood from the Sudan, and pine and cedar from Syria. It is reported that Hatshepsut had these trees planted in the courts of her Deir el Bahri mortuary temple complex, Arboreta are special places for the cultivation and display of a wide variety of different kinds of trees and shrubs. Many tree collections have been claimed as the first arboretum, in most cases, however, Arboreta differ from pieces of woodland or plantations because they are botanically significant collections with a variety of examples rather than just a few kinds. Of course there are many tree collections that are older than the eighteenth century in different parts of the world. Loudons Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum,8 vols, Loudon urged that a national arboretum be created and called for arboreta and other systematic collections to be established in public parks, private gardens, country estates and other places. He regarded the Derby Arboretum as the most important landscape-gardening commission of the part of his career because it demonstrated the benefits of a public arboretum. The more lofty trees suffered from the high winds. We walked round the two spirals of this coil of trees and shrubs, viz. from Acer to Quercus. There is no garden scene about London so interesting, a plan of Loddiges arboretum was included in The Encyclopaedia of Gardening,1834 edition. One example of an early European tree collection is the Trsteno Arboretum, the date of its founding is unknown, but it was already in existence by 1492, when a 15 m span aqueduct to irrigate the arboretum was constructed, this aqueduct is still in use. The garden was created by the prominent local Gučetić/Gozze family and it suffered two major disasters in the 1990s but its two unique and ancient Oriental Planes remained standing. Udhagamandalam Arboretum, The Nilgiris, India The arboretum at Ooty was established in 1992 with an aim of conserving native and indigenous trees and it was established during the year 1992 and maintained by Department of Horticulture with Hill Area Development Programme funds. The area is the natural habitats of indigenous and migratory birds. During the year 2005-2006, it was rehabilated with funds provided by the Hill Area Development Programme by providing permanent fencing, a foot path, and other infrastructure facilities. The arboretum is the realization of the dream of William Douglas Cook, the arboretum is now the National Arboretum of New Zealand, and holds some 4,000 different trees, shrubs and climbers
Arboretum
–
Autumn colours at
Westonbirt Arboretum,
Gloucestershire, England
Arboretum
–
Neptune's fountain at
Trsteno Arboretum
Arboretum
–
Looking South-South-East at the Event Pavilion from the
Chinese Tulip Tree plantings at The
National Arboretum Canberra.
Arboretum
–
During part of the 18th century,
Abney Park Cemetery was the largest arboretum in
Europe.
31.
Historic district (United States)
–
Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
Historic district (United States)
–
The federally designated
Sycamore Historic District in
Illinois
Historic district (United States)
–
Walker Hall, part of the
University of Florida Campus Historic District
Historic district (United States)
–
Helvenston House, part of the
Ocala Historic District, in
Ocala, Florida
Historic district (United States)
–
1848 Duncan House,
National Register of Historic Places Cooksville Historic District, Wisconsin
32.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
National Register of Historic Places
–
Logo used for the NRHP.
National Register of Historic Places
–
Old Slater Mill, a historic district in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island, was the first property listed in the National Register on November 13, 1966.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The
Loren Andrus Octagon House in
Washington, Michigan has been on the NRHP since September 3, 1971.
National Register of Historic Places
–
Built in 1800 by
Samuel McIntire in
Salem, the
Stephen Phillips House is operated as a
historic house museum by
Historic New England and open for public tours.
33.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
34.
Ambulance
–
The word is often associated with road going emergency ambulances which form part of an emergency medical service, administering emergency care to those with acute medical problems. The term ambulance does, however, extend to a range of vehicles other than those with flashing warning lights. The term ambulance comes from the Latin word ambulare as meaning to walk or move about which is a reference to medical care where patients were moved by lifting or wheeling. The word originally meant a hospital, which follows an army in its movements. Ambulances were first used for transport in 1487 by the Spanish forces during the siege of Málaga by the Catholic Monarchs against the Emirate of Granada. During the American Civil War vehicles for conveying the wounded off the field of battle were called ambulance wagons, there are other types of ambulance, with the most common being the patient transport ambulance. These vehicles are not usually equipped with equipment, and are usually crewed by staff with fewer qualifications than the crew of emergency ambulances. Their purpose is simply to transport patients to, from or between places of treatment, in most countries, these are not equipped with flashing lights or sirens. In some jurisdictions there is a form of the ambulance used, that only carries one member of ambulance crew to the scene to provide care. In these cases a patient who requires transportation to hospital will require an ambulance to attend in addition to the first responder. The history of the ambulance begins in ancient times, with the use of carts to transport incurable patients by force, Ambulances were first used for emergency transport in 1487 by the Spanish, and civilian variants were put into operation during the 1830s. Advances in technology throughout the 19th and 20th centuries led to the modern self-powered ambulances, Ambulances can be grouped into types depending on whether or not they transport patients, and under what conditions. In some cases, ambulances may fulfil more than one function, Emergency ambulance – The most common type of ambulance, which provide care to patients with an acute illness or injury. These can be road-going vans, boats, helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft or even converted vehicles such as golf carts. Patient transport ambulance – A vehicle, which has the job of transporting patients to and these can be vans, buses or other vehicles. Response units may be backed up by an ambulance which can transport the patient, or may deal with the problem on scene. These can be a variety of vehicles, from standard cars, to modified vans, motorcycles, pedal cycles. These units can function as a vehicle for officers or supervisors, Fire & Rescue services in North America often staff EMTs or Paramedics to their apparatuses to provide medical care without the need to wait for an ambulance
Ambulance
–
A modern van-based
Volkswagen Crafter ambulance of the South Bohemian Ambulance Service in the
Czech Republic
Ambulance
–
Early car-based ambulances, like this 1948 Cadillac
Meteor, were sometimes also used as
hearses.
Ambulance
–
Mercedes-Benz Sprinter ambulance of the HSE National ambulance service in Ireland. This type of ambulance is typically used in England, Wales, Ireland and Northern Ireland.
Ambulance
–
Renault Scenic Fly-car in
Portugal
35.
Paramedic
–
A paramedic is a healthcare professional, predominantly in the pre-hospital and out-of-hospital environment, and working mainly as part of emergency medical services, such as on an ambulance. The scope of practice of a paramedic will vary between countries, but generally includes autonomous decision making around the care of patients. In some countries Paramedic is a title and accountable to a professional regulatory body. The scope of the role varies widely across the world, having developed as a paraprofession in the United States during the 1970s. There are different models of care for EMS providers which significantly influence the scope of practice of paramedics in an area, in the Franco-German model paramedics directly support a doctor in the field, in a role more akin to a hospital nurse, rather than operating with clinical autonomy. The development of the profession has been a move from simply transporting patients to hospital. Throughout the evolution of care, there has been an ongoing association with military conflict. Such individuals, although not physicians, were probably among the worlds earliest surgeons by default, being required to suture wounds, in time, however, these arrangements began to formalize and become permanent. During the American Civil War, Jonathan Letterman devised a system of field hospitals employing the first uses of the principles of triage. In most cases these ambulances were operated by drivers and attendants with little or no medical training, an early example was the members of the Toronto Police Ambulance Service receiving a mandatory five days of training from St. John as early as 1889. Prior to World War I motorized ambulances started to be developed, in terms of advanced skills, once again the military led the way. The Korean War also marked the first widespread use of helicopters to evacuate the wounded from forward positions to medical units and these innovations would not find their way into the civilian sphere for nearly twenty more years. By the early 1960s experiments in improving care had begun in some civilian centres, one early experiment involved the provision of pre-hospital cardiac care by physicians in Belfast, Northern Ireland, in 1966. In 1966, a report called Accidental Death and Disability, The Neglected Disease of Modern Society—commonly known as The White Paper—was published in the United States. As a result of the The White Paper the US government moved to develop standards for ambulance attendant training, ambulance equipment. The White Paper also prompted the inception of a number of medical service pilot units across the US including paramedic programs. The success of these led to a rapid transition to make them fully operational. In 1969, the Haywood County Volunteer Rescue Squad developed a program under the medical direction of Ralph Fleicher
Paramedic
–
Paramedics of the
Australian Capital Territory Ambulance Service during a training regime.
Paramedic
–
German Red Cross paramedics training in 1931
Paramedic
–
EMTs caring for a collapsed woman in New York
Paramedic
–
Bicycle paramedics in Los Angeles indicate the changing nature of the job
36.
Fraternities and sororities in North America
–
Fraternities and sororities are social organizations at colleges and universities. A form of the fraternity, they are prominent in the United States, and the Philippines, with smaller numbers existing in France, the United Kingdom, Canada. Similar organizations exist in countries as well, including the Studentenverbindungen of German-speaking countries. Similar, but much less common, organizations also exist for secondary school students, in modern usage, the term Greek letter organization is often synonymous with the terms fraternity and sorority. Traditional fraternities of the type described in this article are often called social fraternities, generally, membership in a fraternity or sorority is obtained while an undergraduate student but continues, thereafter, for life. Some of these organizations can accept graduate students as well as undergraduates, the first fraternity in North America to incorporate most of the elements of modern fraternities was Phi Beta Kappa, founded at the College of William and Mary in 1775. The founding of Phi Beta Kappa followed the establishment of two other secret student societies that had existed at that campus as early as 1750. In 1779 Phi Beta Kappa expanded to include chapters at Harvard, by the early 19th century, the organization transformed itself into a scholastic honor society and abandoned secrecy. In 1825 Kappa Alpha Society, the oldest extant fraternity to retain its characteristic, was established at Union College. In 1827, Sigma Phi and Delta Phi were also founded at the same institution, the foundation of this triad established Union College as the Mother of Fraternities. Fraternities represented the intersection between dining clubs, literary societies, and secret initiatory orders such as Freemasonry, as fraternity membership was punishable by expulsion at many colleges at this time, the house was located deep in the woods. The first residential home to be built by a fraternity is believed to have been Alpha Delta Phis chapter at Cornell. Alpha Tau Omega became the first fraternity to own a house in the South when, in 1880. Chapters of many fraternities followed suit, purchasing and less often, Phi Sigma Kappas chapter home at Cornell, completed in 1902, is the oldest such house still occupied by its fraternal builders. The term sorority was invented by a professor of Latin who felt the word fraternity was inappropriate for a group of ladies, the first organization to use the term sorority was Gamma Phi Beta, established in 1874. The development of fraternities for women during this time was an accomplishment in the way of womens rights. By mere existence these organizations were defying the odds, the women were able to advance their organizations despite many factors working against them. Today both social and multicultural sororities are present on more than 650 college campuses across the United States, the National Panhellenic Conference serves as the umbrella organization for 26 national sororities, representing over 4 million women at both the collegiate level and in alumni associations
Fraternities and sororities in North America
–
The fraternity system in North America began at the
College of William and Mary in 1750.
Fraternities and sororities in North America
–
Members of
Phi Kappa Sigma at
Washington & Jefferson College in 1872.
Fraternities and sororities in North America
–
U.S. Army soldiers, presumably alumni members of
Sigma Phi Epsilon, display that fraternity's flag in Iraq in 2009.
Fraternities and sororities in North America
–
Members of a sorority pictured in 2012. In general, sorority membership is limited to women, while fraternity membership is limited to men.
37.
Alpha Gamma Rho
–
Alpha Gamma Rho is a professional-social, agriculture fraternity in the United States, currently with 71 university chapters. The fraternity considers the Morrill Act of 1862 to be the instrument of its inception, alpha Gamma Rho, referred to as AGR, was founded when two local fraternities from Ohio State University and the University of Illinois met at an International Livestock Competition in Chicago. Sixteen men originally signed the charter at the Claypool Hotel in Indianapolis on April 4,1908. Expansion increased dramatically over the three decades to almost all land-grant universities in the country. The first chapter at a non-land-grant university was chartered in 1958 at Arizona State University, the first non-state associated chapter was at Delaware Valley College in Doylestown, PA. List of social fraternities and sororities ΑΓΡ homepage
Alpha Gamma Rho
–
Alpha Gamma Rho
38.
Alpha Tau Omega
–
Alpha Tau Omega is an American social fraternity founded at the Virginia Military Institute in 1865. The fraternity has around 250 active and inactive chapters and colonies in the United States and has initiated more than 250,000 members, Alpha Tau Omega represents one-third of the Lexington Triad, along with Kappa Alpha Order and Sigma Nu. The Fraternity does not have chapters or affiliations outside the United States, the fraternitys non-profit organization is The ATO Foundation, which provides scholarships to its members. Alpha Tau Omega was founded at the Virginia Military Institute on September 11,1865 by Otis Allan Glazebrook, Erskine Mayo Ross, and Alfred Marshall. Glazebrooks plan was to use Christian brotherly love as a way to facilitate reconciliation between the North and South in the aftermath of the American Civil War. Anderson who was president during a membership crisis, the fraternity holds several retreats and training conferences. Altitude is a leadership retreat in the Rocky Mountains. Participants must be in good standing with their chapter in order to participate, leaderShape was started in 1986 by the fraternity, and was exclusive to members until 1988. LeaderShape was spun off into its own organization which holds week-long leadership, the presidents retreat is held every January as training for incoming chapter presidents and vice presidents. The Emerging Leaders Conferences, formerly known as the Regional Leadership Conferences, is a training conference. In 1935, Erskine Mayo Ross started the Alpha Tau Omega Foundation with a donation of $5000, the foundation is a 501 not-for-profit organization that provides educational opportunities and scholarships for the members of Alpha Tau Omega. In 2013, the chapter at Cornell University was shut down for repeated alcohol, in 2012, the fraternity at the University of Central Florida was suspended for hazing pledges, including forcing one pledge to stand in a bucket of ice water while fraternity members beat him. In 2008, the chapter at University of Nevada, Reno was put on following controversy over hazing practices. As many as eleven pledges were forced to seek medical attention following their consumption of raw chicken. List of social fraternities and sororities Official website
Alpha Tau Omega
Alpha Tau Omega
–
The Virginia Military Institute.
39.
Beta Theta Pi
–
Beta Theta Pi is a North American social fraternity that was founded in 1839 at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. One of North Americas oldest, the fraternity currently consists of 110 active chapters and 26 colonies in the United States, more than 300,000 members have been initiated worldwide and there are currently around 10,000 undergraduate members. Beta Theta Pi is the oldest of the three fraternities that formed the Miami Triad along with Phi Delta Theta and Sigma Chi, students at Miami University at the time of Betas founding had previously formed two rival literary societies, The Erodelphian and Union Literary Society. A student of the school, John Reily Knox began to members of both the Erodelphian and Union Literary Societies with the goal of creating a new fraternity. Beta Theta Pi was founded at 9,00 pm on Thursday, August 8,1839, the group held its first regular meeting in the Hall of the Union Literary Society, an upper room of the campus building known as Old Main. These are the underpinnings for their statement to develop men of principle for a principled life. In 1879, Beta Theta Pi became the first college fraternity to publish its constitution, the fraternity continues to guard certain secrets about membership. Similar to other fraternities, Beta Theta Pis code emphasizes international fellowship, cultural development, in August 1996, St. Lawrence University Chairman and Beta Theta Pi alumnus E. B. In response to Wilson and a number of difficulties, the Men of Principle initiative was started during the 1998–99 academic year. Three chapters, Nebraska, Georgia and Pennsylvania, were used as pilot chapters for the new program, after this first year of piloting, the Men of Principle initiative was officially introduced at the 160th General Convention in Oxford, in 1999. Before Men of Principle, the Fraternitys average chapter GPA was just above a 2.8, in 2016, the fraternitys GPA had risen to a 3.22. The average chapter size in 2016 was 77.2 men, in 1997, there was an average of two advisors per chapter, while as of 2016 there was an average of eight advisors working with each one of the chapters. Beta received some backlash for the initiative, between the beginning of the program in 1998 and 2013, its international headquarters closed 85 chapters for failing to comply with the Men of Principle initiative. As part of the Men of Principle initiative, Beta runs several programs for undergraduate members. In the 1996-97 academic year, before the initiative, Beta sent seven undergraduates to a development program — equivalent to 0.1 percent of the total undergraduate membership. In the 2015-16 academic year, nearly 2,000 Betas attended one of the fraternitys programs — or 20 percent of the undergraduate membership. All told, in the years since the introduction of Men of Principle, as part of a multi-year dispute over co-ed student housing issues, the Beta Theta Pi chapter at Wesleyan University had been refusing access to campus security personnel. In March 2010, Wesleyan issued a warning to students to avoid the chapter house, in October of that year a freshman was raped by a non-member, non-student at a Beta Theta Pi Halloween party
Beta Theta Pi
–
Beta Theta Pi
40.
Delta Tau Delta
–
Delta Tau Delta is a United States-based international Greek letter college fraternity. Delta Tau Delta was founded in 1858 at Bethany College, Bethany and it currently has around 140 student chapters nationwide, as well as few regional alumni groups. Its national philanthropic partner is the research organization JDRF. Delta Tau Delta Fraternity was founded in 1858, though some early documents reference the founding in 1859 or 1860, at Bethany College in Bethany, the social life on campus at that time centered around the Neotrophian Society, a literary society. The underlying controversy was that the Neotrophian Society, in the opinion of the eight men who formed Delta Tau Delta, had awarded a prize after a rigged vote. A constitution, name, badge, ritual and motto were devised, member Henry King Bell of Lexington, Kentucky, heard of the Civil Wars effects on Bethany College and the membership of Delta Tau Delta. After riding to Bethany and realizing that the longevity of Delta Tau Delta was at risk, Bell traveled to Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. On February 22,1861 Bell rode to Jefferson College from Bethany to bring the designation of the Alpha Chapter, in response to Jefferson College merging with the Washington Academy, an election was held at the General Convention. Ohio Wesleyan then assumed the Alpha designation, before the Alpha designation was finally transferred to Allegheny College, the Ohio Wesleyan chapter dissolved temporarily because of a lack of membership. After the Ohio Wesleyan chapter disappeared in 1875, the Allegheny College chapter, Allegheny College member James S. Eaton, traveled to Delaware, Ohio, to collect what remained of the organizations records and to investigate what had happened the Ohio Wesleyan chapter. Eaton brought the Alpha designation back with him to Allegheny College, during that time a magazine was established and 15 chapters were founded, of which eight survive. In 1886, Delta Tau Delta merged with the society known as the Rainbow Fraternity. The Delta Tau Delta Founders House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, members of Delta Tau Delta are informally referred to as Delts. The eight men considered to be the Founders of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity are, In 2017, in 2016, the chapter at West Virginia University was kicked off campus for filming an inappropriate audition for the Real World TV series. In 2015, the chapter at the University of Arizona was kicked off campus for hazing pledges, in February 2015, the chapter at Boston University lost its recognition status on campus due to facilitating underage drinking on two separate occasions. The chapter was reinstated that September year, in 2014, the chapter at the University of South Carolina was closed by the fraternitys national leadership for multiple alcohol citations. In 2014, the chapter was closed at Western Kentucky University for repeated poor academic performance, in 2012, the chapter at the University of Oklahoma was temporarily suspended for hazing pledges. In 2011, the chapter at Lehigh University was suspended for three years for hazing pledges, list of social fraternities and sororities Official Delta Tau Delta page Official Delta Tau Delta Educational Foundation
Delta Tau Delta
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The house in which Delta Tau Delta was founded
Delta Tau Delta
Delta Tau Delta
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Delta Tau Delta Fraternity House at
University of Cincinnati.
41.
Delta Upsilon
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Delta Upsilon is the sixth oldest extant, all-male, college Greek-letter organization in North America. Founded on November 4,1834, at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, it is popularly and informally known as Delta U or DU, though historically set at New England private universities, as of 2012 it had 76 chapters across the United States and Canada. A number of its buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, in 2013, Business Insider named Delta Upsilon one of the 17 Fraternities with Top Wall Street Alumni. Notable members include president of the United States James A. Garfield, president of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos, pearson, Linus Pauling, Joseph P. Kennedy, Lou Holtz, Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. Charles Evans Hughes, Les Aspin, and others. The move was in response to the establishment of Kappa Alpha and Sigma Phi at the college and, unlike those fraternities, growth of the Social Fraternity was exponential. By 1838 two-thirds of all students at Williams belonged to the society engaged in militant agitation against the other two fraternities. One particularly violent incident occurred in 1839 when Oudens assaulted the Kappa Alpha house, more refined conflict took the form of pamphlets and debate. An 1855 debate proposed by Kappa Alpha against the Oudens was called-off after the Social Fraternity appointed James Garfield, in November 1847 Williams Social Fraternity met with similar societies that had recently been formed at Union College, Hamilton College, and Amherst College and formed the Anti-Secret Confederation. A second meeting of the Anti-Secret Confederation in 1852 saw fraternities from Wesleyan University, Case Western Reserve University, Colby College, and the University of Vermont join. At the 1862 convention, the mother chapter, Williams, declared the purposes of the fraternity had been corrupted and, over the objections of the other chapters. Two years later it dissolved itself, a chapter would eventually be restored. However, Williams being the first chapter and, therefore, self-chartering and it was permanently erased when Williams College banned all fraternities in 1962. In 1879, Delta Upsilon formally disavowed its policy of anti-secrecy and this explanation has been more skeptically received by some, with one period observer caustically noting that Delta Upsilon reveals very little more of what it does than the latter. Others commented that chapter meetings were closed to all but initiated members, therefore, it was proffered, the description of the fraternity as a private society rather than a non-secret one might be more accurate. At the turn of the century the fraternitys growth plateaued due, in part, in 1898, Delta Upsilon joined the recent trend of fraternity expansion into Canada by chartering a chapter at McGill University in Montreal. However, most expansion in this came in the form of the annexation of established local fraternities. Zeta Chi at Baker University was one local which unsuccessfully petitioned for annexation by Delta Upsilon, in 1909, Charles Evans Hughes led the incorporation of the fraternity. By 1920 the fraternity had grown to 44 chapters, gen. Clark became the first Canadian to hold the Delta Upsilon presidency
Delta Upsilon
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Duck (unofficial)
Delta Upsilon
Delta Upsilon
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Delta Upsilon's mother chapter was founded in 1834 in the West College building (pictured) at Williams College.
Delta Upsilon
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Kōjirō Matsukata (bottom right), the son of
Prince Matsukata, was initiated into Delta Upsilon at
Rutgers University in 1885.
42.
Kappa Sigma
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Kappa Sigma, commonly nicknamed Kappa Sig or K-Sig, is an American collegiate social fraternity founded at the University of Virginia in 1869. Kappa Sigma is one of the five largest international fraternites with currently 318 active chapters and its endowment fund, founded in 1919, is the oldest college fraternity foundation and has donated more than $5 million to undergrads since 1948. In 2012 alone, the Fraternitys endowment fund raised over $1 million in donations, on December 10,1869, five students at the University of Virginia met in 46 East Lawn and founded the Kappa Sigma Fraternity in America. These five founders became collectively known as the Five Friends and Brothers, in 1872, Kappa Sigma initiated Stephen Alonzo Jackson, who would go on to transform a struggling local fraternity into a strong international Brotherhood. In 1873, Kappa Sigma expanded to Trinity College, the University of Maryland, the fraternity attributes this growth to the initiation of Stephen Alonzo Jackson in 1872. During his membership, Jackson expanded and revised the ritual of Kappa Sigma and he created the Supreme Executive Committee, which now serves as the governing body of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity on an international level. In 1912, Wilbur F. Denious struck upon the idea to establish an endowment for Kappa Sigma. As a result of the work of him and many others. In 2003, the Kappa Sigma Fraternity ushered in an era of growth for the fraternity. In the Spring of 2005, Kappa Sigma Fraternity began fundraising for and this $6 million project had its grand opening on June 2,2007. At the 66th Conclave, the Kappa Sigma Endowment Fund was declared to be the official educational foundation of the fraternity and is also housed at the new headquarters. A man of honor and courage, a man of zeal, yet humble. One who tempers action with wisdom and, above all else and they also follow the four pillars of the Fraternity, Fellowship, Leadership, Scholarship, and Service. The Star and Crescent is also used as part of the guidelines behind Kappa Sigmas strict no-tolerance anti-hazing policy, the Fraternity takes all allegations of hazing very seriously and routinely revokes charters from guilty chapters which can be as old as 130 years. To be eligible for membership a prospective member must profess a belief in God, in at least one situation, Kappa Sigma has revoked a chapters charter for omitting the fraternitys religious requirements from its initiation. The Kappa Sigma Fraternity consists of over 300 chapters and colonies, each chapter is led by a five-member Executive Committee, each referred to as an officer. These officers consist of the Grand Master, Grand Procurator, Grand Master of Ceremonies, Grand Scribe, each chapter and colony also has a number of committee chairs that are assigned to specific areas. Over 1,500 alumni volunteer as advisors for Kappa Sigma, at the international level, the Supreme Executive Council sets policy for the fraternity, disciplines chapters, and approves the formation of colonies and chapter
Kappa Sigma
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Lily of the Valley
Kappa Sigma
Kappa Sigma
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46 East Lawn residence at the University of Virginia, site of the founding of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity
Kappa Sigma
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The Kappa Sigma chapter house at the
University of New Hampshire in 1923.
43.
Lambda Chi Alpha
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Lambda Chi Alpha is a college fraternity in North America, which was founded in 1909. It is one of the largest mens fraternities, having initiated more than 280,000 members with active chapters, Lambda Chi Alpha was founded by Warren A. Cole, while he was a student at Boston University. The youngest of the fifteen largest social fraternities, Lambda Chi Alpha has initiated the third highest number of men ever, Lambda Chis International Headquarters is located in Indianapolis, Indiana. Its members are referred to as Lambda Chis, LCAs, and it was a member of the North-American Interfraternity Conference until October,2015. Lambda Chi Alpha was formed on November 2,1909 when Warren A. Cole, morse, and Clyde K. Nichols formed a new fraternity by reorganization of the Cosmopolitan Law Club, a society of law students of Boston University, into a Greek letter society. The Greek letter name was not used in the Alpha Zeta minutes until April 27,1910, Cole approached many local groups at colleges and universities throughout the Northeast in hopes of finding others willing to join his new fraternity. Before the acquisition of Lambda Chi Alphas first functioning chapter, Cole had corresponded with or visited 117 institutions, Lambda Chi Alphas first established chapter was at Massachusetts Agricultural College in 1912. Additional chapters followed, and in 1927 Lambda Chi Alpha became a fraternity with the founding of Epsilon-Epsilon Zeta at the University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario. The Theta Kappa Nu fraternity was formed by 11 local fraternities on June 9,1924 in Springfield, during the Great Depression both Theta Kappa Nu and Lambda Chi Alpha saw membership decrease and chapters shut down. In 1939 The two fraternities merged, the merger ceremony was held at the Howard College chapter of Theta Kappa Nu in Birmingham, Alabama. The merger increased the number of chapters from 77 to 105, at the time, this was the largest merger in fraternity history. All Theta Kappa Nu chapters became Lambda Chi Alpha chapters and were given chapter designations that began with either Theta, at schools where chapters of both fraternities previously existed, the two merged and retained Lambda Chis Zeta recognition. The fraternity was a member of the North American Interfraternity Conference since its founding in 1909, in October 2015 the fraternity left the NIC, citing in-fighting and dysfunctional governance. The fraternitys exit coincides with NIC lobbying for the Safe Campus Act, beginning in August 1969, the concept of fraternity education replaced pledge education. The fraternity education program was designed to integrate all new members into the chapter equally, in 1972, Lambda Chi Alpha officially abolished the pledge process and replaced it with Associate Membership. This status as an Associate Member allows new members to enter the fraternity with respect, Lambda Chi Alpha was the first fraternal organization to abolish pledging. Pledge implies a second-class membership, indentured servitude, hazing, class officers, the fraternitys constitution defines hazing as any action taken or situation created intentionally to produce physical discomfort or mental discomfort by embarrassment, harassment, or ridicule. The fraternity first condemned hazing at a 1928 North-American Interfraternity Conference meeting by Bruce McIntosh, in 1988, James Callahan, an associate at Rutgers University died of an alcohol overdose participating in a drinking hazing ritual
Lambda Chi Alpha
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Lambda Chi Alpha
44.
Phi Gamma Delta
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Phi Gamma Delta is a social fraternity with more than 158 active chapters and 13 colonies across the United States and Canada. It was founded at Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, in 1848, along with Phi Kappa Psi, Phi Gamma Delta forms a half of the Jefferson Duo. Since its founding in 1848, the fraternity has initiated more than 170,000 brothers, the nickname FIJI is used commonly by the fraternity due to Phi Gamma Delta bylaws that limit the use of the Greek letters. The organization was founded on April 22,1848, at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Six college students gathered in a dormitory room to establish a secret society. The society they formed was initially called The Delta Association, the founders, referred to by members as the Immortal Six, were John Templeton McCarty, Samuel Beatty Wilson, James Elliott Jr. Ellis Bailey Gregg, Daniel Webster Crofts, and Naaman Fletcher. The first regular meeting of Phi Gamma Delta and the adoption of the Fraternitys Constitution took place on May 1,1848. Consequently, May 1 was chosen to be Founders Day at the 43rd Convention held in 1891 and has traditionally celebrated as the founding date of the Fraternity. Contrary to popular belief, the Immortal six were not Freemasons when they entered Jefferson College, similarly, one of the mottoes used by the organization is, Not For College Days Alone. Phi Gamma Deltas mission statement lists five core values for its members, friendship, knowledge, service, morality, in addition, members are encouraged to live by three priorities in a specific order, first, scholarship, second, fraternity, and third, self. This ordering is because members attend university with the foremost goal of receiving an education, Phi Gamma Delta limits the written display of its Greek letters. Whereas other fraternities often display their letters on clothing or other items, in place of the actual Greek letters, Fiji, Phi Gam, or the English spelling Phi Gamma Delta is used in their place. The Fiji nickname started at New York University as a name for the Fraternity magazine. It was officially adopted by the fraternity at the 1894 convention in the belief that the term would be distinctive. The fraternity is composed of chapters of two types, most chapters serve primarily undergraduate students and are established at a single college or university. There are also chapters to serve members of the fraternity who have graduated from college and are established to serve a city or larger region, the chapters are governed by the fraternitys international headquarters in Lexington, Kentucky. Each year the Phi Gamma Delta organization gives out a number of awards, the Frank Norris Pig Dinner is an annual graduate dinner held by all Phi Gamma Delta chapters. The dinner is named for author Frank Norris, a member of the Fiji chapter at the University of California, Pig Dinner is sanctioned by the International Fraternity and it serves to welcome graduate brothers back to their undergraduate chapters. It is the longest continually running, chapter-based, annual Graduate event in the world of fraternities and sororities, the International Fraternity stores a list of annual Pig Dinners
Phi Gamma Delta
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Phi Gamma Delta Fraternity house at
University of California, Berkeley
Phi Gamma Delta
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Phi Gamma Delta Fraternity house at
Ohio University.
45.
Phi Kappa Sigma
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Phi Kappa Sigma is an international all-male college secret and social fraternity. Its members are known as PKS, Phi Kaps, Skulls and sometimes Skullhouse, Phi Kappa Sigma was founded by Dr. Samuel Brown Wylie Mitchell at the University of Pennsylvania. Mitchell recorded the ideas and concepts of Phi Kappa Sigma on August 16,1850. He then began to discuss the idea with students, first Charles Hare Hutchinson, and then Alfred Victor du Pont, John Thorne Stone, Andrew Adams Ripka, James Bayard Hodge. The fraternitys badge was designed by its founder, Dr. Samuel Brown Wylie Mitchell, outside of changes in size, its official design has remained the same. In the shape of a Maltese cross, the badge is old gold with black decoration, the center of the cross is anchored by a skull and crossbones. The four leaves of the display, individually, the Greek letters Phi, Kappa. The fourth and top leaf display a six-pointed star, the back of the badge has an engraved serpent echoing the serpent from the fraternitys coat of arms. In 2016, the fraternity chapter at Texas Christian University was closed down for heavy drug usage, see List of Phi Kappa Sigma chapters Skip Bayless, sports journalist, ESPN anchor Derek Bok, 25th President of Harvard University, 7th Dean of Harvard Law School Roger B. Chaffee, Navy pilot, NASA astronaut, killed during Apollo 1 training exercise
Phi Kappa Sigma
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The Phi Kappa Sigma chapter at
Washington & Jefferson College in 1872.
Phi Kappa Sigma
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Phi Kappa Sigma
46.
Pi Kappa Phi
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Pi Kappa Phi is an American Greek Letter secret and social fraternity. It was founded by Andrew Alexander Kroeg Jr. Lawrence Harry Mixson, the fraternity has 179 active chapters, and more than 113,000 initiated members. Pi Kappa Phi operates in four entities, Pi Kappa Phi Fraternity, Pi Kappa Phi Foundation, The Ability Experience, Pi Kappa Phi operates its own philanthropy, The Ability Experience, which works with individual chapters to serve people with disabilities. Pi Kappa Phi was founded in 1904 by Andrew Alexander Kroeg Jr. a 19-year-old senior at the college, Simon Fogarty Jr. a 17-year-old junior, and Lawrence Harry Mixson, all three of the men were from Charleston. In 1904, the College of Charleston was a small, municipal college, the all-male college was the first to be supported solely by city funds, and the eleventh oldest in the United States. The school had a literary society called the Chrestomathics, which held activities such as debates. The colleges monthly magazine was staffed by the officers of the Chrestomathics, the three men set a goal to obtain officer positions within the Chrestomathic Literary Society. At that time, the organization was dominated by the three chapters of fraternities on campus. All fraternity men were sworn to vote for their candidates, making it impossible for any non-fraternity men to win election. Kroeg, Mixson, Fogarty, and a group of their friends, all non-fraternity men, several meetings were held at Mixsons home on Wentworth Street leading to the formation of Nu Phi, which stood for non-fraternity. The group of 15 men developed an opposing slate and began campaigning, Nu Phi adopted the outline of a hand as its secret symbol. A sketched hand on a classroom chalkboard signified an upcoming meeting, inside the hand was written the meeting time and the hosts last name. The Nu Phi group assigned a member to kidnap those who vote for the fraternity ticket on election day. However, the Nu Phi ticket lost the elections, later, it was revealed that several disloyal members cast their votes for the opposing fraternity slate. Kroeg, determined to see his friends have a chance at winning elections, on December 10,1904, a meeting of the loyal Nu Phis was held at Fogartys home at 90 Broad Street to establish a new fraternity. There were seven men in attendance at the meeting, Kroeg, Fogarty, Mixson, Anthony Pelzer Wagener, Thomas F. Mosimann, Theodore Barnwell Kelley, all of the original members were students at the college and had grown up together in Charleston. Wagener, who was a student of Greek and Latin, recommended the letters Pi Kappa Phi, Simon proposed the design of the fraternitys pin, a black enamel diamond with the Greek letters ΠΚΦ engraved in gold with a star and lamp as additional elements. Kroeg was selected as the new chapters first president, which was termed Archon and he then began work on a constitution for chapter
Pi Kappa Phi
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The College of Charleston
Pi Kappa Phi
Pi Kappa Phi
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The Omicron chapter at the
University of Alabama
47.
Sigma Alpha Epsilon
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Sigma Alpha Epsilon is a North American Greek-letter social college fraternity. It was founded at the University of Alabama on March 9,1856, of all existing national social fraternities today, Sigma Alpha Epsilon is the only one founded in the Antebellum South. Its national headquarters, the Levere Memorial Temple, was established on the campus of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, the fraternity has chapters and colonies in 50 states and provinces as of 2011. The creed of Sigma Alpha Epsilon, The True Gentleman, must be memorized and recited by all prospective members, New members receive a copy of The Phoenix, the manual of Sigma Alpha Epsilon, for educational development. In March 2014, the fraternity announced that it was eliminating the tradition of pledging following several alcohol, drug, Sigma Alpha Epsilon was founded on March 9,1856, at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Its founders were Noble Leslie DeVotie, Nathan Elams Cockrell, John Barratt Rudulph, John Webb Kerr, Samuel Marion Dennis, Wade Hampton Foster, Abner Edwin Patton and their leader was DeVotie, who wrote the ritual, created the grip, and chose the name. Of all existing national social fraternities today, Sigma Alpha Epsilon is the national fraternity founded in the Antebellum South. Founded in a time of intense feeling, Sigma Alpha Epsilon confined its growth to the southern states. By the end of 1857, the fraternity numbered seven chapters and its first national convention met in the summer of 1858 at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, with four of its eight chapters in attendance. By the time of the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, the fraternity had fewer than 400 members when the Civil War began. Of those,369 went to war for the Confederate States, seventy-four members of the fraternity lost their lives in the war. While many Sigma Alpha Epsilon Chapters today claim that Noble Leslie DeVotie was the first person to die in the Civil War, DeVotie lost his footing while boarding a steamer at Fort Morgan, Alabama, on February 12,1861, hit his head and drowned. His body washed ashore three days later, because Alabama had already seceded from the Union in January of that year, DeVotie is viewed by many to be the first casualty of the war. He is recognized as such by the state of Alabama, after the Civil War, only one chapter survived – at tiny Columbian College in Washington, D. C. When a few of the veterans returned to the Georgia Military Institute and found their college burned to the ground, they decided to enter the University of Georgia in Athens. The founding of a chapter there at the end of 1865, along with the re-establishment of the chapter at the University of Virginia, led to the fraternitys revival. Soon, other came back to life and, in 1867, the first post-war convention was held at Nashville, Tennessee. In the 1870s and early 1880s, more than a score of new chapters were formed, older chapters died as fast as new ones were established
Sigma Alpha Epsilon
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The Founders of Sigma Alpha Epsilon.
Sigma Alpha Epsilon
Sigma Alpha Epsilon
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The Levere Memorial Temple in Evanston, IL.
48.
Sigma Chi
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Sigma Chi is a social fraternity in North America. The fraternity has 244 active chapters across the United States and Canada and has initiated more than 300,000 members, the fraternity was founded on June 28,1855 at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio by members who split from the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. Sigma Chi is divided into five entities, the Sigma Chi Fraternity, the Sigma Chi Foundation. Like all fraternities, Sigma Chi has its own colors, insignia, according to the fraternitys constitution, the purpose of this fraternity shall be to cultivate and maintain the high ideals of friendship, justice, and learning upon which Sigma Chi was founded. Sigma Chi was founded in 1855 by Benjamin Piatt Runkle, Thomas Cowan Bell, William Lewis Lockwood, several members of Miami Universitys Delta Kappa Epsilon chapter were also members of the Erodelphian Literary Society. In the fall of 1854 the literary society was to elect its Poet and he was supported by five of his brothers, but four others supported another man who was not a member of the fraternity. Although Thomas Bell and Daniel Cooper were not members of Erodelphian they had aligned themselves with the four dissenting members, the chapter had twelve members total and were evenly divided on the issue. Both sides saw this as a matter of principle and over the few months their friendships became distanced. In February 1855 Runkle and his companions planned a dinner for their brothers in an attempt to seal the rift, whitelaw Reid, one of the other brothers who supported the Delta Kappa Epsilon member as poet, was the only one to arrive. Reid brought a Delta Kappa Epsilon alumnus named Minor Millikin from a nearby town, Reid had told Millikin his side of the dispute and they had arrived to punish the group for not supporting their Delta Kappa Epsilon brother. The leaders of the rebellion, Runkle and Scobey, were to be expelled from the fraternity, the other four would be allowed to stay in the fraternity. Runkle resigned, and after the parent chapter at Yale University was contacted, the six men decided to form their own fraternity along with William Lewis Lockwood, a student from New York who had not joined a fraternity. On June 28,1855, the organization was founded under the name Sigma Phi Fraternity, Lockwood used his business training to help organize the fraternity in its early years. The eventual theft of Sigma Phis constitution, rituals, seals and it is possible this action could have been forced upon the group as there was already a Sigma Phi Society. Much of Sigma Chis heraldry was inspired by the story of the Emperor Constantine from the Battle of Milvian Bridge against Maxentius. The White Cross and the motto In Hoc Signo Vinces are examples of the Constantine link, although many of the symbols of Sigma Chi relate to Christianity, Sigma Chi is not a Christian fraternity. Benjamin Piatt Runkle was born in West Liberty, Ohio, Runkle helped design the badge of Sigma Chi based on the story of Constantine and the vision of the Cross. Runkle was known for having a fierce pride and was suspended from Miami University when he fought a member of Beta Theta Pi for sneering at his badge, when the Civil War began Runkle joined the Union Army
Sigma Chi
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Postcard of Sigma Chi House in Ann Arbor, Michigan, c. 1906 – 1909
Sigma Chi
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Sigma Chi
Sigma Chi
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Infirmary and Sigma Chi Chapter House, University of Mississippi
![250 University of Maine Historic District U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. Historic district Show map of MaineShow map of the USLocation Munson, Sebec, and Schoodic Rds., Orono, MaineArea 660 acres (267.1 ha) (entire campus)13 acres (5.3 ha) (original historic district)57 acres (23 ha) (increased historic district)Built 1868Architect MultipleArchitectural style Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals, Late Victorian, Other, Greek RevivalNRHP reference # 78000194[4] (original)10000228 (increase)Significant datesAdded to NRHP July 12, 1978Boundary increase April 27, 2010](/wiki/File:University_of_Maine_logo.svg){kind=logo}
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