1.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
2.
Software developer
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A software developer is a person concerned with facets of the software development process, including the research, design, programming, and testing of computer software. Other job titles which are used with similar meanings are programmer, software analyst. According to developer Eric Sink, the differences between system design, software development, and programming are more apparent, even more so that developers become systems architects, those who design the multi-leveled architecture or component interactions of a large software system. In a large company, there may be employees whose sole responsibility consists of one of the phases above. In smaller development environments, a few people or even an individual might handle the complete process. The word software was coined as a prank as early as 1953, before this time, computers were programmed either by customers, or the few commercial computer vendors of the time, such as UNIVAC and IBM. The first company founded to provide products and services was Computer Usage Company in 1955. The software industry expanded in the early 1960s, almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities, universities, government, and business customers created a demand for software. Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers, some were distributed freely between users of a particular machine for no charge. Others were done on a basis, and other firms such as Computer Sciences Corporation started to grow. The computer/hardware makers started bundling operating systems, systems software and programming environments with their machines, new software was built for microcomputers, so other manufacturers including IBM, followed DECs example quickly, resulting in the IBM AS/400 amongst others. The industry expanded greatly with the rise of the computer in the mid-1970s. In the following years, it created a growing market for games, applications. DOS, Microsofts first operating system product, was the dominant operating system at the time, by 2014 the role of cloud developer had been defined, in this context, one definition of a developer in general was published, Developers make software for the world to use. The job of a developer is to crank out code -- fresh code for new products, code fixes for maintenance, code for business logic, bus factor Software Developer description from the US Department of Labor
3.
Epic Games
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Epic Games, Inc. is an American video game development company based in Cary, North Carolina, partially owned by Tencent. Founded in 1991, they are best known for their Unreal Engine technology and it is the parent company of game developer Chair Entertainment, and also owns game studios in Seattle, Guildford, Berlin, Tokyo, and Seoul. Key developers at Epic Games include chairman, CEO and technical director Tim Sweeney, jerry OFlaherty was the studio art director from 2003 to 2007. Chris Perna has been the art director since OFlahertys departure from the company, Cliff Bleszinski, Epics design director, announced his departure on October 3,2012. Epic Games was founded as Potomac Computer Systems in 1991 by Tim Sweeney in Rockville, Maryland, releasing its product, ZZT. In 1996, Epic MegaGames produced a shareware isometric shooter called Fire Fight and it was later released commercially by Electronic Arts. In 1997, Safari Software was acquired in whole by Epic MegaGames, in 1998, Epic MegaGames released Unreal, a 3D first-person shooter co-developed with Digital Extremes, which expanded into a series of Unreal games. The company also began to license the technology, the Unreal Engine. In 1999, the changed its name to Epic Games and moved its offices, including its Rockville headquarters, to Cary. In 2006, Epic released the Xbox 360 and PC bestseller Gears of War and completed work on Unreal Tournament 3 for PC, PS3, on May 20,2008, Epic Games acquired Utah based Chair Entertainment. In summer 2009, Epic released the Chair developed Shadow Complex on Xbox Live Arcade, on November 7,2008, Epic Games released Gears of War 2, the sequel to their bestselling game Gears of War, which continues the story of humanitys struggle against the Locust Horde. Epic worked on an iOS game, Infinity Blade, which was released on December 9,2010 and they also released Gears of War 3, the third game in the Gears of War series on September 20,2011. In 2011, Epics subsidiary Titan Studios was dissolved, at the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards, Epic Games announced their new game Fortnite. In June 2012, Epic announced that they were opening up a new studio, Epic Baltimore, Epic Baltimore was renamed to Impossible Studios in August 2012. However, the studio ended up closing its doors in February 2013, Tencent Holdings has the right to nominate directors to the board of Epic Games and thus counts as an associate of the Group. A number of staff left the company months after the deal was announced. In October 2012, Cliff Bleszinski announced he was leaving Epic Games after 20 years with the company and his official reason was Its time for a much needed break. Later in December 2012, Epic Games president Mike Capps announced his retirement and cite the reasons as the arrival of a boy he is having with his wife
4.
Software release life cycle
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Usage of the alpha/beta test terminology originated at IBM. As long ago as the 1950s, IBM used similar terminology for their hardware development, a test was the verification of a new product before public announcement. B test was the verification before releasing the product to be manufactured, C test was the final test before general availability of the product. Martin Belsky, a manager on some of IBMs earlier software projects claimed to have invented the terminology, IBM dropped the alpha/beta terminology during the 1960s, but by then it had received fairly wide notice. The usage of beta test to refer to testing done by customers was not done in IBM, rather, IBM used the term field test. Pre-alpha refers to all activities performed during the project before formal testing. These activities can include requirements analysis, software design, software development, in typical open source development, there are several types of pre-alpha versions. Milestone versions include specific sets of functions and are released as soon as the functionality is complete, the alpha phase of the release life cycle is the first phase to begin software testing. In this phase, developers generally test the software using white-box techniques, additional validation is then performed using black-box or gray-box techniques, by another testing team. Moving to black-box testing inside the organization is known as alpha release, alpha software can be unstable and could cause crashes or data loss. Alpha software may not contain all of the features that are planned for the final version, in general, external availability of alpha software is uncommon in proprietary software, while open source software often has publicly available alpha versions. The alpha phase usually ends with a freeze, indicating that no more features will be added to the software. At this time, the software is said to be feature complete, Beta, named after the second letter of the Greek alphabet, is the software development phase following alpha. Software in the stage is also known as betaware. Beta phase generally begins when the software is complete but likely to contain a number of known or unknown bugs. Software in the phase will generally have many more bugs in it than completed software, as well as speed/performance issues. The focus of beta testing is reducing impacts to users, often incorporating usability testing, the process of delivering a beta version to the users is called beta release and this is typically the first time that the software is available outside of the organization that developed it. Beta version software is useful for demonstrations and previews within an organization
5.
C++
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C++ is a general-purpose programming language. It has imperative, object-oriented and generic programming features, while also providing facilities for low-level memory manipulation and it was designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded, resource-constrained and large systems, with performance, efficiency and flexibility of use as its design highlights. C++ is a language, with implementations of it available on many platforms and provided by various organizations, including the Free Software Foundation, LLVM, Microsoft, Intel. C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization, with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2014 as ISO/IEC14882,2014. The C++ programming language was standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC14882,1998. The current C++14 standard supersedes these and C++11, with new features, the C++17 standard is due in 2017, with the draft largely implemented by some compilers already, and C++20 is the next planned standard thereafter. Many other programming languages have influenced by C++, including C#, D, Java. In 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, a Danish computer scientist, began work on C with Classes, the motivation for creating a new language originated from Stroustrups experience in programming for his Ph. D. thesis. When Stroustrup started working in AT&T Bell Labs, he had the problem of analyzing the UNIX kernel with respect to distributed computing, remembering his Ph. D. experience, Stroustrup set out to enhance the C language with Simula-like features. C was chosen because it was general-purpose, fast, portable, as well as C and Simulas influences, other languages also influenced C++, including ALGOL68, Ada, CLU and ML. Initially, Stroustrups C with Classes added features to the C compiler, Cpre, including classes, derived classes, strong typing, inlining, furthermore, it included the development of a standalone compiler for C++, Cfront. In 1985, the first edition of The C++ Programming Language was released, the first commercial implementation of C++ was released in October of the same year. In 1989, C++2.0 was released, followed by the second edition of The C++ Programming Language in 1991. New features in 2.0 included multiple inheritance, abstract classes, static functions, const member functions. In 1990, The Annotated C++ Reference Manual was published and this work became the basis for the future standard. Later feature additions included templates, exceptions, namespaces, new casts, after a minor C++14 update released in December 2014, various new additions are planned for 2017 and 2020. According to Stroustrup, the name signifies the nature of the changes from C. This name is credited to Rick Mascitti and was first used in December 1983, when Mascitti was questioned informally in 1992 about the naming, he indicated that it was given in a tongue-in-cheek spirit
6.
Game engine
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A game engine is a software framework designed for the creation and development of video games. Developers use them to games for consoles, mobile devices. The process of development is often economized, in large part, by reusing/adapting the same game engine to create different games. In many cases game engines provide a suite of development tools in addition to reusable software components. These tools are provided in an integrated development environment to enable simplified. Game engine developers attempt to pre-invent the wheel by developing robust software suites which include many elements a game developer may need to build a game, most game engine suites provide facilities that ease development, such as graphics, sound, physics and AI functions. Gamebryo, JMonkey Engine and RenderWare are such widely used middleware programs, however extensibility is achieved, it remains a high priority for game engines due to the wide variety of uses for which they are applied. Some game engines only provide real-time 3D rendering capabilities instead of the range of functionality needed by games. These engines rely upon the developer to implement the rest of this functionality or assemble it from other game middleware components. These types of engines are referred to as a graphics engine, rendering engine. This terminology is used as many full-featured 3D game engines are referred to simply as 3D engines. A few examples of engines are, Crystal Space, Genesis3D, Irrlicht, OGRE, RealmForge, Truevision3D. As technology ages, the components of an engine may become outdated or insufficient for the requirements of a given project. Since the complexity of programming a new engine may result in unwanted delays. Such a framework is composed of a multitude of different components. The actual game logic has to be implemented by some algorithms and it is distinct from any rendering, sound or input work. The rendering engine generates 3D animated graphics by the chosen method, before hardware-accelerated 3D graphics, software renderers had been used. Game engines can be written in any programming language like C++, C or Java, though language is structurally different
7.
Software license
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A software license is a legal instrument governing the use or redistribution of software. Under United States copyright law all software is copyright protected, in code as also object code form. The only exception is software in the public domain, most distributed software can be categorized according to its license type. Two common categories for software under copyright law, and therefore with licenses which grant the licensee specific rights, are proprietary software and free, unlicensed software outside the copyright protection is either public domain software or software which is non-distributed, non-licensed and handled as internal business trade secret. Contrary to popular belief, distributed unlicensed software is copyright protected. Examples for this are unauthorized software leaks or software projects which are placed on public software repositories like GitHub without specified license. As voluntarily handing software into the domain is problematic in some international law domains, there are also licenses granting PD-like rights. Therefore, the owner of a copy of software is legally entitled to use that copy of software. Hence, if the end-user of software is the owner of the respective copy, as many proprietary licenses only enumerate the rights that the user already has under 17 U. S. C. §117, and yet proclaim to take away from the user. Proprietary software licenses often proclaim to give software publishers more control over the way their software is used by keeping ownership of each copy of software with the software publisher. The form of the relationship if it is a lease or a purchase, for example UMG v. Augusto or Vernor v. Autodesk. The ownership of goods, like software applications and video games, is challenged by licensed. The Swiss based company UsedSoft innovated the resale of business software and this feature of proprietary software licenses means that certain rights regarding the software are reserved by the software publisher. Therefore, it is typical of EULAs to include terms which define the uses of the software, the most significant effect of this form of licensing is that, if ownership of the software remains with the software publisher, then the end-user must accept the software license. In other words, without acceptance of the license, the end-user may not use the software at all, one example of such a proprietary software license is the license for Microsoft Windows. The most common licensing models are per single user or per user in the appropriate volume discount level, Licensing per concurrent/floating user also occurs, where all users in a network have access to the program, but only a specific number at the same time. Another license model is licensing per dongle which allows the owner of the dongle to use the program on any computer, Licensing per server, CPU or points, regardless the number of users, is common practice as well as site or company licenses
8.
Alexa Internet
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Alexa Internet, Inc. is a California-based company that provides commercial web traffic data and analytics. It is an owned subsidiary of Amazon. com. Founded as an independent company in 1996, Alexa was acquired by Amazon in 1999 and its toolbar collects data on browsing behavior and transmits them to the Alexa website, where they are stored and analyzed. This is the basis for the web traffic reporting. According to its website, Alexa provides traffic data, global rankings, as of 2015, its website has been visited by over 6.5 million people monthly. Alexa Internet was founded in April 1996 by American web entrepreneurs Brewster Kahle, Alexa initially offered a toolbar that gave Internet users suggestions on where to go next, based on the traffic patterns of its user community. The company also offered context for each site visited, to whom it was registered, how many pages it had, how other sites pointed to it. Alexas operations grew to include archiving of web pages as they are crawled and this database served as the basis for the creation of the Internet Archive accessible through the Wayback Machine. In 1998, the company donated a copy of the archive, Alexa continues to supply the Internet Archive with Web crawls. In 1999, as the company moved away from its vision of providing an intelligent search engine. Alexa began a partnership with Google in early 2002, and with the web directory DMOZ in January 2003, in May 2006, replaced Google with Bing as a provider of search results. In December 2006, Amazon released Alexa Image Search, built in-house, it was the first major application built on the companys Web platform. In December 2005, Alexa opened its extensive search index and Web-crawling facilities to third-party programs through a set of Web services. These could be used, for instance, to construct vertical search engines that could run on Alexas own servers or elsewhere. In May 2007, Alexa changed their API to limit comparisons to three websites, reduce the size of embedded graphs in Flash, and add mandatory embedded BritePic advertisements. In April 2007, the company filed a lawsuit, Alexa v. Hornbaker, in the lawsuit, Alexa alleged that Ron Hornbaker was stealing traffic graphs for profit, and that the primary purpose of his site was to display graphs that were generated by Alexas servers. Hornbaker removed the term Alexa from his name on March 19,2007. Thereafter, Alexa became a purely analytics-focused company, on March 31,2009, Alexa launched a major website redesign
9.
First-person shooter
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The first-person shooter shares common traits with other shooter games, which in turn fall under the heading action game. From the genres inception, advanced 3D or pseudo-3D graphics have challenged hardware development, the first-person shooter has since been traced as far back as Maze War, development of which began in 1973, and 1974s Spasim. 1998s Half-Life—along with its 2004 sequel Half-Life 2—enhanced the narrative and puzzle elements, in 1999, Half-Lifes mod Counter-Strike was released and, together with Doom, is perhaps one of the most influential first-person shooters. GoldenEye 007 was a landmark first-person shooter for home consoles, while the Halo series heightened the consoles commercial and critical appeal as a platform for first-person shooter titles. In the 21st century, the shooter is the most commercially viable video game genre. Several first-person shooters have been popular games for eSports and competitive gaming competitions as well, first-person shooters are a type of three-dimensional shooter game, featuring a first-person point of view with which the player sees the action through the eyes of the player character. They are unlike third-person shooters, in which the player can see the character they are controlling, the primary design element is combat, mainly involving firearms. A more important key difference is that first-person light-gun shooters like Virtua Cop often feature on-rails movement, the first-person shooter may be considered a distinct genre in itself, or a type of shooter game, in turn a subgenre of the wider action game genre. Following the release of Doom in 1993, games in this style were commonly termed Doom clones, in time this term has largely been replaced by first-person shooter. Wolfenstein 3D, released in 1992, the year before Doom, has credited with inventing the genre. There are occasional disagreements regarding the design elements which constitute a first-person shooter. For example, Deus Ex or BioShock may be considered as first-person shooters, some commentators extend the definition to include combat flight simulators where the cockpit or vehicle takes place of the hands and weapons. Like most shooter games, first-person shooters involve an avatar, one or more ranged weapons, and a varying number of enemies. Because they take place in a 3D environment, these tend to be somewhat more realistic than 2D shooter games. First-person shooters played on computers are most often controlled with a combination of a keyboard. This system has claimed as superior to that found in console games. It is common to display the characters hands and weaponry in the view, with a head-up display showing health. Often, it is possible to overlay a map of the surrounding area, first-person shooters often focus on action gameplay, with fast-paced and bloody firefights, though some place a greater emphasis on narrative, problem-solving and logic puzzles
10.
Video game
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A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device such as a TV screen or computer monitor. The word video in video game referred to a raster display device. Some theorists categorize video games as an art form, but this designation is controversial, the electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms, examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld computing devices, the input device used for games, the game controller, varies across platforms. Common controllers include gamepads, joysticks, mouse devices, keyboards, the touchscreens of mobile devices, and buttons, or even, with the Kinect sensor, a persons hands and body. Players typically view the game on a screen or television or computer monitor, or sometimes on virtual reality head-mounted display goggles. There are often game sound effects, music and, in the 2010s, some games in the 2000s include haptic, vibration-creating effects, force feedback peripherals and virtual reality headsets. In the 2010s, the game industry is of increasing commercial importance, with growth driven particularly by the emerging Asian markets and mobile games. As of 2015, video games generated sales of USD74 billion annually worldwide, early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a Cathode ray tube Amusement Device was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U. S. Written by MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanens on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961, and the hit ping pong-style Pong, used the DEC PDP-1s vector display to have two spaceships battle each other. In 1971, Computer Space, created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was the first commercially sold and it used a black-and-white television for its display, and the computer system was made of 74 series TTL chips. The game was featured in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green, Computer Space was followed in 1972 by the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home console. Modeled after a late 1960s prototype console developed by Ralph H. Baer called the Brown Box and these were followed by two versions of Ataris Pong, an arcade version in 1972 and a home version in 1975 that dramatically increased video game popularity. The commercial success of Pong led numerous other companies to develop Pong clones and their own systems, the game inspired arcade machines to become prevalent in mainstream locations such as shopping malls, traditional storefronts, restaurants, and convenience stores. The game also became the subject of articles and stories on television and in newspapers and magazines. Space Invaders was soon licensed for the Atari VCS, becoming the first killer app, the term platform refers to the specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware which, in conjunction with software, allows a video game to operate. The term system is commonly used
11.
Unreal (1998 video game)
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Unreal is a first-person shooter video game developed by Epic MegaGames and Digital Extremes and published by GT Interactive in April 1998. It was powered by a game engine that now bears the games name. Since the release of Unreal, the franchise has had one sequel, One official bonus pack, the Epic-released Fusion Map Pack, can be downloaded free of charge. Unreal Mission Pack, Return to Na Pali was released in June 1999, Unreal and Return to Na Pali would later be bundled together as Unreal Gold. Additionally, the games were updated to run on the Unreal Tournament version of the game engine, the player takes on the part of Prisoner 849, aboard the prison spacecraft Vortex Rikers. During transport to a prison, the ship is pulled to an uncharted planet before reaching its destination. The ship crash-lands on the lip of a canyon on the planet Na Pali, home of the Nali, the Nali and their planet have been subjugated by the Skaarj, a race of brutish yet technologically advanced reptilian humanoids. Skaarj troops board the downed Vortex Rikers and kill the survivors, except for Prisoner 849. The planet Na Pali is rich in Tarydium, a mineral that is found as light blue crystals, the ship has crashed near one of the many Tarydium mines and processing facilities that the Skaarj have built. Throughout the game the player stumbles across the remains of humans, often with electronic journals that detail their last days. Usually the tales are of desperate struggles to hide from the Skaarj or other bloodthirsty inhabitants of the planet, the player never meets another live human aside from a wounded crew member on the bridge of the prison ship who gasps and dies immediately. Prisoner 849 is likely the human alive on the planet Na Pali throughout the game. Inside the castle, the prisoner locates a teleporter that leads to the Skaarj Mothership, the mothership proves to be a vast labyrinth, but Prisoner 849 manages to find the ships reactor and destroys it, plunging the vessel into darkness. After navigating the corridors in the dark, the player arrives at the Skaarj Queens chamber, Prisoner 849 jumps into an escape pod as the mothership disintegrates. Although the prisoner survives the Skaarj, the pod is left to float into space. The expansion, Return to Na Pali, developed by defunct Legend Entertainment, picks up not long after Unreals ending, Prisoner 849 is found by a human warship, the UMS Bodega Bay. Upon learning of the identity, the UMS conscripts them into service. There, the prisoner is to retrieve some weapons research, upon arriving at the Prometheus, Prisoner 849 finds the secret weapons log, but soon after, they find a working radio communicator nearby
12.
Stealth game
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A stealth game is a type of video game that tasks the player with using stealth to avoid or overcome antagonists. Games in the genre typically allow the player to remain undetected by hiding, using disguises or avoiding noise, some games allow the player to choose between a stealthy approach or directly attacking antagonists, perhaps rewarding the player for greater levels of stealth. The genre has employed espionage, counter-terrorism and rogue themes, with protagonists who have identified as special forces operatives, spies, thieves, ninjas. Some games have also combined stealth elements with other genres, such as first-person shooters, some of the early games emphasizing stealth include Manbiki Shounen, Lupin III,005, Castle Wolfenstein, Infiltrator, Metal Gear, and Metal Gear 2, Solid Snake. The genre became popular in 1998, with the success of Metal Gear Solid as well as Tenchu, Stealth Assassins and Thief. These games were followed by other series, such as Hitman. Later games in the genre have allowed the player to choose between, or combine, stealth tactics and direct confrontation, unlike most action games, stealth games challenge the player to avoid alerting enemies altogether. The core gameplay elements of the stealth game are to avoid combat, minimize noise. Completing objectives without being detected by any enemy, sometimes referred to as ghosting is an approach to stealth games. Avoiding detection may be the way to successfully complete a game. Players can hide behind objects or in shadows, and can strike or run past an enemy when the enemy is facing the other way, if the player attracts the attention of enemies, they usually must hide and wait until the enemies abandon their search. Thus, planning becomes important, as does trial-and-error, however, some stealth games put more emphasis on physical combat skill when the player is spotted. Some games offer a choice between killing or merely knocking out an enemy, when ghosting is optional, or even not well-supported by a game, players may still attempt to avoid combat for moral reasons or as a demonstration of skill. When hiding in the dark is an element, light. Usually the player is able to disable certain light sources, players who move recklessly will make more noise and attract more attention. In order for a game to include stealth gameplay, the knowledge of the artificial intelligence must be restricted to make it ignorant to parts of the game world. Enemies typically have a line of sight which the player can avoid by hiding behind objects, enemies can also typically detect when the player touches them or moves within a small, fixed distance. Overall, stealth games vary in what player actions the AI will perceive and react to, often, the AIs movements are predictable and regular, allowing the player to devise a strategy to overcome his adversaries
13.
Fighting game
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A fighting game is a video game genre in which the player controls an on-screen character and engages in close combat with an opponent, which can be either an AI or controlled by another player. The fight matches typically consist of several rounds and take place in an arena, while each character has widely differing abilities, players must master techniques such as blocking, counter-attacking, and chaining attacks together into combos. Since the early 1990s, most fighting games allow the player to special attacks by performing specific input combinations. The fighting game genre is related to but distinct from beat em ups, the first video game to feature fist fighting was arcade game Heavyweight Champ in 1976, but it was Karate Champ which popularized one-on-one martial arts games in arcades in 1984. In 1985, Yie Ar Kung-Fu featured antagonists with differing fighting styles, in 1987, Street Fighter introduced hidden special attacks. In 1991, Capcoms highly successful Street Fighter II refined and popularized many of the conventions of the genre, the fighting game subsequently became the preeminent genre for competitive video gaming in the early to mid-1990s, particularly in arcades. Fighting games are a type of game where two on-screen characters fight each other. These games typically feature special moves that are triggered using rapid sequences of carefully timed button presses, games traditionally show fighters from a side-view, even as the genre has progressed from two-dimensional to three-dimensional graphics. Fighting games typically involve hand-to-hand combat, but may also feature melee weapons and this genre is distinct from beat em ups, another action genre involving combat, where the player character must fight many weaker enemies at the same time. During the 1980s publications used the fighting game and beat em up interchangeably. With hindsight, critics have argued that the two types of game gradually became dichotomous as they evolved, though the two terms may still be conflated, Fighting games are sometimes grouped with games that feature boxing, UFC, or wrestling. As such, boxing games, mixed martial arts games, and wrestling games are described as distinct genres, without comparison to fighting games. Fighting games involve combat between pairs of fighters using highly exaggerated martial arts moves and they typically revolve around primarily brawling or combat sport, though some variations feature weaponry. Games usually display on-screen fighters from a view, and even 3D fighting games play largely within a 2D plane of motion. Games usually confine characters to moving left and right and jumping, although some such as Fatal Fury. Recent games tend to be rendered in three dimensions and allow side-stepping, but otherwise play like those rendered in two dimensions, aside from moving around a restricted space, fighting games limit the players actions to different offensive and defensive maneuvers. Players must learn which attacks and defenses are effective against each other, often by trial, blocking is a basic technique that allows a player to defend against attacks. Some games feature more advanced blocking techniques, for example, Capcoms Street Fighter III features a move termed parrying which causes the attacker to become momentarily incapacitated, in addition to blows such as punches and kicks, players can utilize throwing or grappling to circumvent blocks
14.
Massively multiplayer online role-playing game
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As in all RPGs, the player assumes the role of a character and takes control over many of that characters actions. MMORPGs are played throughout the world, worldwide revenues for MMORPGs exceeded half a billion dollars in 2005, and Western revenues exceeded a billion dollars in 2006. In 2008, the spending on subscription MMORPGs by consumers in North American, World of Warcraft, a popular MMORPG, has over 10 million subscribers as of November 2014. World of Warcrafts total revenue was $1.04 billion US dollars in 2014, Star Wars, The Old Republic, released in 2011, became the worlds Fastest-Growing MMOG Ever after gaining more than 1 million subscribers within the first three days of its launch. Although modern MMORPGs sometimes differ dramatically from their decedents, many of them share the basic characteristics. The majority of popular MMORPGs are based on traditional fantasy themes, some employ hybrid themes that either merge or replace fantasy elements with those of science fiction, sword and sorcery, or crime fiction. Still, others draw thematic material from American comic books, the occult, often these elements are developed using similar tasks and scenarios involving quests, monsters, and loot. In nearly all MMORPGs, the development of the character is the primary goal. Traditionally, combat with monsters and completing quests for non-player characters, the accumulation of wealth is also a way to progress in many MMORPGs, and this is also traditionally best accomplished via combat. The cycle produced by these conditions, combat leading to new items allowing for more combat with no change in gameplay, is sometimes referred to as the level treadmill. The role-playing game Progress Quest was created as a parody of this trend, eve Online trains skills in real time rather than using experience points as a measure of progression. In some MMORPGs, there is no limit to a player’s level, MMORPGs that use this model often glorify top ranked players by displaying their avatars on the game’s website or posting their stats on a high score screen. Another common practice is to enforce a maximum level for all players. Once reached, the definition of a player’s progression changes, instead of being awarded primarily with experience for completing quests and dungeons, the player’s motivation to continue playing will be replaced with collecting money and equipment. Often, the range of equipment available at the maximum level will have increased aesthetic value to distinguish high ranking players in game between lower ranked players. Colloquially known as gear, this set of empowered weapons. Player motivation to outperform others is fueled by acquiring such items and is a significant determining factor in their success or failure in combat-related situations, also traditional in the genre is the eventual demand on players to team up with others in order to progress at the optimal rate. This sometimes forces players to change their schedules in order to keep up with the game-world
15.
Role-playing video game
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A role-playing video game is a video game genre where the player controls the actions of a character immersed in some well-defined world. Many role-playing video games have origins in tabletop role-playing games and use much of the terminology, settings. Other major similarities with pen-and-paper games include developed story-telling and narrative elements, player development, complexity, as well as replayability. The electronic medium removes the necessity for a gamemaster and increases combat resolution speed, RPGs have evolved from simple text-based console-window games into visually rich 3D experiences. Role-playing video games use much of the terminology, settings. Players control a game character, or multiple game characters, usually called a party. Players explore a world, while solving puzzles and engaging in tactical combat. A key feature of the genre is that characters grow in power and abilities, RPGs rarely challenge a players physical coordination or reaction time, with the exception of action role-playing games. Role-playing video games typically rely on a developed story and setting. Players control one or several characters by issuing commands, which are performed by the character at an effectiveness determined by that characters numeric attributes. Often these attributes increase each time a character gains a level, role-playing video games also typically attempt to offer more complex and dynamic character interaction than what is found in other video game genres. This usually involves additional focus on the intelligence and scripted behavior of computer-controlled non-player characters. The premise of most role-playing games tasks the player with saving the world, there are often twists and turns as the story progresses, such as the surprise appearance of estranged relatives, or enemies who become friends or vice versa. To a lesser extent, settings closer to the present day or near future are possible, the story often provides much of the entertainment in the game. Because these games have strong storylines, they can make effective use of recorded dialog. Players of these tend to appreciate long cutscenes more than players of faster action games. While most games advance the plot when the player defeats an enemy or completes a level, for example, a player may make the decision to join a guild, thus triggering a progression in the storyline that is usually irreversible. New elements in the story may also be triggered by mere arrival in an area, the plot is usually divided so that each game location is an opportunity to reveal a new chapter in the story
16.
Guinness World Records
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The book itself holds a world record, as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time. As of the 2017 edition, it is now in its 63rd year of publication, the international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums. On 10 November 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, then the director of the Guinness Breweries, went on a shooting party in the North Slob, by the River Slaney in County Wexford. After missing a shot at a golden plover, he involved in an argument over which was the fastest game bird in Europe. That evening at Castlebridge House, he realised that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europes fastest game bird. Beaver knew that there must be numerous other questions debated nightly in pubs throughout Ireland and abroad and he realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove successful. Beavers idea became reality when Guinness employee Christopher Chataway recommended University friends Norris and Ross McWhirter, the twin brothers were commissioned to compile what became The Guinness Book of Records in August 1954. A thousand copies were printed and given away, after the founding of The Guinness Book of Records at 107 Fleet Street, the first 198-page edition was bound on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British best seller lists by Christmas. The following year, it launched in the US, and sold 70,000 copies, since then, Guinness World Records has become a household name and the global leader in world records. Because the book became a hit, many further editions were printed, eventually settling into a pattern of one revision a year, published in September/October. The McWhirters continued to compile it for many years, Ross McWhirter was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1975. Following Ross assassination, the feature in the show where questions about records posed by children were answered was called Norris on the Spot, Guinness Superlatives Limited was formed in 1954 to publish the first book. Sterling Publishing owned the rights to the Guinness book in the US for decades, and, under their management, the group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequently Diageo until 2001, when it was purchased by Gullane Entertainment. Gullane was itself purchased by HIT Entertainment in 2002, with offices in New York City and Tokyo, Guinness World Records global headquarters remain in London, while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters in Orlando, Florida, US. Recent editions have focused on record feats by person competitors, many records also relate to the youngest person who achieved something, such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world, being Maurizio Giuliano. Each edition contains a selection of the records from the Guinness database, as well as new records. The majority of records are no longer listed in the book or on the website. For those unable to wait the 4–6 weeks for a reply, the Guinness Book of Records is the worlds most sold copyrighted book, earning it an entry within its own pages
17.
Microsoft Windows
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Microsoft Windows is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry with the OS typically associated with IBM PC compatible architecture. Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows Phone, defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows 10 Mobile is an active product, unrelated to the defunct family Windows Mobile. Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20,1985, Microsoft Windows came to dominate the worlds personal computer market with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. Apple came to see Windows as an encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa. On PCs, Windows is still the most popular operating system, however, in 2014, Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android, because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones. In 2014, the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold and this comparison however may not be fully relevant, as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms. As of September 2016, the most recent version of Windows for PCs, tablets, smartphones, the most recent versions for server computers is Windows Server 2016. A specialized version of Windows runs on the Xbox One game console, Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks each of which denote a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the time and share the same kernel. Windows, The operating system for personal computers, tablets. The latest version is Windows 10, the main competitor of this family is macOS by Apple Inc. for personal computers and Android for mobile devices. Windows Server, The operating system for server computers, the latest version is Windows Server 2016. Unlike its clients sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme, the main competitor of this family is Linux. Windows PE, A lightweight version of its Windows sibling meant to operate as an operating system, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers. The latest version is Windows PE10.0.10586.0, Windows Embedded, Initially, Microsoft developed Windows CE as a general-purpose operating system for every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer. The following Windows families are no longer being developed, Windows 9x, Microsoft now caters to the consumers market with Windows NT. Windows Mobile, The predecessor to Windows Phone, it was a mobile operating system
18.
MacOS
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Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the second most widely used desktop OS after Microsoft Windows. Launched in 2001 as Mac OS X, the series is the latest in the family of Macintosh operating systems, Mac OS X succeeded classic Mac OS, which was introduced in 1984, and the final release of which was Mac OS9 in 1999. An initial, early version of the system, Mac OS X Server 1.0, was released in 1999, the first desktop version, Mac OS X10.0, followed in March 2001. In 2012, Apple rebranded Mac OS X to OS X. Releases were code named after big cats from the release up until OS X10.8 Mountain Lion. Beginning in 2013 with OS X10.9 Mavericks, releases have been named after landmarks in California, in 2016, Apple rebranded OS X to macOS, adopting the nomenclature that it uses for their other operating systems, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS. The latest version of macOS is macOS10.12 Sierra, macOS is based on technologies developed at NeXT between 1985 and 1997, when Apple acquired the company. The X in Mac OS X and OS X is pronounced ten, macOS shares its Unix-based core, named Darwin, and many of its frameworks with iOS, tvOS and watchOS. A heavily modified version of Mac OS X10.4 Tiger was used for the first-generation Apple TV, Apple also used to have a separate line of releases of Mac OS X designed for servers. Beginning with Mac OS X10.7 Lion, the functions were made available as a separate package on the Mac App Store. Releases of Mac OS X from 1999 to 2005 can run only on the PowerPC-based Macs from the time period, Mac OS X10.5 Leopard was released as a Universal binary, meaning the installer disc supported both Intel and PowerPC processors. In 2009, Apple released Mac OS X10.6 Snow Leopard, in 2011, Apple released Mac OS X10.7 Lion, which no longer supported 32-bit Intel processors and also did not include Rosetta. All versions of the system released since then run exclusively on 64-bit Intel CPUs, the heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT, a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985. There, the Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, and then launched in 1989 and its graphical user interface was built on top of an object-oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective-C programming language. This led Apple to purchase NeXT in 1996, allowing NeXTSTEP, then called OPENSTEP, previous Macintosh operating systems were named using Arabic numerals, e. g. Mac OS8 and Mac OS9. The letter X in Mac OS Xs name refers to the number 10 and it is therefore correctly pronounced ten /ˈtɛn/ in this context. However, a common mispronunciation is X /ˈɛks/, consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility. Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API, the consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X10.0. Reviews were variable, with praise for its sophisticated, glossy Aqua interface
19.
Linux
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Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17,1991 by Linus Torvalds, the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to describe the operating system, which has led to some controversy. Linux was originally developed for computers based on the Intel x86 architecture. Because of the dominance of Android on smartphones, Linux has the largest installed base of all operating systems. Linux is also the operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers. It is used by around 2. 3% of desktop computers, the Chromebook, which runs on Chrome OS, dominates the US K–12 education market and represents nearly 20% of the sub-$300 notebook sales in the US. Linux also runs on embedded systems – devices whose operating system is built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system. This includes TiVo and similar DVR devices, network routers, facility automation controls, televisions, many smartphones and tablet computers run Android and other Linux derivatives. The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free, the underlying source code may be used, modified and distributed—commercially or non-commercially—by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License. Typically, Linux is packaged in a known as a Linux distribution for both desktop and server use. Distributions intended to run on servers may omit all graphical environments from the standard install, because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any intended use. The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969 at AT&Ts Bell Laboratories in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, first released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in assembly language, as was common practice at the time. Later, in a key pioneering approach in 1973, it was rewritten in the C programming language by Dennis Ritchie, the availability of a high-level language implementation of Unix made its porting to different computer platforms easier. Due to an earlier antitrust case forbidding it from entering the computer business, as a result, Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses. In 1984, AT&T divested itself of Bell Labs, freed of the legal obligation requiring free licensing, the GNU Project, started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, has the goal of creating a complete Unix-compatible software system composed entirely of free software. Later, in 1985, Stallman started the Free Software Foundation, by the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system were completed, although low-level elements such as device drivers, daemons, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete. Linus Torvalds has stated that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time, although not released until 1992 due to legal complications, development of 386BSD, from which NetBSD, OpenBSD and FreeBSD descended, predated that of Linux. Torvalds has also stated that if 386BSD had been available at the time, although the complete source code of MINIX was freely available, the licensing terms prevented it from being free software until the licensing changed in April 2000
20.
SteamOS
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SteamOS is a Debian-based Linux operating system by Valve Corporation and is the primary operating system for Valves Steam Machine video game console. It was released alongside the start of end-user beta testing of Steam Machines in December 2013, SteamOS is designed primarily for playing video games away from a PC by providing a console-like experience using generic PC hardware that can connect directly to a television. It can run games natively that have developed for Linux. Users are also able to stream games from their Windows, Mac or Linux computers to one running SteamOS, Valve claims that it has achieved significant performance increases in graphics processing through SteamOS. The operating system is open source, allowing users to build on or adapt the source code, users can, however, access the GNOME desktop environment and perform tasks like installing other software. Though the OS does not, in its current form, support streaming services, Valve is in talks with streaming companies such as Spotify, however Steam does have full-length films from indie movie makers available from their store. The OS natively supports Nvidia, Intel, and AMD graphics processors, in October 2015, an update allowed Netflix and other DRM protected content to function in the native built-in browser. This method allows for hard disk sizes. There is also an ISO image installer that supports legacy BIOS motherboard, the installers can be sourced through Valves repository. A large focus of the reveal was the openness of the system, with it being announced that users would be able to alter or replace any part of the software. In October 2013, Valve announced Steam Dev Days, a developer conference where video game developers will be able to test and provide feedback on SteamOS. In December, Valve announced that a version of SteamOS would be released for download on December 13,2013. When this beta version released, Valve suggested waiting until 2014 to use it unless the user was confident using Linux operating systems, in mid-October 2015, preorders of the Steam Controller, Steam Link, and Alienware branded Steam Machines became available. The official release date for Steam Machines was on November 10,2015, in December 2013, Phoronix compared three Nvidia graphics cards on SteamOS and Windows 8.1. Overall, the Nvidias proprietary Linux graphics driver can deliver comparable performance to that of the Windows drivers due to the largely shared code-base between the platforms. In January 2014, GameSpot compared the performance to games running on Windows using identical hardware and settings with an AMD graphics card and a Nvidia graphics card. On the AMD graphics card, they found that Dota 2, Left 4 Dead 2 and Metro, Left 4 Dead 2 also suffered from stuttering, which they attributed to a device driver problem. On the Nvidia graphics card Metro, Last Light ran at slightly higher frames per second and they state that for Left 4 Dead 2 the Nvidia card actually performed better under SteamOS, but did not specify how as their chart indicated it performed at a lower frame rate
21.
HTML5
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HTML5 is a markup language used for structuring and presenting content on the World Wide Web. It is the fifth and current version of the HTML standard, HTML5 is intended to subsume not only HTML4, but also XHTML1 and DOM Level 2 HTML. For the same reasons, HTML5 is also a candidate for cross-platform mobile applications, many new syntactic features are included. To enrich the content of documents, new page structure elements such as <main>, <section>, <article>, <header>, <footer>, <aside>, <nav>. New attributes are introduced, some elements and attributes have been removed, the APIs and Document Object Model are now fundamental parts of the HTML5 specification and HTML5 also better defines the processing for any invalid documents. The Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group began work on the new standard in 2004, at that time, HTML4.01 had not been updated since 2000, and the World Wide Web Consortium was focusing future developments on XHTML2.0. In 2009, the W3C allowed the XHTML2.0 Working Groups charter to expire, W3C and WHATWG are currently working together on the development of HTML5.0. The workshop concluded with a vote—8 for,14 against—for continuing work on HTML, the two specifications were later merged to form HTML5. The HTML5 specification was adopted as the point of the work of the new HTML working group of the W3C in 2007. WHATWG published the First Public Working Draft of the specification on 22 January 2008, while some features of HTML5 are often compared to Adobe Flash, the two technologies are very different. Both include features for playing audio and video within web pages, however, HTML5 on its own cannot be used for animation or interactivity – it must be supplemented with CSS3 or JavaScript. There are many Flash capabilities that have no counterpart in HTML5. See Comparison of HTML5 and Flash, in early November 2011, Adobe announced that it would discontinue development of Flash for mobile devices and reorient its efforts in developing tools using HTML5. On 14 February 2011, the W3C extended the charter of its HTML Working Group with clear milestones for HTML5, in May 2011, the working group advanced HTML5 to Last Call, an invitation to communities inside and outside W3C to confirm the technical soundness of the specification. The W3C developed a comprehensive test suite to achieve broad interoperability for the specification by 2014. In January 2011, the WHATWG renamed its HTML5 living standard to HTML, the W3C nevertheless continued its project to release HTML5. In July 2012, WHATWG and W3C decided on a degree of separation, W3C will continue the HTML5 specification work, focusing on a single definitive standard, which is considered as a snapshot by WHATWG. The WHATWG organization will continue its work with HTML5 as a Living Standard, the concept of a living standard is that it is never complete and is always being updated and improved
22.
IOS
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IOS is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware. It is the system that presently powers many of the companys mobile devices, including the iPhone, iPad. It is the second most popular operating system globally after Android. IPad tablets are also the second most popular, by sales, originally unveiled in 2007 for the iPhone, iOS has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch and the iPad. As of January 2017, Apples App Store contains more than 2.2 million iOS applications,1 million of which are native for iPads and these mobile apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times. The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures, interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. Internal accelerometers are used by applications to respond to shaking the device or rotating it in three dimensions. Apple has been praised for incorporating thorough accessibility functions into iOS, enabling users with vision. Major versions of iOS are released annually, the current version, iOS10, was released on September 13,2016. In iOS, there are four layers, the Core OS, Core Services, Media. In 2005, when Steve Jobs began planning the iPhone, he had a choice to either shrink the Mac, forstall was also responsible for creating a software development kit for programmers to build iPhone apps, as well as an App Store within iTunes. The operating system was unveiled with the iPhone at the Macworld Conference & Expo on January 9,2007, and released in June of that year. At the time of its unveiling in January, Steve Jobs claimed, iPhone runs OS X and runs applications, but at the time of the iPhones release. Initially, third-party native applications were not supported, Steve Jobs reasoning was that developers could build web applications through the Safari web browser that would behave like native apps on the iPhone. In October 2007, Apple announced that a native Software Development Kit was under development, on March 6,2008, Apple held a press event, announcing the iPhone SDK. The iOS App Store was opened on July 10,2008 with an initial 500 applications available.2 million in January 2017, as of March 2016,1 million apps are natively compatible with the iPad tablet computer. These apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times, App intelligence firm Sensor Tower has estimated that the App Store will reach 5 million apps by the year 2020. On September 5,2007, Apple released the iPod Touch, Apple also sold more than one million iPhones during the 2007 holiday season
23.
Android (operating system)
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Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. In addition to devices, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars. Variants of Android are also used on notebooks, game consoles, digital cameras, beginning with the first commercial Android device in September 2008, the operating system has gone through multiple major releases, with the current version being 7.0 Nougat, released in August 2016. Android applications can be downloaded from the Google Play store, which features over 2.7 million apps as of February 2017, Android has been the best-selling OS on tablets since 2013, and runs on the vast majority of smartphones. In September 2015, Android had 1.4 billion monthly active users, Android is popular with technology companies that require a ready-made, low-cost and customizable operating system for high-tech devices. The success of Android has made it a target for patent, Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White. Rubin described the Android project as tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are aware of its owners location. The early intentions of the company were to develop an operating system for digital cameras. Despite the past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly and that same year, Rubin ran out of money. Steve Perlman, a friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope. In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million and its key employees, including Rubin, Miner and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition. Not much was known about Android at the time, with Rubin having only stated that they were making software for mobile phones, at Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system, Google had lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation. Speculation about Googles intention to enter the communications market continued to build through December 2006. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony, the first commercially available smartphone running Android was the HTC Dream, also known as T-Mobile G1, announced on September 23,2008. Since 2008, Android has seen numerous updates which have improved the operating system, adding new features. Each major release is named in order after a dessert or sugary treat, with the first few Android versions being called Cupcake, Donut, Eclair. In 2010, Google launched its Nexus series of devices, a lineup in which Google partnered with different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android versions
24.
Nintendo Switch
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The Nintendo Switch is the seventh major home video game console developed by Nintendo. Known in development as the NX, it was unveiled in October 2016, Nintendo considers the Switch a hybrid console, it is designed primarily as a home console, with the main unit inserted onto a docking station to connect to a television. Alternatively, it can be removed from the dock and used similarly to a computer through its LCD touchscreen. The Switch supports both physical flash ROM cartridges and digital content for games and software, and does not use region locking. From 2014, Nintendo had several quarters of financial losses due to poor sales of its previous console, the Wii U. Then-Nintendo president Satoru Iwata pushed the company towards mobile gaming and novel hardware, the Switchs design is aimed at a wider demographic of video game players through the multiple modes of use, while retaining Nintendos hardware uniqueness and innovation. Nintendo saw 2014 as one of its largest financial losses in its modern history, previously, the company had been hesitant about this market, with then-president Satoru Iwata considering that they would cease to be Nintendo and lose their identity if they attempted to enter it. Following Iwatas death in July 2015, Kimishima was named as president of Nintendo, in an interview with Asahi Shimbun, Kimishima stated that the Switch was designed to provide a new way to play that would have a larger impact than the Wii U. In some cases, games for the Switch are designed to encourage social interactions in groups, Kimishima said that as Nintendo is an entertainment company, they see games on the Switch that encourage enjoyable social interactions such as these as supporting their ultimate goals. EPD deputy general manager Yoshiaki Koizumi served as the producer of the Switch during development. According to Miyamoto, the Switchs development within Nintendo was headed by employees, with him saying. its really been them that have put this forward. For Miyamoto, his limited involvement allowed him to more time on Nintendos software titles being developed at the time. The development of the Switch continued Nintendos blue ocean approach for the competitive console marketplace, One choice made by the development team was to use an existing system on a chip rather than creating their own as they had done on previous consoles. Koizumi said that this break from tradition was to help be able to gain more third-party support for the console by using an SOC they could easily port to. The first public news of the Switch hardware was alongside the announcement of Nintendo, at this stage, Nintendo referred to the console under the codename NX, and described it as a brand new concept. At an investors meeting in April 2016, Nintendo announced that it planned to release the NX worldwide in March 2017. At a Nintendo shareholders meeting following the conference, Miyamoto stated that the company had concerns that competitors could copy ideas from the NX if they revealed it too soon. The following month, rumors began to surface surrounding the nature of the console, including its use of Nvidia Tegra hardware, and being a hybrid device intended for both home and mobile use
25.
PlayStation 4
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The PlayStation 4 is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment. It competes with Nintendos Wii U and Microsofts Xbox One, as part of the generation of video game consoles.84 teraflops. The consoles controller was redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3, with improved buttons and analog sticks. Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales, by the end of 2016, more than 53 million consoles have been sold worldwide, with more than 57 million shipped. All models, including the original sold in 2013, support HDR10 high-dynamic-range color, according to lead architect Mark Cerny, development of Sonys fourth video game console began as early as 2008. Less than two earlier, the PlayStation 3 had launched after months of delays due to issues with production. The delay placed Sony almost a year behind Microsofts Xbox 360, PlayStation Europe CEO Jim Ryan said Sony wanted to avoid repeating the same mistake with PS3s successor. In designing the system, Sony worked with software developer Bungie, in 2012, Sony began shipping development kits to game developers, consisting of a modified PC running the AMD Accelerated Processing Unit chipset. These development kits were known as Orbis, in early 2013, Sony announced that an event known as PlayStation Meeting 2013 would be held in New York City, U. S. on February 20,2013, to cover the future of PlayStation. Sony officially announced the PlayStation 4 at the event and it revealed details about the consoles hardware and discussed some of the new features it will introduce. Sony also showed off real-time footage of games in development, as well as some technical demonstrations, the design of the console was unveiled in June 2013 at the Electronic Entertainment Expo, and the initial recommended retail prices of $399, €399, and £349 given. The console was released on November 15,2013 in the United States and Canada, by the end of 2013, the PS4 was launched in more European, Asian and South American countries The PS4 released in Japan at ¥39,980 on February 22,2014. Sony finalized a deal with the Chinese government in May 2014 to sell its products in mainland China, and the PS4 will be the first product to be released. Kazuo Hirai, chief officer of Sony, said in May, The Chinese market. I think that we will be able to replicate the kind of success we have had with PS4 in other parts of the world in China. In September 2015, Sony reduced the price of the PS4 in Japan to ¥34,980, with similar price drops in other Southeast Asian markets. The first official sub £300 PS4 bundle was the £299.99 Uncharted Nathan Drake Collection 500GB, released in the UK on October 9,2015, a 1TB £329.99 version was offered at the same time. On October 9,2015, the first official cut of the PS4 in North America was announced
26.
Xbox One
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The Xbox One is a home video game console developed by Microsoft. It is the first Xbox game console to be released in China, Microsoft marketed the device as an all-in-one entertainment system. The Xbox One mainly competes against consoles such as Sonys PlayStation 4, the console optionally includes a redesigned Kinect sensor, marketed as the Kinect 2.0, providing improved motion tracking and voice recognition for use in its graphical user interface and games. The Xbox One offers the ability for users to record and share clips from gameplay or live-stream directly to Twitch, Ustream, the consoles controller was redesigned over the Xbox 360s, with a redesigned body, D-pad and triggers capable of delivering directional haptic feedback. The Xbox One received mostly positive reception for its refined design, multimedia features. Its original user interface was panned for being nonintuitive, although changes made to it and its Kinect received praise for its improved motion-tracking accuracy, its face recognition logins, and its voice commands. A redesigned model known as Xbox One S was released in August 2016, it has a design, native support for 4K video playback and upscaling. It was praised for its size, its on-screen visual improvements, and its lack of an external power supply. Xbox One is the successor to Xbox 360, Microsofts previous video game console, over the years, the 360 had received a number of small hardware revisions to reduce the units size and improve its reliability. Initial hardware for the 360s successor, commonly referred to by the industry as the Xbox 720, was reportedly under development as early as May 2011, the official developer kit was codenamed Durango, and appeared to be available to developers by mid-2012. The console was unveiled under the name Xbox One on May 21,2013 in a press conference designed to cover the units broad multimedia. A second press event for the console was held during E32013, at that time, Microsoft announced that the console would be released in 21 different markets on November 22,2013, but this was later amended down to 13. The change, which pushed the date for the other eight markets to 2014, was attributed to unforeseen complexity in localizing the devices voice recognition capabilities. Later, in September 2014, the Xbox One was released in 26 markets, including remaining markets in Europe, the Japanese market, from the first announcement to the actual launch of the product, Microsoft made some significant changes to the console. These policies were reversed in June 2013, at the time of the security breach, Microsoft was in the development stage for its next-generation gaming system. Between 2011 and 2013, the hackers spent hundreds of hours searching through Microsofts network copying log-in credentials, source code, technical specifications, Group members say they were driven by an immense curiosity about Microsofts then-unreleased Xbox One console and associated software. The original Xbox Ones exterior casing consists of a two-tone liquid black finish, with finished in a matte grey. The matte side of the top of the consists of a large air vent
27.
Virtual reality
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VR also simulates a users physical presence in this environment. A person using virtual reality equipment is able to look around the world, and with high quality VR move about in it. Virtual reality is displayed with a virtual reality headset, VR headsets are head-mounted goggles with a screen in front of the eyes. Programs may include audio and sounds through speakers or headphones, advanced haptic systems may include tactile information, generally known as force feedback in medical, video gaming and military training applications. Some VR systems used in games can transmit vibrations and other sensations to the user through the game controller. Virtual reality also refers to remote communication environments which provide a presence of users with through telepresence and telexistence or the use of a virtual artifact. The immersive environment can be similar to the world in order to create a life-like experience grounded in reality or sci-fi. In 1938, Antonin Artaud described the nature of characters and objects in the theatre as la réalité virtuelle in a collection of essays. The English translation of book, published in 1958 as The Theater. The term artificial reality, coined by Myron Krueger, has been in use since the 1970s, the term virtual reality was used in The Judas Mandala, a 1982 science fiction novel by Damien Broderick. Virtual has had the meaning being something in essence or effect, the term virtual has been used in the computer sense of not physically existing but made to appear by software since 1959. A dictionary definition for cyberspace states that word is a synonym for virtual reality. Virtual reality shares some elements with augmented reality, AR is a type of virtual reality technology that blends what the user sees in their real surroundings with digital content generated by computer software. The additional software-generated images with the virtual scene typically enhance way the real look in some way. Some AR systems use a camera to capture the surroundings or some type of display screen which the user looks at. The Virtual Reality Modelling Language, first introduced in 1994, was intended for the development of worlds without dependency on headsets. The Web3D consortium was founded in 1997 for the development of industry standards for web-based 3D graphics. The consortium subsequently developed X3D from the VRML framework as an archival and these components led to relative affordability for independent VR developers, and lead to the 2012 Oculus Rift kickstarter offering the first independently developed VR headset
28.
HTC Vive
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HTC Vive is a high-end virtual reality headset developed by HTC and Valve Corporation, released on 5 April 2016. Unveiled during HTCs Mobile World Congress keynote in March 2015, the HTC Vive has since been awarded over 22 awards in CES2016, prototypes of a Valve-produced virtual reality system were demonstrated during 2014. On 23 February 2015, Valve announced that it would demonstrate a SteamVR hardware system at the 2015 Game Developers Conference, HTC officially unveiled its device, Vive, during its Mobile World Congress keynote on 1 March 2015. Preorders started on 29 February 2016 at 10,00 a. m, Valve and HTC have since announced that the headset will be free for selected developers. At Consumer Electronics Show 2016, HTC and Valve unveiled a near-final hardware revision of the device, SteamVR will offer native support for Unity on its platform. Gabe Newell has confirmed a new version of the Vive- codenamed VIVE 2- OASIS is currently in early development, VIVE2 will feature smaller more efficient lighthouses, new controllers, specialized display technology and a smaller and lighter wireless headset. During his Immersed 2015 keynote, Phil Chen, Chief Content Officer for HTC and Founder of the HTC Vive explained that he stumbled upon VR and later HTC met Valve, which turned out to be serendipity. Chen also explained that HTC and Valve dont have a dividing line between each of their responsibilities, and HTC is very much a partner in the research. In November 2016, HTC announced a tether-less VR upgrade kit made by TPCAST, a public model was shown at CES2017 and had a price of $249. The Vive has a rate of 90 Hz. The device uses two screens, one per eye, each having a resolution of 1080x1200. By March 2016, the time at which the pre-orders for the HTC Vive opened,107 games were known to be coming to the reality format. In February 2017 Valve CEO Gabe Newell announced via Reddit AMA ask me anything session Valve is developing three AAA Vive IPs alongside the forthcoming Knuckles controllers, an open source program called Revive allows for Oculus Rift games to be used with an HTC Vive. Although it has been patched out before, it came with a public backlash that forced Facebook to reverse the decision. Valve places an emphasis on the independent developer as well as user developed content demonstrable through Valves Steam Workshop platform. HTC Vive has a policy with independent developers, stating they should go and be healthy. The versatility of the Vives both seated and proprietary room scale virtual reality facilitates expansive potential for applications that extend beyond gaming. These include practical applications for healthcare, education, social change, communications, Valve released its OpenVR software development kit, an updated version of its Steamworks VR API with documentation and examples of how to build software that supports SteamVR hardware in April 2016
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Oculus Rift
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The Oculus Rift is a virtual reality headset developed and manufactured by Oculus VR, a division of Facebook Inc. released on March 28,2016. Oculus initiated a Kickstarter campaign in 2012 to fund the Rifts development, the project proved successful, raising US$2.5 million. In March 2014, Facebook purchased Oculus for $2 billion, in March 2017, after 3 years at the company, it was announced Oculus founder and creator Palmer Luckey was leaving Facebook. The Rift has gone through various models since the Kickstarter campaign. Two of these models were shipped to backers, labelled as development kits, however, both were also purchased by a large number of enthusiasts who wished to get an early preview of the technology. The Rift has a stereoscopic OLED display, 1080×1200 resolution per eye, a 90 Hz refresh rate and it has integrated headphones which provide a 3D audio effect, rotational and positional tracking. The sensor normally sits on the users desk and this creates 3D space, allowing for the user to use the Rift while sitting, standing, or walking around the same room. The first rough prototype was hacked together in 2011 by Palmer Luckey in his garage in Long Beach. Coincidentally, John Carmack had been doing his own research and happened upon Luckeys developments as a member of MTBS. In June 2012, during the E3 convention, Carmack introduced a duct taped head-mounted display based on Luckeys Oculus Rift prototype, which ran Carmacks own software. Two months after being formed as a company, Palmers Oculus VR launched a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign on August 1 of 2012 for their virtual reality headset, which was named the Rift. The main purpose of the kickstarter was to get an Oculus Rift prototype—now referred to as DK1 —into the hands of developers to begin integration of the device into their games. DK1 was given as a reward to backers who pledged $300 or more on Kickstarter and these kits sold at a rate of 4–5 per minute for the first day, before slowing down throughout the week. The pixel fill is also better, reducing the screen door effect, the LCD was brighter and the color depth is 24 bits per pixel. The 7-inch screen also makes the stereoscopic 3D no longer 100% overlapping, the eye seeing extra area to the left. The field of view is more than 90 degrees horizontal, which is more than double the FOV of previous VR devices from other companies, the resolution is 1280×800, which leads to an effective of 640×800 per eye. However, since the Rift does not feature a 100% overlap between the eyes, the horizontal resolution is effectively greater than 640. The latest version includes Oculuss new 1000 Hz Adjacent Reality Tracker that will allow for lower latency tracking than almost any other tracker
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PlayStation VR
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PlayStation VR, known by the codename Project Morpheus during development, is a virtual reality headset developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment, which launched on October 13,2016. It was designed to be functional with the PlayStation 4 home video game console. In certain games and demos for the VR, the player wearing the headset acts separately from other players without the headset, PlayStation VR works with either the standard DualShock 4 controller or the PlayStation Move controllers. The PlayStation VR has a 5.7 inch OLED panel, the headset also has a processor box which enables the Social Screen video output to the television, as well as process the 3D audio effect, and uses a 3. 5mm headphone jack. The headset also has nine positional LEDs on its surface for the PlayStation Camera to track 360 degree head movement, as of February 19,2017, PlayStation VR had sold 915,000 units. Sonys interest in head-mounted technology dates back to the 1990s and its first commercial unit, the Glasstron, was released in 1997. In early 2014, Sony Computer Entertainment research and development engineer Anton Mikhailov said his team had working on Project Morpheus for more than three years. According to Mikhailov, the PlayStation 3 Move peripheral, itself revealed in June 2009, was designed with unspecified and we specced it and built it to be a VR controller, even though VR wasnt a commodity. As engineers, we just said it was the thing to do. At the time, we didnt have a project that we could work on. Sony also went on record to say it is mandatory for all games to have no less than 60 frames per second at all times, Project Morpheus was first announced at The 2014 Game Developers Conference. On September 15,2015, it was announced that Project Morpheus would be officially named PlayStation VR, later in 2015, Sony acquired SoftKinetic, a tech startup whose focus includes visual depth-sensing gesture recognition, for an undisclosed amount. On October 13,2016, Sony released the PlayStation VR with the price of $399 in the US, €399 in Europe, £349 in the UK, and 44,980 yen in Japan. The prototype revealed at GDC15 included an OLED1920 ×1080 pixel display with an RGB subpixel matrix, the interpolation would be achieved with little system resources and a small latency of under 18 milliseconds. The technique would also be utilised in the native 120 Hz mode to ensure consistent framerate, according to a Sony representative the company expects the interpolated 120 Hz mode to be a popular choice for games. PlayStation VR games can send different perspectives to the headset and television, in March 2016, Sony said there were 230 developers actively working on content for PSVR, with 50 titles available by the end of the year. Existing, non-VR games can be played within PlayStation VR via Cinematic Mode, the mode has three screen size options, ranging up to 226 inches in virtual size. PlayStation VR also supports the display of 360-degree photos and video, other features, such as Share Play and Live from PlayStation, are also compatible within the headset
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Samsung Gear VR
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The Samsung Gear VR is a mobile virtual reality headset developed by Samsung Electronics, in collaboration with Oculus, and manufactured by Samsung. The headset was released on November 27,2015, the Gear VR headset also includes a touchpad and back button on the side, as well as a proximity sensor to detect when the headset is on. The Gear VR was first announced in September 2014, the Samsung Gear VR is designed to work with Samsung’s flagship smartphones. Currently supported are Galaxy S6, Galaxy S6 Edge, Galaxy S6 Edge+, Samsung Galaxy Note 5, Galaxy S7, the device can be calibrated using the wheel at the top of the headset. A trackpad is located on the right of the device and back button is located just above it, volume can be adjusted through the volume rockers also found on the right hand side. The lenses field of view is 96° for the first three models and 101° for the R323, Oculus Home is the main facility to download and use content on the Samsung Gear VR. Oculus Home is also the line for software distribution on the Gear VR. Although the Samsung Gear VR consumer edition was released in November 2015 and this was one of the first ideas of using a mobile phone as the display for a HMD. However, mobile phone technology at the time the patent was submitted limited the degree of quality, Samsung continued to research VR and HMD internally. With the release of the Galaxy S4 in 2013, Samsung formed a team dedicated to developing a virtual reality based device that would work with a smartphone. While this team developed multiple different prototypes, the performance and display were not yet up to standards, in 2014 Samsung partnered with Oculus to help with the development. The Samsung Gear VR was unveiled during the Samsung press conference at IFA Berlin on September 3,2014, the first edition of Samsung’s Gear VR, the SM-R320, was released in December 2014. This version was compatible with the Galaxy Note 4. It also gave the chance for VR/technology enthusiasts to gain access to the technology. The second edition of Samsung’s Gear VR, the SM-R321, was released in March 2015 and this device supports only the Galaxy S6 and the Galaxy S6 Edge. A micro USB port is added, to provide additional power to the docked device. The next edition, SM-R322, was referred to as the Samsung Gear VR. It was released on November 20,2015, pre-orders for the device went live on Amazon, Bestbuy and Samsung on November 10,2015 and the device was sold out on the day of release
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John Carmack
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John D. Carmack is an American game programmer, aerospace and virtual reality engineer. Carmack was the programmer of the id video games Commander Keen, Wolfenstein 3D, Doom, Quake, Rage. In August 2013, Carmack took the position of CTO at Oculus VR, Carmack, son of local television news reporter Stan Carmack, grew up in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area where he became interested in computers at an early age. He attended Shawnee Mission East High School in Prairie Village, Kansas and Raytown South High School in nearby Raytown, Carmack was introduced to video games with the 1978 shoot em up title Space Invaders in the arcades during a summer vacation as a child. The 1980 maze chase arcade game Pac-Man also left an impression on him. He cited Shigeru Miyamoto as the game developer he most admired, as reported in David Kushners Masters of Doom, when Carmack was 14, he broke into a school to help a group of kids steal Apple II computers. To gain entry to the building, Carmack concocted a sticky substance of thermite mixed with Vaseline that melted through the windows, however, an overweight accomplice struggled to get through the hole, and opened the window, setting off a silent alarm and alerting police. John was arrested, and sent for psychiatric evaluation, Carmack was then sentenced to a year in a juvenile home. He attended the University of Missouri–Kansas City for two semesters before withdrawing to work as a freelance programmer. Softdisk, a company in Shreveport, Louisiana, hired Carmack to work on Softdisk G-S, introducing him to John Romero. Later, this team would be placed by Softdisk in charge of a new, afterwards, Carmack left Softdisk to co-found id Software. Carmacks engines have also licensed for use in other influential first-person shooters such as Half-Life, Call of Duty. In 2007, when Carmack was on vacation with his wife, he ended up playing games on his cellphone. On August 7,2013, Carmack joined Oculus VR as their CTO, on November 22,2013, he resigned from id Software to work full-time at Oculus VR. Carmacks reason for leaving was because ids parent company ZeniMax Media didnt want to support Oculus Rift, Carmacks role at both companies later became central to a ZeniMax lawsuit against Oculus parent company Facebook, claiming that Oculus stole ZeniMaxs virtual reality intellectual property. The trial jury absolved Carmack of liability, though Oculus and other officers were held liable for trademark, copyright. In February 2017 Carmack sued ZeniMax, claiming the company had refused to pay him the remaining $22.5 million owed him from their purchase of id Software, around 2000, Carmack became interested in rocketry, a hobby of his youth. Reviewing how much money he was spending on customizing Ferraris, Carmack realized he could do significant work in rocketry and he began by giving financial support to a few local amateur groups before starting Armadillo Aerospace
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Doom (1993 video game)
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Doom is a 1993 science fiction horror-themed first-person shooter video game by id Software. It is considered one of the most significant and influential titles in video game history, the original game was divided into three nine-level episodes and was distributed via shareware and mail order. The Ultimate Doom, a release of the original game featuring a fourth episode, was released in 1995. In Doom, players assume the role of a space marine. As a sign of its effect on the industry, first-person shooter games from the boom in the 1990s, helped in no small part by the games release. Its graphic violence, as well as imagery, made Doom the subject of considerable controversy. The Doom franchise was continued with the follow-up Doom II, Hell on Earth and numerous expansion packs, including Master Levels for Doom II. Originally released for PC DOS, the games have later been ported to other platforms. Once the games code was released in 1997, it spawned even more adaptations. The franchise again received attention in 2004 with the release of Doom 3. Another release, simply titled Doom and powered by id Tech 6, was released in 2016, the player takes the role of an unnamed space marine who has been punitively posted to Mars after assaulting his commanding officer, who ordered his unit to fire on civilians. Mars is considered by space marines to be the dullest assignment imaginable and this all changes when the UAC experiments go horribly wrong. Computer systems on Phobos malfunction, Deimos disappears entirely, and something fragging evil starts pouring out of the gateway, the marine hears assorted radio messages, gunfire, and screams, followed by silence, Seems your buddies are dead. The player cannot navigate the ship off of Phobos alone and sees that the way out is to fight through the Phobos complex. As the last man standing, the characters mission is to fight through the entire onslaught of demonic enemies by himself in order to keep them from attacking Earth. Knee-Deep in the Dead, the first episode and the one in the shareware version, is set in the high-tech military bases, power plants, computer centers. It ends with the player entering the teleporter leading to Deimos. In the second episode, The Shores of Hell, the marine has successfully teleported to Deimos and he fights his way through installations on Deimos, similar to those on Phobos, but warped and distorted from the demon invasion and interwoven with beastly architecture
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Quake (video game)
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Quake is a first-person shooter video game, developed by id Software and published by GT Interactive in 1996. It is the first game in the Quake series, in the game, players must find their way through various maze-like, medieval environments while battling a variety of monsters using a wide array of weapons. The successor to id Softwares Doom series, Quake built upon the technology, unlike the Doom engine before it, the Quake engine offered full real-time 3D rendering and had early support for 3D acceleration through OpenGL. After Doom helped popularize multiplayer deathmatches, Quake added various multiplayer options and it features music composed by Trent Reznor and Nine Inch Nails. In Quakes single-player mode, players explore and navigate to the exit of each Gothic and dark level, facing monsters, usually there are switches to activate or keys to collect in order to open doors before the exit can be reached. Reaching the exit takes the player to the next level, before accessing an episode, there is a set of three pathways with easy, medium, and hard skill levels. Quakes single-player campaign is organized into four episodes with seven to eight levels in each. As items are collected, they are carried to the next level, if the players character dies, he must restart at the beginning of the level. The game may be saved at any time, upon completing an episode, the player is returned to the hub START level, where another episode can be chosen. Each episode starts the player from scratch, without any previously collected items, episode one has the most traditional ideology of a boss in the last level. The ultimate objective at the end of episode is to recover a magic rune. After all of the runes are collected, the floor of the hub level opens up to reveal an entrance to the END level which contains the boss of the game. In multiplayer mode, players on several computers connect to a server, when players die in multiplayer mode, they can immediately respawn, but will lose any items that were collected. Similarly, items that have picked up previously respawn after some time. The most popular multiplayer modes are all forms of deathmatch, deathmatch modes typically consist of either free-for-all, one-on-one duels, or organized teamplay with two or more players per team. Teamplay is also played with one or another mod. Monsters are not normally present in teamplay, as they serve no other than to get in the way. The gameplay in Quake was considered unique for its time because of the different ways the player can maneuver through the game
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MicroProse
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MicroProse was an American video game publisher and developer founded by Wild Bill Stealey and Sid Meier in 1982 as MicroProse Software Inc. It developed and published numerous games, many of which are regarded as groundbreaking, classics and cult titles, including starting the Civilization, most of their internally developed titles were vehicle simulation and strategy games. In 1993, the company lost most of their UK-based personnel, subsequent cuts and corporate policies led Sid Meier, Jeff Briggs and Brian Reynolds leaving and forming Firaxis Games in 1996, as MicroProse closed its ex-Simtex development studio in Austin, Texas. In 2001, MicroProse ceased to exist as an entity and Hasbro Interactive sold the MicroProse intellectual properties to Infogrames Entertainment, MicroProse UKs former main office in Chipping Sodbury was closed in 2002, followed by the companys former headquarters in Hunt Valley, Maryland in 2003. The brand was revived in 2007 when Interactive Game Group acquired it from Atari Interactive, the MicroProse brand was licensed to the Legacy Engineering Group for consumer electronics. As of 2010, the MicroProse brand is owned by Cybergun Group. In summer 1982, mutual friends who knew of their shared interest in aviation arranged for retired military pilot Bill Stealey and computer programmer Sid Meier to meet in Las Vegas, Stealey promised to sell the game if Meier could develop it. Although Meier needed two months to produce Hellcat Ace, Stealey sold 50 copies in his first sales appointment and they planned to name it Smuggers Software, but chose MicroProse. MicroProse became profitable in its month and had $10 million in sales by 1986. MicroProse Software was at first primarily known as a developer and publisher of vehicle simulation games, by 1987, Computer Gaming World considered MicroProse as one of the top five computer game companies, alongside Activision, Electronic Arts and Epyx. MicroProse also started a branch in the United Kingdom to cross-publish titles in Europe, several games from different developers were also distributed by MicroProse under the labels Firebird and Rainbird, including Carrier Command, Midwinter and Savage. Critically acclaimed, both of them quickly became two of the strategy games of all time and spawned multiple sequels. At the same time, MicroProse attempted to diversify beyond its roots as a sim. Encouraged by the success of Pirates, MicroProse designed further action-strategy titles such as Covert Action and Hyperspeed, and experimented with the role-playing genre by developing BloodNet and Darklands. The company invested a sum of money to create its arcade game division as well as their own graphic adventure game engine. In August 1991, MicroProse filed for an Initial Public Offering, the company hoped to raise $18 million to help repay debts from its unsuccessful arcade games. In 1992 MicroProse acquired Paragon Software and it also acquired Leeds-based flight simulation developer Vektor Grafix, which had already developed titles for them, turning it into a satellite development studio named MicroProse Leeds. In December 1993, Following Black Wednesday in the UK, MicroProse Software Inc. merged with Spectrum HoloByte, another company that specialized in simulation games
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Rendering (computer graphics)
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Rendering or image synthesis is the process of generating an image from a 2D or 3D model by means of computer programs. Also, the results of such a model can be called a rendering, a scene file contains objects in a strictly defined language or data structure, it would contain geometry, viewpoint, texture, lighting, and shading information as a description of the virtual scene. The data contained in the file is then passed to a rendering program to be processed. The term rendering may be by analogy with a rendering of a scene. A GPU is a device able to assist a CPU in performing complex rendering calculations. If a scene is to look realistic and predictable under virtual lighting. The rendering equation doesnt account for all lighting phenomena, but is a lighting model for computer-generated imagery. Rendering is also used to describe the process of calculating effects in an editing program to produce final video output. Rendering is one of the major sub-topics of 3D computer graphics, in the graphics pipeline, it is the last major step, giving the final appearance to the models and animation. With the increasing sophistication of computer graphics since the 1970s, it has become a distinct subject. Rendering has uses in architecture, video games, simulators, movie or TV visual effects, as a product, a wide variety of renderers are available. Some are integrated into larger modeling and animation packages, some are stand-alone, on the inside, a renderer is a carefully engineered program, based on a selective mixture of disciplines related to, light physics, visual perception, mathematics, and software development. In the case of 3D graphics, rendering may be slowly, as in pre-rendering. When the pre-image is complete, rendering is used, which adds in bitmap textures or procedural textures, lights, bump mapping, the result is a completed image the consumer or intended viewer sees. For movie animations, several images must be rendered, and stitched together in a program capable of making an animation of this sort, most 3D image editing programs can do this. A rendered image can be understood in terms of a number of visible features, Rendering research and development has been largely motivated by finding ways to simulate these efficiently. Some relate directly to particular algorithms and techniques, while others are produced together, Tracing every particle of light in a scene is nearly always completely impractical and would take a stupendous amount of time. Even tracing a portion large enough to produce an image takes an amount of time if the sampling is not intelligently restricted
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Collision detection
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Collision detection typically refers to the computational problem of detecting the intersection of two or more objects. While the topic is most often associated with its use in games and other physical simulations. In addition to determining whether two objects have collided, collision detection systems may also time of impact, and report a contact manifold. Collision response deals with simulating what happens when a collision is detected, solving collision detection problems requires extensive use of concepts from linear algebra and computational geometry. In physical simulation, we wish to conduct experiments, such as playing billiards, the physics of bouncing billiard balls are well understood, under the umbrella of rigid body motion and elastic collisions. An initial description of the situation would be given, with a very precise description of the billiard table and balls. Given a force applied to the cue ball, we want to calculate the trajectories, precise motion, a program to simulate this game would consist of several portions, one of which would be responsible for calculating the precise impacts between the billiard balls. This particular example also turns out to be ill conditioned, an error in any calculation will cause drastic changes in the final position of the billiard balls. Video games have similar requirements, with some crucial differences, while physical simulation needs to simulate real-world physics as precisely as possible, video games need to simulate real-world physics in an acceptable way, in real time and robustly. Compromises are allowed, so long as the simulation is satisfying to the game players. Physical simulators differ in the way they react on a collision, some use the softness of the material to calculate a force, which will resolve the collision in the following time steps like it is in reality. Due to the low softness of some materials this is very CPU intensive, some simulators estimate the time of collision by linear interpolation, roll back the simulation, and calculate the collision by the more abstract methods of conservation laws. Some iterate the linear interpolation to calculate the time of collision with a higher precision than the rest of the simulation. Collision detection utilizes time coherence to allow even finer time steps without much increasing CPU demand, after an inelastic collision, special states of sliding and resting can occur and, for example, the Open Dynamics Engine uses constraints to simulate them. Constraints avoid inertia and thus instability, implementation of rest by means of a scene graph avoids drift. In other words, physical simulators usually function one of two ways, where the collision is detected a posteriori or a priori, in addition to the a posteriori and a priori distinction, almost all modern collision detection algorithms are broken into a hierarchy of algorithms. Often the terms discrete and continuous are used rather than a posteriori, at each simulation step, a list of all intersecting bodies is created, and the positions and trajectories of these objects are somehow fixed to account for the collision. We say that this method is a posteriori because we miss the actual instant of collision
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Constructive solid geometry
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Constructive solid geometry is a technique used in solid modeling. Constructive solid geometry allows a modeler to create a surface or object by using Boolean operators to combine simpler objects. Often CSG presents a model or surface that appears visually complex, in 3D computer graphics and CAD CSG is often used in procedural modeling. CSG can also be performed on polygonal meshes, and may or may not be procedural and/or parametric, contrast CSG with polygon mesh modeling and box modeling. The simplest solid objects used for the representation are called primitives, typically they are the objects of simple shape, cuboids, cylinders, prisms, pyramids, spheres, cones. The set of primitives is limited by each software package. Some software packages allow CSG on curved objects while other packages do not, constructive solid geometry has a number of practical uses. It is used in cases where simple geometric objects are desired, nearly all engineering CAD packages use CSG. The Quake engine and Unreal engine both use this system, as does Hammer, and Torque Game Engine/Torque Game Engine Advanced, CSG is popular because a modeler can use a set of relatively simple objects to create very complicated geometry. When CSG is procedural or parametric, the user can revise their complex geometry by changing the position of objects or by changing the Boolean operation used to combine those objects. One of the advantages of CSG is that it can easily assure that objects are solid or water-tight if all of the shapes are water-tight. This can be important for manufacturing or engineering computation applications. A convenient property of CSG shapes is that it is easy to classify arbitrary points as being either inside or outside the created by CSG. The point is simply classified against all the underlying primitives and the boolean expression is evaluated. This is a quality for some applications such as ray tracing. io Feature Manipulation Engine MCNP SketchUp
39.
Macintosh operating systems
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The family of Macintosh operating systems developed by Apple Inc. In 1984, Apple debuted the operating system that is now known as the Classic Mac OS with its release of the original Macintosh System Software. The system, rebranded Mac OS in 1996, was preinstalled on every Macintosh until 2002, noted for its ease of use, it was also criticized for its lack of modern technologies compared to its competitors. The current Mac operating system is macOS, originally named Mac OS X until 2012, the current macOS is preinstalled with every Mac and is updated annually. It is the basis of Apples current system software for its devices, iOS, watchOS. Apples effort to expand upon and develop a replacement for its classic Mac OS in the 1990s led to a few cancelled projects, code named Star Trek, Taligent, the Macintosh is credited with having popularized this concept. The classic Mac OS is the original Macintosh operating system that was introduced in 1984 alongside the first Macintosh and remained in primary use on Macs through 2001. Apple released the original Macintosh on January 24,1984, its system software was partially based on the Lisa OS and the Xerox PARC Alto computer. It was originally named System Software, or simply System, Apple rebranded it as Mac OS in 1996 due in part to its Macintosh clone program that ended a year later, Mac OS is characterized by its monolithic system. Nine major versions of the classic Mac OS were released, the name Classic that now signifies the system as a whole is a reference to a compatibility layer that helped ease the transition to Mac OS X. Although the system was marketed as simply version 10 of Mac OS. Precursors to the release of Mac OS X include OpenStep, Apples Rhapsody project. MacOS makes use of the BSD codebase and the XNU kernel, the first desktop version of the system was released on March 24,2001, supporting the Aqua user interface. Since then, several more versions adding newer features and technologies have been released, since 2011, new releases have been offered on an annual basis. It was followed by several more official server-based releases, server functionality has instead been offered as an add-on for the desktop system since 2011. The first version of the system was ready for use in February 1988, in 1988, Apple released its first Unix-based OS, A/UX, which was a Unix operating system with the Mac OS look and feel. It was not very competitive for its time, due in part to the crowded Unix market, A/UX had most of its success in sales to the U. S. government, where POSIX compliance was a requirement that Mac OS could not meet. The Macintosh Application Environment was a software package introduced by Apple in 1994 that allowed users of certain Unix-based computer workstations to run Apple Macintosh application software, MAE used the X Window System to emulate a Macintosh Finder-style graphical user interface
40.
Unreal Tournament
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Unreal Tournament is a first-person shooter video game developed by Epic Games and Digital Extremes. Players compete in a series of matches of various types, with the aim of out-killing opponents. The PC version supports multiplayer online or over a local area network, free expansion packs were released, some of which were bundled with a 2000 re-release, Unreal Tournament, Game of the Year Edition. The game is based on the technology that powered Unreal. Development took almost a year and a half, and the game was intended to be an expansion for Unreal. Unreal Tournament received critical acclaim, with praising the graphics, artificial intelligence and gameplay. The game won awards, and the series has continued with the releases of sequels Unreal Tournament 2003 in 2002, Unreal Tournament 2004 in 2004. Unreal Tournament is an arena shooter, with head-to-head multiplayer deathmatches being the primary focus of the game. The single-player campaign is a series of matches played with bots. The player moves up the tournament ladder in order to challenge the current champion, Xan, also available is a Practice mode, in which, as its name implies, the player practices a match. Also available are mutators which drastically alter gameplay aspects, such as InstaGib, weapons include Enforcers, Rocket Launchers, and Rippers, which fire ricocheting blades. Most weapons have two firing modes which have different effects, for example, Rippers can also fire non-ricocheting blades which explode on impact, a special weapon is the Redeemer, which causes a very large and powerful explosion. Items such as Body Armor, health packs, and Damage Amplifiers are scattered across levels, levels are set in a variety of environments, including spaceships, outposts, and buildings such as castles and monasteries. Many contain features such as elevators and teleporters, and obstacles such as water, the game is backwards compatible with the majority of Unreal multiplayer maps. For team matches, bots are used to fill the roles of the players teammates, the player can choose the bots skill level or have it automatically adjust to the players performance. Bots can be customized by changing attributes such as names, appearance. In team matches, players can give orders to bots on their team, the PC version supports multiplayer mode over the internet or a local area network. Assault, This game type is played two teams, one assaulting a base and the other defending it
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PlayStation 2
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The PlayStation 2 is a home video game console that was developed by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the successor to the PlayStation, and is the installment in the PlayStation lineup of consoles. It was released on March 4,2000 in Japan, October 26,2000 in North America, November 24,2000 in Europe and it competed with Segas Dreamcast, Microsofts Xbox, and Nintendos GameCube in the sixth generation of video game consoles. Announced in 1999, the PlayStation 2 was the first PlayStation console to offer backwards compatibility for its predecessors DualShock controller, the PlayStation 2 is the best-selling video game console of all time, selling over 155 million units, with 150 million confirmed by Sony in 2011. More than 3,874 game titles have been released for the PS2 since launch, Sony later manufactured several smaller, lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 and well on, and in 2006, announced and launched its successor, the PlayStation 3. Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 console the following month on February 20,2013, Sony announced the PlayStation 2 on March 1,1999. The Dreamcast itself launched very successfully in North America later that year, soon after the Dreamcasts North American launch, Sony unveiled the PlayStation 2 at the Tokyo Game Show on September 20,1999. Sony showed fully playable demos of upcoming PlayStation 2 games including Gran Turismo 2000 and Tekken Tag Tournament – which showed the consoles graphic abilities, the PS2 was launched in March 2000 in Japan, October in North America and November in Europe. Sales of the console, games and accessories pulled in $250 million on the first day, directly after its release, it was difficult to find PS2 units on retailer shelves due to manufacturing delays. Another option was purchasing the console online through websites such as eBay. This allowed the PS2 to tap the large install base established by the PlayStation – another major selling point over the competition, later, Sony added new development kits for game developers and more PS2 units for consumers. The PS2s built-in functionality also expanded its audience beyond the gamer and this made the console a low cost entry into the home theater market. The PS2 remained as the only active sixth generation console for over 6 months, before it would face competition from rivals, Nintendos GameCube and Microsofts Xbox. While the PlayStation 2 theoretically had the weakest specification of the three, it had a start due to its installed base plus strong developer commitment. Sony also countered the Xbox by temporarily securing PlayStation 2 exclusives for highly anticipated games such as the Grand Theft Auto series and Metal Gear Solid 2, Sons of Liberty. Sony cut the price of the console in May 2002 from US$299 to $199 in North America, making it the price as the GameCube. It also planned to cut the price in Japan around that time and it cut the price twice in Japan in 2003. In 2006, Sony cut the cost of the console in anticipation of the release of the PlayStation 3, Sony, unlike Sega with its Dreamcast, originally placed little emphasis on online gaming during its first few years, although that changed upon the launch of the online-capable Xbox
1,296 (As of May 22, 2018[update])[1]
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