1.
Royal Academy of Turku
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The Royal Academy of Turku was the first university in Finland, and the only Finnish university that was founded when the country still was a part of Sweden. In 1809, after Finland became a Grand Duchy under the suzerainty of the Russian Tzar, in 1828, after the Great Fire of Turku, the institution was moved to Helsinki, in line with the relocation of the Grand Duchys capital. It was finally renamed the University of Helsinki when Finland became a sovereign nation-state in 1917, the academy was founded in 1640 by Queen Christina of Sweden at the proposal of Count Per Brahe, on base of Åbo Cathedral School. It was the university in the Swedish Empire, following Uppsala University. The first printing shop in Finland was established at the academy in 1642, Turku was the largest city in Finland and among the three largest in Sweden, while under Swedish sovereignty. As a result of the Great Fire of Turku of 1827, which devastated most of the city, the government offices that had remained were moved to the new capital. It continued in Helsinki, first as the Imperial Alexander University in Finland, List of early modern universities in Europe List of universities in Finland History of Finland History of Sweden The University of Helsinki official history - retrieved 9 March 2014. Pirkko Forsman Svensson, From monolingual to bi- and multilingual instruction at the University of Helsinki
2.
Rector (academia)
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A rector is a term used in non-English-speaking countries for a university chancellor. In the sphere of academia, it is the highest academic official of universities and in certain other institutions of higher education. The term and office of a rector are called a rectorate, the title is used widely in universities in Europe. And is very common in Latin American countries and it is also used in Brunei, Turkey, Russia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Israel and the Middle East. In some universities, the title is phrased in an even loftier manner and this term is generally not used in English-speaking countries. In England and elsewhere in Great Britain, the head of a university is referred to as a chancellor. This pattern has been followed in the Commonwealth, the United States, in Scotland, many universities are headed by a chancellor, with the Lord Rector designated as an elected representative of students at the head of the university court. The head of a university in Germany is called a president, rector magnificus or rectrix magnifica, in Dutch universities, the rector magnificus is the most publicly prominent member of the board, responsible for the scientific agenda of the university. In the Netherlands, the rector is, however, not the chair of the university board, the chair has, in practice, the most influence over the management of the University. In some countries, including Germany, the position of teacher in secondary schools is also designated as rector. In the Netherlands, the rector and conrector are used commonly for high school directors. This is also the case in some Maltese secondary schools, in the Scandinavian countries, the head of a university or a gymnasium is called a rektor. In Sweden and Norway, this term is used for the heads of primary schools. For example, in Portugal, the rector of the University of Coimbra, the heads of Czech universities are called the rektor. The rector acts in the name of the university and decides the universitys affairs unless prohibited by law, the rector is nominated by the University Academic Senate and appointed by the President of the Czech Republic. The nomination must be agreed by a majority of all senators. The vote to elect or repeal a rector is secret, the term of office is four years and a person may hold it for at most two consecutive terms. The rector appoints vice-rectors, who act as deputies to the extent the Rector determines, Rectors salaries are determined directly by the Minister of Education
3.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
4.
Doctorate
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There are a variety of doctoral degrees, with the most common being the Doctor of Philosophy, which is awarded in many different fields, ranging from the humanities to the scientific disciplines. The term doctor derives from the Latin docere meaning to teach, the doctorate appeared in medieval Europe as a license to teach Latin at a university. Its roots can be traced to the church in which the term doctor referred to the Apostles, church fathers. The right to grant a licentia docendi was originally reserved to the Catholic church, the Third Council of the Lateran of 1179 guaranteed the access—at that time largely free of charge—of all able applicants. This right remained a bone of contention between the authorities and universities that were slowly distancing themselves from the Church. The right was granted by the pope to the University of Paris in 1213 where it became a universal license to teach, according to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150. The so-called professional, vocational, or technical curriculum of the Middle Ages included only theology, law, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany in the 17th century. The term philosophy does not refer solely to the field or academic discipline of philosophy, but is used in a sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning. In most of Europe, all fields were traditionally known as philosophy, the doctorate of philosophy adheres to this historic convention, even though the degrees are not always for the study of philosophy. D. University doctoral training was a form of apprenticeship to a guild, the traditional term of study before new teachers were admitted to the guild of Masters of Arts was seven years, matching the apprenticeship term for other occupations. Originally the terms master and doctor were synonymous, but over time the doctorate came to be regarded as a higher qualification than the masters degree, University degrees, including doctorates, were originally restricted to men. The use and meaning of the doctorate has changed over time, for instance, until the early 20th century few academic staff or professors in English-speaking universities held doctorates, except for very senior scholars and those in holy orders. After that time the German practice of requiring lecturers to have completed a research doctorate spread, universities shift to research-oriented education increased the doctorates importance. Today, a doctorate or its equivalent is generally a prerequisite for an academic career. Professional doctorates developed in the United States from the 19th century onward, the first professional doctorate to be offered in the United States was the M. D. The MD became the standard first degree in medicine during the 19th century, the MD, as the standard qualifying degree in medicine, gave that profession the ability to set and raise standards for entry into professional practice. The modern research degree, in the shape of the German-style Ph. D. was first awarded in the U. S. in 1861, in the UK, research doctorates initially took the form of higher doctorates, introduced from 1882 onwards. The PhD spread to the UK from the US via Canada, following the MD, the next professional doctorate, the Juris Doctor, was established by Chicago University in 1902
5.
Turku
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Turku is a city on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Southwest Finland. Turku, as a town, was settled during the 13th century and founded most likely at the end of the 13th century and it quickly became the most important city in Finland, a status it retained for hundreds of years. Because of its history, it has been the site of many important events. Along with Tallinn, the city of Estonia, Turku was designated the European Capital of Culture for 2011. In 1996, it was declared the official Christmas City of Finland, due to its location, Turku is a notable commercial and passenger seaport with over three million passengers traveling through the Port of Turku each year to Stockholm and Mariehamn. As of 31 December 2016, the population of Turku was 187,564, there were 318,168 inhabitants living in the Turku sub-region, ranking it as the third largest urban area in Finland after the Greater Helsinki area and Tampere sub-region. The city is bilingual as 5.2 percent of its population identify Swedish as a mother-tongue. The Finnish name Turku originates from an Old East Slavic word, tǔrgǔ, the word turku still means market place in some idioms in Finnish. The Swedish word for market place is torg, and was borrowed from Old East Slavic. The Swedish name Åbo may be a combination of å. As this pattern does not appear in any other Swedish place names in Finland, one theory is that it comes from Aabo, the Finnish rendition of the Russian Avram, which could also be the origin of the name of the river Aura. There is however an old legal term called åborätt, which gave citizens the right to live at land owned by the crown. In Finnish, the genitive of Turku is Turun, meaning of Turku, the Finnish names of organizations and institutes of Turku often begin with this word, as in Turun yliopisto for the University of Turku. Turku has a history as Finlands largest city and occasionally as the administrative center of the country. The citys identity stems from its status as the oldest city in Finland, originally, the word Finland referred only to the area around Turku. Although archaeological findings in the date back to the Stone Age. The Cathedral of Turku was consecrated in 1300, during the Middle Ages, Turku was the seat of the Bishop of Turku, covering the then eastern half of the Kingdom of Sweden until the 17th century. Even if Turku had no official status, both the short-lived institutions of Dukes and Governors-General of Finland usually had their Finnish residences there
6.
Finland
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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
7.
Coimbra Group
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The Coimbra Group is an association of European universities founded in 1985. Its member universities are older multi-disciplinary research institutions, the group takes its name from the city of Coimbra, Portugal, and its University of Coimbra, one of the oldest in Europe. The Coimbra Group was founded in 1985 and formally constituted in 1987 by a charter signed between its members, then numbering 19, in 1994 it published Charters of Foundation and Early Documents of the Universities of the Coimbra Group. A second edition was published in 2005, by which time Caen had left the group while Åbo, Bergen, Geneva, Graz, Lyon, Padua, Tartu, since then, the Group has added Vilnius University in June 2015 and Durham University in June 2016. This brought the membership of the group to 39, but it fell to 38 in October 2016. As of October 2016, the Coimbra Group includes 38 universities in 23 countries, Charter members are marked *, University of Caen* University of Cambridge University of Lyon University of Oxford* Aristotle University of Thessaloniki* Official website
8.
University of the Arctic
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UArctic was launched on June 12,2001, endorsed by the Arctic Council and in conjunction with the 10th anniversary of the Rovaniemi Process and the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy. There are 143 members of UArctic, which includes 174 members, most UArctic members are higher education institutions, but other members include circumpolar indigenous organizations and research institutions. The University of the Arctic is governed by a structure in which the institutions are represented through various mechanisms. It has evolved steadily since the founding in 2001, with the latest addition being the Rectors Forum. The foundation of the structure is the annual UArctic Council, which consists of representatives from all member institutions and it holds powers roughly corresponding to the parliament of a parliamentary democracy. Between Council meetings, the committee, Toyon, deals with relevant issues. Toyon consists of the Chair, the Vice-secretary and the Chairs of all standing committees, all these positions are elected by the Council. The government of UArctic is the Board of Governors, which is elected by the council. At the Board meetings, the President and leader of the International Secretariat also participate, the Board works with the Council and Administration on relevant issues, and may delegate specific tasks. The President of UArctic is the chief executive officer and is responsible for overall administration. S/he is accountable to the Board for the management of the University. The President participates ex officio in meetings of the Council, Toyon and the Board, the Secretariat has the primary responsibility for coordinating internal and external information, examples of which are the monthly UArctic newsletter, Shared Voices, the website and news services. The Secretariat provides support for the rest of the UArctic structure, the Rectors Forum brings together university and college Presidents, Rectors, Provosts, Chancellors and Vice-Presidents around specific themes. The member organizations contribute resources to the University of the Arctic, a small membership fee is also collected from member organizations. Special emphasis is given to matters concerning Indigenous people of the Circumpolar North, the Circumpolar Studies program consists of two required components, The BCS Core and an Advanced Emphasis. The BCS Core consists of one lower-level introductory course and six upper-level advanced courses in three fields of study. As a north2north participant, students travel to another institution for a period of 3–12 months. This time period is dependent on the needs of the student, as well as the structures of their home, students have the advantage of taking courses that may not be available at their home institution and the courses taken during the exchange year are credited towards their degree
9.
Finland Swedish
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Most Swedish-speaking Finns emphasize that Finland Swedish is not a language separate from the Swedish of Sweden. The Swedish dialects in Finland are considered varieties of Swedish, Swedish as spoken in Finland is regulated by the Swedish Department of the Institute for the Languages of Finland. An often repeated fact is that the municipality with the highest proportion of Swedish speakers in the world, korsnäs has also held this title and is often cited as such. However, as there are no statistics on the mother tongue of inhabitants of Sweden. In addition bilingualism is common for immigrants in Sweden, so the term Swedish-speaking may be diffuse in that sense. In the spoken vernacular, especially young people in Finnish-dominated areas. There are also words in Finland Swedish that would be considered slightly archaic in Sweden. Some government and public service terms that have created in recent centuries also differ. The same is true of other new words, notably loanwords from English. e. in normal, in 1809, when Finland was conquered by the Russian Empire and became an autonomous Grand Duchy, Swedish remained the only official language. Finland has since then been a country with a Swedish-speaking minority living mostly in the coastal areas of southern, south-western. During the 20th century, the following the Industrial Revolution has led to large majorities of Finnish speakers in all major cities. The capital Helsinki became predominantly Finnish-speaking as recently as around 1900, a large and important part of the Swedish-speaking population nevertheless lives in the capital. The autonomous island province of Åland is an exception, being monolingually Swedish-speaking according to international treaties and it is a matter of definition whether the Swedish dialects spoken on Åland are to be considered a kind of Finland Swedish or not. Most Swedish-speaking Finns and linguists consider them to be closer to some of the dialects spoken in parts of Sweden. Swedish is one of the two languages of the republic of Finland, the other being Finnish. These two languages have equal status in nearly all legislation. The other minority languages are regulated separately, Finland Swedish is regulated by the Institute for the Languages of Finland. Official Swedish is not supposed to be different from Swedish as found in Sweden
10.
Southwest Finland
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Southwest Finland, also known in English as Finland Proper is the region in south-western Finland that borders the regions of Satakunta and Tavastia Proper. Its capital and biggest city is Turku with 182,000 inhabitants, Turku was also the most important city in Finland from its establishment around the 13th century until the 1840s. The area comprising the southwest is largely the same as the province of Finland Proper. 5. 7% of population of the region speaks Swedish natively, the name of Finland Proper has a historial function. In historic times, in the area of the present southern Finland lived three tribes, which were the Finns, the Tavastians and the Karelians, the southwestern part of the country, the province where the Finns lived, was called simply Finland. In the 17th century the name began to be used to refer to the whole land, the Finnish term Varsinais-Suomi became established only around the 1850s. The region of Southwest Finland is made up of 27 municipalities, Finland Proper travel guide from Wikivoyage Regional Council of Southwest Finland — official website South Finland EU Office
11.
European Union
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The European Union is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of 4,475,757 km2, the EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished, a monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency. The EU operates through a system of supranational and intergovernmental decision-making. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community, the community and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. While no member state has left the EU or its antecedent organisations, the Maastricht Treaty established the European Union in 1993 and introduced European citizenship. The latest major amendment to the basis of the EU. The EU as a whole is the largest economy in the world, additionally,27 out of 28 EU countries have a very high Human Development Index, according to the United Nations Development Programme. In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the EU has developed a role in external relations and defence. The union maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G7, because of its global influence, the European Union has been described as an emerging superpower. After World War II, European integration was seen as an antidote to the nationalism which had devastated the continent. 1952 saw the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community, the supporters of the Community included Alcide De Gasperi, Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman, and Paul-Henri Spaak. These men and others are credited as the Founding fathers of the European Union. In 1957, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome and they also signed another pact creating the European Atomic Energy Community for co-operation in developing nuclear energy. Both treaties came into force in 1958, the EEC and Euratom were created separately from the ECSC, although they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly. The EEC was headed by Walter Hallstein and Euratom was headed by Louis Armand, Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union among members. During the 1960s, tensions began to show, with France seeking to limit supranational power, Jean Rey presided over the first merged Commission. In 1973, the Communities enlarged to include Denmark, Ireland, Norway had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum
12.
University
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A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
13.
University of Helsinki
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The University of Helsinki is a university located in Helsinki, Finland since 1829, but was founded in the city of Turku in 1640 as the Royal Academy of Åbo, at that time part of the Swedish Empire. It is the oldest and largest university in Finland with the widest range of disciplines available, around 36,500 students are currently enrolled in the degree programs of the university spread across 11 faculties and 11 research institutes. As of August 1,2005, the University complies with the structure of the Europe-wide Bologna Process and offers Bachelor, Master, Licenciate. Admission to degree programmes is determined by entrance examinations, in the case of bachelors degrees. It has been ranked a top 100 university in the according to the 2016 ARWU, QS. The university is bilingual, with teaching officially provided both in Finnish and Swedish, generally speaking, however, the university is monolingual Finnish, as courses taught in Swedish are very few and far apart. Teaching in English is extensive throughout the university at Master, Licentiate, remaining true to its traditionally strong Humboldtian ethos, the University of Helsinki places heavy emphasis on high-quality teaching and research of a top international standard. It is a member of various prominent international university networks, such as Europaeum, UNICA, the Utrecht Network, the first predecessor of the university, The Cathedral School of Åbo, was presumably founded in 1276 for education of boys to become servants of the Church. It was the university founded in the Swedish Empire, following Uppsala University. The second period of the Universitys history covers the period when Finland was a Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire, as Finland became part of the Russian Empire in 1809, Emperor Alexander I expanded the University and allocated substantial funds to it. In the capital the primary task of the University was to educate the Grand Duchy’s civil servants, the University became a community subscribing to the new Humboldtian ideals of science and culture, studying humanity and its living environment by means of scientific methods. The Alexander University was a centre of life that promoted the birth of an independent Finnish State. The great men of 19th century Finland, Johan Vilhelm Snellman, Johan Ludvig Runeberg, Elias Lönnrot, in the 19th century university research changed from being collection-centred to being experimental, empirical, and analytical. The more scientific approach of the university led to specialisation and created new disciplines, as the scientific disciplines developed, Finland received ever more scholarly knowledge and highly educated people, some of whom entered rapidly evolving industry or the government. The third period of the universitys history began with the creation of the independent Republic of Finland in 1917, once Finland gained her independence in 1917 the University was given a crucial role in building the nation state and, after World War II, the welfare state. Members of the community promoted the international relations of the new state. Furthermore, they were involved in national politics and the struggle for equality. In the 20th century, scholarly research at the University of Helsinki reached the level of the European elite in many disciplines. I, virtanen and the Nobel Prize in Medicine shared by Professor Ragnar Granit
14.
Rauma, Finland
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Rauma is a town and municipality of ca.39,700 inhabitants on the west coast of Finland,92 kilometres north of Turku, and 50 kilometres south of Pori. Granted town privileges on 17 April 1442, Rauma is known for its paper and maritime industry, high quality lace and the old architecture of its centre. In the 14th century, before being declared as a town, Rauma had a Franciscan monastery, in 1550, the townsmen of Rauma were ordered to relocate to Helsinki, but this was successfully countered and Rauma could continue its growth. Practically the whole town of Rauma was devastated in the fires of 1640 and 1682. The wooden city centre, which is how large the town was until 1809, has approximately 600 wooden buildings, the neo-renaissance style of many of the houses is a result of prosperity brought on by seafaring. In 1897 Rauma had the largest fleet of sailing boats in Finland, goods were mainly exported to Germany, Stockholm and the Baltic states. In the 1890s, Rauma got a college, which was later annexed to the University of Turku. A part of the department of education still exists in Rauma, the name Rauma comes from the Germanic word strauma, meaning stream. After World War II, Rauma developed into a city, the main industries being shipbuilding, paper and pulp mills. Rauma is also the fifth largest port in Finland with almost six million tonnes of shipping per year, olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant is located next to Rauma, in Eurajoki. Near Rauma, there is the plant of Fenno-Skan. Rauma is located between Turku and Pori by the national road 8, Finnish national road 12 starts from Rauma and it was extended to the port of Rauma in 2008. A railway connection from Kokemäki is in active use, as there is a straight connection to the heavy industry areas. The rail passenger traffic ended in 1988, satakunnan Liikenne Oy runs the local bus traffic and it has 3 lines in Rauma. The hub for the buses is located in Savila while the Long distance buses operate from Rauma bus station. The long distance buses take passengers directly to Pori and Turku and to Tampere, the nearest airport is located in Pori. The port of Rauma serves only freight ships on frequent basis, Rauma has its own dialect of Finnish, Rauman giäl. The dialect inherits words from languages such as Swedish, English, the dialect has been diluted into mainstream Finnish in day-to-day use, but it is fairly well studied and practiced as a hobby
15.
Salo, Finland
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Salo is a town and municipality of Finland. It is in the province of Western Finland and is part of the Southwest Finland region, the municipality has a population of 53,805 and covers an area of 1,986.54 square kilometres of which 181.78 km2 is water. In Finnish salo means woodland, backwoods but also a wooded island and it is thought that Salo has meant the island that over thousand years ago existed to the south of the current town but is today a hill, not even very close to the sea. Salo is located between the capital Helsinki and the provincial capital Turku, making it a small city. The short distance from these bigger cities keeps the Salo region, farming also plays a considerable part in the area. Once the towns claim to notability, the consumer electronics. Salo is the birthplace of the president of Finland Sauli Niinistö, in 1887 Salo officially became a market town and, in the beginning of 1891, an independent municipality. The area of the municipality was very small, only 0.65 km². In 1932 it grew to 18 km² when areas from neighbouring Uskela, eventually Salo became a town in 1960. The municipality of Uskela was consolidated with Salo 1967, the municipalities of Halikko, Kiikala, Kisko, Kuusjoki, Muurla, Perniö, Pertteli, Suomusjärvi and Särkisalo were consolidated with Salo in the beginning of 2009. The city is home to the basketball team Salon Vilpas Vikings. It plays its games in the Salohalli. European route E18 runs through Salo, passing the city center a few kilometers North, the Coastal Railway from Helsinki to Turku and further to Turku Harbour crosses the town center, all InterCity trains and most of the high-speed Pendolino trains stop at Salo railway station. The closest airports are Turku Airport and Helsinki-Vantaa Airport, in 2016, the city of Salo signed a letter of intent with Los Angeles-based company Hyperloop One in order to launch a project to build a 50 km long Hyperloop tube between Salo and Turku
16.
Helsinki
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Helsinki is the capital and largest city of Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland. Helsinki has a population of 629,512, a population of 1,231,595. Helsinki is located some 80 kilometres north of Tallinn, Estonia,400 km east of Stockholm, Sweden, Helsinki has close historical connections with these three cities. The Helsinki metropolitan area includes the core of Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, Kauniainen. It is the worlds northernmost metro area of one million people. The Helsinki metropolitan area is the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Nordic countries, Helsinki is Finlands major political, educational, financial, cultural, and research center as well as one of northern Europes major cities. Approximately 75% of foreign companies operating in Finland have settled in the Helsinki region, the nearby municipality of Vantaa is the location of Helsinki Airport, with frequent service to various destinations in Europe and Asia. In 2009, Helsinki was chosen to be the World Design Capital for 2012 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design, the city was the venue for the 1952 Summer Olympics and the 52nd Eurovision Song Contest 2007. In 2011, the Monocle magazine ranked Helsinki the most liveable city in the world in its Liveable Cities Index 2011, in the Economist Intelligence Units August 2015 Liveability survey, assessing the best and worst cities to live in globally, Helsinki placed among the worlds top ten cities. Helsinki is used to refer to the city in most languages, the Swedish name Helsingfors is the original official name of the city. The Finnish name probably comes from Helsinga and similar names used for the river that is known as the Vantaa River. Helsingfors comes from the name of the parish, Helsinge and the rapids, which flowed through the original village. As part of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire, one suggestion for the origin of the name Helsinge is that it originated with medieval Swedish settlers who came from Hälsingland in Sweden. Others have proposed that the name derives from the Swedish word helsing, other Scandinavian cities located at similar geographic locations were given similar names at the time, for example Helsingør and Helsingborg. The name Helsinki has been used in Finnish official documents and in Finnish language newspapers since 1819, the decrees issued in Helsinki were dated with Helsinki as the place of issue. This is how the form Helsinki came to be used in written Finnish, in Helsinki slang the city is called Stadi. Hesa, is not used by natives to the city, helsset is the Northern Sami name of Helsinki
17.
Great Fire of Turku
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The Great Fire of Turku was a conflagration that is still the largest urban fire in the history of Finland and the Nordic countries. The fires started burning on 4 September 1827 in burgher Carl Gustav Hellman’s house on the Aninkaistenmäki hill slightly before 9 p. m. The fire quickly swept through the quarter, spread to the southern quarter and jumped the Aura River. By the next day, the fire had destroyed 75% of the city, only 25% of the city was spared, mainly the western and southern portions. The fire destroyed the downtown area of Turku, including Turku Cathedral and the main building of the Imperial Academy of Turku, Akatemiatalo. The damage was considerable and was felt for a period of time in the aftermath of the event. 11,000 people were homeless, and 27 casualties. The night of the fire, Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander, Observator at the Imperial Academy of Turku, was in the Vartiovuori Observatory on Vartiovuorenmäki, due to the fire, he had to stop what he was doing. In his observation log, he wrote, Today observation was interrupted by a fire that reduced Turku to ashes”. The observatory, placed on the top of a hill, was spared though. As the rest of the academy has suffered damage, its indispensable activities such as meetings of the consistory. Most Finnish archives, including practically all material from the Middle ages, was destroyed in the fire. At the time of the fire, and for some time afterwards, Turku was the largest city in Finland, governor-General of the Grand Duchy of Finland Arseniy Zakrevskiy was responsible for rebuilding the city after the fire. His proposal resulted in the Senate of Finland selecting Architect Carl Ludvig Engel to create the new city plan for Turku, downtown Turku is still based on Engel’s grid plan, which was approved on 15 December 1828. The largest buildings in downtown Turku, the cathedral and Akatemiatalo, were refurbished, and some of the buildings, such as the Old Town Hall. The majority of the city, however, had to be completely rebuilt, turku’s grid plan design had a significant influence on how other Finnish towns were laid out. The Cloister Hill area, which was spared due to its location on the outskirts of the area hit by the fire, was protected and opened up as a handicrafts open-air museum in 1940
18.
Johan Vilhelm Snellman
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Johan Vilhelm Snellman was an influential Fennoman philosopher and Finnish statesman, ennobled in 1866. Snellman was born in Stockholm, Sweden, as son of Kristian Henrik Snellman, as a consequence Snellman exiled himself to Sweden and Germany, more or less voluntarily, from 1839 to 1842. By the time he returned to Helsinki, his popularity had increased further, saima was suppressed by the government in 1846. In 1848–49, Snellman was again rebuffed when applying for the position as professor at Finlands University in Helsinki, in 1856, Snellman was finally appointed professor, which was met with great satisfaction among politically interested Finns. Snellmans unparalleled popularity could however not remain and he was a generation older than the most active political opposition, and now a man of the government who had the brightest expectations for Finland under the rule of Emperor Alexander II. Snellmans tenure as Finance Minister would however also be tainted by the worst famine in Finnish history, in 1868 he was forced to resign from the senate. For the remainder of his life, he continued to participate in the political debate, Snellman never lost in popularity among his fennoman followers, but had become a highly divisive symbol in Finlands political landscape. Johan Vilhelm Snellman first appeared on a 1960 coin, commemorating the introduction of the denomination in 1860. He was recently selected as the motif for another commemorative coin. The obverse depicts J. V. Snellman, It also depicts the logo of the Europe Coins Programme, the reverse design features represent the dawn of Finnish culture. In 1842 Snellman published his foremost work Läran om staten, faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki
19.
Johan Ludvig Runeberg
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Johan Ludvig Runeberg was a Finno-Swedish lyric and epic poet. He is the poet of Finland and the author of the lyrics to Vårt land that became the Finnish National Anthem. Runeberg was also involved in the modernization of the Finnish Lutheran hymnal, Runeberg was born into a Swedish-speaking family in Jakobstad, on the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia. At the age of eight, Runeberg was sent to live with his uncle, Runeberg studied in the city of Vaasa, later on at the Imperial Academy of Turku, where he befriended Johan Vilhelm Snellman and Zacharias Topelius. His studies concentrated mainly on the languages of Latin and Greek. He earned a Master of Philosophy during 1827 and he served as a tutor, docent at the Imperial Alexander University and teacher at the Swedish-language Helsingfors Lyceum. From 1837 he lived in Porvoo, where he served as professor of Latin literature in the Gymnasium of Porvoo, Finnish salon hostess Natalia Castrén was a member of his cultural circle. Many of his poems deal with life in rural Finland, three times, a frosty night destroys his crops. Every time, he double the amount of bark into his bark bread to stave off starvation. After the fourth year, Paavo finally gets a rich crop, Runebergs main works included the idealist poem Älgskyttarna and the epic Kung Fjalar. In the war, Sweden ignominiously lost Finland, which became a Grand Duchy in the Russian empire, the epic, which is composed episodically, emphasizes the common humanity of all sides in the conflict, while principally lauding the heroism of the Finns. The first poem Vårt land became the Finnish National Anthem and he was married to his second cousin Fredrika Runeberg, née Tengström, who wrote poems and novels. They were the parents of eight children, including their eldest son the sculptor Walter Runeberg, Runeberg Day is celebrated annually on February 5, the day of Runebergs birth. A pastry flavored with almonds called Runebergs torte is generally available in stores from the beginning of January until February 5, there is a statue of Johan Ludwig Runeberg by his son Walter Runeberg is located on Esplanadi in the heart of Helsinki. Runeberg was selected as the motif of the Finnish commemorative coin. It was minted in 2004 celebrating the 200th anniversary of his birth, the obverse of the coin features a stylized portrait of Runebergs face. The reverse features an 1831 font sample from the Swedish language newspaper Helsingfors Tidningar, 56–80 Anthology of Swedish lyrics from 1750 to 1915 at the Internet Archive Works written by or about Johan Ludvig Runeberg at Wikisource Media related to Johan Ludvig Runeberg at Wikimedia Commons
20.
Old Academy Building
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The Old Academy Building is a neoclassical building, originally consecrated in 1817 for the Royal Academy of Turku in Turku, Finland. It is located in Cathedral Square next to Turku Cathedral, the building was designed by Swedish architect Carl Christoffer Gjörwell. Laying down the stone of the Old Academy Building in 1802 was a milestone where Swedish king Gustav IV Adolf. The Old Academy Building suffered damage due to the Great Fire of Turku in 1827, after the devastation caused by the fire, the Imperial Academy of Turku, the university at that time, moved to Helsinki. However, the building was restored under Carl Ludvig Engels plans in 1830 and was signed over to the Court of Appeals of Turku, Turku cathedral chapter, the hall is used for the two universities in Turku, the University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University. It seats 350 and is commonly used for events such as concerts. Old Academy Building Akatemiatalo Gamla Akademihuset
21.
Finnish Declaration of Independence
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The Finnish Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Parliament of Finland on 6 December 1917. Declaring the independence was only part of the process leading to independence of Finland. There were negotiations between the Russian Provisional Government and Finnish authorities, at the time of the vote it was believed that the Provisional Government would be quickly defeated by the rebellion in Saint Petersburg. The Provisional Government survived, however, disapproved of the Power Act, the regency council was however never elected because of the strong opposition of Finnish socialists and their general strike which demanded for more radical action. On 2 November 1917, the Bolsheviks declared a right of self-determination, including the right of complete secession. On the same day the Finnish Parliament issued a declaration by which it assumed, pro tempore, the old Instrument of Government was however no longer deemed suitable. Leading circles had long held monarchism and hereditary nobility to be antiquated, the Senate of Finland, the government the Parliament had appointed in November, drafted a Declaration of Independence and a proposal for a new republican Instrument of Government. Chairman of the Senate Pehr Evind Svinhufvud read the Declaration to the Parliament on 4 December, the Declaration of Independence was technically given the form of a preamble of the proposition, and was intended to be agreed by the Parliament. Parliament adopted the Declaration on 6 December, the people of Finland feel deeply that they cannot fulfil their national and international duty without complete sovereignty. The century-old desire for freedom awaits fulfilment now, Finlands people step forward as a nation among the other nations in the world. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania declared their independence from Russia during the same period, see Estonian War of Independence, Latvian Independence and Lithuanian Wars of Independence. These three countries were occupied by, and annexed into, the Soviet Union, see Occupation of the Baltic states. The people of Finland have by this step taken their fate in their own hands, the people of Finland feel deeply that they cannot fulfil their national duty and their universal human obligations without a complete sovereignty. The century-old desire for freedom awaits fulfilment now, The People of Finland has to step forward as an independent nation among the nations in the world. Achieving this goal requires mainly some measures by the Parliament, the same goal also calls for measures from the part of the Government. The Government will approach foreign powers to seek an international recognition of our country’s independence as a state. And widely over all the horrors of the war is heard a voice, that one of the goals of the present war is to be, that no nation shall be forced against its will to be dependent on another. The Finnish people believe that the free Russian people and its constitutive National Assembly don’t want to prevent Finland’s aspiration to enter the multitude of the free and independent nations
22.
Liqueur
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A liqueur is an alcoholic beverage made from a distilled spirit that has been flavored with fruit, cream, herbs, spices, flowers or nuts and bottled with added sugar or other sweetener. Liqueurs are typically sweet, they are usually not aged for long after the ingredients are mixed. In the United States and Canada, where spirits are often called liquor, there is confusion over liqueurs and liquors. You can distinguish them from each other because liqueurs are quite sweet and often syrupy in consistency, most liqueurs have a lower alcohol content than spirits, but some contain as much as 55% ABV. Liqueurs are historical descendants of herbal medicines, they were made in Italy as early as the 13th century and were prepared by monks. Nowadays, liqueurs are made worldwide and are served in many ways, by themselves, poured over ice, with coffee, mixed with cream or other mixers to create cocktails and they are often served with or after a dessert. Liqueurs are also used in cooking, some liqueurs are prepared by infusing certain woods, fruits, or flowers in either water or alcohol and adding sugar or other items. Others are distilled from aromatic or flavoring agents, layered drinks are made by floating different-colored liqueurs in separate layers. Each liqueur is poured slowly into a glass over the back of a spoon or down a glass rod, so that the liquids of different densities remain unmixed, the word liqueur comes from the Latin liquifacere via French. Liqueurs Liqueurs at The Cooks Thesaurus
23.
Rubus chamaemorus
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Rubus chamaemorus is a rhizomatous herb native to cool temperate, alpine, arctic tundra and boreal forest, producing amber-colored edible fruit similar to the raspberry or blackberry. English common names include cloudberry, bakeapple, knotberry and knoutberry, aqpik or low-bush salmonberry, unlike most Rubus species, the cloudberry is dioecious, and fruit production by a female plant requires pollination from a male plant. The cloudberry grows to 10–25 cm high, the leaves alternate between having 5 and 7 soft, handlike lobes on straight, branchless stalks. After pollination, the flowers form raspberry-sized aggregate fruits which are more plentiful in wooded rather than sun-exposed habitats. Consisting of between 5 and 25 drupelets, each fruit is pale red, ripening into an amber color in early autumn. In Europe, they grow in the Nordic countries, Baltic states and they occur across northern Russia east towards the Pacific Ocean as far south as Japan. A single, fragile site exists in the Sperrin Mountains of Northern Ireland, in North America, cloudberries grow wild across Greenland, most of northern Canada, Alaska, northern Minnesota, New Hampshire, Maine and New York. Wide distribution occurs due to the excretion of the seeds by birds. Further distribution arises through its rhizomes which are up to 10 m long and grow about 10–15 cm below the surface, developing extensive. Cuttings of these taken in May or August are successful in producing a genetic clone of the parent plant, the cloudberry can withstand cold temperatures to as low as −40 °C, but is sensitive to salt and dry conditions. Wet meadows, and tundra, requiring acidic ground, cloudberry leaves are food for caterpillars of several Lepidoptera species. The moth Coleophora thulea has no other food plants. See also List of Lepidoptera that feed on Rubus, despite great demand as a delicacy the cloudberry is not widely cultivated and is primarily a wild plant. Wholesale prices vary based on the size of the yearly harvest. Since the middle of the 1990s, however, the species has formed part of a research project. The Norwegian government, in cooperation with Finnish, Swedish and Scottish counterparts, has pursued the aim of enabling commercial production of various wild berries. Beginning in 2002, selected cultivars have been available to farmers, notably Apolto, the cloudberry can be cultivated in Arctic areas where few other crops are possible, for example along the northern coast of Norway. The ripe fruits are golden-yellow, soft and juicy, and are rich in vitamin C, when eaten fresh, cloudberries have a distinctive tart taste
24.
Rowan
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The rowans or mountain-ashes are shrubs or trees in the genus Sorbus of the rose family Rosaceae. The name rowan was originally applied to the species Sorbus aucuparia and is used for other species in the Sorbus subgenus Sorbus. Rowans are unrelated to the ash trees, which belong to the genus Fraxinus, family Oleaceae. Formerly, when a variety of fruits were commonly eaten in Europe and North America. It is still used in countries, but Sorbus domestica, for example, is now all but extinct in Britain. Natural hybrids, often including Sorbus aucuparia and the whitebeam, Sorbus aria, the traditional names of the rowan are those applied to the species Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus torminalis, and Sorbus domestica. The Latin name sorbus was borrowed into Old English as syrfe, the name service-tree for Sorbus domestica is derived from that name by folk etymology. The Latin name sorbus is from a root for red, reddish-brown, English sorb is attested from the 1520s in the fruit of the service tree. Sorbus domestica is also known as whitty pear, the adjective whitty meaning pinnate, Sorbus torminalis is also known as chequer tree, its fruits, formerly used to flavour beer, are called chequers, perhaps from the spotted pattern of the fruit. The name rowan is recorded from 1804, detached from an earlier rowan-tree, rountree, attested from the 1540s in northern dialects of English and Scots. It is from a North Germanic source, derived from Old Norse reynir, ultimately from the Germanic verb *raud-inan to redden, various dialectal variants of rowan are found in English, including ran, roan, rodan, royan, royne, round, rune. The Old English name of the rowan is cwic-beám, which survives in the name quickbeam, the Old Irish name is cairtheand, reflected in Modern Irish caorann. The arboreal Bríatharogam in the Book of Ballymote associates the rowan with the letter luis, with the gloss delightful to the eye is luis, i. e. rowan, owing to the beauty of its berries. Due to this, delight of the eye has been reported as a name of the rowan by some commentators, in the Canadian provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and Nova Scotia, this species is commonly referred to as a dogberry tree. In German, Sorbus aucuparia is known as the Vogelbeerbaum or as Eberesche, the Welsh name criafol refers to the tree as lamenting fruit, associating the red fruit with the blood of Christ, as Welsh tradition believed the Cross was carved from the wood of this tree. Rowans are mostly deciduous trees 10–20 m tall, though a few are shrubs. The leaves are arranged alternately, and are pinnate, with 11–35 leaflets, the flowers are borne in dense corymbs, each flower is creamy white, and 5–10 mm across with five petals. The fruit is a small pome 4–8 mm diameter, bright orange or red in most species, the fruit are soft and juicy, which makes them a very good food for birds, particularly waxwings and thrushes, which then distribute the rowan seeds in their droppings
25.
Hippophae
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Hippophae is a genus of sea buckthorns, deciduous shrubs in the family Elaeagnaceae. The name sea buckthorn may be hyphenated to avoid confusion with the buckthorns and it is also referred to as sandthorn, sallowthorn, or seaberry. Seven species are recognized, two of them probably of hybrid origin, native over an area of Europe and Asia. In central Europe and Asia, it occurs as a sub-alpine shrub above the tree line in mountains. They are tolerant of salt in the air and soil, but demand full sunlight for good growth and they typically grow in dry, sandy areas. Sea buckthorn USDA hardiness zones are about 3 through 7, the shrubs reach 0. 5–6 metres tall, rarely up to 10 metres in central Asia. The leaf arrangement can be alternate or opposite, common sea buckthorn has dense and stiff branches, and are very thorny. The leaves are a distinct pale silvery-green, lanceolate, 3–8 cm long and it is dioecious, with separate male and female plants. The male produces brownish flowers which produce wind-distributed pollen, the female plants produce orange berries 6–9 mm in diameter, soft, juicy, and rich in oils. The roots distribute rapidly and extensively, providing a nonleguminous nitrogen fixation role in surrounding soils, a wild variant occurs in the same area, but at even higher altitudes in the alpine zone. It is a low shrub not growing taller than 1 m with small leaves 1–3 cm long. Leaves are eaten by the larva of the race of the ash pug moth and by larvae of other Lepidoptera, including brown-tail, dun-bar, emperor moth, mottled umber. Harvesting is difficult because of the dense thorn arrangement among the berries on each branch, a common harvesting technique is to remove an entire branch, though this is destructive to the shrub and reduces future harvests. A branch removed in this way is then frozen, allowing the berries to be shaken off. The worker then crushes the berries to remove up to 95% of the leaves and this causes the berries to melt slightly from the surface as the work takes place at ambient temperature. Berries or the crushed pulp are later frozen for storage, the most effective way to harvest berries and not damage branches is by using a berry-shaker. Mechanical harvesting leaves up to 50% in the field and the berries can be harvested only once in two years and they only get about 25% of the yield that could be harvested with this relatively new machinery. During the Cold War, Russian and East German horticulturists developed new varieties with greater value, larger berries, different ripening months
26.
Turku School of Economics
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Turku School of Economics is a unit of the University of Turku located in Turku, Finland. It was established as an independent higher education school in 1950. It was the second largest school of its kind in Finland, with approximately 2,000 graduate and 250 postgraduate students, in January 2010, Turku School of Economics became the seventh faculty of the University of Turku. Its former rector, Professor Tapio Reponen, is now a vice rector of the University of Turku, in addition to teaching a wide variety of economic and business related subjects, the faculty conducts research on matters relating to its field, and offers consulting services to businesses. Teaching is mainly carried out in Finnish, but there are also a number of courses available in English, as a higher education institution, Turku School of Economics had been one of the most efficient universities in terms of masters per professor
27.
Turku Science Park
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Turku Science Park is a community of businesses and educational establishments in the city of Turku, Finland. It focuses on development of the biotechnology and IT industries in southwestern Finland through cooperation of the different factors in the field and its membership includes approximately 300 companies operating in Turku, including e. g. Nokia and Fujitsu. It also works in partnership with Åbo Akademi University, University of Turku and Turku University of Applied Sciences. The Science Park is located to the east of the city centre, the universities and the TYKS central hospital, another important partner of the project, are situated in the I District of the city. Premises of the Science Park amount to a total of 210,000 m² in eleven buildings, the project is organised as a limited liability company, Turku Science Park Ltd. with the City of Turku as its largest shareholder. Biocity Eurocity Electrocity Datacity Datacorner ICT-City Intelligate 1 Intelligate 2 Hospital Neo Kupittaa railway station Pharmacity Trivium Official website
28.
Turku University Hospital
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Turku University Hospital is a hospital in Turku, Finland. The hospital serves as the hospital for southwestern Finland. It is located near the city centre of Turku and the university, the hospital unit in Paimio operates in a former tuberculosis sanatorium, the Paimio Sanatorium, designed by the Finnish architect Alvar Aalto. The hospital is owned and operated by the Hospital District of Southwest Finland which is a joint municipal authority responsible for production of specialized services in the region. The hospital has been affiliated with the University of Turku since 1958, approximately 1,500 students in medicine and nursery practice there every year. Having been founded in 1756, it is the second oldest hospital in the Nordic countries, T-hospital is new part of TYKS and its construction was started 2007 and it is still under construction. In 2009 the construction of first part was finished and its now operational, whole complex is planned to be finished in 2012. When finished T-hospital will consist of 160,000 square metres of floor space, the yearly operating costs for the hospital are 369,2 million euros according to the budget for the fiscal year of 2009. The hospital has a staff of 3,993
29.
Turku Student Village
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Turku Student Village is the largest single student housing complex in Finland. It houses nearly 3,500 residents in 95 three-storied tenements, the Student Village is located in the district of Nummi near the city centre of Turku. It is in the proximity of the University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University. There is one shop and a pub in the area, plus several day care centres, schools, a cemetery, the Student Village also has good public transport connections, with buses every fifteen minutes. The flats in the Student Village are mostly self-contained studios, but many buildings have single rooms with common kitchens, the rents are generally rather low, starting from under €300 a month for a single room with a shared kitchen. The Student Village has broadband Internet access available for students of the three universities, the price of which is included in the rent, the Student Village was constructed between the years 1969 and 1979, and has been renovated in the late 1990s to the early 2000s. It is managed by the Turku Student Village Foundation founded in 1966 by the Student Union of the University of Turku, TYS also owns and manages student housing in other parts of Turku, and in Rauma. The Student Village is also home to a statue called Posankka which represents a hybrid between a marzipan-pig and a rubber duck, the Turku Student Village Foundation The Tenant Association
30.
Educational technology
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Educational technology refers to the use of both physical hardware and educational theoretics. It encompasses several domains, including learning theory, computer-based training, online learning, and, Technology in education and education technology are two different concepts which deal with the use of technological tools and innovative educational strategies respectively. Educational technology is not restricted to high technology, Education technology is anything that enhances classroom learning in the utilization of blended or online learning. However, modern educational technology is an important part of society today. Each of these terms has had its advocates, who point up potential distinctive features. In practice, as technology has advanced, the narrowly defined terminological aspect that was initially emphasized by name has blended into the general field of educational technology. Initially, virtual learning as defined in a semantic sense implied entering an environmental simulation within a virtual world. In practice, an education course refers to any instructional course in which all. As a further example, ubiquitous learning emphasizes an omnipresent learning milieu, smart learning is a component of the smart city concept. Helping people learn in ways that are easier, faster, surer, or less expensive can be traced back to the emergence of early tools. Various types of abacus have been used, writing slates and blackboards have been used for at least a millennium. From their introduction, books and pamphlets have held a prominent role in education, from the early twentieth century, duplicating machines such as the mimeograph and Gestetner stencil devices were used to produce short copy runs for classroom or home use. The first all multiple choice, large-scale assessment was the Army Alpha, used to assess the intelligence, further large-scale use of technologies was employed in training soldiers during and after WWII using films and other mediated materials, such as overhead projectors. The concept of hypertext is traced to the description of memex by Vannevar Bush in 1945, slide projectors were widely used during the 1950s in educational institutional settings. Cuisenaire rods were devised in the 1920s and saw use from the late 1950s. Stanfords Education Program for Gifted Youth is descended from early experiments. In 1971, Ivan Illich published an influential book called, Deschooling Society. By the mid-1980s, accessing course content became possible at many college libraries, in computer-based training or computer-based learning, the learning interaction was between the student and computer drills or micro-world simulations
31.
Peruvian Amazon
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The Peruvian Amazon is the area of the Amazon rainforest included within the country of Peru, from east of the Andes to the borders with Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil and Bolivia. This region comprises 60% of the country and is marked by a degree of biodiversity. Peru has the second-largest portion of the Amazon rainforest after the Brazilian Amazon, most Peruvian territory is covered by dense potataorsa forests on the east side of the Andes, yet only 5% of Peruvians live in this area. More than 60% of Peruvian territory is covered by the Amazon rainforest, according to the Research Institute of the Peruvian Amazon, the spatial delineation of the Peruvian Amazon is as follows, Hydrographic criteria or basin criteria,96,922.47 km2. The Peruvian Amazon is traditionally divided into two ecoregions, The lowland jungle is also known as Omagua region, Walla, Anti. This ecoregion is the largest of Peru, standing between 80 and 1,000 meters above sea level and it has very warm weather with an average temperature of 28 °C, high relative humidity and yearly rainfall of approximately 260 cm. Its soils are very heterogeneous, but almost all have river origins, because of high temperatures and high rainfall, they are poor soils with few nutrients. The jungle contains long and powerful rivers such as the Apurimac, Mantaro, Amazon, Urubamba, Ucayali, Huallaga, Marañón, Putumayo, Yavarí, Napo, Pastaza, Madre de Dios, Manu, Purus, the Apurimac River is the source of the Amazon River. The Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve, the Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve and the Tamshiyacu Tahuayo Regional Conservation Area are within the forest, the highland jungle is also called Rupa Rupa region, Andean jungle, ceja de selva. This ecoregion extends into the foothills of the Andes, between 1,000 and 3,800 m above the sea level. The eastern slopes of the Andes are home to a variety of fauna. Temperatures are warm in the lowlands and cooler in higher altitudes, there are many endemic fauna because of the isolation caused by the rugged terrain of the area. The Peruvian Amazon jungle is one of the most biologically diverse areas on Earth, as a nation, Peru has the largest number of bird species in the world and the third-largest number of mammals, 44% of bird species and 63% of mammal species inhabit the Peruvian Amazon. Peru also has a high number of species of butterflies, orchids. This table was elaborated by Edwin Jesús Villacorta Monzón, with data obtained among many sources from years 1997,2001 and 2006, although it is the largest region of Peru, the Peruvian Amazon is the least populated. It is home to approximately 5% of the countrys population, many indigenous peoples, such as the Aguaruna, Cocama-Cocamilla and the Urarina, inhabit the jungle, some in relative isolation from the rest of the world. At 400 m Rioja with 60,000 inh. at 848 m Over the last decades illegal logging has become a problem in the Peruvian Amazon. In 2012 the World Bank estimated that 80% of Peru’s timber exports are illegally harvested and this uncontrolled deforestation could negatively affect the habitats of indigenous tribes, the Peruvian biodiversity and of course the climate change
32.
Iquitos
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Iquitos, also known as Iquitos City, is the capital city of Perus Maynas Province and Loreto Region. The largest metropolis in the Peruvian Amazon, east of the Andes and it is known as the capital of the Peruvian Amazon. The city is located in the Great Plains of the Amazon Basin, fed by the Amazon, Nanay, overall, it constitutes the Iquitos metropolitan area, a conurbation of 471,993 inhabitants consisting of four districts, Iquitos, Punchana, Belén, and San Juan Bautista. It is the largest city in the world that cannot be reached by road – it is only by river. The area was inhabited by indigenous peoples. The founding date of the European city is uncertain, Spanish historical documents state that it was set up around 1757 as a Spanish Jesuit reduction by the banks of the Nanay River. The Jesuits gathered local Napeano and Iquito natives to live here, in the late 19th century, the city became the center of export of rubber production from the Amazon Basin and was the headquarters of the Peruvian Amazon Company. The rubber boom attracted thousands of European traders and workers, some of whom amassed wealth with the production, processing. The citys economy was dependent on PAC, controlled in the nation by Peruvian businessman Juan Luis Arana. He had investigated labor conditions for natives in the Congo Free State when it was under King Leopolds control and his 1913 exposure of abuses of Peruvian workers caused a reaction against the company among the several British members of its board and many stockholders. The company struggled financially and lost backing in the UK, in addition, rubber seedlings had been smuggled out of the country and cultivated on plantations in Southeast Asia. As the plants matured, the competition undercut prices of the Peruvian product, with the decline of the rubber industry, many workers and merchants left Iquitos. As one of the cities, along with Manaus, in the huge Amazon rubber boom. Architecture and cultural institutions established during this period expressed their own traditions, an opera house and Jewish cemetery were among the institutions established. Later in the 20th century, the city and region diversified its economy, the region exported timber, fish and their products, oil, minerals, and agricultural crops. It also derives considerable revenue from tourism and related crafts, as well as bakery, by 1999, the city had consolidated its four municipalities. The architecture and historical treasures reflect the colonial and early 20th-century European period, in addition it is a center of ecological tourism. It has become a cosmopolitan city with strong roots in the Amazon, featuring a complex history and cuisine, Amazonian landscapes, nightlife
33.
Mauno Koivisto
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Mauno Henrik Koivisto is a Finnish politician who served as the ninth President of Finland from 1982 to 1994. He also served twice as Prime Minister, from 1968 to 1970 and 1979 to 1982 and he was the first Social Democrat to be elected President of Finland. At age 93, Koivisto is currently the oldest living former Finnish president, Koivisto was born in Turku, Finland, the second son of Juho Koivisto, a carpenter at Crichton-Vulcan shipyard, and Hymni Sofia Eskola, who died when he was 10. After attending primary school, Koivisto worked a number of jobs, during the Continuation War, Koivisto served in the Infantry Detachment Törni led by the famous Lauri Törni, which was a reconnaissance detachment operating behind enemy lines. This detachment was only open to selected volunteers, during the war he received the Order of the Cross of Liberty and was promoted to the rank of corporal. While reflecting on his wartime experiences later in life, he said When you have taken part in a game in which your own life is at stake, after the war, he earned a living as a carpenter and became active in politics, joining the Social Democratic Party. In 1948 he found work at Turku harbor - in December that same year he was appointed manager of the Harbour Labour Office of Turku, Koivisto went to Hanko to take charge of the harbour-masters office and recruit workers to break the strike, the government having banned strike action. The Communist newspapers branded Koivisto as their number one due to his status as a major figure in the struggle for control of the trade unions. In addition to his engagements and ongoing career Koivisto continued with his education, passing his intermediate examination in 1947. In 1951 he became a school teacher, the following year he married Tellervo Kankaanranta. Together they had a daughter, Assi Koivisto, in 1957, Koivisto graduated from the University of Turku with a Master of Arts degree and a Licentiate in 1953, and had plans to become a sociologist. Three years later he completed his thesis, which looked at social relations in the Turku dockyards. Koivisto also served as a Vocational Counselor of the City of Turku, in 1957, he started working for the Helsinki Workers Savings Bank and served as its General Manager from 1959 to 1968. In 1968 he was appointed Chairman of the board of the Bank of Finland, the 1966 Social Democrat election victory saw the formation of a new government under Rafael Paasio, with Koivisto, the partys expert on economic policy, appointed Minister of Finance. He served as Prime Minister for two years until the Parliamentary election of 1970, which saw the parties in his coalition government suffer heavy losses. In the 1970s, President Kekkonen started to regard Koivisto as a rival and instead threw his weight behind Koivistos Social Democratic colleague. For most of the decade Koivisto concentrated mainly on his work as Chairman of the Bank of Finland until the 1979 elections saw him return as Prime Minister. By this point there was an increasing dissatisfaction with the aging President Kekkonen, whose failing health was becoming difficult to conceal, and also a perceived lack of change
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Timo Airaksinen
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Timo Airaksinen is Professor of Moral Philosophy in the Discipline of Social and Moral Philosophy at Helsinki University. By longstanding tradition in the University of Helsinki, the faculty is divided into two major areas, the practical and the theoretical. He graduated from the University of Turku in 1971 and defended his doctoral dissertation The Hegelianism of Bradley and he specializes in ethics and social philosophy, ethics of technology, the history of philosophy, and education. He has written on a range of topics dealing with these issues. Airaksinen also regularly contributes to public debate in Finland and has had a column in the newspaper Helsingin Sanomat, timo Airaksinen is a member of the editorial boards of the leading Finnish philosophical journal Acta Philosophica Fennica and of the yearbook Berkeley Studies. Also he is vice-president of the International Berkeley Society, a philosophical study of social life,1988 ISBN 0-8229-3583-X. Of glamor, Sex and De Sade,1991 ISBN 0-89341-591-X, the Philosophy of the Marquis de Sade,1995 ISBN 0-415-11229-X. The Philosophy of H. P. Lovecraft, the route to horror,1999 ISBN 0-8204-4022-1. Hobbes on the passions and powerlessness, Hobbes Studies, 6/1993, service and Science in Professional Life, Ethics and the Professions,1994, pp. 1–13
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Poetry
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Poetry has a long history, dating back to the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh. Early poems evolved from folk songs such as the Chinese Shijing, or from a need to retell oral epics, as with the Sanskrit Vedas, Zoroastrian Gathas, and the Homeric epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Ancient attempts to define poetry, such as Aristotles Poetics, focused on the uses of speech in rhetoric, drama, song and comedy. Later attempts concentrated on such as repetition, verse form and rhyme. From the mid-20th century, poetry has sometimes been more generally regarded as a creative act employing language. Poetry uses forms and conventions to suggest differential interpretation to words, devices such as assonance, alliteration, onomatopoeia and rhythm are sometimes used to achieve musical or incantatory effects. The use of ambiguity, symbolism, irony and other elements of poetic diction often leaves a poem open to multiple interpretations. Similarly figures of such as metaphor, simile and metonymy create a resonance between otherwise disparate images—a layering of meanings, forming connections previously not perceived. Kindred forms of resonance may exist, between verses, in their patterns of rhyme or rhythm. Some poetry types are specific to cultures and genres and respond to characteristics of the language in which the poet writes. Much modern poetry reflects a critique of poetic tradition, playing with and testing, among other things, in todays increasingly globalized world, poets often adapt forms, styles and techniques from diverse cultures and languages. Some scholars believe that the art of poetry may predate literacy, others, however, suggest that poetry did not necessarily predate writing. The oldest surviving poem, the Epic of Gilgamesh, comes from the 3rd millennium BCE in Sumer. An example of Egyptian epic poetry is The Story of Sinuhe, other forms of poetry developed directly from folk songs. The earliest entries in the oldest extant collection of Chinese poetry, the efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form, and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in poetics—the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as Chinas through her Shijing, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance, Classical thinkers employed classification as a way to define and assess the quality of poetry. Later aestheticians identified three major genres, epic poetry, lyric poetry, and dramatic poetry, treating comedy and tragedy as subgenres of dramatic poetry, Aristotles work was influential throughout the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age, as well as in Europe during the Renaissance. English Romantic poet John Keats termed this escape from logic Negative Capability and this romantic approach views form as a key element of successful poetry because form is abstract and distinct from the underlying notional logic
