1.
Latin language
–
Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
Latin language
–
Latin inscription, in the
Colosseum
Latin language
–
Julius Caesar 's
Commentarii de Bello Gallico is one of the most famous classical Latin texts of the Golden Age of Latin. The unvarnished, journalistic style of this
patrician general has long been taught as a model of the urbane Latin officially spoken and written in the floruit of the
Roman republic.
Latin language
–
A multi-volume Latin dictionary in the
University Library of Graz
Latin language
–
Latin and Ancient Greek Language - Culture - Linguistics at
Duke University in 2014.
2.
Public university
–
A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
Public university
–
Cairo University, the prime indigenous model for Egyptian state universities
Public university
–
Old Merensky Library at
University of Pretoria, South Africa
Public university
–
Sebelas Maret University, one of Indonesia's prominent public universities.
Public university
–
Chulalongkorn University main auditorium in Thailand
3.
Research university
–
Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names. From the late 20th century to the present, U. S. research universities have dominated most international college and university rankings
Research university
–
Degree ceremony at the
University of Oxford. The Pro-Vice-Chancellor in
MA gown and hood,
Proctor in official dress and new
Doctors of Philosophy in scarlet full dress. Behind them, a
bedel, a Doctor and Bachelors of Arts and Medicine graduate.
Research university
–
The
University of Bologna is the oldest University in history, founded in 1088.
Research university
–
Meeting of doctors at the
University of Paris. From a medieval manuscript.
Research university
–
Sapienza University of Rome is the largest university in Europe and one of the most prestigious European universities.
4.
Financial endowment
–
A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
Financial endowment
–
Basic investment types
5.
Pound sterling
–
It is subdivided into 100 pence. A number of nations that do not use sterling also have called the pound. At various times, the sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold. The pound sterling is the worlds oldest currency still in use, the British Crown dependencies of Guernsey and Jersey produce their own local issues of sterling, the Guernsey pound and the Jersey pound. The pound sterling is also used in the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, the Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling, issuing its own coins and banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro. Together with those three currencies it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights, Sterling is also the third most-held reserve currency in global reserves. The full, official name, pound sterling, is used mainly in formal contexts, otherwise the term pound is normally used. The abbreviations ster. or stg. are sometimes used, the term British pound is commonly used in less formal contexts, although it is not an official name of the currency. The pound sterling is also referred to as cable amongst forex traders, the origins of this term are attributed to the fact that in the 1800s, the dollar/pound sterling exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Forex brokers are sometimes referred to as cable dealers, as another established source notes, the compound expression was then derived, silver coins known as sterlings were issued in the Saxon kingdoms,240 of them being minted from a pound of silver. Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in pounds of sterlings, in 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection. And because the Leagues money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlings, and land for their Kontor, the Steelyard of London, which by the 1340s was also called Easterlings Hall, or Esterlingeshalle. For further discussion of the etymology of sterling, see sterling silver, the currency sign for the pound sign is £, which is usually written with a single cross-bar, though a version with a double cross-bar is also sometimes seen. The ISO4217 currency code is GBP, occasionally, the abbreviation UKP is used but this is non-standard because the ISO3166 country code for the United Kingdom is GB. The Crown dependencies use their own codes, GGP, JEP, stocks are often traded in pence, so traders may refer to pence sterling, GBX, when listing stock prices. A common slang term for the pound sterling or pound is quid, since decimalisation in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence. The symbol for the penny is p, hence an amount such as 50p properly pronounced fifty pence is more colloquially, quite often, pronounced fifty pee /fɪfti, pi and this also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system
Pound sterling
–
The Hatter 's hat shows an example of the old pre-decimal system: the hat costs half a guinea (10 shillings and 6 pence)
Pound sterling
–
All frequently used coins. The coins shown are those after the extensive
2008 redesign.
Pound sterling
–
A pound = 20
shillings = 240
silver pennies (formerly)
Pound sterling
–
£1 coin (Welsh design, 2000)
6.
Pounds sterling
–
It is subdivided into 100 pence. A number of nations that do not use sterling also have called the pound. At various times, the sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold. The pound sterling is the worlds oldest currency still in use, the British Crown dependencies of Guernsey and Jersey produce their own local issues of sterling, the Guernsey pound and the Jersey pound. The pound sterling is also used in the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, the Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling, issuing its own coins and banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro. Together with those three currencies it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights, Sterling is also the third most-held reserve currency in global reserves. The full, official name, pound sterling, is used mainly in formal contexts, otherwise the term pound is normally used. The abbreviations ster. or stg. are sometimes used, the term British pound is commonly used in less formal contexts, although it is not an official name of the currency. The pound sterling is also referred to as cable amongst forex traders, the origins of this term are attributed to the fact that in the 1800s, the dollar/pound sterling exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Forex brokers are sometimes referred to as cable dealers, as another established source notes, the compound expression was then derived, silver coins known as sterlings were issued in the Saxon kingdoms,240 of them being minted from a pound of silver. Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in pounds of sterlings, in 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection. And because the Leagues money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlings, and land for their Kontor, the Steelyard of London, which by the 1340s was also called Easterlings Hall, or Esterlingeshalle. For further discussion of the etymology of sterling, see sterling silver, the currency sign for the pound sign is £, which is usually written with a single cross-bar, though a version with a double cross-bar is also sometimes seen. The ISO4217 currency code is GBP, occasionally, the abbreviation UKP is used but this is non-standard because the ISO3166 country code for the United Kingdom is GB. The Crown dependencies use their own codes, GGP, JEP, stocks are often traded in pence, so traders may refer to pence sterling, GBX, when listing stock prices. A common slang term for the pound sterling or pound is quid, since decimalisation in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence. The symbol for the penny is p, hence an amount such as 50p properly pronounced fifty pence is more colloquially, quite often, pronounced fifty pee /fɪfti, pi and this also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system
Pounds sterling
–
The Hatter 's hat shows an example of the old pre-decimal system: the hat costs half a guinea (10 shillings and 6 pence)
Pounds sterling
–
All frequently used coins. The coins shown are those after the extensive
2008 redesign.
Pounds sterling
–
A pound = 20
shillings = 240
silver pennies (formerly)
Pounds sterling
–
£1 coin (Welsh design, 2000)
7.
Anne Rafferty
–
Dame Anne Judith Rafferty, DBE, PC, QC, officially styled The Right Honourable Lady Justice Rafferty, is an English jurist, who has served as a Lady Justice of Appeal of England and Wales since 2011. Educated at Wolverhampton Girls High School and a graduate of the University of Sheffield and she was appointed Queens Counsel in 1990 and a Recorder the following year. Among the more notable trials over which she presided over as a High Court Judge are those of Paul Burrell, in 2011, Rafferty was appointed to the Court of Appeal of England and Wales with effect from 5 July, and was sworn of the Privy Council. In November 2014 Raffertys appointment as Chancellor of the University of Sheffield was announced, Lady Justice Rafferty is married to fellow jurist, Judge Brian Barker, the Recorder of London, they have four daughters
Anne Rafferty
–
Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom
8.
Keith Burnett
–
Sir Keith Burnett, CBE, FRS is a British physicist and the current Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sheffield. Burnett was born in Llwynypia in the Rhondda Valley and he studied Physics at Jesus College, Oxford obtaining a BA degree in 1972 then a DPhil degree in 1979. He held academic positions in Physics at the University of Colorado, Imperial College, during his time at the University of Oxford he was appointed Chairman of Physics and then Head of the Division of Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences. His research includes the study of Bose–Einstein condensates and he was Chair of the board of the Universities and Colleges Employers Association from October 2009 to September 2011. On 1 November 2010 he was appointed as a director of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority. However, as of Feb 2014, he is listed on the management. He is also currently a member of the United Kingdom governments Council for Science and Technology and he was appointed to the Advisory Council of Infrastructure UK in 2012 to advise the UK treasury on investments including on energy, transport, waste, flood, science, water and telecoms. In March 2015 he joined the management board of HEFCE and he is married and has two children. His interests include the Chinese language and culture and he was awarded the Young Medal and Prize in 1997 for his physics research and in 2001 was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2004 for services to physics, vice-Chancellors pages University of Sheffield Professor Sir Keith Burnett Professional website Scientific Commons Keith Burnett
Keith Burnett
–
Keith Burnett, December 2008
9.
Postgraduate education
–
In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
Postgraduate education
–
The enrollment of some students in the
University of Bologna.
10.
Sheffield
–
Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, its derives from the River Sheaf. With some of its southern suburbs annexed from Derbyshire, the city has grown from its industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base. The population of the City of Sheffield is 569,700, Sheffield is the third largest English district by population. The metropolitan population of Sheffield is 1,569,000, in the 19th century, Sheffield gained an international reputation for steel production. Known as the Steel City, many innovations were developed locally, including crucible and stainless steel, Sheffield received its municipal charter in 1843, becoming the City of Sheffield in 1893. International competition in iron and steel caused a decline in these industries in the 1970s and 1980s, the 21st century has seen extensive redevelopment in Sheffield along with other British cities. Sheffields gross value added has increased by 60% since 1997, standing at £9.2 billion in 2007, the economy has experienced steady growth averaging around 5% annually, greater than that of the broader region of Yorkshire and the Humber. The city is in the foothills of the Pennines, and the valleys of the River Don and its four tributaries, the Loxley, the Porter Brook, the Rivelin. 61% of Sheffields entire area is space, and a third of the city lies within the Peak District national park. The area now occupied by the City of Sheffield is believed to have inhabited since at least the late Upper Palaeolithic period. The earliest evidence of occupation in the Sheffield area was found at Creswell Crags to the east of the city. In the Iron Age the area became the southernmost territory of the Pennine tribe called the Brigantes and it is this tribe who are thought to have constructed several hill forts in and around Sheffield. Gradually, Anglian settlers pushed west from the kingdom of Deira, a Celtic presence within the Sheffield area is evidenced by two settlements called Wales and Waleswood close to Sheffield. The settlements that grew and merged to form Sheffield, however, date from the half of the first millennium. In Anglo-Saxon times, the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria, after the Norman conquest, Sheffield Castle was built to protect the local settlements, and a small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city. By 1296, a market had been established at what is now known as Castle Square, from 1570 to 1584, Mary, Queen of Scots, was imprisoned in Sheffield Castle and Sheffield Manor. During the 1740s, a form of the steel process was discovered that allowed the manufacture of a better quality of steel than had previously been possible
Sheffield
–
Clockwise from top left: The
Sheffield Town Hall;
St Paul's Tower from Arundel Gate; the
Wheel of Sheffield;
Meadowhall shopping centre;
Sheffield station and
Sheaf Square.
Park Hill at the bottom.
Sheffield
–
Sheffield shown within
South Yorkshire
Sheffield
–
Sheffield Manor ruins as they appeared c1819
11.
South Yorkshire
–
South Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England. It is the southernmost county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region and had a population of 1.34 million in 2011 and it has an area of 1,552 square kilometres and consists of four metropolitan boroughs, Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham and Sheffield. South Yorkshire was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 with Barnsley as its county town. The Sheffield Urban Area is the tenth most populous conurbation in the UK, South Yorkshire lies within the Sheffield City Region with Barnsley also being within the Leeds City Region, reflecting its geographical position midway between Yorkshires two largest cities. South Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986 and its boroughs are now effectively unitary authorities. As a ceremonial county, South Yorkshire has a Lord Lieutenant, South Yorkshire was created from 32 local government districts of the West Riding of Yorkshire, with small areas from Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. Although the modern county of South Yorkshire was not created until 1974, prehistoric remains include a Mesolithic house dating to around 8000 BC, found at Deepcar, in the northern part of Sheffield. The region was on the frontier of the Roman Empire during the Roman period, the main settlements of South Yorkshire grew up around the industries of mining and steel manufacturing. The main mining industry was coal which was concentrated to the north, there were also iron deposits which were mined in the area. The rivers running off the Pennines to the west of the county supported the industry that is concentrated in the city of Sheffield. The proximity of the iron and coal made this an ideal place for steel manufacture. Although Christian nonconformism was never as strong in South Yorkshire as in the towns of West Yorkshire, there are still many Methodist and Baptist churches in the area. Also, South Yorkshire has a high number of followers of spiritualism. It is the county that counts as a full region in the Spiritualists National Union. The review was abolished in favour of the Royal Commission on Local Government before it was able to issue a final report, the Royal Commissions 1969 report, known as the Redcliffe-Maud Report, proposed the removal of much of the then existing system of local government. Redcliffe-Mauds recommendations were accepted by the Labour government in February 1970, the Local Government Act 1972 reformed local government in England by creating a system of two-tier metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties and districts throughout the country. The act formally established South Yorkshire on 1 April 1974, although South Yorkshire County Council had been running since elections in 1973, South Yorkshire initially had a two tier structure of local government with a strategic-level county council and four districts providing most services. In 1986, throughout England the metropolitan county councils were abolished, the functions of the county council were devolved to the boroughs, joint-boards covering fire, police and public transport, and to other special joint arrangements
South Yorkshire
–
Clockwise from top left:
Sheffield city centre from Meersbrook Park, industry in
Aldwarke, more rural
Hellaby, 12th century
Conisbrough Castle in Conisbrough, central
Doncaster, and
Barnsley
South Yorkshire
–
Zoo
12.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
13.
Worldwide Universities Network
–
The Worldwide Universities Network is an alliance of 20 research-intensive universities. WUN provides financial and infrastructural support to member universities to international research collaboration. WUN originally comprised ten universities, but has since expanded, WUN is managed by a Secretariat, which is responsible for the operations, communications and strategy implementation of the network. Partnership Board The Partnership Board provides entrepreneurial leadership of the company, the Board sets the strategic direction and vision of the company. The Board comprises the Presidents, Vice-Chancellors or Rectors of the member universities, subbaswamy, Chancellor, University of Massachusetts Amherst Dr Max Price, Vice-Chancellor, University of Cape Town Professor Hugh R. This group shares information on collaborative opportunities and develops WUN’s research programs, WUN has identified four Global Challenges as the focus for its thematic research areas. There are numerous research groups within each Global Challenge and they are, The Responding to Climate Change Global Challenge encapsulates a number of research projects that address scientific, cultural, health and social issues relating to climate change. Broad themes of the include, Drivers and pressures of climate change States of. The Understanding Cultures Global Challenge focuses on how globalization trends are challenging national, regional and individual cultural practices, there is a particular focus on, Global Migration and Population Generations in Global Context Chinese Culture in the World. There is a focus on issues of access and equity of higher education
Worldwide Universities Network
–
Worldwide Universities Network
14.
Association of Commonwealth Universities
–
The Association of Commonwealth Universities represents 535 universities from 37 Commonwealth countries. It is the worlds first and oldest international university network, established in 1913, a UK-registered charity, the ACU has over 500 member institutions in developed and developing countries across the Commonwealth. Drawing on the experience and expertise, the ACU seeks to address issues in international higher education through a range of projects, networks. The Association of Commonwealth Universities is governed by its member institutions through an elected Council, as the ACU is a UK-registered charity, Council members also act as its Trustees. The ACU Council comprises up to 23 members,20 elected Council members, in 1912, the University of London took the initiative to assemble 53 representatives of universities in London to hold a Congress of Universities of the Empire. They decided they needed a bureau of information and its affairs would be handled by a committee representing universities at home and abroad. In 1913 the office opened as the Universities Bureau of the British Empire, in 1948 the name was changed to Association of Universities of the British Commonwealth, and in 1963 it changed to its current name. Dr Anastasios Christodoulou was the Secretary General of the Association of Commonwealth Universities from 1980 to 1996, in 1986, Queen Elizabeth II became patron of the Association of Commonwealth Universities. Currently 37 countries from the Commonwealth are represented in the Association
Association of Commonwealth Universities
–
Logo of the ACU
15.
White Rose University Consortium
–
The White Rose University Consortium is a partnership among three universities in Yorkshire, England consisting of the University of Leeds, the University of Sheffield, and the University of York. It was formed in 1997 to combine the resources of the universities so they can all benefit and these benefits include collaborative research, business opportunities, industrial partnerships, and joint postgraduate scholarships. The consortium takes its name from the white rose traditionally associated with the House of York, the repository is part of a national and international network of online databases which enable access to research papers and proposals so that they can be found, read, cited and expanded upon. The White Rose University Consortium and Sheffield Hallam University formed Myscience. co Ltd. which runs the National Science Learning Centre in York and this opened in March 2006, part of the Science Learning Centres. Official website White Rose Consortium E-thesis Repository
White Rose University Consortium
–
Logo
16.
EQUIS
–
The EFMD Quality Improvement System is a school accreditation system. It specializes in higher institutions of management and business administration. As of February 2017, EQUIS has accredited 167 institutions in 41 countries around the world, EQUIS was created in 1997 under Gordon Shenton and the current director is Michael Osbaldeston. In the past 20 years of existence the organization has accredited 167 institutions in 41 countries, the accreditation is awarded to business schools based on general quality. So far all fully accredited EQUIS business schools applying for AACSB accreditation have succeeded, EQUIS accreditation can be granted for three years or for five years. Association of MBAs Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business List of EQUIS accredited institutions Triple accreditation EQUIS on EFMD official website
EQUIS
–
Scope of business school accreditation for AACSB, EQUIS and AMBA
17.
Association of MBAs
–
The Association of MBAs is a global organisation founded in 1967 which focuses primarily on international business school accreditation and membership. Based in London, AMBA is one of the three main global accreditation bodies in business education and styles itself as the worlds authority on postgraduate management education. It differs from AACSB in the US and EQUIS in Brussels as it accredits a schools portfolio of postgraduate management programmes but does not accredit undergraduate programmes, all MBA students and alumni of the 245 accredited member schools join AMBA as individual members free of charge. AMBA also accredits generalist MBM programmes and DBA programmes, and admits as members students, AMBAs long-serving president is Sir Paul Judge, the founding benefactor of Cambridge Judge Business School. AMBAs current Chief Executive is Andrew Main Wilson, who joined the organisation from the Institute of Directors in 2013, len Jones was elected Chairman of the AMBA Board of Trustees in 2014. The founders saw a lack of awareness in Europe of the value of the MBA degree and they decided to form a lobby and membership group to promote the benefits of postgraduate business education, under the name of Business Graduates Association. The Associations first Director General was Vice-Admiral David Clutterbuck who assumed this position in 1969, in 1983 BGA began to accredit the growing number of MBA programmes, while preserving its functions as a membership organization. BGA was renamed Association of MBAs in 1987, the Associations current president is Sir Paul Judge, who helped establish Cambridge Judge Business School in 1990 and whose name the school continues to carry. The Association of MBAs accredits MBA, MBM and DBA degree programmes, the Associations process of accrediting a schools MBA programmes portfolio includes reviewing compliance AMBAs MBA criteria, most of them qualitative rather than quantitative. AMBA holds three annual conferences for business school deans and directors, a Global Conference, an Asia Pacific Conference. Participation is open to both accredited and non-accredited schools, AMBA also hosts an annual Gala Dinner in London, which is open only to accredited schools. AMBA also organizes webinars, lectures and networking events on a regular basis catering to MBA alumni, current MBA students, prospective MBA students and these on-campus events are held at accredited business schools and often feature distinguished speakers and practitioners in fields such as leadership, entrepreneurship and innovation
Association of MBAs
–
Association of MBAs
Association of MBAs
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Feb 2014 Survey Results among MBA applicants, in response to the question: "Which of the following accreditations is/was most important to you when choosing a business school?"
18.
Royal charter
–
A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. They were, and are still, used to establish significant organisations such as cities or universities, Charters should be distinguished from warrants and letters of appointment, as they have perpetual effect. Typically, a Royal Charter is produced as a high-quality work of calligraphy on vellum, the British monarchy has issued over 980 royal charters. Of these about 750 remain in existence, the earliest was to the town of Tain in 1066, making it the oldest Royal Burgh in Scotland, followed by the University of Cambridge in 1231. Charters continue to be issued by the British Crown, a recent example being that awarded to the Chartered Institute for the Management of Sport and Physical Activity, Charters have been used in Europe since medieval times to create cities. The date that such a charter is granted is considered to be when a city is founded, at one time, a royal charter was the sole means by which an incorporated body could be formed, but other means are generally used nowadays instead. In the period before 1958,32 higher education institutes had been created by royal charter and these were typically engineering or technical institutions rather than universities. Royal decrees can therefore no longer grant higher education status or university status. A Royal Charter is granted by Order in Council, either creating an incorporated body and this is an exercise of the Royal Prerogative, and, in Canada, there are hundreds of organisations under Royal Charters. Such organisations include charities, businesses, colleges, universities, today, it is mostly charities and professional institutions who receive Royal Charters. Application for a charter is a petition to the Queen-in-Council, however, meeting these benchmarks does not guarantee the issuance of a Royal Charter. Companies, corporations, and societies in Canada founded under or augmented by a Royal Charter include, Royal Charter was issued in August 1826 to purchase and develop lands. Purchased the Crown Reserve of 1,384,413 acres, cities under Royal Charter are not subject to municipal Acts of Parliament applied generally to other municipalities, and instead are governed by legislation applicable to each city individually. The Royal Charter codifies the laws applied to the particular city, the Universitys Pontifical Charter was granted by Pope Leo XIII in 1889. Several Canadian private schools were founded or reconstituted under Royal Charter, the Royal Gibraltar Post Office was granted Royal Charter in 2005. The Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club obtained Royal Charter in 1959 and it is one of the three banknote-issuing banks in Hong Kong. The Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch Chartered originally in 1847, disbanded 1859, the Institution of Engineers was incorporated by royal charter in 1935. A number of Irish institutions retain the Royal prefix, even though Republic of Ireland severed all remaining connections between the state and the British monarch in 1949, the University of South Africa received a Royal Charter in 1877
Royal charter
–
King's College, now the
University of Toronto, was founded with the issuance of this royal charter
Royal charter
–
The
Hudson's Bay Company building in
Montreal
Royal charter
–
The emblem of the Royal Observatory, Hong Kong
19.
Sheffield Medical School
–
The School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at the University of Sheffield is a medical school active in three fields of medicine, teaching, researching and practising. The medical school was founded in 1828, the school operated independently as the Sheffield School of Medicine until its mergers with Firth College in 1879 and with Sheffield Technical School in 1884. In 1897 the schools were renamed University College Sheffield, the University of Sheffield Medical School is one of 32 bodies entitled by the General Medical Council to award medical degrees in the United Kingdom. The GMC is the responsible for registering doctors to practise medicine as well as regulating medical education. Applying for a place to study Medicine at Sheffield is competitive, as of 2013 the medical school admits some 214 home students and a further 23 overseas students per year. For entry in 2013 the school received over 3,000 applications, the school has been associated with a number of notable medical discoveries. In the 1920s, Edward Mellanbys studies on rickets established that cod liver oil prevented the disease, in the 1930s, Cecil Payne became the first to use Penicillin to effect a cure. Also in the 1930s, Sir Hans Krebs made significant advancements in the study of energy, codifying his observations in the Krebs Cycle
Sheffield Medical School
–
1830 engraving of Surrey Street in Sheffield. The School of Medicine is on the right of the image.
Sheffield Medical School
–
The Royal Hallamshire Hospital, part of which is the main building of the Medical School.
20.
Times Higher Education World University Rankings
–
Times Higher Education World University Rankings is an annual publication of university rankings by Times Higher Education magazine. The publisher had collaborated with Quacquarelli Symonds to publish the joint THE–QS World University Rankings from 2004 to 2009 before it turned to Thomson Reuters for a new ranking system. It is considered as one of the most widely observed university measures together with Academic Ranking of World Universities and it is praised for having a new improved methodology but undermining non-English-instructing institutions and being commercialized are the major criticisms. Times Higher Education chose to partner with educational and careers advice company QS to supply the data, the publication developed a new rankings methodology in consultation with its readers, its editorial board and Thomson Reuters. Thomson Reuters will collect and analyse the data used to produce the rankings on behalf of Times Higher Education, the first ranking was published in September 2010. In fact, the surveys of reputation, which made up 40 percent of scores, and its clear that our research measures favored the sciences over the humanities. He went on to describe previous attempts at peer review as embarrassing in The Australian, The sample was too small. THE published its first rankings using its new methodology on 16 September 2010, the Globe and Mail in 2010 described the Times Higher Education World University Rankings to be arguably the most influential. The inaugural 2010-2011 methodology contained 13 separate indicators grouped under five categories, Teaching, research, citations, international mix, the number of indicators is up from the Times-QS rankings published between 2004 and 2009, which used six indicators. A draft of the methodology was released on 3 June 2010. The names of the categories and the weighting of each was modified in the final methodology, the overall ranking score was calculated by making Z-scores all datasets to standardize different data types on a common scale to better make comparisons among data. The reputational component of the came from an Academic Reputation Survey conducted by Thomson Reuters in spring 2010. The survey gathered 13,388 responses among scholars statistically representative of global higher educations geographical, the magazines category for industry income – innovation came from a sole indicator, institutions research income from industry scaled against the number of academic staff. The magazine stated that it used this data as proxy for high-quality knowledge transfer, the Times stated that articles published in 2009–2010 have not yet completely accumulated in the database. The magazine announced on 5 September 2011 that its 2011–2012 World University Rankings would be published on 6 October 2011, at the same time, the magazine revealed changes to the ranking formula that will be introduced with the new rankings. The methodology will continue to use 13 indicators across five categories and will keep its fundamental foundations. Teaching and research will each remain 30 percent of the overall score, however, a new international outlook – staff, students and research will be introduced and will make up 7.5 percent of the final score. One 2011–2012 indicator, the public research income, will be dropped
Times Higher Education World University Rankings
–
Times Higher Education World University Rankings
21.
Times Higher Education
–
Times Higher Education, formerly the Times Higher Education Supplement, is a weekly magazine based in London, reporting specifically on news and issues related to higher education. It is the United Kingdoms leading publication in its field, from its first issue, in 1971, until 2008 the Times Higher Education Supplement was published in newspaper format and was born out of, and affiliated with, The Times newspaper. On 10 January 2008, it was relaunched as a magazine and it is published by TES Global, which until October 2005 was a division of Rupert Murdochs News International. The magazine is edited by John Gill, phil Baty is the editor at large, and is responsible for international coverage. He is also the editor of the magazines World University Rankings, the magazine features a fictional satirical column written by Laurie Taylor, the Poppletonian, which reflects on life at the fictional Poppleton University. In 2011 Times Higher Education was awarded the titles of Weekly Business Magazine of the Year, Times Higher Education became known for publishing the annual Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings, which first appeared in November 2004. On 30 October 2009 Times Higher Education broke with QS, then its partner in compiling the Rankings, the magazine developed a new methodology in consultation with its readers and its editorial board. Thomson Reuters collects and analyses the data used to produce the rankings on behalf of Times Higher Education, the results have been published annually since autumn 2010. QS, which collected and analysed the data from 2004-2009. The magazine runs two sets of awards annually, the first is the Times Higher Education Awards. The 2011 awards took place on 24 November at the Grosvenor House Hotel on Londons Park Lane, seventeen universities were given awards in different categories, with the University of Sheffield being University of the Year. Tessa Blackstone was given the Lord Dearing Lifetime Achievement Award, the University of Strathclyde was named as the University of the Year at the 2012 awards which took place on 29 November 2012 at the Grosvenor House Hotel on Londons Park Lane. University of Strathclyde Principal and Vice-Chancellor Professor Sir Jim McDonald received the award at the ceremony, the Times Higher Education Leadership and Management Awards were launched in 2009. The Thelmas were set up to recognise the impact that administrative staff have on the success of education institutions
Times Higher Education
–
No. 2,048 (May 3–9, 2012)
22.
Red brick universities
–
The term is now used more broadly to refer to British universities founded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in major cities. Six of the original institutions, or their predecessor institutes. Eight of the nine institutions are members of the Russell Group, the term red brick or redbrick was first coined by Edgar Allison Peers, a professor of Spanish at the University of Liverpool, to describe the civic universities. Although Peers used red brick in the title of the book, he used redbrick adjectivally in the text. He is said to have regretted his use of red brick in the title. Peers reference was inspired by the fact that The Victoria Building at the University of Liverpool is built from a distinctive red pressed brick, with terracotta decorative dressings. On this basis the University of Liverpool claims to be the red brick institution, although the titular. The University of Birmingham grew from the Mason Science College, a red brick. In this sense they owed their structural heritage to the Humboldt University of Berlin, scotlands ancient universities were founded on a different basis between 1400 and 1600. These universities developed out of various 19th-century private research and education institutes in industrial cities, the 1824 Manchester Mechanics Institute formed the basis of the Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, and thus led towards the current University of Manchester formed in 2004. The University of Birmingham has origins dating back to the 1825 Birmingham Medical School, the University of Leeds also owes its foundations to a medical school, the 1831 Leeds School of Medicine. Reading was established as a college by Oxford University in 1892, incorporating pre-existing schools of art and science. All of the redbricks, with the exception of Reading, were non-residential, in contrast to Oxford, Cambridge, graduates of Oxford, Cambridge, and London had already been enfranchised and graduates of the University of Wales were enfranchised at the same time. Reading University was added to the Combined English Universities constituency in 1928, the constituency was abolished in 1950. Various other civic institutions with origins dating from the 19th and early to mid-20th centuries have also described as Red Brick. According to historian William Whyte of the University of Oxford, Truscotts original definition includes the University of Dundee, Newcastle University, notably, Whyte does not include Reading or Nottingham, which Truscot lists in his second edition. The Robbins Report lists Reading, Nottingham, Southampton, Hull, Exeter and Leicester, as a result it meets the dictionary definition of a red brick university, and is sometimes named as such. The term red brick is also used more widely to mean any of the non-ancient universities
Red brick universities
–
The
Aston Webb building,
University of Birmingham
Red brick universities
–
University of Birmingham
Red brick universities
–
University of Liverpool
Red brick universities
–
University of Manchester
23.
University of Sheffield
–
The University of Sheffield is a public research university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. Sheffield is a multi-campus university predominantly over two areas, the Western Bank and the St Georges. The university is organised into five academic faculties composed of multiple departments, Sheffield was placed 84th worldwide by The QS World University Rankings 2016. In 2011, Sheffield was named University of the Year in the Times Higher Education awards, the Times Higher Education Student Experience Survey 2014 ranked the University of Sheffield 1st for student experience, social life, university facilities and accommodation, among other categories. There are seven Nobel Prize laureates amongst Sheffield academics, six of which are its alumni or former staff, the University of Sheffield was originally formed by the merger of three colleges. Firth College then helped to fund the opening of the Sheffield Technical School in 1884 to teach applied science, the only major faculty the existing colleges did not cover. The Sheffield Technical School was founded because of concern about the need for technical training, particularly steelmaking in Sheffield. The three institutions merged in 1897 to form the University College of Sheffield by Royal Charter, Sheffield was the only large city in England without a University. Steelworkers, coal miners, factory workers and the people of Sheffield donated over £50,000 in 1904 to help found the University of Sheffield and it was originally envisaged that the University College would join Manchester, Liverpool and Leeds as the fourth member of the federal Victoria University. In July 1905, Firth Court on Western Bank was opened by King Edward VII, St Georges Square remained the centre of departments of Applied Science, and the departments of Arts, Medicine and Science moved to Western Bank. Sheffield is one of the six red brick universities, the universities founded in the major industrial cities of England. In 1905, there were 114 full-time students, and the first Hall of Residence, the number of students increased to a short-lived peak of 1,000 in 1919. During the First World War, some of the subjects and courses were replaced by teaching of munitions making. Rather than from a centre, the university has expanded since the 1920s from two ends, the Firth Court on Western Bank and the Sir Frederick Mappin Building on the St Georges site. In 1943, the University Grants Committee announced that universities in the UK should look forward to expansion in the years after the Second World War, Sheffield predicted a 50% increase in student population but the university was unprepared for such growth. There was pressure on the university to expand since the student numbers had increased from around 1,000 to 3,000 by 1946, the university then grew slowly until the 1950s and 1960s when it began to expand rapidly. Many new buildings were built and older houses were brought into academic use, Student numbers increased to their present levels of just under 26,000. At the same time in the 1950s, the university was expanding at other sites, from the 1960s, many more buildings have been constructed or extended, including the Union of Students and St Georges Library
University of Sheffield
–
Portrait of
Mark Firth, opened Firth College in 1879
University of Sheffield
–
The University of Sheffield
University of Sheffield
–
The poster which helped raise funds for the University (1904/1905)
University of Sheffield
–
Sheffield School of Medicine, founded in 1828 (right)
24.
Mark Firth
–
Mark Firth was an English industrialist and philanthropist. Firth was born in Sheffield, the son of Thomas Firth, of Pontefract, York and he joined the crucible steel works of Sanderson Brothers where his father worked as head smelter, but left in 1842 to set up his own business with his brother, Thomas Jr. Their father joined them shortly afterwards, and in 1852 Thomas Firth & Sons had expanded into premises at the Norfolk Works in Savile Street. The Firths business expanded into the market, installing two large steam hammers in 1863. In 1871, the company cast the thirty five ton Woolwich Infant gun, in 1875 they produced an eighty-ton gun. Firth was elected to the office of Master Cutler in 1867 and he was elected Mayor of Sheffield in 1874. In 1875, he presented a thirty-six acre estate to the town of Sheffield as Firth Park and he also built a mansion for himself on the outskirts of Sheffield at Oakbrook, Ranmoor, now part of Notre Dame High School. In 1879, he opened Firth College to teach arts and science subjects, Firth lends his name to the Firth Wing of the Northern General Hospital, and Firth Court of the University. He was a Methodist and a Liberal, on 16 November 1880 Firth was at his Norfolk Works when he suffered a stroke, and died 12 days later. He is buried in Sheffield General Cemetery on Cemetery Road, where his monument is Grade II listed, Firth was twice married and had twelve children. He first married Sarah Bingham Taylor in Sheffield on 15 September 1841, secondly, he married Caroline Gedling Bradley at The Methodist New Connexion Chapel, Nottingham on 3 September 1857. They had seven children, John Bradley Firth, father of Major John Charles Bradley Firth, lieutenant–Colonel Bernard Alexander Firth, JP VD, CO, 4th Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment. Charles Henry Bramley Rachael Married George Charles Hague in 1897 List of people from Sheffield Notes Bibliography Encyclopaedia Britannica
Mark Firth
–
Firth as Master Cutler, at
Cutlers' Hall, Sheffield.
25.
Arts
–
The arts represent an outlet of expression that is usually influenced by culture in society and which in turn helps to change culture. As such, the arts are a manifestation of peoples internal creative impulse. Some art forms combine a visual element with performance or artwork with the written word, from prehistoric cave paintings to modern day films, art serves as a vessel for storytelling and conveying humankinds relationship with its environment. A debate exists in the arts and video game cultures over whether video games can be counted as an art form. In its most basic definition, art is a documented expression of a sentient being through or on an accessible medium so that anyone can view. The act itself of producing an expression can also be referred to as a certain art, or as art in general. If this solidified expression, or the act of producing it, is good or has value depends on those who access and rate it and this public rating is dependent on various subjective factors. Merriam-Webster defines the arts as painting, sculpture, music, theater, literature, etc. considered as a group of activities done by people with skill, and the study and application of the arts to the human environment. In Ancient Greece, all art and craft was referred to by the same word, thus, there was no distinction between the arts. Ancient Greek art brought the veneration of the form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty. Ancient Roman art depicted gods as idealized humans, shown with characteristic distinguishing features, in Byzantine and Gothic art of the Middle Ages, the dominance of the church insisted on the expression of biblical and not material truths. Eastern art has worked in a style akin to Western medieval art, namely a concentration on surface patterning. A characteristic of this style is that the colour is often defined by an outline. This is evident in, for example, the art of India, Tibet, religious Islamic art forbids iconography, and expresses religious ideas through geometry instead. The Artes Mechanicae were practised and developed in guild environments, the modern distinction between artistic and non-artistic skills did not develop until the Renaissance. In modern academia, the arts are usually grouped with or as a subset of the humanities, some subjects in the humanities are history, linguistics, literature, theology, philosophy, and/or logic. Drawing is a means of making an image, using any of a variety of tools. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, common tools are graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax colour pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers
Arts
–
Hans Rottenhammer, Allegory of the Arts (second half of the 16th century).
Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
Arts
–
Lawrence Alma-Tadema 's Catullus-at-Lesbia's (1865)
Arts
–
The
Mona Lisa is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the
Western world.
Arts
–
The
Parthenon on top of the
Acropolis,
Athens,
Greece
26.
Victoria University of Manchester
–
The former Victoria University of Manchester, now the University of Manchester, was founded in 1851 as Owens College. In 1880, the joined the federal Victoria University, gaining an independent university charter in 1904 as the Victoria University of Manchester after the collapse of the federal university. The university was founded in 1851 as Owens College, named after John Owens, a textile merchant and its first accommodation was at Cobden House on Quay Street, Manchester, in a house which had been the residence of Richard Cobden. In 1859, Owens College was approved as an examination centre for matriculation candidates of the University of London. As the college progressed it became inadequate so a move to Chorlton on Medlock was planned in 1871, alfred Waterhouse was the architect of the new college building, west of Oxford Road, which was opened in 1873. Owens College became the first affiliate college of the federal Victoria University in 1880, in 1884, University College Liverpool also joined the Victoria University, followed in 1887 by the Yorkshire College in Leeds. In 1903 University College Liverpool left the Victoria University to become the independent University of Liverpool, the new Victoria University of Manchester was established by royal charter on 15 July 1903, the university and Owens College were merged by Act of Parliament on 24 June 1904. In the mid-1960s the university and the city corporation commissioned Hugh Wilson, the Precinct Centre building included the oldest part of the Manchester Business School, Devonshire House and Crawford House and the St Peters House, the University Chaplaincy. It stood on Booth Street East and Booth Street West and Oxford Road ran through it at ground level, the architects were Wilson & Womersley, in association with the universitys planning officer, H. Thomas, for St Peters House the architects were Cruickshank & Seward. The new university was inaugurated on 1 October 2004, the university had more than 18,000 full-time students by the time it merged with UMIST. It was regarded as one of the top universities in the country, see also Category, Vice-Chancellors of the Victoria University of Manchester The chief officers of the university were the vice-chancellor, the registrar, the bursar and the librarian. In the early decades of Owens College, a few outstanding faculty members set high standards for the new institution and these included statistician Stanley Jevons, jurist James Bryce, and particularly Henry Enfield Roscoe Professor of Chemistry and Principal of the college. Since the later 1800s many notable people have worked and studied at the Victoria University of Manchester, the motto of the university was Arduus ad solem, meaning striving towards the sun. It is a metaphor for aspiring to enlightenment and it is quoted from Virgils Aeneid book II, and the archives do not record the reasons for its choice. The original verse refers to a serpent and the sun, both of which featured in the university coat of arms, the serpent is traditionally associated with wisdom. The arms were granted in October 1871 to Owens College while the Victoria University had arms of its own which fell into abeyance from 1904 upon the merger of the College with the University. According to Norman Marlow, the motto Arduus ad solem - taken from Aeneid II - was a play on words, Victoria University The University of Manchester List of modern universities in Europe Charlton, H. B. Manchester, Manchester University Press Fiddes, Edward Chapters in the History of Owens College and of Manchester University, Manchester, Manchester University Press Hartog, P. J. editor The Owens College, Manchester, a brief history of the college and description of its various departments
Victoria University of Manchester
–
Arms of the Victoria University of Manchester, adopted 1871
27.
University of Liverpool
–
The University of Liverpool is a public university based in the city of Liverpool, England. Founded as a college in 1881, it gained its charter in 1903 with the ability to award degrees and is also known to be one of the six original red brick civic universities. It comprises three faculties organised into 35 departments and schools and it is a founding member of the Russell Group, the N8 Group for research collaboration and the University Management school is AACSB accredited. Nine Nobel Prize winners are amongst its alumni and past faculty and it was the worlds first university to establish departments in Oceanography, civic design, architecture, and biochemistry at the Johnston Laboratories. In 2006 the university became the first in the UK to establish an independent university in China making it the worlds first Sino-British university, for 2015-16, Liverpool had a turnover of £490.2 million, including £93.7 million from research grants and contracts. It has the fifth largest endowment of any university in England, graduates of the University are styled with the post-nominal letters Lpool, to indicate the institution. The University has a partnership with Laureate International Universities, a for-profit college enterprise. The University was established in 1881 as University College Liverpool, admitting its first students in 1882, in 1884, it became part of the federal Victoria University. In 1894 Oliver Lodge, a professor at the University, made the worlds first public radio transmission, the Liverpool University Press was founded in 1899, making it the third oldest university press in England. Students in this period were awarded external degrees by the University of London, in 2004, Sylvan Learning, later known as Laureate International Universities, became the worldwide partner for University of Liverpool online. Following a Royal Charter and Act of Parliament in 1903, it became an independent university with the right to confer its own called the University of Liverpool. The next few years saw major developments at the university, including Sir Charles Sherringtons discovery of the synapse, in the 1930s to 1940s Sir James Chadwick and Sir Joseph Rotblat made major contributions to the development of the atomic bomb. From 1943 to 1966 Allan Downie, Professor of Bacteriology, was involved in the eradication of smallpox. In 1994 the university was a member of the Russell Group. The university has produced nine Nobel Prize winners, from the fields of science, medicine, economics, Sir Ronald Ross was also the first British Nobel laureate in 1902. These Lasker Awards are popularly known as Americas Nobels, over the 2013/2014 academic year, members of staff took part in numerous strikes after staff were offered a pay rise of 1% which unions equated to a 13% pay cut since 2008. The strikes were supported by both the universitys Guild of Students and the National Union of Students, some students at the university supported the strike, occupying buildings on campus. The university is based around a single urban campus approximately five minutes walk from Liverpool City Centre, at the top of Brownlow Hill
University of Liverpool
–
Victoria Building
University of Liverpool
–
Coat of Arms of the University of Liverpool
University of Liverpool
–
University of Liverpool's Active Learning Lab
University of Liverpool
–
Abercromby Square, University of Liverpool
28.
University of Leeds
–
The University of Leeds is a redbrick university located in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, established in 1831. In 1904, a charter, created in 1903, was granted to the University of Leeds by King Edward VII. The Leeds University Business School hold the Triple Crown accreditations from AACSB, AMBA and EQUIS, the university has 31,790 students, the seventh largest university in the UK. From 2006 to present, the university has consistently ranked within the top 5 in the United Kingdom for the number of applications received. Leeds had an income of £634.9 million in 2015/16. The university has financial endowments of £67.7 million, ranking outside the top ten British universities by financial endowment, for 2016-17, Leeds is ranked nationally between 13th and 16th. Internationally, the university is ranked as the 32nd best in Europe, Leeds was ranked top three in the UK and top 20 in the world for graduate employability, also ranked as the 5th most targeted British university by the UKs top graduate employers in 2016-17. Leeds was ranked 10th in the UK for research power in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the best result in the Yorkshire, the university was named the 2017 Sunday Times University of the Year, having been runner-up in 2016. Notable alumni include former Secretary of State Jack Straw, former co-chairman of the Conservative Party Sayeeda Warsi, American actor Chris Pine, Piers Sellers and six Nobel laureates. The universitys history is linked to the development of Leeds as a centre for the textile industry. The universitys roots can be traced back to the formation of schools of medicine in English cities to serve the general public, prior to 1900, only five universities had been established in England and one in Wales. These consisted of the University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, University of London, Durham University, and the federal Victoria University, Owens College was the sole college of Victoria University from 1880 to 1884, in 1887 Yorkshire College was the third to join the university. In 1831, the Leeds School of Medicine was established with the aim of serving the needs of the five institutions which had been established in the city. In 1874, the Yorkshire College of Science was created to provide education for the children of middle-class industrialists and merchants, financial support from local industry was crucial in setting up the College and aiding the students. The university continues to recognise these elements of its history, for example, the religious qualification ceased in the 1850s but the classics-based education continued at Oxford and Cambridge. When classics, modern literature and history went on offer a few years later, in 1884, the Yorkshire College absorbed the Leeds School of Medicine and subsequently joined the federal Victoria University on 3 November 1887. Students in this period were awarded external degrees by the University of London, Leeds was given its first university in 1887 when the Yorkshire College joined the federal Victoria University on 3 November. The Victoria University had been established by charter in 1880
University of Leeds
–
An early view of the
Great Hall, next to the Clothworkers' Court
University of Leeds
–
University of Leeds
University of Leeds
–
The Great Hall
University of Leeds
–
The
Parkinson Building, named after
Frank Parkinson, a major benefactor to the university
29.
Royal Charter
–
A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. They were, and are still, used to establish significant organisations such as cities or universities, Charters should be distinguished from warrants and letters of appointment, as they have perpetual effect. Typically, a Royal Charter is produced as a high-quality work of calligraphy on vellum, the British monarchy has issued over 980 royal charters. Of these about 750 remain in existence, the earliest was to the town of Tain in 1066, making it the oldest Royal Burgh in Scotland, followed by the University of Cambridge in 1231. Charters continue to be issued by the British Crown, a recent example being that awarded to the Chartered Institute for the Management of Sport and Physical Activity, Charters have been used in Europe since medieval times to create cities. The date that such a charter is granted is considered to be when a city is founded, at one time, a royal charter was the sole means by which an incorporated body could be formed, but other means are generally used nowadays instead. In the period before 1958,32 higher education institutes had been created by royal charter and these were typically engineering or technical institutions rather than universities. Royal decrees can therefore no longer grant higher education status or university status. A Royal Charter is granted by Order in Council, either creating an incorporated body and this is an exercise of the Royal Prerogative, and, in Canada, there are hundreds of organisations under Royal Charters. Such organisations include charities, businesses, colleges, universities, today, it is mostly charities and professional institutions who receive Royal Charters. Application for a charter is a petition to the Queen-in-Council, however, meeting these benchmarks does not guarantee the issuance of a Royal Charter. Companies, corporations, and societies in Canada founded under or augmented by a Royal Charter include, Royal Charter was issued in August 1826 to purchase and develop lands. Purchased the Crown Reserve of 1,384,413 acres, cities under Royal Charter are not subject to municipal Acts of Parliament applied generally to other municipalities, and instead are governed by legislation applicable to each city individually. The Royal Charter codifies the laws applied to the particular city, the Universitys Pontifical Charter was granted by Pope Leo XIII in 1889. Several Canadian private schools were founded or reconstituted under Royal Charter, the Royal Gibraltar Post Office was granted Royal Charter in 2005. The Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club obtained Royal Charter in 1959 and it is one of the three banknote-issuing banks in Hong Kong. The Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch Chartered originally in 1847, disbanded 1859, the Institution of Engineers was incorporated by royal charter in 1935. A number of Irish institutions retain the Royal prefix, even though Republic of Ireland severed all remaining connections between the state and the British monarch in 1949, the University of South Africa received a Royal Charter in 1877
Royal Charter
–
King's College, now the
University of Toronto, was founded with the issuance of this royal charter
Royal Charter
–
The
Hudson's Bay Company building in
Montreal
Royal Charter
–
The emblem of the Royal Observatory, Hong Kong
30.
King Edward VII
–
Edward VII was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, before his accession to the throne, he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors. During the long reign of his mother, he was excluded from political power. He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial duties, and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes, as king, Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War. He reinstituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised and he died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. Edward was born at 10,48 in the morning on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace and he was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle and he was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the family throughout his life. As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically Duke of Cornwall, as a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841, Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850, a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867. In 1863, he renounced his rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a constitutional monarch. At age seven, Edward embarked on an educational programme devised by Prince Albert. Unlike his elder sister Victoria, Edward did not excel in his studies and he tried to meet the expectations of his parents, but to no avail. Although Edward was not a diligent student—his true talents were those of charm, sociability and tact—Benjamin Disraeli described him as informed, intelligent, after the completion of his secondary-level studies, his tutor was replaced by a personal governor, Robert Bruce. After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, he spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under, among others, in October, he matriculated as an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford. Now released from the strictures imposed by his parents, he enjoyed studying for the first time
King Edward VII
–
Coronation portrait by Sir
Luke Fildes
King Edward VII
–
Portrait of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, by
Winterhalter, 1846
King Edward VII
–
Edward at
Niagara Falls, 1860
King Edward VII
–
Edward and Alexandra on their wedding day, 1863
31.
Queen Alexandra
–
Alexandra of Denmark was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Empress of India as the wife of King-Emperor Edward VII. At the age of sixteen, she was chosen as the wife of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. They married eighteen months later in 1863, the year her father became king of Denmark as Christian IX. She was Princess of Wales from 1863 to 1901, the longest anyone has held that title. Largely excluded from wielding any political power, she attempted to sway the opinion of British ministers and her husbands family to favour Greek. Her public duties were restricted to uncontroversial involvement in charitable work, on the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, Albert Edward became king-emperor as Edward VII, with Alexandra as queen-empress. She held the status until Edwards death in 1910 and she greatly distrusted her nephew, German Emperor Wilhelm II, and supported her son during World War I, in which Britain and its allies fought Germany. Her father was Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and her mother was Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel, although she was of royal blood, her family lived a comparatively normal life. They did not possess great wealth, her fathers income from a commission was about £800 per year and their house was a rent-free grace. Occasionally, Hans Christian Andersen was invited to call and tell the stories before bedtime. In 1848, King Christian VIII of Denmark died and his only son, Frederick was childless, had been through two unsuccessful marriages, and was assumed to be infertile. A succession crisis arose as Frederick ruled in both Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein, and the rules of each territory differed. In Holstein, the Salic law prevented inheritance through the female line, Holstein, being predominantly German, proclaimed independence and called in the aid of Prussia. In 1852, the great powers called a conference in London to discuss the Danish succession, Prince Christian was given the title Prince of Denmark and his family moved into a new official residence, Bernstorff Palace. Alexandra shared a draughty attic bedroom with her sister, Dagmar, made her own clothes, Alexandra and Dagmar were given swimming lessons by the Swedish pioneer of womens swimming, Nancy Edberg. At Bernstorff, Alexandra grew into a woman, she was taught English by the English chaplain at Copenhagen and was confirmed in Christiansborg Palace. She was devout throughout her life, and followed High Church practice, Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert, were already concerned with finding a bride for their son and heir, Albert Edward, the Prince of Wales. They enlisted the aid of their daughter, Crown Princess Victoria of Prussia, Alexandra was not their first choice, since the Danes were at loggerheads with the Prussians over the Schleswig-Holstein Question and most of the British royal familys relations were German
Queen Alexandra
–
Photograph by
Alexander Bassano, 1881
Queen Alexandra
–
Yellow Palace, Copenhagen: Alexandra's childhood home
Queen Alexandra
–
Christian IX of Denmark with his wife and their six children, 1862. Left to right:
Dagmar,
Frederick,
Valdemar,
Christian IX,
Queen Louise,
Thyra,
George and Alexandra
Queen Alexandra
–
The Landing of HRH The Princess Alexandra at Gravesend, 7 March 1863, by
Henry Nelson O'Neil
32.
First World War
–
World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
First World War
–
Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the
Battle of the Somme,
Mark V tanks cross the
Hindenburg Line,
HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a
mine in the
Dardanelles, a British
Vickers machine gun crew wears
gas masks during the Battle of the Somme,
Albatros D.III fighters of
Jagdstaffel 11
First World War
–
Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the
Austrian annexation in 1908.
First World War
–
This picture is usually associated with the arrest of
Gavrilo Princip, although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.
First World War
–
Serbian Army
Blériot XI "Oluj", 1915.
33.
Second World War
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
Second World War
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
Second World War
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
Second World War
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
Second World War
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
34.
Arts Tower
–
For the skyscraper in Panama City, see Arts Tower The Arts Tower is a building at 12 Bolsover Street in Sheffield, England belonging to the University of Sheffield and opened in 1966. English Heritage has called it the most elegant university tower block in Britain of its period, at 255 feet tall, it is the second tallest building in the city, after the 101 m, St Pauls Tower on Arundel Gate, which was topped out in 2009. Designed by architects Gollins, Melvin, Ward & Partners, construction of the started in 1961. Entry to the building was made by a wide bridge between fountains over a shallow pool area in front of the building. An alternative design for a Rotunda-style cylindrical building was out when suitable curved furnishings were costed. The building was opened by Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother in June 1966, it has 20 stories. These housed the Departments of Landscape, Modern Languages, Philosophy, Biblical Studies, as its name suggests, the building originally housed all the Universitys arts departments, which had far fewer students in the 1960s. Noticeboards for long rehoused departments such as History and Social Science survive in the basement foyer area, there are also two floors below ground level that house nine lecture theatres. The building contains a cafe in the basement and it has a student computer room on the 10th floor, and a self-service language teaching centre on the second. Circulation is through two ordinary lifts and a lift which, at 38 cars, is the largest of the few surviving in the United Kingdom. A bridge at the mezzanine level links the tower to Western Bank Library and this building was also designed by Gollins, Melvin, Ward & Partners—the two buildings are intended to be viewed together. The Arts Tower and Library are Grade II* listed buildings, the buildings can be visited during office hours, although visitors may have to sign a register and show identification. In December 2007, the University announced plans for a refurbishment of the Arts Tower. The building was vacated in April 2009, with refurbishment taking approximately two years to complete
Arts Tower
–
Arts Tower in 2013
Arts Tower
–
Paternoster lift
35.
Octagon Centre
–
The Octagon Centre, built in 1983, is a multi-purpose conference centre and music venue at the University of Sheffield, England. The Octagon is used for a variety of purposes, including examinations, lectures, graduation ceremonies, conferences, music concerts and club nights. By early 1963, the funding was revoked because a building was no longer considered a priority for the university given other pressures arising from construction underway at the time. Eventually, the Drama Studio opened on a site in 1970. The university was offered the empty premises of J. G. Graves Ltd. Despite initial plans to convert it for use by the Biology department, the site was used as the Clarkson Street car park until the Octagon Centre construction began in 1982. By 1981 the university had made plans to build a new venue at a cost of £1.75 million, the plans were criticsed by the Association of University Teachers and the local press at the time. The building was opened in 1983 under the management of Stephen Ware, the SDP held a conference there in 1988 and degree congregations moved there from Sheffield City Hall in 1984. There is also a bar lounge on the side of the hall, all of these areas are connected by a foyer entrance block. The Convocation Hall has a diameter of approximately 32 m on the East-West axis, the building is connected to University House by a footbridge, offering access to University Houses catering facilities. The Students Union hosts weekly nightclub and live events in the Octagon. In 2006 Eddie Izzard received a doctorate in Letters at a graduation ceremony in the Octagon Centre. The Octagon Centre is situated on the A57 near its intersection with the A61. Access from the north and north-east of the country is provided by the M1 and M18, with routes from the served by the M1. Access from the west is served by the A57 Snake Pass, although there are a number of car parking spaces around the university, car parking can often be limited, so the university recommend using park and ride services or planning car parking in advance. A number of bus routes serve the area around the university, with routes H1,30, Sheffield station is just over 2 hours away from London St Pancras and 1 hour from Leeds, Manchester and Nottingham. There is a connection to the Supertram network at the station via an overbridge. The nearest international airport is Doncaster, approximately 30 minutes away by car, other nearby international airports include Manchester, Leeds/Bradford and East Midlands Airport
Octagon Centre
–
Octagon Centre main entrance
Octagon Centre
–
Drama Studio
Octagon Centre
–
Sheffield rail station
36.
Sheffield Hallam University
–
Sheffield Hallam University is a public university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The university is the eighth largest university in the UK with 31,485 students,4,494 staff and 708 courses, the day-to-day running was controlled by the local council, whilst the Board of Trade in London appointed the head. Tuition began in a 60x40ft rented room off Glossop Road, in 1850 the School of Design was renamed Sheffield School of Art. In 1905 the City of Sheffield Training College on Collegiate Crescent admitted its first 90 students, in 1967 the Owen Building was constructed. Built in a functional 1960s design, it has since been modernised, in 1969 the Sheffield School of Design merged with the citys College of Technology to form Sheffield Polytechnic. In 1976 Sheffield Polytechnic merged with the two teacher training colleges and was renamed Sheffield City Polytechnic. In 1987 Sheffield City Polytechnic became a member of the Northern Consortium. In 1992 Sheffield City Polytechnic became Sheffield Hallam University, with the right to award its own degrees, in 2005 SHU was reorganised into four faculties. The new Faculty of Development and Society, with an emphasis on people, places and spaces, brought together education, geography, humanities, law, and social sciences. At the same time, with the intention of developing research and teaching in the new Faculty of Health and Wellbeing. The building that had designed and constructed to house the National Centre for Popular Music became the universitys students union building. The Nelson Mandela Building, the students union building, was sold and has since been demolished. In 2007 SHU took over the teaching of nursing and midwifery from the University of Sheffield and these activities are now based at the Collegiate Crescent Campus. The following year the Psalter Lane campus was closed, and the transferred to the City Campus. The £26 million energy-efficient Furnival Building opened in September, the building, which includes teaching spaces and an art gallery has been described as the impressive new entry point to the campus. Winston has a history in academia, being a full-time faculty member at Imperial College London for the majority of his career. SHU is the partner for Higher Futures, the Lifelong Learning Network for South Yorkshire, North Derbyshire. SHU received a First Class award and was ranked 15th out of 151 universities in the People & Planet University League 2015 which assesses universities on their environmental credentials, nazir Ahmed, Baron Ahmed, Labour Party Peer
Sheffield Hallam University
–
Sheffield Hallam University
Sheffield Hallam University
–
Owen Building
Sheffield Hallam University
–
Sheffield Hallam Students' Union
Sheffield Hallam University
–
What If? Poem on the side of Owen Building
37.
Sheffield City Council
–
Sheffield City Council is the city council for the metropolitan borough of Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England. It consists of 84 councillors, elected to represent 28 wards and it is currently under Labour control and led by Julie Dore. The council was founded as the Corporation of Sheffield in 1843, in 1889, it attained county borough status and in 1893 city status. In 1974, the Local Government Act 1972, reconstituted the City Council as a district council of South Yorkshire. It established a system of 90 councillors, three to each of 30 wards and this was reduced in 1980 with the merger of the Attercliffe and Darnall wards to 87 councillors in 29 wards. In 1986, the abolition of county councils saw Sheffield City Council effectively regain its county borough status. In 2004, the wards were completely reorganised, producing 28 new wards and 84 councillors. In April 2014, the Sheffield City Council voted to recognize the right to self-determination of Somaliland, a region in northwestern Somalia. The gesture is purely ceremonial and carries no legal weight, the UK government and the international community officially recognize Somaliland as a part of Somalia. For twenty years from 1846, Isaac Ironsides Central Democratic Association was a force on the council and it then returned to typical Conservative–Liberal rivalry. The Labour Party made little impact in its years, by 1918. That all changed in 1919, when Labour won almost all the seats up for election that year, giving them 12 councillors, in response to their losses, the Conservative and Liberal groups merged to form the Citizens Association, retaining control with 32 councillors and 15 aldermen. The Lib-Labs remained unchanged in numbers and politically between the two groups, in the following years, Labour continued to advance at the expense of the Citizens Association. By 1922, there were 18 Labour councillors and one alderman, by 1925,22 councillors, at the 1926 elections, Labour rose to 29 councillors. A majority on the council and a number of retiring aldermen finally enabled them to take 8 positions on the aldermanic bench. The seats were redistributed into 24 wards in 1930, and the Citizens Association renamed itself the Progressive Party, a further seat was added for Norton in 1934, taking the total number of positions to 75 councillors and 25 aldermen. That year, Labour briefly lost control, but regained it in 1934 and this rose to 14 the following year. In 1945, Labour had 59 total seats to the Progressives 39, one independent, Labour continued to build its majority, to 34 in 1952 and 42 by 1958
Sheffield City Council
Sheffield City Council
–
Sheffield City Council
38.
Pedestrianisation
–
Pedestrian zones are areas of a city or town reserved for pedestrian-only use and in which most or all automobile traffic may be prohibited. Converting a street or an area to use is called pedestrianisation. However, pedestrianisation can sometimes lead to reductions in business activity, property devaluation, in some cases traffic in surrounding areas may increase, due to displacement rather than substitution of car traffic. Pedestrian zones have a variety of approaches to human-powered vehicles such as bicycles, inline skates, skateboards. Some have a ban on anything with wheels, others ban certain categories, others segregate the human-powered wheels from foot traffic. Many Middle Eastern kasbahs have no wheeled traffic, but use donkey-driven or hand-driven carts for freight transport, the idea of separating pedestrians from wheeled traffic is an old one, dating back at least to the Renaissance. However, the earliest modern implementation of the idea in cities seems to date from about 1800, separated shopping arcades were constructed throughout Europe in the 19th century, precursors of modern shopping malls. The first pedestrianisation of an existing street seems to have taken place around 1929 in Essen and this was in a very narrow shopping street that could not accommodate both vehicular and pedestrian traffic. Two other German cities followed this model in the early 1930s, by 1955 twenty-one German cities had closed at least one street to traffic, although only four were true pedestrian streets, designed for the purpose. At this time pedestrianisation was not seen as a traffic restraint policy, pedestrianisation was also common in the United States during the 1950s and 60s as downtown businesses attempted to compete with new suburban shopping malls. However, most of these initiatives were not successful in the long term, a car-free zone is different from a typical pedestrian zone, in that it implies a development largely predicated on modes of transport other than the car. A pedestrian zone may be more limited in scope, for example a single square or street being for pedestrians. A number of towns and cities in Europe have never allowed motor vehicles, archetypal examples are, Venice, which occupies many islands in a lagoon, divided by and accessed from canals. The city has been car-free for more than three decades, motor traffic stops at the car park at the head of the viaduct from the mainland, and water transport or walking takes over from there. However, motor vehicles are allowed on the nearby Lido, mount Athos, an autonomous monastic state under the sovereignty of Greece, does not permit automobiles on its territory. Trucks and work-related vehicles only are in use there, the medieval city of Mdina in Malta does not allow automobiles past the city walls. It is known as the Silent City because of the absence of traffic in the city. Sark, an island in the English Channel, is a zone where only bicycles, carriages
Pedestrianisation
–
Strøget,
Copenhagen 's pedestrian zone.
Pedestrianisation
–
Promenade in
Bielsko-Biała,
Poland.
Pedestrianisation
–
Marktplatz in
Karlsruhe,
Germany, coexistent with a tramline.
Pedestrianisation
–
Knez Mihailova pedestrian zone at night with New Year decoration in
Belgrade,
Serbia
39.
Information Commons, Sheffield
–
The Information Commons is a library and computing building in Sheffield, England, and is part of the University of Sheffield. The architects were the Edinburgh-based RMJM, the IC is located on Leavygreave Road, close to the University tram stop. The project was conceived and is operated by the University Library. The IC has over 1,300 study spaces,500 computers, there is an information desk and a café on the ground floor, toilets and water fountains on all levels and shower facilities on the first level. The building is open to University of Sheffield staff and students 24 hours a day,365 days a year, University of Sheffield guide to building Information Commons blog
Information Commons, Sheffield
–
Information Commons
40.
University of Sheffield Union of Students
–
The University of Sheffield Union of Students is the representative body of students at the University of Sheffield. It is run by a team of eight elected sabbatical officers, the forerunner of the University was Firth College which had both a Student Common Room and student societies including an Athletics Union. The Common Room Committee specifically had a chairman/woman indicating equal status with a student winning the earliest known election in 1896. However, for the University itself, a Student Representative Council was formed in 1906, the first SRC had 20 men and 10 women elected, with 4 men and 3 women as officers. There was a Student President and two Vice-Presidents, one male and one female, for some periods it was called the Guild of Students. The building for the new university, now called Firth Court, had two rooms for students, one for men and one for women in which events could be organized. There was initial reluctance to hold dances on university property, but eventually dances were held in the hall at lunchtimes. The University acquired two small buildings in 1928 to serve as student clubs, but the Union did not get a separate building till 1936 and this building is still present within the complex, though the interior is much altered. Because of the expansion in numbers, a new building was constructed in 1960-61 adjacent to the Graves Hall, and linked to it, a link block had what was claimed to be the longest Union bar in the country. In addition to the Union building, the Union shared facilities with the University in adjacent buildings, University House, a major development project was completed in 2013, integrating University House into the Union building and providing an enclosed bridge to the Octagon Centre. The Students Union, its officers and staff are bound by democratically chosen policies and are reviewed every three years. Nestlé products are banned within the Students Union and its commercial services, the bottled water ban was upheld following a referendum in October 2014, and will remain in place until 2017. The Students Union council gave its support to the Go Fossil Free campaign by passing a motion in spring 2014 and this global divestment movement, initiated by 350. The Students Union has LGBT friendly policy, ensuring that all activities, facilities, services, organisations, the Union is run by a variety of working, representative and standing committees, presided over by the Student Union Council and eight elected full-time sabbatical officers. These elected officers are supported by a permanent staff led by the Chief Executive Jaki Booth. Paul Blomfield, now MP for Sheffield Central constituency, was in the role for a number of years before stepping down in 2010 and it is a constituent member of the NUS. The Union has turnover of around £11,000,000 and it provides for over 270 student societies, and contains a student employment service, two bars, four club venues, and outlets for food, drink, clothing and stationary. Bar One is a student bar, while The Interval is described as a continental style cafe/bar
University of Sheffield Union of Students
–
Concourse during Intro Week
University of Sheffield Union of Students
–
University of Sheffield Students' Union
41.
University House, University of Sheffield
–
University House is a large 6 floor building in the centre of the University of Sheffields campus. The building is used to house part of the students union on floors 1 to 4. Most of the university run departments, including the food courts, the students union occupies the Eastern Link Building section. It is connected to the Octagon Centre on level 4 via a skyway, the original structure was built in 1963 and located to the west, isolated from the older Graves Building to the east. The building housed the bar and two food areas, the lower refectory and upper refectory, amongst other offices and union departments. The 5th floor was another catering area used by staff, and also housed a room for staff and it is still part of the University House building however. As a result, the numbering can become confusing, with slightly different physical levels between the three buildings all being assigned the same number and usually isolated from each other. It is not possible however to cross between these areas on one level - you must first descend to level three and then go back up again, a £20 million refurbishment of the building took place between July 2012 and September 2013. University of Sheffield Octagon Centre University House website
University House, University of Sheffield
–
People
42.
Firth Court
–
Firth Court is the main administrative centre for the University of Sheffield in Sheffield, England, and also houses the Department for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and Biomedical Science. It is linked, via the Addison Building to the Alfred Denny Building, Firth Court stands at the heart of the University of Sheffield precinct on Western Bank. The building was opened by King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra in 1905, Firth Hall is named after Sheffield steel manufacturer Mark Firth who played a key role in the University of Sheffields early development. The building originally housed the Universitys Arts, Science and Medicine departments, the main entrance is on floor C, from this point up there are four complete floors and then G floor which is divided into several sections. In places the building extends above G floor, these towers do not have official floor letters, counted from the bottom of the NMR pit to the highest research laboratory Firth court is 10 floors
Firth Court
–
Firth Court, viewed from Western Bank
43.
Natural sciences
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Natural science is a branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena, based on observational and empirical evidence. Mechanisms such as review and repeatability of findings are used to try to ensure the validity of scientific advances. Natural science can be divided into two branches, life science and physical science. Physical science is subdivided into branches, including physics, space science, chemistry and these branches of natural science may be further divided into more specialized branches. Modern natural science succeeded more classical approaches to natural philosophy, usually traced to ancient Greece, galileo, Descartes, Francis Bacon, and Newton debated the benefits of using approaches which were more mathematical and more experimental in a methodical way. Still, philosophical perspectives, conjectures, and presuppositions, often overlooked, systematic data collection, including discovery science, succeeded natural history, which emerged in the 16th century by describing and classifying plants, animals, minerals, and so on. Today, natural history suggests observational descriptions aimed at popular audiences, philosophers of science have suggested a number of criteria, including Karl Poppers controversial falsifiability criterion, to help them differentiate scientific endeavors from non-scientific ones. Validity, accuracy, and quality control, such as peer review and this field encompasses a set of disciplines that examines phenomena related to living organisms. The scale of study can range from sub-component biophysics up to complex ecologies, biology is concerned with the characteristics, classification and behaviors of organisms, as well as how species were formed and their interactions with each other and the environment. The biological fields of botany, zoology, and medicine date back to periods of civilization. However, it was not until the 19th century that became a unified science. Once scientists discovered commonalities between all living things, it was decided they were best studied as a whole, modern biology is divided into subdisciplines by the type of organism and by the scale being studied. Molecular biology is the study of the chemistry of life, while cellular biology is the examination of the cell. At a higher level, anatomy and physiology looks at the internal structures, constituting the scientific study of matter at the atomic and molecular scale, chemistry deals primarily with collections of atoms, such as gases, molecules, crystals, and metals. The composition, statistical properties, transformations and reactions of these materials are studied, chemistry also involves understanding the properties and interactions of individual atoms and molecules for use in larger-scale applications. Most chemical processes can be studied directly in a laboratory, using a series of techniques for manipulating materials, chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in connecting the other natural sciences. Early experiments in chemistry had their roots in the system of Alchemy, the science of chemistry began to develop with the work of Robert Boyle, the discoverer of gas, and Antoine Lavoisier, who developed the theory of the Conservation of mass. The success of science led to a complementary chemical industry that now plays a significant role in the world economy
Natural sciences
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The natural sciences seek to understand how the world and
universe around us works. There are five major branches:
Chemistry (center),
astronomy,
earth science,
physics, and
biology (clockwise from top-left).
Natural sciences
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Space missions have been used to image distant locations within the
Solar System, such as this
Apollo 11 view of
Daedalus crater on the
far side of the Moon.
Natural sciences
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Plato (left) and Aristotle in
a 1509 painting by
Raphael. Plato rejected inquiry into natural philosophy as against religion, while his student, Aristotle, created a body of work on the natural world that influenced generations of scholars.
Natural sciences
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Isaac Newton is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time.
44.
Listed building
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A listed building or listed structure, in the United Kingdom, is one that has been placed on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest. The statutory bodies maintaining the list are Historic England in England, Cadw in Wales, Historic Scotland in Scotland, however, the preferred term in Ireland is protected structure. In England and Wales, an amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition. Owners of listed buildings are, in circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained, slightly different systems operate in each area of the United Kingdom, though the basic principles of the listing remain the same. It was the damage to caused by German bombing during World War II that prompted the first listing of buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. The listings were used as a means of determining whether a building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning Order 1972, the listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. In the UK, the process of protecting the historic environment is called ‘designation’. A heritage asset is a part of the environment that is valued because of its historic. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have legal protection through designation. However, buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest are still regarded as being a consideration in the planning process. Almost anything can be listed – it does not have to be a building, Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in a wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and these include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. Both Historic Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners, in England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to the secretary of state, this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England. The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed, full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on the architectural, the Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether or not to list or delist the building. In England and Wales the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning Act 1990, Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England Heritage at Risk Register
Listed building
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The
Forth Bridge, designed by
Sir Benjamin Baker and
Sir John Fowler, opened in 1890, and now owned by
Network Rail, is designated as a Category A listed building by
Historic Scotland.
Listed building
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Buckingham Palace, the official London residence of the British monarch, listed Grade I.
Listed building
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Royal Festival Hall, London was the first postwar building to gain Grade I-listed status.
Listed building
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The Grade I listed
King's College London Chapel on the Strand Campus seen today was redesigned in 1864 by
Sir George Gilbert Scott
45.
A57 road
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The A57 is a major road in England. Within Manchester a short stretch becomes the A57 motorway, the 3-mile £4 million Aston relief road in Sheffield opened in mid-1985, with the old route now designated as the B6200. The A57 begins at The Strand near the River Mersey, as part of Water Street, the connecting roads Moorfields and Hatton Garden are also part of the A57, which join the east and west directions. In both directions, Churchill Way crosses the A59 near the entrance of the Queensway Tunnel and it overlaps briefly with the A580 as Islington, separated as two one-way roads, then becomes Prescot Street, passing the Royal Liverpool University Hospital. At the junction with the B5340, it becomes Kensington, meeting the A5089 to the south and B5188 to the north and it crosses a railway at Fairfield passing St Annes Church on the left near the Stanley public house, overlapping with the B5189 Green Lane to the north. It meets the A5047 to the south near a Tesco and the B5189 at Old Swan, at the junction with the A5058 Queens Drive it enters Knotty Ash, becoming East Prescot Road and a trunk road. There is a roundabout and it enters Dovecot before it passes through Huyton and it passes through Prescot as the non-trunk Derby Street then High Street. It meets the A58 again and becomes a road, then meets the B5200 at a roundabout. It crosses the Liverpool to Wigan Line near Scotchbarn Leisure Centre and it meets the B5201 to the north opposite Whiston Hospital. It passes through Rainhill, meeting the B5413 near the railway station and it passes Rainhill High School to the left, then St Bartholomew RC Primary School. At junction 7 of the M62, it meets the A557, the road runs along the road from junction 7 for about 1 mile, then it meets the B5419 at a crossroads, and the A569 to the left at Bold Heath near the Griffin Inn. At Lingley Green it enters as Liverpool Road, passing the Trigger Pond pub on the left and it crosses the Liverpool to Manchester Line. At Great Sankey, it becomes a dual-carriageway and meets the A562 at a roundabout, the original route through Warrington town centre included the narrow Sankey Street, which required special narrow buses to be operated. The road now bypasses Warrington town centre via a new elevated road, Midland Way, the road loses its trunk road status and becomes School Brow. Warrington Parish Church, St Elphin, is to the right, the road becomes Manchester Road, and meets the A50 at crossroads. It passes through Bruche, home of a police training centre. At Paddington, the road becomes dual-carriageway as New Manchester Road, in Woolston, it becomes Manchester Road. It passes a 40 mph speed camera near Woolston Leisure Centre, at junction 21 of the M6, it becomes a trunk road and meets the B5210 Woolston Grange Avenue at a roundabout, then passes the Mascrat Manor at another roundabout
A57 road
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A milestone along the A57, indicating the Warrington and Lower Irlam Turnpike Trust road, near
Rixton. The opposite side gives the distance to Warrington.
A57 road
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A57 road
A57 road
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Irlam bypass being built in September 2005
A57 road
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Patricroft Bridge over the Bridgewater Canal
46.
Sauerbruch Hutton
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Sauerbruch Hutton is an architecture practice based in Berlin, Germany. It was founded by Matthias Sauerbruch and Louisa Hutton in 1989, the firm creates functional, sensual and conscientious architecture with individuality and personality. The practice is noted for its synthesis of colour in the design process, the practice is led by Matthias Sauerbruch, Louisa Hutton and Juan Lucas Young. Matthias Sauerbruch studied architecture at Berlin’s Hochschule der Künste and at the Architectural Association in London and he has worked at Rem Koolhaas’s Office for Metropolitan Architecture in London, leading the House at Checkpoint Charlie project. In 2005 he was appointed Kenzo Tange Visiting Design Critic at the Harvard Graduate School of Design, from 2012 to 2015 he was a guest professor at Berlin University of Arts Universität der Künste. Hes a commissioner of the Zurich Building Council, a trustee of the Bauhaus Dessau Foundation, Sauerbruch is a grandson of the surgeon Ferdinand Sauerbruch. Louisa Hutton completed her degree at Bristol University and later graduated from the Architectural Association. She worked at the offices of Alison and Peter Smithson and has taught at the AA and she is a member of the Curatorial Board of the Schelling Architekturstiftung, and was a Commissioner at CABE and a member of the first Steering Committee for the Bundesstiftung Baukultur. In 2014 Louisa Hutton was elected as a Royal Academician of the Royal Academy of Arts, the firm’s first offices were located in London, where both founders were engaged in teaching roles. Many of their first commissions were in relatively confined urban areas, a typical Victorian terrace, this was the practice’s first essay in applied colour. The architects used colour to visually expand the cramped spaces, the GSW Headquarters is situated 250 meters from Checkpoint Charlie. It was the first tall building to rise in Berlin after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the winning competition proposal by Sauerbruch Hutton was a critique of the Critical reconstruction established by Hans Stimmann, Berlins building director from 1991 to 2006. The GSW Headquarters has double-skinned facades, the system of blinds on the west facade plays an important role in controlling solar gains and reduces the use of artificial heating and cooling. Polychromy was a key feature of the blinds and their work for GSW gained Sauerbruch Hutton considerable renown and established their worldwide reputation. In the works that followed, they continued to develop their expertise on sustainable building solutions as well as the use of colour as a material on projects throughout Europe. The Federal Environmental Agency in Dessau was a benchmark in the design of office buildings. The colour scheme of the facade picking colours from its surroundings helps root the massive scheme, a serpentine plan fosters a personal, corporeal perception of the building as one walks along its length – an uncommonly sensuous gesture for an office building. An inventive spirit pervades all of the work, resulting in a portfolio of prototypical
Sauerbruch Hutton
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GSW Headquarters building in Berlin. The windows are polychromatic pastel hues of orange and rose when the window shades are closed.
Sauerbruch Hutton
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Part of Sauerbruch Hutton's extended and renovated GSW Headquarters building in Berlin
Sauerbruch Hutton
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Cologne Oval Offices on Gustav-Heinemann-Ufer,
Cologne - completed in 2010
Sauerbruch Hutton
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Museum Brandhorst Munich, 2008
47.
Frederick Sydney Dainton
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Frederick Sydney Dainton, Baron Dainton FRS FRSE was an English academic chemist and university administrator. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1957, knighted in 1971 and was elevated to a peerage as Baron Dainton. He obtained a scholarship to the Central Secondary School in Sheffield and he won an Exhibition at St. Johns College, Oxford with a supplementary grant and loan from the City of Sheffield, which enabled him to study chemistry, gaining a first class degree in 1937. He then moved to Cambridge working on photochemistry under Norrish, being short-sighted he was unfit for military service, and stayed to teach at Cambridge during the Second World War. It was during this period that he met and in 1942 married a zoology research student and they were married for 55 years, and had a son and two daughters. In 1950 he became Professor of Physical Chemistry at Leeds, specializing in radiation chemistry, from 1965 to 1970 he was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Nottingham. He was awarded an Honorary Degree by the University of Bath in 1970, in 1970 became Professor of Chemistry at Oxford, relinquishing this in 1973 to become Chair of the University Grants Committee, a position he held until 1985. In 1970 he became the chairman of the Council for Scientific Policy. In 1971 he was knighted and in 1986 made a life peer, from 1978 until his death he was the Chancellor of the University of Sheffield, the first Yorkshireman to hold this post. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1957 and he died in Oxford on 5 December 1997. Science, Salvation or Damnation Doubts and Certainties, A Personal Memoir of the 20th Century
Frederick Sydney Dainton
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Frederick Sydney Dainton, 1990s
48.
Richard J. Roberts
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Sir Richard John Roberts FRS is an English biochemist and molecular biologist. He was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Phillip Allen Sharp for the discovery of introns in eukaryotic DNA and he currently works at New England Biolabs. Roberts was born in Derby, the son of Edna and John Roberts, when he was four, Roberts family moved to Bath. In Bath, he attended City of Bath Boys School, as a child he at first wanted to be a detective and then, when given a chemistry set, a chemist. In 1965 he graduated from the University of Sheffield with a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry followed by a PhD in 1969 and his thesis involved phytochemical studies of neoflavonoids and isoflavonoids. During 1969–1972, he did research at Harvard University. Before moving to Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, where he was hired by James Dewey Watson, a co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, in 1992, he moved to New England Biolabs. The following year, he shared a Nobel Prize with his colleague at Cold Spring Harbor Phillip Sharp. Robertss discovery of the splicing of genes, in particular, has had a profound impact on the study. Roberts research in this field resulted in a shift in our understanding of genetics. In 1992, Roberts received a doctorate from the Faculty of Medicine at Uppsala University. After becoming a Nobel Laureate in 1993 he was awarded an Honorary Degree by the University of Bath in 1994, Roberts was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1995 and a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization in the same year. In 2005, an expansion to the chemistry department at the University of Sheffield. A refurbished science department at Beechen Cliff School was also named after Roberts, Roberts is an atheist and was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto. He was knighted in the 2008 Birthday Honours, Roberts is a member of the Advisory Board of Patient Innovation, a nonprofit, international, multilingual, free venue for patients and caregivers of any disease to share their innovations. Roberts has been a speaker at the Congress of Future Medical Leaders
Richard J. Roberts
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Richard Roberts
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