1.
General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper
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The MQ-9 and other UAVs are referred to as Remotely Piloted Vehicles/Aircraft by the USAF to indicate their human ground controllers. The MQ-9 is the first hunter-killer UAV designed for long-endurance, high-altitude surveillance, the MQ-9 is a larger, heavier, and more capable aircraft than the earlier General Atomics MQ-1 Predator, it can be controlled by the same ground systems used to control MQ-1s. The Reaper has a 950-shaft-horsepower turboprop engine, the greater power allows the Reaper to carry 15 times more ordnance payload and cruise at about three times the speed of the MQ-1. The aircraft is monitored and controlled by aircrew in the Ground Control Station, in March 2011, the U. S. Air Force was training more pilots for advanced unmanned aerial vehicles than for any other single weapons system. The Reaper is also used by the United States Navy, the CIA, U. S. Customs and Border Protection, NASA, the USAF plans to keep the MQ-9 in service into the 2030s. General Atomics began development with the Predator B-001, a proof-of-concept aircraft, abraham Karem is the designer of the Predator. The B-001 was powered by an AlliedSignal Garrett TPE331-10T turboprop engine with 950 shaft horsepower and it had an airframe that was based on the standard Predator airframe, except with an enlarged fuselage and wings lengthened from 48 feet to 66 feet. The B-001 had a speed of 220 knots and could carry a payload of 750 pounds to an altitude of 50,000 feet with an endurance of 30 hours, the company refined the design, taking it in two separate directions. The first was a version, Predator B-002 was fitted with a Williams FJ44-2A turbofan engine with 10.2 kilonewtons thrust. It had payload capacity of 475 pounds, a ceiling of 60,000 feet, the USAF ordered two airframes for evaluation, delivered in 2007. The first two airframes delivered with prototypes B-001 and B-002, B-002 was originally equipped with the FJ-44 engine but it was removed and a TPE-331-10T was installed so that the USAF could take delivery of two aircraft in the same configuration. The second direction the design took was the Predator B-003, referred to by GA as the Altair, which has a new airframe with an 84-foot wingspan, like the Predator B-001, it is powered by a TPE-331-10YGD turboprop. This variant has a capacity of 3,000 pounds, a maximum ceiling of 52,000 feet. In October 2001, the USAF signed a contract for a pair of Predator Bs for evaluation. Designated YMQ-9s due to their role, they were delivered in 2002. The USAF referred to it as Predator B until it was renamed Reaper, operators, stationed at bases such as Creech Air Force Base, near Las Vegas, can hunt for targets and observe terrain using multiple sensors, including a thermographic camera. One claim was that the camera is able to read a license plate from two miles away. An operators command takes 1.2 seconds to reach the drone via a satellite link, the MQ-9 is fitted with six stores pylons, the inner stores pylons can carry a maximum of 1,500 pounds each and allow carriage of external fuel tanks
2.
Unmanned aerial vehicle
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An unmanned aerial vehicle, commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard. UAVs are a component of an unmanned aircraft system, which include a UAV, a controller. The flight of UAVs may operate with various degrees of autonomy, either under control by a human operator, or fully or intermittently autonomously. Compared to manned aircraft, UAVs are often preferred for missions too dull, civilian drones now vastly outnumber military drones, with estimates of over a million sold by 2015. Multiple terms are used for unmanned vehicles, which generally refer to the same concept. The term drone, more used by the public, was coined in reference to the resemblance of navigation. The term has encountered opposition from aviation professionals and government regulators. This term emphasizes the importance of other than the aircraft. It includes elements such as ground stations, data links. A similar term is a vehicle system remotely piloted aerial vehicle. Many similar terms are in use, therefore, missiles are not considered UAVs because the vehicle itself is a weapon that is not reused, though it is also unmanned and in some cases remotely guided. The relation of UAVs to remote controlled model aircraft is unclear, UAVs may or may not include model aircraft. Some jurisdictions base their definition on size or weight, however, a radio-controlled aircraft becomes a drone with the addition of an autopilot artificial intelligence, and ceases to be a drone when an AI is removed. In 1849 Austria sent unmanned, bomb-filled balloons to attack Venice, UAV innovations started in the early 1900s and originally focused on providing practice targets for training military personnel. UAV development continued during World War I, when the Dayton-Wright Airplane Company invented a pilotless aerial torpedo that would explode at a preset time, the earliest attempt at a powered UAV was A. M. Lows Aerial Target in 1916. Nikola Tesla described a fleet of unmanned aerial vehicles in 1915. Advances followed during and after World War I, including the Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane, the first scaled remote piloted vehicle was developed by film star and model-airplane enthusiast Reginald Denny in 1935. More emerged during World War II – used both to train gunners and to fly attack missions
3.
Aircraft ordnance
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Aircraft ordnance or ordnance is weapons used by aircraft. The term is used when describing the weight of air-to-ground weaponry that can be carried by an aircraft or the weight that has been dropped. Aircraft ordnance also includes air-to-air, anti-ship and anti-submarine weapons, ordnance can be carried in a bomb bay or hung from a hardpoint. For many weapons there is a limit to the length of time they can be flown and this can be a problem if weapons designed for high intensity conflict are carried on multiple missions in a long counter-insurgency campaign
4.
Drone strike
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A drone strike is typically where an unmanned combat aerial vehicle fires a missile at a target. The drone may be equipped with weapons as an air-to-surface missile, air-to-air missile. Since the turn of the century, most drone strikes have been carried out by the US military in such countries as Pakistan, drone strikes are commonly used to destroy buildings and vehicles. However, they are used for targeted killings. This extrajudicial method of killing is considered highly controversial. S
5.
Cockpit
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A cockpit or flight deck is the area, usually near the front of an aircraft or spacecraft, from which a pilot controls the aircraft. Most modern cockpits are enclosed, except on small aircraft. The cockpit of an aircraft flight instruments on an instrument panel. In most airliners, a separates the cockpit from the aircraft cabin. After the September 11,2001 attacks, all major airlines fortified their cockpits against access by hijackers, the word cockpit was originally a sailing term for the coxswains station in a Royal Navy ship, and later the location of the ships rudder controls. Cockpit first appeared in the English language in the 1580s, a pit for fighting cocks, used in nautical sense for midshipmens compartment below decks, transferred to airplanes and to cars. From about 1935, cockpit came to be used informally to refer to the seat of a car, especially a high performance one. In the US and many countries, however, the term cockpit is also used for airliners. Military biplanes and the first single-engined fighters and attack aircraft also had open cockpits, the largest impediment to having closed cabins was the material the windows were to be made of. Prior to Perspex becoming available in 1933, windows were either safety glass, which was heavy, or cellulose nitrate, in the mid-1920s many aircraft manufacturers began using enclosed cockpits for the first time. Open-cockpit airplanes were almost extinct by the mid-1950s, with the exception of training planes, crop-dusters, Cockpit windows may be equipped with a sun shield. Most cockpits have windows that can be opened when the aircraft is on the ground, nearly all glass windows in large aircraft have an anti-reflective coating, and an internal heating element to melt ice. Smaller aircraft may be equipped with a transparent aircraft canopy, in most cockpits the pilots control column or joystick is located centrally, although in some military fast jets the side-stick is located on the right hand side. In some commercial airliners both pilots use a side-stick located on the side, so Captains side-stick on the left. Except for some helicopters, the seat in the cockpit of an aircraft is the seat used by the co-pilot. The captain or pilot in command sits in the seat, so that he can operate the throttles. The tradition has maintained to this day, with the co-pilot on the right hand side. The layout of the cockpit, especially in the military fast jet, has undergone standardisation, One of the most important developments was the Basic Six pattern, later the Basic T, developed from 1937 onwards by the Royal Air Force, designed to optimise pilot instrument scanning
6.
Vehicle armour
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Military vehicles are commonly armoured to withstand the impact of shrapnel, bullets, missiles or shells, protecting the personnel inside from enemy fire. Such vehicles include armoured fighting vehicles like tanks, aircraft and ships, civilian vehicles may also be armoured. These vehicles include cars used by reporters, officials and others in conflict zones or where violent crime is common, armoured cars are also routinely used by security firms to carry money or valuables to reduce the risk of highway robbery or the hijacking of the cargo. Armour may also be used in vehicles to protect from other than a deliberate attack. Some spacecraft are equipped with specialised armour to protect them against impacts from micrometeoroids or fragments of space junk, the design and purpose of the vehicle determines the amount of armour plating carried, as the plating is often very heavy and excessive amounts of armour restrict mobility. In order to decrease this problem, some new materials and material compositions are being researched which include buckypaper, rolled homogeneous armour is strong, hard, and tough. Steel with these characteristics is produced by processing cast steel billets of appropriate size, rolling and forging irons out the grain structure in the steel, removing imperfections which would reduce the strength of the steel. Aluminium is used when weight is a necessity. It is most commonly used on APCs and armoured cars, wrought iron was used on ironclad warships. Early European iron armour consisted of 10 to 13 cm of wrought iron backed by up to one meter of solid wood, titanium is roughly the weight of aluminium, but as strong as iron. So despite being rather expensive, it finds an application in areas where weight is a concern, such as personal armour, because of its high density, depleted uranium can also be used in tank armour, sandwiched between sheets of steel armour plate. Plastic metal was a type of vehicle armour originally developed for merchant ships by the British Admiralty in 1940, the original composition was described as 50% clean granite of half-inch size, 43% of limestone mineral, and 7% of bitumen. It was typically applied in a two inches thick and backed by half an inch of steel. Plastic armour could be applied by pouring it into a cavity formed by the backing plate. Bulletproof glass is a term for glass that is particularly resistant to being penetrated when struck by bullets. The industry generally refers to it as bullet-resistant glass or transparent armour, bullet-resistant glass is usually constructed using a strong but transparent material such as polycarbonate thermoplastic or by using layers of laminated glass. The desired result is a material with the appearance and light-transmitting behaviour of standard glass, the polycarbonate layer, usually consisting of products such as Armormax, Makroclear, Cyrolon, Lexan or Tuffak, is often sandwiched between layers of regular glass. The use of plastic in the laminate provides impact-resistance, such as physical assault with a hammer, the plastic provides little in the way of bullet-resistance
7.
Ejection seat
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In aircraft, an ejection seat or ejector seat is a system designed to rescue the pilot or other crew of an aircraft in an emergency. In most designs, the seat is propelled out of the aircraft by a charge or rocket motor. The concept of an escape crew capsule has also been tried. Once clear of the aircraft, the ejection seat deploys a parachute, Ejection seats are common on certain types of military aircraft. A bungee-assisted escape from an aircraft took place in 1910, in 1916 Everard Calthrop, an early inventor of parachutes, patented an ejector seat using compressed air. The modern layout for a seat was first proposed by Romanian inventor Anastase Dragomir in the late 1920s. The design, featuring a parachuted cell, was tested on 25 August 1929 at the Paris-Orly Airport near Paris and in October 1929 at Băneasa. Dragomir patented his catapult-able cockpit at the French Patent Office, the design was perfected during World War II. The first ejection seats were developed independently during World War II by Heinkel, early models were powered by compressed air and the first aircraft to be fitted with such a system was the Heinkel He 280 prototype jet-engined fighter in 1940. At 2,400 m, Schenk found he had no control, jettisoned his towline, the He 280 was never put into production status and the first operational type built anywhere, to provide ejection seats for the crew was the Heinkel He 219 Uhu night fighter in 1942. In Sweden, a version using compressed air was tested in 1941, a gunpowder ejection seat was developed by Bofors and tested in 1943 for the Saab 21. The first test in the air was on a Saab 17 on 27 February 1944, and the first real use occurred by Lt. Bengt Johansson on 29 July 1946 after a mid-air collision between a J21 and a J22. As the first operational military jet in late 1944 to ever feature one, the lightweight Heinkel He 162A Spatz featured a new type of ejection seat, in this system, the seat rode on wheels set between two pipes running up the back of the cockpit. When lowered into position, caps at the top of the seat fitted over the pipes to close them, cartridges, basically identical to shotgun shells, were placed in the bottom of the pipes, facing upward. When fired, the gases would fill the pipes, popping the caps off the end, after World War II, the need for such systems became pressing, as aircraft speeds were getting ever higher, and it was not long before the sound barrier was broken. Manual escape at such speeds would be impossible, the United States Army Air Forces experimented with downward-ejecting systems operated by a spring, but it was the work of Sir James Martin and his company Martin-Baker that was to prove crucial. The first live flight test of the Martin-Baker system took place on 24 July 1946, shortly afterward, on 17 August 1946, 1st Sgt. Larry Lambert was the first live U. S. ejectee, Lynch demonstrated the ejection seat at the Daily Express Air Pageant in 1948, ejecting from a Meteor. W.52 experimental flying wing
8.
Aircraft flight control system
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Aircraft engine controls are also considered as flight controls as they change speed. The fundamentals of aircraft controls are explained in flight dynamics and this article centers on the operating mechanisms of the flight controls. The basic system in use on aircraft first appeared in a recognizable form as early as April 1908. Throttle controls to control engine speed or thrust for powered aircraft, the control yokes also vary greatly amongst aircraft. Centre sticks also vary between aircraft, some are directly connected to the control surfaces using cables, others have a computer in between which then controls the electrical actuators. Flight control has long been taught in such fashion for decades, as popularized in ab initio instructional books such as the 1944 work Stick. In some aircraft, the surfaces are not manipulated with a linkage. In ultralight aircraft and motorized hang gliders, for example, there is no mechanism at all, instead, the pilot just grabs the lifting surface by hand and moves it. In addition to the flight controls for roll, pitch. Other secondary flight control systems may be available, including slats, spoilers, air brakes, mechanical or manually operated flight control systems are the most basic method of controlling an aircraft. They were used in aircraft and are currently used in small aircraft where the aerodynamic forces are not excessive. Turnbuckles are often used to adjust control cable tension, the Cessna Skyhawk is a typical example of an aircraft that uses this type of system. Gust locks are used on parked aircraft with mechanical systems to protect the control surfaces and linkages from damage from wind. Some aircraft have gust locks fitted as part of the control system and this arrangement can be found on bigger or higher performance propeller aircraft such as the Fokker 50. Some mechanical flight control systems use servo tabs that provide aerodynamic assistance, servo tabs are small surfaces hinged to the control surfaces. The flight control mechanisms move these tabs, aerodynamic forces in turn move and this arrangement was used in early piston-engined transport aircraft and in early jet transports. The Boeing 737 incorporates a system, whereby in the event of total hydraulic system failure. The complexity and weight of mechanical flight control systems increase considerably with the size, hydraulically powered control surfaces help to overcome these limitations
9.
Environmental control system (aircraft)
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The environmental control system of an aircraft provides air supply, thermal control and cabin pressurization for the crew and passengers. Avionics cooling, smoke detection, and fire suppression are also considered part of an aircrafts environmental control system. The systems described below are specific to current production Boeing airliners, although the details are identical for passenger jets from Airbus. An exception was Concorde which had an air supply system fitted due to the higher altitudes at which it flew. On jetliners, air is supplied to the ECS by being bled from a stage of each gas turbine engine. The temperature and pressure of this air varies according to which compressor stage is used. A manifold pressure regulating shut-off valve restricts the flow as necessary to maintain the pressure for downstream systems. For this reason, air is drawn from one of two bleed ports at different compressor stage locations. When the engine is at low pressure, the air is drawn from the highest pressure bleed port, as pressure is increased and reaches a predetermined crossover point, the high pressure shut-off valve closes and air is selected from a lower pressure port to minimize the fuel performance loss. The reverse happens as engine pressure decreases, to achieve the desired temperature, the bleed-air is passed through a heat exchanger called a pre-cooler. Air bled from the fan is blown across the pre-cooler, located in the engine strut. A fan air modulating valve varies the cooling airflow to control the air temperature of the service bleed air. At the heart of the air unit is the Air Cycle Machine cooling device. Some aircraft, including early 707 jetliners, used vapor-compression refrigeration like that used in air conditioners. An ACM uses no Freon, the air itself is the refrigerant, the ACM is preferred over vapor cycle devices because of reduced weight and maintenance requirements. On most jetliners, the A/C packs are located in the wing to body fairing between the two wings beneath the fuselage, on some jetliners the A/C packs are located in the tail. The A/C packs on the McDonnell Douglas DC-10/MD-11 and Lockheed L-1011 are located in the front of the aircraft beneath the flight deck, nearly all jetliners have two packs, although larger aircraft such as the Boeing 747, Lockheed L-1011, and McDonnell-Douglas DC-10/MD-11 have three. The quantity of bleed air flowing to the A/C pack is regulated by the control valve
10.
Cabin pressurization
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For aircraft, this air is usually bled off from the gas turbine engines at the compressor stage, and for spacecraft, it is carried in high-pressure, often cryogenic tanks. The air is cooled, humidified, and mixed with recirculated air if necessary, the cabin pressure is regulated by the outflow valve. It also serves to increase passenger comfort and is a regulatory requirement above 15,000 feet in the U. S. A. The principal physiological problems are listed below, Pressurization of the cargo hold is also required to prevent damage to pressure-sensitive goods that might leak, expand, burst or be crushed on re-pressurization. In some individuals, particularly those with heart or lung disease, symptoms may begin as low as 5,000 feet, at this altitude, there is about 25% less oxygen than there is at sea level. Hypoxia may be addressed by the administration of oxygen, either through an oxygen mask or through a nasal cannula. Without pressurization, sufficient oxygen can be delivered up to an altitude of about 40,000 feet. At 40,000 feet, the ambient air pressure falls to about 0.2 bar, emergency oxygen supply masks in the passenger compartment of airliners do not need to be pressure-demand masks because most flights stay below 40,000 feet. Above that altitude the pressure of oxygen will fall below 0.2 bar even at 100% oxygen. Passengers may experience fatigue, nausea, headaches, sleeplessness, and these are the same symptoms that mountain climbers experience, but the limited duration of powered flight makes the development of pulmonary oedema unlikely. The mechanism is the same as that of compressed-air divers on ascent from depth, symptoms may include the early symptoms of the bends—tiredness, forgetfulness, headache, stroke, thrombosis, and subcutaneous itching—but rarely the full symptoms thereof. Decompression sickness may also be controlled by a suit as for altitude sickness. Barotrauma As the aircraft climbs or descends, passengers may experience discomfort or acute pain as gases trapped within their bodies expand or contract, the most common problems occur with air trapped in the middle ear or paranasal sinuses by a blocked Eustachian tube or sinuses. Pain may also be experienced in the tract or even the teeth. The pressure inside the cabin is technically referred to as the equivalent effective cabin altitude or more commonly as the cabin altitude and this is defined as the equivalent altitude above mean sea level having the same atmospheric pressure according to a standard atmospheric model such as the International Standard Atmosphere. Thus a cabin altitude of zero would have the pressure found at sea level. Federal Aviation Administration regulations in the U. S. mandate that under normal operating conditions, the rate of change of cabin altitude strongly affects comfort as humans are sensitive to pressure changes in the inner ear and sinuses and this has to be managed carefully. The cabin altitude of the Boeing 767 is typically about 6,900 feet when cruising at 39,000 feet and this is typical for older jet airliners
11.
Oxygen mask
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An oxygen mask provides a method to transfer breathing oxygen gas from a storage tank to the lungs. Oxygen masks may cover the nose and mouth or the entire face and they may be made of plastic, silicone, or rubber. In certain circumstances, oxygen may be delivered via a nasal cannula instead of a mask, medical plastic oxygen masks are used primarily by medical care providers for oxygen therapy because they are disposable and so reduce cleaning costs and infection risks. Mask design can determine accuracy of oxygen delivered with many various medical situations requiring treatment with oxygen, Oxygen is naturally occurring in room air at 21% and higher percentages are often essential in medical treatment. For these reasons oxygen therapy is closely monitored, masks are light in weight and attached using an elasticated headband or ear loops. Silicone and rubber oxygen masks are heavier than plastic masks, Dr. Arthur H. Bulbulian pioneered the first modern viable oxygen mask, worn by World War II pilots and used by hospitals. Valves inside these tight-fitting masks control the flow of gases into and out of the masks, hoses or tubing connect an oxygen mask to the oxygen supply. Hoses are larger in diameter than tubing and can allow greater oxygen flow, when a hose is used it may have a ribbed or corrugated design to allow bending of the hose while preventing twisting and cutting off the oxygen flow. The quantity of oxygen delivered from the tank to the oxygen mask is controlled by a valve called a regulator. Three main kinds of masks are used by pilots and crews who fly at high altitudes, continuous flow, diluter demand. The first successful creation for the mask was by Armenian born Dr. Arthur Bulbulian. In a continuous-flow system, oxygen is provided to the user continuously and it does not matter if the user is exhaling or inhaling as oxygen is flowing from the time the system is activated. Below the oxygen mask is a bag that collects oxygen during exhalation. Diluter-demand and pressure-demand masks supply oxygen only when the user inhales and they each require a good seal between the mask and the user’s face. In a diluter-demand system, as the altitude increases, the flow increases such that the partial pressure of oxygen is roughly constant. Diluter-demand oxygen systems can be used up to 40,000 feet, in a pressure-demand system, oxygen in the mask is above ambient pressure, permitting breathing above 40,000 feet. Because the pressure inside the mask is greater than the pressure around the torso, inhalation is easy. Aviators are trained in pressure-demand breathing in altitude chambers, because they seal tightly, pressure-demand-type oxygen masks are also used in hyperbaric oxygen chambers and for oxygen breathing research projects with standard oxygen regulators
12.
Radio control
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Radio control is the use of radio signals to remotely control a device. Radio control is used for control of vehicles from a hand-held radio transmitter. Industrial, military, and scientific research organizations use of radio-controlled vehicles as well. In 1898, at an exhibition at Madison Square Garden, Nikola Tesla demonstrated a small unmanned boat that was radio controlled, John Hays Hammond Jr is regarded as the father of radio control due to experiments as an apprentice of Thomas Edison at the age of twelve. Hammond was a friend of Tesla and they performed experiments together in his lab located in his castle. He learned a great deal from his exposure to Tesla, Tesla was granted a US patent on this invention on July 1,1898. In 1903, the Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres y Quevedo presented the Telekino at the Paris Academy of Science, and was granted a patent in France, Spain, Great Britain and the United States. In 1904, Bat, a Windermere steam launch, was controlled using experimental radio control by its inventor, in 1909 the French inventor Gabet demonstrated what he called his Torpille Radio-Automatique, a radio-controlled torpedo. In 1917, Archibald Low as head of the RFC Experimental Works, was the first person to use radio control successfully on an aircraft, in the 1920s, various radio-controlled ships were used for naval artillery target practice. In 1922, the obsolete, US Navy battleship USS Iowa became the first of these target ships, radio control gear, developed by the radio engineer John Hays Hammond, Jr. was installed before her sinking in gunnery exercise in March 1923. The Soviet Red Army used remotely controlled teletanks during the 1930s in the Winter War against Finland, a teletank is controlled by radio from a control tank at a distance of 500–1,500 m, the two constituting a telemechanical group. There were also remotely controlled cutters and experimental remotely controlled planes in the Red Army, in the 1930s, the United Kingdom developed the radio-controlled Queen Bee, a remotely controlled unmanned Tiger Moth aircraft for a fleets gunnery firing practice. The Queen Bee was superseded by the similarly named Queen Wasp, radio control was further developed during World War II, primarily by the Germans who used it in a number of missile projects. Their main effort was the development of radio-controlled missiles and glide bombs for use against shipping, however, by the end of the war, the Luftwaffe was having similar problems attacking Allied bombers and developed a number of radio command guided anti-aircraft missiles, none of which saw service. After initial successes, the British launched a number of raids to collect the missile radio sets. Jammers were then installed on British ships, and the weapons basically stopped working, the German development teams then turned to wire guidance once they realized what was going on, but the systems were not ready for deployment until the war had already moved to France. The German Kriegsmarine operated FL-Boote which were radio controlled motor boats filled with explosives to attack shipping from 1944. Both the British and US also developed radio control systems for similar tasks, however, no system proved usable in practice, and the one major US effort, Operation Aphrodite, proved to be far more dangerous to its users than to the target
13.
History of unmanned combat aerial vehicles
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The history of unmanned combat aerial vehicles is closely tied to the general history of unmanned aerial vehicles. During the 1960s the US Navy installed thousands of QH-50 DASH torpedo-launching helicopter drones on many of their destroyers and they were meant as a stopgap measure to counter the threat of an ever-growing fleet of Soviet attack submarines. If UAVs could be used for reconnaissance by the army and the air force, it was obvious that they could also be used for combat missions. The objective was to study a system to perform the dangerous suppression of enemy air defenses mission, or in other words to destroy enemy anti-aircraft gun. The project was known as HAVE LEMON, an odd choice of name, since in US slang a lemon is a troublesome and worthless automobile. HAVE LEMON involved a number of Ryan Firebees equipped with a pylon under each wing, a forward-looking TV camera. These UAVs were given the designation BGM-34A and used beginning in late 1971 to perform remote-control strikes on simulated air-defense sites with Maverick missiles and HOBOS TV-guided glide bombs. Tests performed in 1973 and 1974 with the BGM-34B were also successful, the BGM-34C could be used for reconnaissance or strike missions by swapping out nose modules and other elements. The concept proved to be a little too far ahead of its time, nobody in the Air Force hierarchy stepped forward to take ownership of the issue, and the HAVE LEMON exercise faded away. The test squadron was disbanded in 1979 and its roughly 60 UAVs were put into storage, as attention focused on the combat capabilities of attack drones, the USN and USAF were looking for drones that could turn 6Gs and quickly roll into tight turns. While at the time, US designers were wondering if dog-fights between robot planes were just around the corner. From 25 January through 28 April 1971 a batch of Maneuverability Augmentation System for Tactical Air Combat Simulation systems were modified onto existing US Navy BQM-34A drones and these UAVs were test flown to evaluate their maneuvering characteristics, which were deemed good. The F4s were equipped both the infrared homing Sidewinder and radar-guided Sparrow air-to-air missiles. As the two F4s approached Santa Catalina Island, a MASTAC-equipped Firebee was ground-launched, the F4s were vectored towards the interception and the air-to-air battle was on. The first action was a maneuver, as the Phantom lined up for the kill. The Firebee was banking into 100-degree maneuvers, and making 180-degree reversal turns within 12 seconds, the Phantoms were no longer attacking the UAV, they were now the targets. The UAVs had been able to pull and hold 6 Gs within three seconds of receiving the command, and still maintain altitude, the Phantoms were unable to maintain track on the UAV, but fired their air-to-air missiles anyway, receiving no hits. In the late 1990s, the concept of using UAVs for performing actual combat, was revived in the form of various designs generally designated as uninhabited combat air vehicles, one of the initial concepts was to develop a UCAV on a fast track for air occupation
14.
Lee de Forest
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Lee de Forest was an American inventor, self-described Father of Radio, and a pioneer in the development of sound-on-film recording used for motion pictures. He had over 180 patents, but also a tumultuous career—he boasted that he made, then lost and he was also involved in several major patent lawsuits, spent a substantial part of his income on legal bills, and was even tried for mail fraud. His most famous invention, in 1906, was the three-element Audion vacuum tube, Lee de Forest was born in 1873 in Council Bluffs, Iowa, the son of Anna Margaret and Henry Swift DeForest. He was a descendant of Jessé de Forest, the leader of a group of Walloon Huguenots who fled Europe in the 17th Century due to religious persecution. De Forests father was a Congregational Church minister who hoped his son would become a pastor. De Forest prepared for college by attending Mount Hermon Boys School in Mount Hermon, after completing his undergraduate studies, in September,1896 de Forest began three years of postgraduate work. However, his experiments had a tendency to blow fuses. Even after being warned to be careful, he managed to douse the lights during an important lecture by Professor Charles Hastings. One drawback to Marconis approach was his use of a coherer as a receiver, which, while providing for permanent records, was slow, insensitive. After making unsuccessful inquiries about employment with Nikola Tesla and Marconi and his first job after leaving Yale was with the Western Electric Companys telephone lab in Chicago, Illinois. While there he developed his first receiver, which was based on findings by two German scientists, Drs. A. Neugschwender and Emil Aschkinass and their original design consisted of a mirror in which a narrow, moistened slit had been cut through the silvered back. Attaching a battery and telephone receiver, they could hear sound changes in response to radio signal impulses, De Forest, along with Ed Smythe, a co-worker who provided financial and technical help, developed variations they called responders. With radio research his main priority, de Forest next took a teaching position at the Lewis Institute. By 1900, using a transmitter and his responder receiver. Professor Clarence Freeman of the Armour Institute became interested in de Forests work, Marconi had already made arrangements to provide reports for the Associated Press, which he had successfully done for the 1899 contest. De Forest contracted to do the same for the smaller Publishers Press Association, the race effort turned out to be an almost total failure. The Freeman transmitter broke down — in a fit of rage, none of these companies had effective tuning for their transmitters, so only one could transmit at a time without causing mutual interference. De Forest ruefully noted that under conditions the only successful wireless communication was done by visual semaphore wig-wag flags
15.
Ulises Armand Sanabria
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Ulises Armand Sanabria was born in southern Chicago of Puerto Rican and French-American parents. Sanabria is known for development of televisions and early terrestrial television broadcasts. Sanabria was the builder and engineer of WCFL, the first mechanical television station went on the air in Chicago on June 12,1928. By sending the signal to station WIBO and the video signal on WCFL, he was the first to transmit sound. At age 15 Sanabria told his girlfriend that he was going to invent television, two years later, he figured out how to do it. Two more years later, at the age of 19, he demonstrated the first television in Chicago and this was only months after the first demonstrations of mechanical television by Charles Francis Jenkins in the US and John Logie Baird in the UK. By 1929, Sanabria was operating his own station, WX9AO, in that year, he asked a young comedian named Milton Berle to appear on one of his stations programs. The grand opening of television station W9XAP took place in the evening of August 27,1930, a number of receivers had been distributed to homes and stores in the Chicago area. Sears, Roebuck had advertised extensively and crowds had assembled to see, bill Hay was the announcer and several other WMAQ artists performed. The signal was strong and the good, but ghost images were terrific. By 1934, Sanabria was able to present a television system with a picture 30 feet wide. He continued to demonstrate his system until the late 1930s and was in business manufacturing television picture tubes until 1955, dr. de Forest was a consultant to Mr. Sanabria and the school. They were in the process of setting up another branch in New York on Pearl Harbor Day, during the war years,2,000 of their students were recruited by the U. S. armed forces. The school, American Television Institute of Technology, had 6,000 men in training courses. Sanabria married his school sweetheart and had two sons from his first marriage, Robert K. and Ulises Armand Jr. He also fathered three children from his marriage, two daughters, Penolopy and Patricia, and one son, Quentin
16.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
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Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is an American federal research facility in Livermore, California, United States, founded by the University of California in 1952. A Federally Funded Research and Development Center, it is funded by the U. S. In 2012, the laboratory had the synthetic chemical element livermorium named after it, LLNL is self-described as a premier research and development institution for science and technology applied to national security. Its principal responsibility is ensuring the safety, security and reliability of the nuclear weapons through the application of advanced science, engineering. The Laboratory is located on a site at the eastern edge of Livermore. It also operates a 7,000 acres remote experimental test site, called Site 300, LLNL has an annual budget of about $1.5 billion and a staff of roughly 5,800 employees. LLNL was established in 1952 as the University of California Radiation Laboratory at Livermore and it was intended to spur innovation and provide competition to the nuclear weapon design laboratory at Los Alamos in New Mexico, home of the Manhattan Project that developed the first atomic weapons. Edward Teller and Ernest Lawrence, director of the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley, are regarded as the co-founders of the Livermore facility, the new laboratory was sited at a former naval air station of World War II. About half an hour southeast of Berkeley, the Livermore site provided much greater security for classified projects than a university campus. Lawrence tapped 32-year-old Herbert York, a graduate student of his. Under York, the Lab had four programs, Project Sherwood, Project Whitney, diagnostic weapon experiments. Lawrence died in August 1958 and shortly after, the board of regents named both laboratories for him, as the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. Historically, the Berkeley and Livermore laboratories have had close relationships on research projects, business operations. The Livermore Lab was established initially as a branch of the Berkeley Laboratory, the Livermore Lab was not officially severed administratively from the Berkeley Lab until 1971. The laboratory was renamed Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in 1971, on October 1,2007 LLNS assumed management of LLNL from the University of California, which had exclusively managed and operated the Laboratory since its inception 55 years before. The laboratory was honored in 2012 by having the chemical element livermorium named after it. The LLNS takeover of the Laboratory has been controversial, in May 2013, an Alameda County jury awarded over $2.7 million to five former Laboratory employees who were among 430 employees LLNS laid off during 2008. The jury found that LLNS breached an obligation to terminate the employees only for “reasonable cause. ”The five plaintiffs also have pending age discrimination claims against LLNS
17.
Model aircraft
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A model aircraft is a small sized unmanned aircraft or, in the case of a scale model, a replica of an existing or imaginary aircraft. Model aircraft are divided into two groups, flying and non-flying. Non-flying models are also termed static, display, or shelf models, some can be very large, especially when used to research the flight properties of a proposed full scale design. Static models range from mass-produced toys in white metal or plastic to highly accurate and detailed models produced for museum display, many models are available in kit form, typically made of injection-moulded polystyrene. Aircraft manufacturers and researchers also make wind tunnel models not capable of flight, used for testing. Sometimes only part of the aircraft is modelled, static model aircraft are scale models built using plastic, wood, metal, paper, fiberglass or any other suitable material. Some static models are scaled for use in tunnels, where the data acquired is used to aid the design of full scale aircraft. Models are available that have already built and painted, models that require construction, painting and gluing. Most of the worlds airlines allow their aircraft to be modelled as a form of publicity. In the early days, airlines would order large models of their aircraft, in addition, airlines and airplane makers hand out desktop model airplanes to airport, airline and government officials as a way of promoting their airline, celebrating a new route or an achievement. Static model aircraft are available commercially in a variety of scales from as large as 1,18 scale to as small as 1,1250 scale. Plastic model kits requiring assembly and painting are primarily available in 1,144,1,72,1,50,1,48,1,32, and 1,24 scale, often depending on the size of the original subject. Die-cast metal models are available in 1,400,1,200,1,72,1,600,1,500,1,300,1,250. A variety of odd scales are available, but less common. Scales are not usually random, but are based upon simple divisions of either the Imperial system, or the Metric system. For example,1,48 scale is 1/4 to 1-foot and 1,72 is 1 to 6 feet, while scales are simpler, such as 1, 100th. 1,72 scale was first introduced in the Skybirds wood, Skybirds was followed closely by Frog which produced 1,72 scale aircraft in 1936 under the Frog Penguin name. According to Fine Scale Modeler magazine,1,72 was also popularized by the US War Department during the Second World War when it requested models of single engine aircraft at that scale, the War Department also requested models of multi-engine aircraft at a scale of 1,144
18.
DARPA
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The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency is an agency of the U. S. Department of Defense responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military. DARPA was created in February 1958 as the Advanced Research Projects Agency by President Dwight D. Eisenhower and its purpose was to formulate and execute research and development projects to expand the frontiers of technology and science, with the aim to reach beyond immediate military requirements. DARPA was created in response to the Soviet launching of Sputnik 1 in 1957, the name of the organization changed several times from its founding name ARPA, DARPA, ARPA, and DARPA. DARPA is independent from other research and development and reports directly to senior Department of Defense management. DARPA has about 240 employees, of whom 13 are in management, dARPA-funded projects have provided significant technologies that influenced many non-military fields, such as computer networking and graphical user interfaces in information technology. S. The mission statement has evolved over time, today, DARPAs mission is still to prevent technological surprise to the U. S. but also to create technological surprise for U. S. enemies. The creation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency was authorized by President Dwight D.15 and its creation was directly attributed to the launching of Sputnik and to U. S. realization that the Soviet Union had developed the capacity to rapidly exploit military technology. Initial funding of ARPA was $520 million, ARPAs first director, Roy Johnson, left a $160,000 management job at General Electric for an $18,000 job at ARPA. Herbert York from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory was hired as his scientific assistant, Johnson and York were both keen on space projects, but when NASA was established later in 1958 all space projects and most of ARPAs funding were transferred to it. Johnson resigned and ARPA was repurposed to do high-risk, high-gain, far out basic research, ARPAs second director was Brigadier General Austin W. Betts, who resigned in early 1961. He was succeeded by Jack Ruina who served until 1963, Ruina, the first scientist to administer ARPA, managed to raise its budget to $250 million. In pursuit of this mission, DARPA has developed and transferred technology programs encompassing a range of scientific disciplines that address the full spectrum of national security needs. From 1958 to 1965, ARPAs emphasis centered on major issues, including space, ballistic missile defense. During 1960, all of its civilian space programs were transferred to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the military space programs to the individual Services. This allowed ARPA to concentrate its efforts on the Project Defender, Project Vela, and Project AGILE Programs, and to work on computer processing, behavioral sciences. The DEFENDER and AGILE Programs formed the foundation of DARPA sensor, surveillance, and directed energy R&D, particularly in the study of radar, infrared sensing, ARPA at this point played an early role in Transit a predecessor to the Global Positioning System. Fast-forward to 1959 when a joint effort between DARPA and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory began to fine-tune the early explorers’ discoveries, TRANSIT, sponsored by the Navy and developed under the leadership of Dr. Richard Kirschner at Johns Hopkins, was the first satellite positioning system. The agency was renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency in 1972, and during the early 1970s, it emphasized direct energy programs, information processing, concerning information processing, DARPA made great progress, initially through its support of the development of time-sharing
19.
Yom Kippur War
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The fighting mostly took place in the Sinai and the Golan Heights, territories that had been occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War of 1967. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat wanted also to reopen the Suez Canal, neither specifically planned to destroy Israel, although the Israeli leaders could not be sure of that. Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed ceasefire lines to enter the Sinai Peninsula, both the United States and the Soviet Union initiated massive resupply efforts to their respective allies during the war, and this led to a near-confrontation between the two nuclear superpowers. The war began with a massive and successful Egyptian crossing of the Suez Canal, after crossing the cease-fire lines, Egyptian forces advanced virtually unopposed into the Sinai Peninsula. After three days, Israel had mobilized most of its forces and halted the Egyptian offensive, resulting in a military stalemate, the Syrians coordinated their attack on the Golan Heights to coincide with the Egyptian offensive and initially made threatening gains into Israeli-held territory. Within three days, however, Israeli forces had pushed the Syrians back to the ceasefire lines. The Israel Defense Forces then launched a four-day counter-offensive deep into Syria, within a week, Israeli artillery began to shell the outskirts of Damascus. He therefore ordered the Egyptians to go back on the offensive, on October 22 a United Nations–brokered ceasefire quickly unraveled, with each side blaming the other for the breach. By October 24, the Israelis had improved their positions considerably and completed their encirclement of Egypts Third Army and this development led to tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. As a result, a ceasefire was imposed cooperatively on October 25 to end the war. These changes paved the way for the subsequent peace process, the 1978 Camp David Accords that followed led to the return of the Sinai to Egypt and normalized relations—the first peaceful recognition of Israel by an Arab country. Egypt continued its drift away from the Soviet Union and left the Soviet sphere of influence entirely, the war was part of the Arab–Israeli conflict, an ongoing dispute that included many battles and wars since 1948, when the state of Israel was formed. During the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel had captured Egypts Sinai Peninsula, roughly half of Syrias Golan Heights, and the territories of the West Bank which had been held by Jordan since 1948. On June 19,1967, shortly after the Six-Day War, the Israeli government voted to return the Sinai to Egypt, the Arab position, as it emerged in September 1967 at the Khartoum Arab Summit, was to reject any peaceful settlement with the state of Israel. Prior to that, King Hussein of Jordan had stated that he could not rule out a possibility of a real, permanent peace between Israel and the Arab states. Armed hostilities continued on a limited scale after the Six-Day War and escalated into the War of Attrition, a ceasefire was signed in August 1970. President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt died in September 1970 and he was succeeded by Anwar Sadat. A peace initiative led by both Sadat and UN intermediary Gunnar Jarring was tabled in 1971 and it resembled a proposal independently made by Moshe Dayan
20.
Israel
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Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. The country contains geographically diverse features within its small area. Israels economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, in 1947, the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem. The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, next year, the Jewish Agency declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied territories including the West Bank, Golan Heights and it extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Israels occupation of the Palestinian territories is the worlds longest military occupation in modern times, efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed, the population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2017 to be 8,671,100 people. It is the worlds only Jewish-majority state, with 74. 8% being designated as Jewish, the countrys second largest group of citizens are Arabs, at 20. 8%. The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, including significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins, other minorities include Arameans, Armenians, Assyrians, Black Hebrew Israelites, Circassians, Maronites and Samaritans. Israel also hosts a significant population of foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia, including illegal migrants from Sudan, Eritrea. In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish, Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister is head of government and the Knesset is the legislature, Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2016. The country benefits from a skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the third highest in Asia, in the early weeks of independence, the government chose the term Israeli to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Sharett. The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel. The name Israel in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, jacobs twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. The earliest known artifact to mention the word Israel as a collective is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt. The area is known as the Holy Land, being holy for all Abrahamic religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam
21.
Ryan Firebee
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The Ryan Firebee was a series of target drones developed by the Ryan Aeronautical Company beginning in 1951. It was one of the first jet-propelled drones, and one of the most widely used target drones ever built, the Firebee I was the result of a 1948 US Air Force request and contract to Ryan for a jet-powered gunnery target. The first flight of the XQ-2 Firebee prototype took place in early 1951, the drone featured swept flight surfaces and a circular nose inlet. The initial models had distinctive arrowhead shaped endplates on the tailplane, the Firebee could be air-launched, specially modified Douglas A-26 Invader bombers being first used for this, or ground-launched with a single RATO booster. Following successful evaluation, the target was ordered into production for the USAF as the Q-2A, powered by a Continental J69-T-19B turbojet engine, the Air Force then obtained small numbers of a Q-2B with a more powerful engine for high-altitude performance. The US Navy bought the Firebee as the KDA-1, with much the appearance as the Q-2A, differing mainly in that the powerplant was a Fairchild J44-R-20B turbojet. The KDA-1 could be distinguished from the Q-2A from the fact that the KDA-1 had an inlet centerbody, the US Army also obtained a version designated the XM21 that differed from the KDA-1 only in minor details. The Navy obtained several improved variants zob of the KDA-1, including the XKDA-2 and XKDA-3, which were not built in quantity, and the KDA-4 and these variants were hard to distinguish from the KDA-1, differing mainly in successively uprated J44 engines and minor changes. In the late 1950s, the USAF awarded Ryan a contract for an improved second generation Firebee. The initial prototype performed its first flight in late 1958 and went into production in 1960, in 1963, it was redesignated the BQM-34A. The old first-generation KDA-1 and KDA-4 targets that were flying with the Navy were then, somewhat confusingly, given the designations AQM-34B. It was powered by a Continental J69-T-29A turbojet, a copy of the improved Turbomeca Gourdon derivative of the Marbore, the Navy also adopted the BQM-34A, while the Army obtained a ground-launched version designated MQM-34D, with longer wings and a heavier JATO booster. Since most modern pictures of Firebees show the ventral fin, this may have due to production changes of some sort. Sources are not clear on the issue, in 1960, the first stealth technology development program was initiated by USAF, by reducing the radar cross-section of a Q-2C drone. This was achieved through specially designed screens over the air intake, radar-absorbent material on the fuselage, in the meantime, the Navy upgraded their BQM-34As with improved avionics, which were then designated BQM-34S. In the early 1980s, the Navy also began to refit these with the uprated J69-T-41A engine, the Air Force began to update their BQM-34As with improved avionics, and fitted them with the J85-GE-7 engine. The new engine was fitted without major changes in the airframe. BQM-34A production ended in 1982, but the line was reopened in 1986 to produce more BQM-34S targets
22.
Egypt
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Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia, although Jordan and it is the worlds only contiguous Afrasian nation. Egypt has among the longest histories of any country, emerging as one of the worlds first nation states in the tenth millennium BC. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. One of the earliest centres of Christianity, Egypt was Islamised in the century and remains a predominantly Muslim country. With over 92 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab world, the third-most populous in Africa, and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres, the large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypts territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypts residents live in areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria. Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Egypts economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, Egypt is a member of the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Arab League, African Union, and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Miṣr is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern name of Egypt. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם, the oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian
23.
Operation Mole Cricket 19
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Operation Mole Cricket 19 was a suppression of enemy air defenses campaign launched by the Israeli Air Force against Syrian targets on June 9,1982, at the outset of the 1982 Lebanon War. The operation was the first time in history that a Western-equipped air force destroyed a Soviet-built surface-to-air missile network. It also became one of the biggest air battles since World War II, the result was a decisive Israeli victory, leading to the colloquial name the Bekaa Valley Turkey Shoot. The IAF began working on a SAM suppression operation since the end of the Yom Kippur War, rising tensions between Israel and Syria over Lebanon escalated in the early 1980s and culminated in Syria deploying the SAM batteries in the Beqaa Valley. On June 6,1982, Israel invaded Lebanon, and on the day of the war. The battle lasted two hours, and involved innovative tactics and technology. By the end of the day, the IAF had destroyed seventeen of the nineteen SAM batteries deployed in the Beqaa Valley, the battle led the United States to impose a ceasefire on Israel and Syria. In the Yom Kippur War of 1973, Egypt had 20 mobile SA-6 SAM systems, backed up by 70 SA-2s,65 SA-3s, Syria deployed another 34 SAM batteries. In the first three days, the IAF lost 50 aircraft in about 1,220 sorties, a rate of four percent. The SA-6s, SA-7s, and ZSU-23-4 guns hit 53 of Israels prewar total of 170 A-4 Skyhawks and 33 of its 177 F-4 Phantoms, as a result, the IAF found it difficult to provide air support to the ground troops. When Egypt tried to push beyond the range of its SAM batteries on October 14, ezer Weizman, a former IAF commander, said that the wing of the fighter plane was broken by the SAM. Between 1973 and 1978, the IAF undertook a project to try to find an answer to the SAM threat. The losses suffered by Israel in the 1973 war were so high that it spawned the United States stealth aircraft program. The U. S. estimated that without a solution to the SAM problem, the Israelis had lost 109 aircraft in 18 days. On May 28,1980, IAF guided missiles destroyed two armored cars carrying SA-9 batteries, manned by Libyan troops, near Sidon, the Prime Minister, Menachem Begin, then also Minister of Defense, announced that the IAF could destroy the SAM batteries in two hours. Ivry told the media that the IAF could do nothing of the kind, on April 28,1981 the IAF shot down two Syrian helicopters over Lebanon. Syria responded by deploying its first SAM brigades to the Beqaa Valley, the SAM batteries were not a direct strategic threat to Israel, and there were already several Syrian SAM batteries in east Lebanon, across the border. Begin faced a dilemma, on one hand, the new deployment damaged Israels deterrence credibility and, on the other hand, eventually, he decided on an attack, to be launched on April 30, but the operation was called off due to weather conditions
24.
1982 Lebanon War
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The military operation was launched after gunmen from Abu Nidals organization attempted to assassinate Shlomo Argov, Israels ambassador to the United Kingdom. Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin blamed Abu Nidals enemy, the PLO, for the incident, the PLO, under the chairmanship of Yasser Arafat, had relocated its headquarters to Tripoli in June 1982. Following the assassination of Gemayel in September 1982, Israels position in Beirut became untenable and the signing of a peace treaty became increasingly unlikely. After Israeli forces withdrew from most of Lebanon, the War of the Camps broke out between Lebanese factions, the remains of the PLO and Syria, in which Syria fought its former Palestinian allies. At the same time, Shia militant groups began consolidating and waging a low-intensity guerrilla war over the Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon, the Lebanese Civil War would continue until 1990, at which point Syria had established complete dominance over Lebanon. After the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, Lebanon became home to more than 110,000 Palestinian refugees, after their settlements in Palestine and Israel had been depopulated as a result of the war. After its founding in 1964 and the radicalization among Palestinians, which followed the Six Day War, continual violence near the Lebanese border occurred between Israel and the PLO starting from 1968, this peaked, following the relocation of PLO bases to Lebanon after the civil war in Jordan. The violence between Israel and the PLO peaked during Operation Litani in 1978, provoked by the Coastal Road Massacre which was carried out by Palestinian militants, as early as 1976, Israel had been assisting Lebanese Christian militias in their sporadic battles against the PLO. But Israels main partner was to be the Maronite Phalange party, whose paramilitary was led by Bashir Gemayel, gemayels strategy during the early stages of the Lebanese Civil War was to provoke the Syrians into retaliatory attacks on Christians, such that Israel could not ignore. In 1978, Menachem Begin declared that Israel would not allow a genocide of Lebanese Christians, hundreds of Lebanese militiamen began to train in Israel, at the IDF Staff and Command College. During the period June to December 1980 the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon recorded an increase in activities along the border zone, during the same period Israel protested numerous attacks by Palestinian forces, unrelated to the Lebanese border zone. In contrast the IDF had launched attacks on Lebanese territory often in support of the Lebanese Christian militia. In doing so Israel had violated UN Security Council resolution 425 on hundreds of occasions, in the subsequent period 16 June to 10 December 1981, a relative quiet was reported continuing from 29 May 1981 until 10 July. This was broken when Israeli aircraft resumed strikes against targets in southern Lebanon north of the UNIFIL area, led to exchanges of heavy firing between armed elements, on the one hand, and IDF and the de facto forces on the other. On 13 and 14 July, widespread Israeli air-strikes continued, armed elements fired into the enclave and northern Israel. Israeli-initiated attacks had led to rocket and artillery fire on northern Israel and this pattern continued in the coming days. Israel renewed its air strikes in an attempt to trigger a war that would allow it to out the PLO. On 17 July, the Israel Air Force launched an attack on PLO buildings in downtown Beirut
25.
Iran
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Iran, also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a sovereign state in Western Asia. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East, with 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the worlds 17th-most-populous country. It is the country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The countrys central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, Tehran is the countrys capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is the site of to one of the worlds oldest civilizations, the area was first unified by the Iranian Medes in 625 BC, who became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great, under the Sassanid Dynasty, Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world for the next four centuries. Beginning in 633 AD, Arabs conquered Iran and largely displaced the indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism by Islam, Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. During the 18th century, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, through the late 18th and 19th centuries, a series of conflicts with Russia led to significant territorial losses and the erosion of sovereignty. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a monarchy and the countrys first legislative body. Following a coup instigated by the U. K. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution, Irans rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 21 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and 11th-largest in the world. Iran is a member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC. Its political system is based on the 1979 Constitution which combines elements of a democracy with a theocracy governed by Islamic jurists under the concept of a Supreme Leadership. A multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, most inhabitants are Shia Muslims, the largest ethnic groups in Iran are the Persians, Azeris, Kurds and Lurs. Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis, meaning land of the Persians. As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, however, Persis was originally referred to a region settled by Persians in the west shore of Lake Urmia, in the 9th century BC. The settlement was then shifted to the end of the Zagros Mountains. In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably
26.
RPG-7
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The RPG-7 is a portable, reusable, unguided, shoulder-launched, anti-tank rocket-propelled grenade launcher. Originally the RPG-7 and its predecessor, the RPG-2, were designed by the Soviet Union, the weapon has the GRAU index 6G3. The English-language term rocket-propelled grenade, though frequently encountered and reasonably descriptive, is a backronym for RPG, RPG-7 properly refers to the launcher itself, whereas RPG refers to the ammunition. The ruggedness, simplicity, low cost, and effectiveness of the RPG-7 has made it the most widely used weapon in the world. Currently around 40 countries use the weapon, and it is manufactured in several variants by nine countries and it is popular with irregular and guerrilla forces. The RPG has been used in almost all conflicts across all continents since the mid-1960s from the Vietnam War to the early 2010s War in Afghanistan, widely produced, the most commonly seen major variations are the RPG-7D paratrooper model, and the lighter Chinese Type 69 RPG. DIO of Iran manufactures RPG-7s with olive green handguards, H&K pistol grips, the RPG-7 was first delivered to the Soviet Army in 1961 and deployed at a squad level. It replaced the RPG-2, having clearly out-performed the intermediate RPG-4 design during testing, the RPG-7D3 is the equivalent paratrooper model. Both the RPG-7V2 and RPG-7D3 were adopted by the Russian Ground Forces in 2001, the launcher is reloadable and based around a steel tube,40 millimeters in diameter,95.3 centimeters long, and weighing 7 kilograms. The middle of the tube is wood wrapped to protect the user from heat, sighting is usually optical with a back-up iron sight, and passive infra-red and night sights are also available. As with similar weapons, the grenade protrudes from the launch tubes and it is 40–105 millimeters in diameter and weighs between 2.0 and 4.5 kilograms. It is launched by a booster charge, giving it an initial speed of 115 meters per second. The rocket motor ignites after 10 meters and sustains flight out to 500 meters at a velocity of 295 meters per second. The grenade is stabilized by two sets of fins that deploy in-flight, one set on the stabilizer pipe to maintain direction. The grenade can fly up to 1,100 meters, the sets the maximum range. These must be assembled into the ready-to-use grenade, the TRADOC bulletin provides anecdotal commentary that the RPG-7 has been fired from within buildings, which agrees with the two-stage design. It is stated only a 2-meter standoff to a rear obstruction is needed for use inside rooms or fortifications. The fins not only provide drag stabilization, but are designed to impart a slow rotation to the grenade, due to the configuration of the RPG-7 sustainer/warhead section, it responds counter-intuitively to crosswinds
27.
Gulf War
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The Iraqi Armys occupation of Kuwait that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation, and brought immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by members of the UN Security Council. US President George H. W. Bush deployed US forces into Saudi Arabia, an array of nations joined the coalition, the largest military alliance since World War II. The great majority of the military forces were from the US, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia paid around US$32 billion of the US$60 billion cost, the war was marked by the introduction of live news broadcasts from the front lines of the battle, principally by the US network CNN. The war has also earned the nickname Video Game War after the daily broadcast of images from cameras on board US bombers during Operation Desert Storm. The initial conflict to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait began with an aerial and naval bombardment on 17 January 1991 and this was followed by a ground assault on 24 February. This was a victory for the coalition forces, who liberated Kuwait. The coalition ceased its advance, and declared a ceasefire 100 hours after the campaign started. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, Iraq launched Scud missiles against coalition military targets in Saudi Arabia and against Israel. The following names have been used to describe the conflict itself, Gulf War, a problem with these terms is that the usage is ambiguous, having now been applied to at least three conflicts, see Gulf War. The use of the term Persian Gulf is also disputed, see Persian Gulf naming dispute, with no consensus of naming, various publications have attempted to refine the name. Other language terms include French, la Guerre du Golfe and German, Golfkrieg, German, Zweiter Golfkrieg, French, most of the coalition states used various names for their operations and the wars operational phases. Operation Desert Storm was the US name of the conflict from 17 January 1991. Operation Desert Sabre was the US name for the offensive against the Iraqi Army in the Kuwaiti Theater of Operations from 24–28 February 1991, in itself. Operation Desert Farewell was the given to the return of US units and equipment to the US in 1991 after Kuwaits liberation. Operation Granby was the British name for British military activities during the operations, Opération Daguet was the French name for French military activities in the conflict. Operation Friction was the name of the Canadian operations Operazione Locusta was the Italian name for the operations, in addition, various phases of each operation may have a unique operational name. The US divided the conflict into three campaigns, Defense of Saudi Arabian country for the period 2 August 1990, through 16 January 1991
28.
Kandahar
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Kandahar or Qandahar is the second-largest city in Afghanistan, with a population of about 491,500 as of 2012. Formerly called Alexandria Arachosia, the city is named after Alexander the Great, Kandahar is the capital of Kandahar Province, located in the south of the country at an altitude of 1,010 m above sea level. The Arghandab River runs along the west of the city, the city of Kandahar has a population of 557,118. It has 15 districts and a land area of 27,337 hectares. The total number of dwellings in Kandahar is 61,902, Kandahar is one of the most culturally significant cities of the Pashtuns and has been their traditional seat of power for more than 200 years. It is a trading center for sheep, wool, cotton, silk, felt, food grains, fresh and dried fruit. The region produces fine fruits, especially pomegranates and grapes, and the city has plants for canning, drying, and packing fruit, the area is believed to be the birthplace of cannabis indica. The region around Kandahar is one of the oldest known human settlements, Alexander the Great had laid-out the foundation of what is now Old Kandahar in the 4th century BC and gave it the Ancient Greek name Αλεξάνδρεια Aραχωσίας. Many empires have long fought over the city due to its location along the trade routes of southern, central. In 1709, Mirwais Hotak made the region an independent kingdom, in 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the last Afghan empire, made it the capital of modern Afghanistan. A temple to the deified Alexander as well as an inscription in Greek and Aramaic by Emperor Ashoka, Ibn Batutta mentions Kandahar in the 14th century by describing it as a large and prosperous town three nights journey from Ghazni. It has been then mentioned extensively by Mughal Emperor Babur and others, an alternative story describes Khandahar as Gandhara in Mahabharata ruled by Suvala and later by Shakuni. The princess of Hastinapur, Gandhari was born in Gandhara, a folk etymology offered is that the word kand or qand in Persian and Pashto means candy. The name Candahar or Kandahar in this form probably translates to candy area and this probably has to do with the location being fertile and historically known for producing fine grapes, pomegranates, apricots, melons and other sweet fruits. Ernst Herzfeld claimed Kandahar perpetuated the name of the Indo-Parthian king Gondophares, excavations of prehistoric sites by archaeologists such as Louis Dupree and others suggest that the region around Kandahar is one of the oldest human settlements known so far. Early peasant farming villages came into existence in Afghanistan ca.5000 B. C. or 7000 years ago, deh Morasi Ghundai, the first prehistoric site to be excavated in Afghanistan, lies 27 km southwest of Kandahar. Another Bronze Age village mound site with multiroomed mud-brick buildings dating from the same period sits nearby at Said Qala, Bronze Age pottery, copper and bronze horse trappings and stone seals were found in the lowermost levels in the nearby cave called Shamshir Ghar. In the Seistan, southwest of these Kandahar sites, two teams of American archaeologists discovered sites relating to the 2nd millennium B. C, while the Diadochi were warring amongst themselves, the Mauryan Empire was developing in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent
29.
Drone strikes in Pakistan
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Most of these attacks are on targets in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas along the Afghan border in Northwest Pakistan. These strikes began during the administration of United States President George W. Bush, some in the media have referred to the attacks as a drone war. Surveys have shown that the strikes are deeply unpopular in Pakistan, the US administration and Pakistani authorities have publicly claimed that civilian deaths from the attacks are minimal. Estimates for civilian deaths range from 158 to 965, Amnesty International found that a number of victims were unarmed and that some strikes could amount to war crimes. The Peshawar High Court has ruled that the attacks are illegal, inhumane, violate the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Obama administration disagreed, contending that the attacks did not violate international law and that the method of attack was precise and effective. Pakistans government publicly condemns these attacks, however, it also allegedly allowed the drones to operate from Shamsi Airfield in Pakistan until 21 April 2011. According to secret diplomatic cables leaked by Wikileaks, Pakistans Army Chief Ashfaq Parvez Kayani not only agreed to the drone flights. However, Pakistans Interior Minister Rehman Malik said, drone missiles cause collateral damage, a few militants are killed, but the majority of victims are innocent citizens. The strikes are often linked to anti-American sentiment in Pakistan and the growing questionability of the scope, reports of the number of militant versus civilian casualties differ. For instance, the CIA has claimed that strikes conducted between May 2010 and August 2011 killed over 600 militants without any fatalities, a claim that many have disputed. The New America Foundation has estimated that 80 percent of those killed in the attacks were militants, on the other hand, several experts have stated that in reality, far fewer militants and many more civilians have been killed. In a 2009 opinion article, Daniel L. Byman of the Brookings Institution wrote that drone strikes may have killed 10 or so civilians for every militant that they killed, the Pakistani military has stated that most of those killed were Al-Qaeda and Taliban militants. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism found that 423 to 965 civilians were killed out of a total of 2,497 to 3,999 including 172 to 207 children. However, analysis by the RAND Corporation suggests that drone strikes are associated with decreases in the incidence, a motive that the 2010 Times Square car bomber Faisal Shahzad stated was the repeated CIA drone attacks in Pakistan, his native country. Drone strikes were halted in November 2011 after NATO forces killed 24 Pakistani soldiers in the Salala incident, Shamsi Airfield was evacuated of Americans and taken over by the Pakistanis December 2011. The incident prompted an approximately two-month stop to the drone strikes, emmerson said government officials from the country clearly stated Pakistan does not agree to the drone attacks, which is contradicted by U. S. officials. In October 2013, Amnesty International brought out a study of the impact of drone strikes that strongly condemned the strikes. The report stated that the number of civilian deaths, the tactics used
30.
War on Terror
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The War on Terror, also known as the Global War on Terrorism, is a metaphor of war referring to the international military campaign that started after the September 11th attacks on the United States. U. S. President George W. Bush first used the term War on Terror on 20 September 2001 and it was originally used with a particular focus on countries associated with Islamic terrorist organizations including al-Qaeda and like-minded organizations. In 2013, President Barack Obama announced that the United States was no longer pursuing a War on Terror, in 2017 Donald Trump assumed presidency of the United States and vowed that the fight against ISIL is his number one priority. Trump has also agreed to work together and carry joint operations with Russian President Vladimir Putin in the war on terror. The phrase War on Terror has been used to refer to the ongoing military campaign led by the U. S. The conflict has also referred to by names other than the War on Terror. Author Shane Harris asserts this was a reaction to the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing, Bush later apologized for this remark due to the negative connotations the term crusade has to people, e. g. of the Muslim faith. The word crusade was not used again, on 20 September 2001, during a televised address to a joint session of Congress, Bush stated that ur war on terror begins with al-Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, in April 2007, the British government announced publicly that it was abandoning the use of the phrase War on Terror as they found it to be less than helpful. This was explained more recently by Lady Eliza Manningham-Buller, in her 2011 Reith lecture, the former head of MI5 said that the 9/11 attacks were a crime, not an act of war. So I never felt it helpful to refer to a war on terror. U. S. President Barack Obama has rarely used the term, in March 2009 the Defense Department officially changed the name of operations from Global War on Terror to Overseas Contingency Operation. In March 2009, the Obama administration requested that Pentagon staff members avoid the use of the term, basic objectives of the Bush administration war on terror, such as targeting al Qaeda and building international counterterrorism alliances, remain in place. Because the actions involved in the war on terrorism are diffuse, jackson cites among many examples a statement by John Ashcroft that the attacks of September 11 drew a bright line of demarcation between the civil and the savage. Administration officials also described terrorists as hateful, treacherous, barbarous, mad, twisted, perverted, without faith, parasitical, inhuman, Americans, in contrast, were described as brave, loving, generous, strong, resourceful, heroic, and respectful of human rights. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan, a small number of Afghan Arab volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. On 7 August 1998, al-Qaeda struck the U. S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, killing 224 people, the plant produced much of the regions antimalarial drugs and around 50% of Sudans pharmaceutical needs. The strikes failed to kill any leaders of WIFJAJC or the Taliban, next came the 2000 millennium attack plots, which included an attempted bombing of Los Angeles International Airport
31.
Gulf of Saros
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Saros Bay or Gulf of Saros is an inlet of the northern Aegean Sea located north of the Gallipoli Peninsula in northwestern Turkey. The Archipelago of Saros is in the gulf and it consists the three small islands - The Big island, The Small island and The Little island. The bay is 75 km long and 35 km wide, far from industrialized areas and thanks to underwater currents, it is a popular summer recreation resort with sandy strands and crystal-clear sea. Scuba diving, windsurfing and fishing are the most practiced water sports here, settlements around the bay are, Gökçetepe, Mecidiye, Erikli, Danişment, Yayla, Karaincirli, Vakıf, Büyükevren, Sultaniçe, Gülçavuş and Enez, all in Edirne Province. The islands of Gökçeada lie outside Saros Bay and Samothrace in the Aegean Sea, on the Southern shore of the Dardanelles, across from Gallipoli, was the place of legendary Troy. The bay served for a time as a place for NATOs amphibious exercises. In the fall of 1992, the Turkish destroyer Muavenet was hit by two Sea Sparrow missiles fired by the U. S. aircraft carrier USS Saratoga during the NATO exercise Display Determination held in the bay. The incident cost the lives of several Turkish officers, while others aboard were injured seriously
32.
Bayraktar Tactical UAS
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The Bayraktar Tactical UAS is a surveillance and reconnaissance system initially developed for the Turkish Armed Forces. Bayraktar currently holds the endurance and altitude record for Turkish aviation. Bayraktar set a record for flight endurance when it flew 24 hours and 34 minutes at 18,000 feet on 5 August 2014. Bayraktar furthermore holds the record with 27,030 feet on its flight on 14 June 2014 with full payload weight. Bayraktar TB2 successfully demonstrated firing of Roketsan MAM-L Smart Munition with 100% precision in December 2015, Bayraktar is developed by the Kale-Baykar joint venture between the Kale Group and Baykar Technologies. In 2007, the Turkish Defense Undersecretariat initiated a development program, Bayraktar demonstrated Block A, with its dual redundant avionics system in 2009 with a fully autonomous takeoff and landing capability and was selected as the winner of the program. Bayraktar Block B design commenced in early 2012 with the phase of the program. With its 650 kg MTOW and 12 meters wingspan platform powered by a combustion engine, Bayraktar can fly up to 22,500 feet. Each Tactical UAS is configured with six aerial vehicle platforms, two Ground Control Stations, three Ground Data Terminals, two Remote Video Terminals and Ground Support Equipment, each Aerial Platform is equipped with a triply redundant avionics system. Its ground control systems cross redundant architecture allows for pilot, payload operator and mission commander to command, control, Bayraktar has a triple-redundant flight control system with autonomous taxi, takeoff, cruise, landing and parking capability without any external sensor aid. The flight control system is the main component which conducts sensor fusion algorithms running with the real-time sensor data. Mission specific controls such are handled through the control computer system. Aerial platform is guided through various redundant rotary and linear type servo actuators which are designed according to the dynamics of the aerial platform, all of the main airborne avionics equipment software and hardware are developed under the running program so as to achieve utmost performance. Electronic power unit powers the onboard systems supported with triple alternators, a ruggedized heated type camera unit is placed at the tail section of the platform to monitor flight and all payload and telemetry data are recorded to the airborne data recorder. Redundancy architecture of the support for autonomous emergency landings on different airfields if necessary. Sensor fusion algorithms allow for navigation and auto landing even in loss global positioning signals, Bayraktar Block B Platform has a blended wing body design with its inverse V-Tail structure. Blended wing body design supports the lifting performance of the overall platform, thrust is generated through the internal combustion engine placed between the tail booms. Monocoque platform is modular with detachable main items such as wing, tail boom, all of the fuselage items are mostly made of carbon fiber composite parts whereas precision CNC machined aluminum parts are used at the junction sections of the platform
33.
EADS Barracuda
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The EADS Barracuda is a jet powered European unmanned aerial vehicle currently under development by EADS, intended for the role of aerial reconnaissance and also combat. The aircraft is a joint venture between Germany and Spain, development of the project was stopped after the first prototype crashed at sea while approaching for landing during a test flight. The program was resumed in 2008, with a prototype being completed in November 2008. The rebuilt Barracuda underwent a series of flight tests in Goose Bay, Canada during July 2009. The Barracuda is primarily in competition with the Dassault nEUROn for strategic, both are stealthy and have a maximum air speed of around Mach 0.85. While Germany and Spain are behind the Barracuda, France, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Greece, not much is known about the Barracuda as it is still in development. However the Barracuda is thought to have a ceiling of around 20,000 ft. The Barracuda originated as a UAV design study, intended to push EADS into the market for medium-altitude long-range UAVs and its official debut was at the 2006 International Aerospace Exhibition, where military applications and specifications for the Barracuda were revealed. EADS current focus is to get the Barracuda certified for unregulated flight in Germanys designated airspace and they also plan to develop the Barracuda as a modular platform, so that it can be refitted for various roles like maritime patrol. Offensive capabilities are not planned, but it may be refitted to carry weapons if customers express interest for it, the Barracuda may also be capable of carrying weapon systems. The systems would be installed in the payload bay. Germany is also discussing a partnership with Sweden and Italy for a unmanned aerial vehicle effort in order to compete with the French-led Dassault nEUROn programme. Italy and Sweden are already participants in the French-led effort, the Barracudas maiden flight took place in April,2006 at a remote location on the Iberian Peninsula. The flight was a success but the prototype crashed into the water during a test flight just off the Spanish coast on September 23,2006, the Barracuda is based on commercially available off the shelf components, but also many refined systems. Its fuselage is constructed entirely from carbon fibre, which is brittle, the only significant metal component is the wing spar, running through the middle and reinforcing the wings. The wing spar allows for removal of the wings for transportation. The Barracuda uses a specially shaped fuselage to scatter deflected radar, rendering the UCAV stealthy. Germany Spain General characteristics Crew,0 Length,8.25 m Wingspan,7.22 m Height, ft in Wing area, ft Empty weight,2300 kg Useful load, lb Loaded weight, kg Max
34.
IAI Harop
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The IAI Harop is an unmanned combat aerial vehicle developed by the MBT division of Israel Aerospace Industries. It is a drone that can autonomously home in on radio emissions. Rather than holding a separate high-explosive warhead, the drone itself is the main munition and this SEAD-optimised UCAV is designed to loiter the battlefield and attack targets by self-destructing into them. The drone can either operate fully autonomously, using its anti-radar homing system, if a target is not engaged, the drone will return and land itself back at base. It has been designed to minimize its radar-signature through stealth, the IAI Harop has a loiter time of 6 hours and a range of 1000 km both ways. It is a version of the IAI Harpy and is launched from ground- or sea-based canisters. The Harop can either operate fully autonomously, or it can take a man-in-the-loop mode and this latter mode allows the Harop to attack radars that are presently shut down and therefore not providing emissions for the aircraft to automatically home in on. If a target is not engaged, the drone will return, the small drone can evade SAMs and radar detection systems which are designed to target much larger aircraft or to intercept fixed-trajectory missiles. IAI is developing a version of the Harop for smaller applications. The smaller Harop would be one-fifth the size and have a lighter 3–4 kg warhead and it will be cheaper and have a shorter endurance of 2–3 hours to be used tactically against time-critical targets or ones that hide and re-appear. Turkey may have been the launch customer for the Harop in 2005, the Harop was selected as one of the finalists, but was rejected when the MoD decided that the contract should go to a British team. In August 2007, the government of India was negotiating to purchase eight to ten Harop systems, in September 2009, the Indian Air Force announced that it will be inducting the Harop systems purchased for US$100 Million. The Harop was publicly unveiled to the world for the first time in India, the loitering drones were also reportedly used to destroy an Armenian command post. Israel special - IAIs Harop ups the stakes on SEAD missions, rivals unveil concepts for loitering munition demo. IAI Predicts Big UAV Market - And Unveils Loitering Missile
35.
Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II
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The Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II is a single-seat, twin turbofan engine, straight wing jet aircraft developed by Fairchild-Republic for the United States Air Force. Commonly referred to by its nicknames Warthog or Hog, its name comes from the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt. The A-10 was designed for air support of friendly ground troops, engaging armored vehicles and tanks. It entered service in 1976 and is the only aircraft that has served in the USAF that was designed solely for CAS. Its secondary mission is to forward air controller – airborne support. Aircraft used primarily in this role are designated OA-10, the A-10 was intended to improve on the performance of the A-1 Skyraider and its poor firepower. The A-10 was designed around the 30 mm GAU-8 Avenger rotary cannon and its short takeoff and landing capability permits operation from airstrips close to the front lines, and its simple design enables maintenance with minimal facilities. The A-10 served in the Gulf War, the American intervention against Iraqs invasion of Kuwait, the A-10 also participated in other conflicts such as Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada, the Balkans, Afghanistan, Iraq, and against ISIL in the Middle East. The A-10A single-seat variant was the version produced, though one pre-production airframe was modified into the YA-10B twin-seat prototype to test an all-weather night capable version. In 2005, a program was started to upgrade remaining A-10A aircraft to the A-10C configuration with modern avionics for use of precision weaponry. The U. S. Air Force had stated the F-35 would replace the A-10 as it entered service, but this remains highly contentious within the Air Force and in political circles. With a variety of upgrades and wing replacements, the A-10s service life may be extended to 2040, post-World War II development of conventionally armed attack aircraft in the United States had stagnated. Design efforts for tactical aircraft focused on the delivery of nuclear weapons using high-speed designs like the F-101 Voodoo, designs concentrating on conventional weapons had been largely ignored, leaving their entry into the Vietnam War led by the Korean War-era Douglas A-1 Skyraider. While a capable aircraft for its era, with a large payload and long loiter times. The U. S. Air Force and Marine Corps lost 266 A-1s in action in Vietnam, the A-1 Skyraider also had poor firepower. The lack of conventional attack capability prompted calls for a specialized attack aircraft. The former became the Tactical Fighter Experimental, or TFX, which emerged as the F-111 and it was also expensive to buy and operate, with a flyaway cost of $2 million in FY1965, and operational costs over $900 per hour. After a broad review of its force structure, the U. S. Air Force decided to adopt a low-cost aircraft to supplement the F-4
36.
Elbit Systems
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Elbit Systems Ltd. is an Israel-based international defense electronics company engaged in a wide range of programs throughout the world. In 2013, Elbit Systems had approximately 12,000 employees, the majority of whom are engaged in engineering, research and development, Elbit Systems shares are traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange and OTC in the United States.75. Elbit Systems has a cap of over $3 Billion. Elbit – which focused on activities and in 1999 led the consortium that founded Partner Communications Company Ltd. Israels first GSM operator NASDAQ, PTNR, in 2002, Elbit was merged into Elron. Elron sold its shares in Partner during 2003–2006 for approximately $160 million, following the merger with El-Op, Michael Federmann became the largest shareholder in the combined group. Following the merger with El-Op, Michael Federmann and CEO Joseph Ackerman led an aggressive growth by acquisitions strategy, mikal Ltd Elbit subsequently announced a cash tender offer for the 12. 15% remainder of ITL held by the public. In October 2014, Elbit Systems won a $12.7 million contract for the supply, the contract would be delivered over a two-year period. Elbit Systems Intelligence and Electro-optics – Elop Ltd, Elbit Systems Land and C4I Ltd. Elbit Systems EW and SIGINT – Elisra Ltd, SCD – Semi-Conductor Devices Opgal – Optronics Industries Ltd. Chip PC Technologies – a developer and manufacturer of thin client solutions for server-based computing, france – On June 19,2011, Elbit announced that its subsidiary Elisra Electronic Systems Ltd. The project is to be performed within 24 months, the contract is to be performed over the next three years. Macedonia - In February 2004 Elbit System started modernization of 4 helicopters in Air Base Petrovec for Macedonian Air Force with equipment for flight, on May 11,2011 Ministry of Defence signed a contract for building a training center for pilots with simulators for MI17 and MI24 helicopters. On May 24,2011, Elbit announced that it was awarded a contract valued at approximately $18.6 million to upgrade the Romanian Air Forces C-130 transport aircraft. The project, to be performed four years, will be executed in cooperation with local companies in Romania. United Kingdom – In 2005 Elbit set up a joint venture company in the UK with Thales, UAV Tactical Systems Ltd, on December 7,2007 it was announced that QinetiQ will join the programme as a sub-contractor to provide testing services at ParcAberporth, West Wales. In 2007, Elbit acquired Ferranti Technologies Limited, talla-Com in Tallahassee, Florida Innovative Concepts, Inc. In January 2011, Elbit announced that it had two more Brazilian companies, Ares Aeroespecial e Defesa, and Periscopio Equipamentos Optronicos
37.
Alenia Aeronautica
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Alenia Aeronautica was an Italian aerospace company. Its subsidiaries included Alenia Aermacchi and Alenia Aeronavali, Alenia Aeronautica owns ATR, a joint venture with EADS. In January 2012, the company was reorganized as Alenia Aermacchi, Alenia Aeronautica was created in 1990 by concentrating the Finmeccanica aerospace and defense industries Aeritalia and Selenia. Alenia was immediately associated with Eurofighter and other advanced programs, the present Alenia Aeronautica was incorporated in 2002, when Finmeccanica spun off its divisions as independent companies. Alenias C-27J was selected by the US Defense Department as its Joint Cargo Aircraft, and the C-27J team was awarded a contract worth US$2.04 billion for 78 C-27Js in June 2007
38.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
39.
Selex ES Falco
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The Falco is a tactical unmanned aerial vehicle designed and produced by Selex ES. The UAV is designed to be a medium-altitude, medium-endurance surveillance platform capable of carrying a range of payloads, a larger variant, the Falco EVO, is capable of carrying larger payloads is also available. Neither system is designed to carry weapons, The launch customer, Pakistan, reportedly wanted the Falco armed, the Falco UAVs maiden flight took place in December 2003 and Galileo Avionica had completed platform qualification in late October 2004. Over 40 hours of flight-testing had been completed by then at the Salto di Quirra test range in Sardinia, validation of flight controls had been completed in September 2004. Testing of the systems was planned to be started in early 2005. Radar installation was scheduled to begin in 2006, the production version of the Falco UAV used a modified powerplant developing 80 hp, supplied by UAV Engines. In March 2009 it was reported that a version named Falco Evo, evo meaning evolution, was being offered. It features larger tail booms and wings which almost double wingspan to 12.5 m, the Falco Evos first flight was expected to take place by mid-2010. Two systems were in service by March 2009, two more had been delivered and the assembly of the last system was being undertaken in Pakistan. In August 2009 it was reported that the Falco UAV had completed flight-tests while being launched by a launch system. SELEX Galileo, now Selex ES, announced on 23 July 2012 that the Falcon Evo had successfully completed its 40-minute maiden flight from Cheshnegirovo air base in Bulgaria, a maximum altitude of around 16,400 feet and endurance of up to 14 hours can be attained. As well as providing the Falco air vehicle, Selex ES offers a range of sensors, including EOST46 electro-optical/infrared turret, Gabbiano 20 multi-mode surveillance radar, the latter is a compact, active e-scan radar providing synthetic aperture radar imagery and ground moving target indication. When used in conjunction with detection software, the PicoSAR can be a powerful counter-IED tool. The Falco can also carry the SAGE electronic warfare suite for accurate direction-finding, the Falco EVO System has a payload capacity of up to 100 kg and an extended endurance of up to 18 hours. Falco is the only tactical UAS entirely developed in Europe to have exported and used in operations. Pakistan According to Flightglobal. com, in January 2007 Pakistan became the first Falco export customer. Saudi Arabia On 13 July 2012 ainonline. com reported a new sale for the Falco, bringing the number of customers to four. Turkmenistan 3 Falco XN in 2011 for €8,7 million United Nations The United Nation Peacekeeping force has started using the Falco UAV in places such as war torn DR Congo since 3 December 2013, According to Allen Mcduffee of Wired
40.
Selex ES
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Selex ES was a subsidiary of Finmeccanica S. p. A. From 1 January 2016, the activities of Selex ES merged into Leonardo-Finmeccanica’s Electronics, Defence, in particular, Selex ES’s activities have been organised in three Divisions within the sector, Airborne & Space Systems, Land and Naval Defence Electronics and Security and Information Systems. The difficulties of integrating the companies in this way led to a re-evaluation of the proposal. BAEs 2004 Annual Report states that recognising the complexity of the earlier proposed, transaction with Finmeccanica we have moved to a simpler model. This revised agreement was signed on January 27,2005, Finmeccanica and BAE announced the intention to dissolve their partnership in the Alenia Marconi Systems joint venture with AMS UK and Italian operations to be taken over by the respective partners. The UK operation of AMS being brought together with the C4ISR division of BAE Systems to form the new Integrated System Technologies division of BAE Systems, the Italian operations of AMS being brought together with several other AMS companies to form SELEX Sistemi Integrati. The communications systems portions of AMS and BAE Systems being sold to Selenia Communications, Selenia was subsequently renamed SELEX Communications. BAE Systems sold its 25% share of SELEX S&AS to Finmeccanica for €400 million in March 2007, from January 2008, SELEX S&AS Limited and its Italian counterpart Galileo Avionica S. p. A. began to operate under a common brand name, SELEX Galileo. In January 2010, the operating companies’ legal names were aligned to the brand, becoming SELEX Galileo Ltd, SELEX Sensors and Airborne Systems Inc. became SELEX Galileo Inc. In 2009 SELEX Sistemi Integrati purchased Vega Group PLC, forming in the UK SELEX Systems Integration Ltd, in 2011 SELEX Communications merged with Elsag Datamat, combining the expertise and heritage of two of the worlds most technologically advanced companies to establish SELEX Elsag. On 1 January 2013, SELEX Galileo became Selex ES when it merged with its sister companies SELEX Sistemi Integrati, the combined business had a global workforce of approximately 17,000, and total revenues in excess of €3.5 billion. In 2015, they secured a cybersecurity contract with NATO, in 2016, it secured a contract with Angola that will see equipment, replacement components and any associated services be provided to the nations upcoming centers for maritime surveillance. UK sites include, Basildon - Electro-Optics & Battlespace, Land Systems, Homeland Security, bristol – Training and Simulation, Cyber security and Communication Systems, Professional Services and Service Management in the areas of Cyber Security and Information Assurance. Edinburgh - Airborne Radar, Laser Systems, Electro-Optics, Advanced Projects, the site also hosts the Micro Electronics Group and Laser Centre of Excellence. Portsmouth - Precision Casting Centre Southampton - Infrared detectors, Network Communications Systems, pomezia - Airborne Electro-Optical Systems and Cockpit Information Systems Carsoli - Optical Coatings Palermo - Microwave Components and Solid State Sub-systems. The companys IGNITE in India programme is part of the wider International Graduate Network Integrated Through Experience, the programme allows graduates to develop entrepreneurial skills and transfer good business practice in developing countries. The programmes emphasis is on socially sustainable initiatives and it features space technology, avionics equipment, meters and didactic instruments all of which demonstrate the value of over 100 years of continuous research dedicated to science and technology. The Company had also opened the Museo del Radar in recognition of the part radar manufacturing enterprises has played our industrial age
41.
IAI Eitan
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The IAI Eitan, also known as Heron TP, is an unmanned reconnaissance aircraft developed in Israel in the early 21st century by the Malat division of Israel Aerospace Industries. The aircraft is a version of the IAI Heron. In April 2004, the Israeli Air Force magazine announced the existence of the programme, in March the following year, US company Aurora Flight Sciences announced a joint venture to market the aircraft under the name Orion. Aurora hoped to have a machine flying during 2007, but by the middle of that year, meanwhile, reports emerged of a first flight for the Eitan in Israel on 15 July 2006, despite the previous reports that the aircraft had already been flying two years previously. In late January 2007, Yedioth Ahronoth reported yet another seemingly contradictory announcement, the Eitan was publicly unveiled at a media event at Tel Nof Airbase on 8 October 2007. Additional sensors may be carried at the ends of the tail booms, analysis of the configuration presented to the media suggests an aircraft intended for deep penetration roles and on-board SIGINT processing capability. However, at the event an IAF official stated that IAI. It is a cantilever monoplane with wings of high aspect ratio. Booms extend rearward from the wings and carry twin tails that are joined by a horizontal stabiliser. The main units of the tricycle undercarriage retract into the booms. A single turboprop engine is mounted in the fuselage, driving a pusher propeller. Construction throughout is of composite materials, one report stated that Israel deployed Eitans in its alleged 2009 airstrike against an alleged Gaza-bound Iranian arms convoy traveling through Sudan. In February 2010 the Israeli Air Force unveiled its new fleet of Eitans, the first unit to operate the type,210 Squadron, was inaugurated at Tel Nof in December 2010. In January 2012, an Eitan drone crashed near Hafetz Haim during tests of new payloads, no injuries were reported. The IDF does not comment on the arming of drones, but reports describe the Eitan being used for “armed roles” with missiles “attached to wing hardpoints, ” as well as for target acquisition. Used allegedly during several operations, will help government-owned IAI market its latest drone models as “combat-proven systems. ”The Eitan was allegedly the center of controversy in Operation Protective Edge in 2014, such as eliminating the Joudeh family on Aug.24,2014. The family was in front of its house, near its pomegranate and orange trees, an Israeli drone operator decided to take it out, although no weapons or fighting were nearby. The mother, Rawya Joudeh, and four of her children aged 6–14 were killed, and a leg was taken off her fifth child
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Israel Aerospace Industries
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Israel Aerospace Industries or IAI is Israels prime aerospace and aviation manufacturer, producing aerial and astronautic systems for both military and civilian usage. It has 16,000 employees as of 2013, IAI is wholly owned by the government of Israel. In addition to construction of fighter aircraft, IAI also designs and builds civil aircraft, drones and designs and builds missile, avionics. Although IAIs main focus is aviation and high-tech electronics, it also manufactures systems for ground. Many of these products are specially suited for the Israel Defense Forces needs, the company originally had 70 employees and recruited American born aviation expert Al Schwimmer as the companys founder and first president. In 1959 Bedek began manufacturing its first aircraft, a V-tailed twinjet trainer of French design, the Tzukit became the Israeli Air Force principal trainer for 50 years. They were then deployed against Jordanian forces, including armour, on the West Bank, the Magister proved effective at the close-support mission albeit with heavy casualties, with six being lost. The first aircraft to be designed and built by IAI. In response to the French embargo, IAI began developing its own fighter aircraft, the Nesher entered service in 1971, in time for the Yom Kippur War. The Nesher was followed by the IAI Kfir, which was developed as a result of Israels need for adapting the Dassault Mirage III to the requirements of the Israeli Air Force. The Kfir entered service with the IAF in 1975, the first units being assigned to the 101st First Fighter Squadron, over the following years, several other squadrons were also equipped with the new aircraft. The Kfirs first recorded combat action took place on 9 November 1977, during an Israeli air strike on a camp at Tel Azia. The only air victory claimed by a Kfir during its service with the IAF occurred on 27 June 1979 when a Kfir C.2 shot down a Syrian MiG-21. The IAI Kfir has been exported to Colombia, Ecuador, Sri Lanka and was leased to the US Navy, in 1969 IAI acquired North American Rockwells Jet Commander series of business aircraft. This became the basis for the IAI Westwind line, work on an improved Westwind the Astra, by stretching the fuselage and designing a new swept wing, began in the late 1970s, with the first prototype flight on 19 March 1984. The first production Astra flew on 20 March 1985, FAA certification came on 29 August 1985, in the 1960s, IAI developed the Gabriel anti-ship missile and the Elta Electronics Industries subsidiary developed an inexpensive aircraft radar which would become a successful export item. In the 1970s IAI developed the Dabur class patrol boat In the 1970s IAI also entered the Unmanned aerial vehicle market with the development of the IAI Scout. In 1984, IAI formed a joint venture with rival Israeli company Tadiran to market both companies UAVs, the Tadiran Mastiff and the IAI Scout
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China
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China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
Azerbaijan – IAI Harop
Botswana – Elbit Hermes 450
Brazil – Elbit Hermes 450, IAI Heron
Colombia – Elbit Hermes 450
Chile – Elbit Hermes 900
China – Guizhou WZ-2000, Chengdu Wing Loong I, CH-3, CH-4, CH-5
Croatia – Elbit Hermes 450
Cyprus – Elbit Hermes 450
Russia - Mikoyan Skat, Korsar, Tupolev Voron
Egypt – CAIG Wing Loong,[34] CASC Rainbow[35]
France – EADS Harfang (based on the IAI Heron), SAGEM Sperwer, General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper "F"
Germany – Modified IAI Heron from Israel.[36]
Georgia – Elbit Hermes 450, Elbit Skylark
India – IAI Heron, IAI Harop and IAI Harpy from Israel,[37]
Iran – Karrar, Shahed 129, Fotros and others
Ireland – Aeronautics Orbiter UAV, number: 3+. Used in Irish Army duties. There is no evidence of using Armed drones by Irish army[citation needed]
Israel – IAI Heron, IAI Harpy, Elbit Hermes 450, IAI Eitan, IAI Harop
Italy – MQ-1 Predator, MQ-9 Reaper from the U.S. and Piaggio Aerospace P.1HH Hammerhead from Italy[38]
Mexico – Elbit Hermes 450
Netherlands – MQ-9 Reaper
Pakistan – UCAV Burraq, GIDS Shahpar, Falco UAV (from Italy)
Palestine – Two types of operational drones developed from Iranian Ababil-1 drone.[39][40]
Saudi Arabia – CAIG Wing Loong[41][42]
Singapore – Elbit Hermes 450
Spain – IAI Searcher, Skeldar V-200, RQ-11 Raven
Turkey – TAI Anka, BAYKAR Bayraktar TB2,[43] Vestel Karayel UCAV[44][45]
United Kingdom – MQ-9 Reaper,[46] Elbit Hermes 450
United States – MQ-1 Predator, MQ-9 Reaper
