1.
Reference route (New York)
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The majority of reference routes are owned by the state of New York and maintained by NYSDOT, however, some exceptions exist. The reference route designations are normally posted on reference markers, small green signs located every tenth-mile on the side of the road, reference route numbers are always three digit numbers in the 900s with a single alphabetic suffix. The designations are assigned in numerical and alphabetical order within a region. Certain letters are avoided, such as O and I, Designations are assigned as follows, The first digit is 9, distinguishing the number as a reference route designation. The second digit corresponds to the NYSDOT region number the route is in, the third digit is 6 for collector/distributor roads along limited access highways, 7–9 for parkways, and 0–5 for all other roads. An older system of route numbering used numbers ranging from 800 to 999 without an alphabetic suffix. Some reference markers with these numbers still exist, even though these reference routes have new numbers. Every road maintained by NYSDOT also has a highway number. NYSDOT Region 1 primarily covers the Capital District, Saratoga–Champlain and Upper Hudson Valley areas, the counties comprising this region are Albany, Essex, Greene, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Schenectady, Warren, and Washington. Region 2 primarily covers the Central, Mohawk Valley, and south-central Adirondack areas of New York, the counties comprising this region are Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer, Madison, Montgomery, and Oneida. Region 3 primarily covers the eastern Finger Lakes area, the counties comprising this region are Cayuga, Cortland, Onondaga, Oswego, Seneca, and Tompkins. Region 4 primarily covers the western Finger Lakes and Genesee Valley areas, the counties comprising this region are Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Ontario, Orleans, Wayne, and Wyoming. Region 5 primarily covers the Niagara Frontier and southwestern New York, the counties comprising this region are Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, and Niagara. Region 6 primarily covers the western and central portions of the Southern Tier, the counties comprising this region are Allegany, Chemung, Schuyler, Steuben, and Yates. Reference routes for Tioga County are also listed here, as Tioga County was in Region 6 until August 2007, Region 7 primarily covers the North Country and the northern portion of the Adirondacks. The counties comprising this region are Clinton, Franklin, Jefferson, Lewis, Region 8 primarily covers the Middle and Lower Hudson Valley. The counties comprising this region are Columbia, Dutchess, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, Ulster, Region 9 primarily covers the eastern Southern Tier and the Central Leatherstocking and Catskill regions. The counties comprising this region are Broome, Chenango, Delaware, Otsego, Schoharie, Region 9 also includes Tioga County, however, the reference routes in Tioga County have designations corresponding to Region 6 since the county was part of Region 6 when the routes were assigned
2.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
3.
New York State Route 940U
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The majority of reference routes are owned by the state of New York and maintained by NYSDOT, however, some exceptions exist. The reference route designations are normally posted on reference markers, small green signs located every tenth-mile on the side of the road, reference route numbers are always three digit numbers in the 900s with a single alphabetic suffix. The designations are assigned in numerical and alphabetical order within a region. Certain letters are avoided, such as O and I, Designations are assigned as follows, The first digit is 9, distinguishing the number as a reference route designation. The second digit corresponds to the NYSDOT region number the route is in, the third digit is 6 for collector/distributor roads along limited access highways, 7–9 for parkways, and 0–5 for all other roads. An older system of route numbering used numbers ranging from 800 to 999 without an alphabetic suffix. Some reference markers with these numbers still exist, even though these reference routes have new numbers. Every road maintained by NYSDOT also has a highway number. NYSDOT Region 1 primarily covers the Capital District, Saratoga–Champlain and Upper Hudson Valley areas, the counties comprising this region are Albany, Essex, Greene, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Schenectady, Warren, and Washington. Region 2 primarily covers the Central, Mohawk Valley, and south-central Adirondack areas of New York, the counties comprising this region are Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer, Madison, Montgomery, and Oneida. Region 3 primarily covers the eastern Finger Lakes area, the counties comprising this region are Cayuga, Cortland, Onondaga, Oswego, Seneca, and Tompkins. Region 4 primarily covers the western Finger Lakes and Genesee Valley areas, the counties comprising this region are Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Ontario, Orleans, Wayne, and Wyoming. Region 5 primarily covers the Niagara Frontier and southwestern New York, the counties comprising this region are Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, and Niagara. Region 6 primarily covers the western and central portions of the Southern Tier, the counties comprising this region are Allegany, Chemung, Schuyler, Steuben, and Yates. Reference routes for Tioga County are also listed here, as Tioga County was in Region 6 until August 2007, Region 7 primarily covers the North Country and the northern portion of the Adirondacks. The counties comprising this region are Clinton, Franklin, Jefferson, Lewis, Region 8 primarily covers the Middle and Lower Hudson Valley. The counties comprising this region are Columbia, Dutchess, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, Ulster, Region 9 primarily covers the eastern Southern Tier and the Central Leatherstocking and Catskill regions. The counties comprising this region are Broome, Chenango, Delaware, Otsego, Schoharie, Region 9 also includes Tioga County, however, the reference routes in Tioga County have designations corresponding to Region 6 since the county was part of Region 6 when the routes were assigned
4.
Concurrency (road)
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A concurrency in a road network is an instance of one physical road bearing two or more different highway, motorway, or other route numbers. When two freeways share the same right-of-way, it is called a common section or commons. Other terminology for a concurrency includes overlap, coincidence, duplex, triplex, multiplex, concurrent numbering can become very common in countries that allow it. In some countries, however, concurrent numbering is avoided by posting only one number on road signs. Criticism of concurrencies include environmental intrusion, as well as being considered a factor in road accidents, most concurrencies are simply a combination of two route numbers on the same physical road. This is often advantageous as well as economically advantageous, it may be better for two route numbers to be combined into one along riverways or through mountain valleys. Some nations allow for concurrencies to occur, however, some nations specifically do not allow it to happen, in those nations which do permit concurrencies, it can become very common. In these countries, there are a variety of concurrences which can occur, an example of this is the concurrency of I-70 and I-76 on the Pennsylvania Turnpike in western Pennsylvania. A triple Interstate concurrency is found north of Madison, Wisconsin, with I-39, I-90, Wisconsin has another triple Interstate concurrency along the five-mile section of I-41, I-43, and I-894 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The concurrency of I-41 and I-43 on this roadway is an example of a wrong-way concurrency, the longest Interstate highway concurrency is I-80 and I-90 for 265 miles across Indiana and Ohio. There are examples of eight-way concurrencies, I-465 around Indianapolis and Georgia State Route 10 Loop around downtown Athens, Georgia. Portions of the 53-mile I-465 overlap with I-74, US31, US36, US40, US52, US421, SR37, seven of the eight other designations overlap between exits 46 and 47 to create an eight-way concurrency. In the United States, concurrencies are simply marked by placing signs for both routes on the same or adjacent posts, the federal Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices prescribes that when mounting these adjacent signs together that the numbers will be arranged vertically or horizontally in order of precedence. The order to be used is Interstate Highways, U. S. Highways, state highways, and finally county roads, several states do not officially have any concurrencies, instead officially ending routes on each side of one. There are several circumstances where unusual concurrencies exist along state borders, one example occurs along the Oklahoma–Arkansas state line. At the northern end of this border Oklahoma State Highway 20 runs concurrently with Arkansas Highway 43, concurrencies are also found in Canada. In Manitoba, the Trans-Canada Highway from Winnipeg to Portage la Prairie is concurrently signed with Yellowhead Highway, in Ontario, the Queen Elizabeth Way and Highway 403 run concurrently between Burlington and Oakville, forming the provinces only concurrency between two 400-series highways. In the United Kingdom, routes do not run concurrently with others, where this would normally occur, the roadway takes the number of only one of the routes, while the other routes are considered to have a gap and are signed in brackets
5.
Great Britain road numbering scheme
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The Great Britain road numbering scheme is a numbering scheme used to classify and identify all roads in Great Britain. Each road is given a letter, which represents the roads category. Introduced to arrange funding allocations, the numbers soon became used on maps, two sub-schemes exist, one for motorways, and another for non-motorway roads. The scheme applies only to England, Scotland and Wales, similar systems are used in Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, Jersey and British overseas territories. All of these schemes use identical basic conventions and road-sign designs. Work on classification began in 1913 by the governments Roads Board to determine the quality, the definitive list of these roads was published on 1 April 1923 following consultations with local authorities. Government funding towards the repairs of roads were set at 60% for the former. Shortly after this, the numbers started to appear in road atlases and on signs on the roads themselves, the Trunk Roads Act 1936 gave the Ministry direct control of the major routes and a new classification system was created to identify these routes. Originally these numbers beginning in T were to be made public, with the introduction of motorways in the late 1950s, a new classification M was introduced. In many cases the motorways duplicated existing stretches of A-road, which therefore lost much of their significance and were in some cases renumbered, occasionally the new motorway would take the name of the old A-road rather than having its own number. The most notable example of this is the A1, in England and Wales the road numbering system for all-purpose roads is based on a radial pattern centred on London. In Scotland the same scheme is centred on Edinburgh, in both cases the main single-digit roads normally define the zone boundaries. The exception is between Zones 1 and 2, where the River Thames defines the boundary, Zone 5, North/East of the A5, west of the A6, south of the Solway Firth/Eden Estuary covering North Wales, North Midlands, western Leicestershire, Cheshire, Cumbria and Lancashire. In Central London, the A40 provides a border between the 4 and 5 zones east of Marble Arch, the original A5 also provides such a border, and north of St Albans the original A6 provides an Eastern border. Zone 6, East of the A6 and A7, west of the A1 covering North East England, Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, eastern Leicestershire and Rutland, between St Albans and Luton, the original A6 provides the Western border of the 6-zone. For example, the A38 road, a road running from Bodmin to Mansfield starts in Zone 3. Additionally, the A1 in Newcastle upon Tyne has moved twice, originally along the Great North Road, it then moved to the Tyne Tunnel, causing some of the roads in Zone 1 to lie in Zone 6. The designated A1 later moved to the bypass around the city
6.
Reference marker (New York)
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In New York, a reference marker is a small green sign mounted approximately every one-tenth mile on highways maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation. This was initiated in response to the Highway Safety Act of 1966 enacted by Congress, in an effort to monitor traffic, New Yorks system inventories and indexes all touring and reference routes, in addition to service and rest areas, ramps, and reservation roads. New Yorks system is similar to Californias postmile system in maintaining the states highways, the New York State Thruway Authority adopted its own reference system for the New York State Thruway system, including I-287 and I-84. There is a reference marker system in use in neighboring Vermont. The reference markers are green signs that measure 200 millimeters wide by 252 millimeters high and are placed every 528 feet on state roads, freeways, there are three rows of white numbers. The top row indicates the route number, the letter I is used as a suffix for an Interstate highway, but may instead be a prefix on some markers. If a route is re-numbered, it will retain its old route marker, if a route number does not use all four digit spaces, there will be blank areas. When two or more routes run concurrent or overlap, typically only the lower number highway will be present, or in some cases, the first digit of the second row indicates the NYSDOT Region. Within each of the regions, the counties are listed alphabetically, thus, markers in Oswego County bear the designation of 34. Outside of New York City, the third and fourth digits of the second row indicate the number of counties the route has entered, each county line crossing, no matter how short nor if re-entered, is counted.1 miles. This includes its first entry into Herkimer Country for roughly 170 feet, US20 enters Herkimer and Otsego Counties three times each before entering Schoharie County, which is number 18 in a sequence of 22 counties the route enters. The direction of inventory is either south-to-north, or west-to-east, as appropriate, within New York City, a different legend is applied for the third digit. The letter M for Mainline or C for Collector/Distributor road is used, the first digit of the bottom row is the control segment, which starts at 1 at the county line or routes terminus. Control segments usually increment at each crossing of a city line, if there are more than nine control segments in a county, the county counter will increment by one and the control segments reset to one. However, a county may be a single control segment, NY10 enters no cities and all control segments are numbered 1. In New York City, however, the first digit of the row indicates the direction of travel. North, South, East and West are represented respectively by 1,2,3, the last three digits of the bottom row represent approximate distance in tenths of a mile from the beginning of the last control segment or county line. Markers are placed on flanged posts at approximate one-tenth mile intervals with a tolerance of ±0.01 mile, on two-lane roads, they are usually placed in alternate directions of travel
7.
Parkways in New York
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A handful of other roads in the Hudson Valley and on Long Island are also known as parkways but are not part of the state system. The state parkway system introduced the concept of limited-access roads and these highways were not divided and allowed no driveway cuts, but did have intersections for some of the streets they crossed. The individual parkways vary widely in composition, some, such as the Sprain Brook Parkway, are functionally equivalent to a freeway, others, like Seven Lakes Drive, are a two-lane undivided surface road. The majority of parkways are located in downstate New York, where the parkway system originated in the early 20th century. The states parkway system originally began as a series of then-high-speed four-lane roads that were created to provide a way into, out of. The first section of this opened in 1908. Most of the roads have been replaced and redesigned to address higher speed requirements. In later sections north of New York City, the roadways were typically divided by a landscaped median and provided service areas along the way that offered fuel. Most are now maintained, if not owned, by NYSDOT outside New York City, today, the state parkways are for the most part equivalent to expressways and freeways built in other parts of the country, except for a few oddities. Second, because designers focused more on making routes scenic rather than efficient, the parkways are meandering, often built to follow a river, and so contain many turns. Finally, because most use low, decorative stone-arch overpasses that would trap trucks, commercial vehicles, trucks, some regions of New York have parkways that are not owned or maintained by a state agency
8.
Inner Loop (Rochester)
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The Inner Loop is a C-shaped freeway in downtown Rochester, New York, in the United States. Only the portions north of Interstate 490 are signed as the Inner Loop and this section of the loop is designated New York State Route 940T, an unsigned reference route, by the New York State Department of Transportation. Although the NY 940T designation is not signed, the road is signed with orange trapezoidal route markers containing the words Inner Loop in white. Construction of the Inner Loop began in the early 1950s—when the citys population was well over 300,000 and 33% higher than it was in 2000—and completed in 1965. Due to its shape and location, the Inner Loop is seen as a divider, on December 2,2014, the eastern section of the Inner Loop was closed as part of a project to downgrade it to a street at the cost of $21 million. The Inner Loop forms a C around downtown Rochester, beginning, from west to east, at I-490 exit 13, a directional T interchange adjacent to Frontier Field, the home of the Rochester Red Wings. It heads to the northeast, passing Frontier Field and the High Falls business district as it runs parallel to the CSX Transportation-owned Rochester Subdivision railroad line. About 0.5 miles from I-490, the Inner Loop, on the other side of the river, the highway turns toward the east, separating from the railroad a short distance southwest of Rochesters Amtrak station on Central Avenue. East of Joseph Avenue, the route descends below grade-level and begins to run through a cut as it proceeds eastward across the edge of downtown. After passing under North Street, the Inner Loop begins to turn southward, the road currently ends here, the portion formerly going from Main Street to Monroe and Clinton Avenues has been closed to traffic and rebuilt as an at-grade boulevard. The Inner Loop is closed and completed by I-490, it created a continuous beltway of limited-access highways around downtown Rochester. However, the I-490 portion of the loop is signed only as I-490, due to its proximity to downtown, the loop creates a division, both physically and mentally, between downtown Rochester and the remainder of the city. The only areas where it is possible to traverse the Inner Loop is where roadways cross the Loop via bridges over or under the highway, the idea for a beltway around Rochester was conceived in the 1950s. At the time, the population of Rochester was roughly 332,000, despite some political obstacles, construction on the highway began in the early 1950s. Many structures were demolished to make way for the route, which was constructed in a cut through the densely populated neighborhoods that surrounded downtown, in 1965, an opening ceremony headlined by then-Governor Nelson Rockefeller officially opened the Inner Loop to traffic. The final price tag on the construction was $34 million. The southern part of the Loop was incorporated into the newly constructed I-490 upon completion while the rest is designated as NY 940T, an unsigned reference route. In the time since the Loops construction, the population of Rochester has dropped to 210,565 as of the 2010 census—a reduction of a full one-third, as a result, traffic on the Inner Loop has declined accordingly
9.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
10.
Montana
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Montana /mɒnˈtænə/ is a state in the Western region of the United States. The states name is derived from the Spanish word montaña, Montana has several nicknames, although none official, including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State, and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place. Montana has a 545-mile border with three Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the state to do so. It also borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, Montana is ranked 4th in size, but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges, smaller island ranges are found throughout the state. In total,77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains, the eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands. The economy is based on agriculture, including ranching and cereal grain farming. Other significant economic activities include oil, gas, coal and hard rock mining, lumber, the health care, service, and government sectors also are significant to the states economy. Millions of tourists annually visit Glacier National Park, the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, the name Montana comes from the Spanish word Montaña and the Latin word Montana, meaning mountain, or more broadly, mountainous country. Montaña del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the mountainous region of the west. The name was changed by Representatives Henry Wilson and Benjamin F. Harding, when Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho, he again chose Montana Territory. This time Rep. Samuel Cox, also of Ohio, objected to the name, Cox complained that the name was a misnomer given most of the territory was not mountainous and that a Native American name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one. Other names such as Shoshone were suggested, but it was decided that the Committee on Territories could name it whatever they wanted, with an area of 147,040 square miles, Montana is slightly larger than Japan. It is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska, Texas, and California, the largest landlocked U. S. state, and the worlds 56th largest national state/province subdivision. To the north, Montana shares a 545-mile border with three Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the state to do so. It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, the states topography is roughly defined by the Continental Divide, which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions. Most of Montanas 100 or more named mountain ranges are in the western half. The Absaroka and Beartooth ranges in the states south-central part are part of the Central Rocky Mountains
11.
Queen Elizabeth Way
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The Queen Elizabeth Way is a 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario linking Toronto with the Niagara Peninsula and Buffalo, New York. The freeway begins at the Peace Bridge in Fort Erie and travels 139.1 kilometres around the shore of Lake Ontario. The physical highway, however, continues as the Gardiner Expressway into downtown Toronto, the QEW is one of Ontarios busiest highways, with an average of close to 200,000 vehicles per day on some sections. Within the Regional Municipality of Halton, the QEW is signed concurrently with Highway 403, when it was initially opened to traffic in 1937, it was the first intercity divided highway in North America and featured the longest stretch of consistent illumination in the world. While not a freeway at the time, it was gradually upgraded, widened and modernized beginning in the 1950s. Since then, various projects have continued to widen the route, in 1997, the provincial government turned over the responsibility for the section of the QEW between Highway 427 and the Humber River to the City of Toronto. This section was redesignated as part of the Gardiner Expressway. The Queen Elizabeth Way was named for the wife of King George VI who would become known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. It is sometimes referred to as the Queen E, in 1939, the royal couple toured Canada and the United States in part to bolster support for the United Kingdom in anticipation of war with Nazi Germany, and also to mark George VIs coronation. The highway received its name to commemorate the visit, it was unveiled on June 7 as the King, originally, the entire length of the highway featured stylized light standards with the letters ER, the Royal Cypher for Elizabeth Regina, the Latin equivalent to Queen Elizabeth. A short section of Highway 420 and its extension Falls Avenue in Niagara Falls had replicas of these light standards installed in 2002, the markers identifying the QEW have always used blue lettering on a yellow background instead of the black-on-white scheme used on other provincial highway markers. They originally showed the full name only in small letters. In 1955, these were changed to the current design, with the lettering QEW, although the QEW has no posted highway number, it is considered to be part of the Province of Ontarios 400-series highway network. The Ministry of Transportation of Ontario designates the QEW as Highway 451 for internal, a monument was originally located in the highway median at the Toronto terminus of the highway, dedicated to the 1939 visit of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and known as the Lucky Lion. Carved on-site under the direction of Frances Loring for C$12,000, it consisted of a column with a crown at the top and a lion at the base. The QEW is a 139 km route travels from the Peace Bridge – which connects Fort Erie with Buffalo, New York – to Toronto. The freeway circles the western lakehead of Lake Ontario, cutting through Niagara Falls, St. Catharines, Hamilton, Burlington, Oakville, a 22 km portion of the freeway is signed concurrently with Highway 403. Unlike other provincial highways in Ontario, the QEW is directionally signed using locations along the route as opposed to cardinal directions, driving towards Toronto, the route is signed as QEW Toronto throughout its length
12.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
13.
Florida's Turnpike
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The Turnpike itself is in two sections. The first is the Mainline, a 265-mile route from the Golden Glades Interchange to Wildwood that carries the designation of Florida State Road 91. Floridas Turnpike is one of the busiest highways in the country, in Davie, about 8 miles north of the Homestead Extension interchange, it intersects with I-595, providing direct access to Alligator Alley and Ft. Lauderdale International Airport. After two more interchanges, one with Sunrise Boulevard in Plantation and Commercial Boulevard in Tamarac, it crosses the Cypress Creek Toll Plaza in North Lauderdale, the second on the mainline. Just 1 mile north of the plaza, it intersects with the Pompano Beach Service Plaza, the first of seven full service plazas on the mainline. Still in Pompano Beach, it has a northbound exit with Atlantic Boulevard. Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard and Sample Road and it then enters Deerfield Beach with an interchange with the Sawgrass Expressway in Coconut Creek, the final interchange in Broward County. The Turnpike then enters Palm Beach County, with an interchange in each Boca Raton, Delray Beach, in central Palm Beach County at mile marker 88, the Ticket system of the turnpike begins at the Lantana Toll Plaza. It breaks off as it crosses the Thomas B. Manuel Bridge over the St. Lucie Canal, crossing I-95 without an interchange just south of the SR714 interchange, the only exit in Martin County. I-95 heads west towards the western fringes of St. Lucie County development, while the turnpike takes a path along the central areas of the county. The Turnpike has two interchanges in Port St. Lucie, one at Becker Road, the third SunPass only exit, and SR716, followed by the Port St. Lucie-Fort Pierce service plaza at mile marker 144. The turnpike intersects I-95 one last time just south of SR70 in Fort Pierce, as I-95 continues to head up the east coast of Florida and the turnpike curves inland towards Orlando. Between Fort Pierce and Yeehaw Junction, the travels in a nearly east-west direction heading inland. Between Yeehaw Junction and Kissimmee, the turnpike, returning to a north-northwest direction towards Orlando, has a 48.9 miles stretch without an exit, the longest of any US expressway. At mile marker 236, the system ends at the Three Lakes toll plaza, as the turnpike enters the Orlando Area. After interchanges with US 192/US441 and the Osceola Parkway, it enters Orange County, exit 251 features a partial interchange with SR417, with an exit from the northbound Turnpike to northbound SR417 and entrance from southbound SR417 to southbound Turnpike. The Turnpike then enters Lake County, heading in a northwestern direction, at mile 285, it has a northbound exit/southbound entrance with US27, followed by the Leesburg toll plaza at mile 288, and a southbound exit/northbound entrance with US27 at mile 289. The last interchange in Lake County is with County Road 470, at mile marker 299, the turnpike passes through the final service plaza, the Okahumpka service plaza
14.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
15.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
16.
Garden State Parkway
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The Garden State Parkway is a 172. 4-mile limited-access toll parkway that stretches the length of New Jersey from the New York line at Montvale to Cape May at the states southernmost tip. Its name refers to New Jerseys nickname, the Garden State, most New Jerseyans refer to it as simply the Parkway. The parkways official, but unsigned, designation is Route 444, at its north end, the parkway becomes the Garden State Parkway Connector, a component of the New York State Thruway system that connects to the Thruway mainline in Ramapo. The Parkway is primarily for vehicle use, with trucks weighing over 10,000 pounds prohibited north of Exit 105. The Parkway has been ranked as the busiest toll highway in the based on the number of toll transactions. At roughly 172 miles, the Parkway is the longest highway in the state, the Garden State Parkway begins in Lower Township at an interchange with Route 109. For the first 3 1⁄2 miles, the crosses over streams. At 3.48 miles, the crosses over Taylor Creek. Exit 4 is for Route 47 north to Rio Grande and Wildwoods. At 6.54 miles, parkway exit 6, for Route 147 and North Wildwood, leaves to the right of the lanes, there is no northbound exit, only an entrance. Previously, there were three at-grade interchanges for exits 9,10, and 11, construction on overpasses began in 2013 and was completed in 2016. The first is at exit 9 to Shellbay Avenue, the second is exit 10 to County Route 657, also known as Stone Harbor Boulevard. The Cape Regional Medical Center, the only hospital, is at this exit. Exit 11 is for U. S. Route 9 at the Cape May County Park & Zoo, an unsigned southbound exit and entrance at East Mechanics Street was removed in August 2011, between exits 9 and 10. The at-grade interchanges were reconstructed to put the parkway on overpasses above those roads, because this work is finished, there are no longer any traffic lights or other intersections on the entire length of the parkway. Exit 13 is for Avalon Boulevard, at 14.85 miles, the parkway enters Dennis Township after crossing Uncle Aarons Creek. At 17.5 miles, exit 17 leaves to the right for CR625, at milepost 19.38, the parkway enters its first toll, the Cape May Toll Plaza. A little more than 20 miles in, exit 20 leaves for Route 50, in Upper Township, exit 25 leaves for CR623
17.
New Jersey Turnpike
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The New Jersey Turnpike, colloquially known to New Jerseyans as the Turnpike, is a toll road in New Jersey, maintained by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. According to the International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association, the Turnpike is the nations sixth-busiest toll road and is one of the most heavily traveled highways in the United States and its northern terminus is located at the George Washington Bridge in Fort Lee, Bergen County. The Turnpike is a major thoroughfare providing access to localities in New Jersey, as well as Delaware, Pennsylvania. The route divides into four roadways between exit 6 and exit 14, with the inner lanes restricted to carrying only cars, and with the outer lanes for cars, trucks and buses. The northern part of the turnpike, along with the entirety of its extensions and spurs, is part of the Interstate Highway System. South of exit 6, it has the unsigned Route 700 designation, construction of the mainline from conceptualization to completion took 23 months, from 1950 to 1952. It was officially opened to traffic in November 1951, between its terminus and exit 10. The Interstate Highway System took some of its design guidelines by copying the Turnpikes design guidelines, to some degree, the Turnpike is considered iconic in pop culture, having been referenced in music, film and television. The main road of the New Jersey Turnpike splits from I-295 in Carneys Point Township and runs a north-northeast route to Ridgefield Park and it is designated Route 700, an unsigned route, from exit 1 to exit 6, and as I-95 from exit 6 to exit 18. The number of ranges from 4 lanes south of exit 4,6 lanes between exit 4 and exit 6,12 lanes between exit 6 and exit 11, and 14 lanes between exit 11 and exit 14. None of these state highway designations have ever been signed, specifically, starting in Mansfield Township, the Turnpike has a total of 12 lanes,6 in each direction. From Woodbridge Township to Newark, High-occupancy vehicle lanes exist on the outer roadway, thereby making it 7 lanes in each direction. The HOV lanes are in effect on weekdays, from 6,00 a. m. –9,00 a. m. northbound, north of exit 14, the Turnpike splits into two spurs, the Eastern Spur and the Western Spur. Both spurs are signed as I-95, the Western Spur is posted for through traffic on I-95 seeking Interstate 280, the Meadowlands Sports Complex, and the George Washington Bridge. Traffic seeking U. S. Route 46, Interstate 80, the New Jersey Department of Transportation, which calls every class of highway Route, calls the Western Spur Route 95W. It connects Newark with Lower Manhattan via the Holland Tunnel in Jersey City and this extension contains three exits and due to its design, it has a 50 mph speed limit. A 6-mile long six-lane highway, it not only connects the Pennsylvania Turnpike with the mainline and it was formerly designated as Route 700P, but is currently designated I-95 in anticipation of the completion of the Pennsylvania Turnpike/Interstate 95 Interchange Project in 2018. A 4-mile stretch of I-95 north of U. S.46 came under Turnpike Authority jurisdiction in 1992 and this section of the road travels past the interchange for I-80 and through a cut in the Hudson Palisades at GWB Plaza
18.
Palisades Interstate Parkway
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The Palisades Interstate Parkway is a 38. 25-mile-long limited-access highway in the U. S. states of New Jersey and New York. The parkway is a commuter route into New York City from Rockland and Orange counties in New York. The southern terminus of the route is at the George Washington Bridge in Fort Lee, New Jersey and its northern terminus is at a traffic circle in Fort Montgomery, New York, where the PIP meets US 9W and US202 at the Bear Mountain Bridge. At exit 18, the PIP forms a concurrency with US6 for the duration of its run. The route is named for the New Jersey Palisades, a line of cliffs rising along the side of the Hudson River. The PIP is designated, but not signed as Route 445 in New Jersey and New York State Route 987C, as with most parkways in the New York metropolitan area, commercial traffic is prohibited from using the PIP. The Palisades Interstate Parkway was built from 1947–1958, and fully opened to traffic on August 28,1958, the main line of the parkway is designated as Route 445 in New Jersey and NY 987C in New York. The latter is one of New Yorks reference routes, a 0. 42-mile spur connecting the parkway to US 9W in Fort Lee, New Jersey, is designated Route 445S. All three designations are unsigned and used only for inventory purposes, the parkway is owned and maintained by the Palisades Interstate Park Commission but occasional maintenance is performed by the New Jersey and New York state departments of transportation. Commercial vehicles are prohibited on the length of the Palisades Interstate Parkway. The Palisades Interstate Parkway begins at the George Washington Bridge in Fort Lee, passengers riding northbound on the New Jersey Turnpike must be in local lanes to directly get on the PIP. Once the PIP leaves the GWB, it proceeds north along the New Jersey Palisades, unlike service areas further north along the parkway, there are two in Englewood, one for northbound drivers and one for southbound drivers. The others are in the center median shared by drivers going in both directions, there are also three different scenic lookout points over the Palisades near the northern tip of the island of Manhattan at the Harlem River. After this, the PIP parallels US 9W and the Hudson River for its run in New Jersey. All four exits in New Jersey are either with US 9W, the PIP leaves New Jersey into New York in the borough of Rockleigh. The entire New Jersey portion of the Palisades Interstate Parkway is within Bergen County and it is designated as a state scenic byway known as the Palisades Scenic Byway. The Palisades enters Rockland County in the hamlet of Palisades, at about the border the PIP changes direction from due north along the Hudson River to a north-west direction. Shortly after the Kings Ferry Service Area in the center median, exit 5 provides a link to St. Thomas Aquinas College, and exit 6 provides a link to Dominican College
19.
Atlantic City Expressway
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The Atlantic City Expressway is a 44. 19-mile, controlled-access toll road in New Jersey, managed and operated by the South Jersey Transportation Authority. It serves as an extension of the portion of Route 42 in Turnersville southeast to Atlantic City. It connects the Philadelphia metropolitan area with Atlantic City and other Jersey Shore resorts, the Atlantic City Expressway has an open system of tolling, with two mainline toll plazas and seven exits with ramp tolls. The total cost to travel the length of the Atlantic City Expressway is currently $3.75, the latter toll increase took place effective November 18,2008. In a few years, the road is expected to use all-electronic tolling, plans for the road go back to the 1930s, when a parkway was proposed between Camden and Atlantic City that was never built. Plans resurfaced for the road in the 1950s when a group of officials led by State Senator Frank S. Farley pushed for a road to help the area economy, the New Jersey Expressway Authority was created in 1962 to be responsible for building an expressway. The Atlantic City Expressway was built between 1962 and 1965 at a total cost of $48.2 million, the South Jersey Transportation Authority assumed control of the road in 1991 from the New Jersey Expressway Authority. The Atlantic City Expressway begins at Route 42 in Turnersville in Washington Township, Gloucester County, where it continues north as the North–South Freeway, here, Route 42 continues south on the Black Horse Pike and Route 168 continues north on the Black Horse Pike. A westbound exit provides a connection to northbound Route 168, the expressway then heads southeast, straddling between Washington Township and Gloucester Township, Camden County. On the Gloucester Township/Winslow Township border, the Atlantic City Expressway features an interchange with County Route 689. Past CR689, there is a interchange with County Route 536 Spur. The expressway passes under County Route 536 and then features an interchange with County Route 723, with an eastbound exit. It then meets Route 73 at another interchange, with a westbound exit. The Atlantic City Expressway crosses into Hammonton, Atlantic County, continuing to the southeast, it encounters Route 54 at a full interchange. It then enters Hamilton Township and passes under County Route 559, the lanes of the Atlantic City Expressway in both directions split for the Farley Service Plaza, which is located in the median of the expressway. Past the Farley Service Plaza, the Atlantic City Expressway meets the mainline Egg Harbor Toll Plaza and it then features a full interchange with Route 50, with the westbound exit and eastbound entrance being E-ZPass only. It meets County Route 670, with partial interchange featuring an eastbound off-ramp. Next, it has an exit and westbound entrance for County Route 575, which provides access to U. S. Route 40, U. S. Route 322
20.
Interstate Highway System
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The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways is a network of controlled-access highways that forms a part of the National Highway System of the United States. The system is named for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who championed its formation, construction was authorized by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, and the original portion was completed 35 years later, although some urban routes were cancelled and never built. The network has since been extended and, as of 2013, as of 2013, about one-quarter of all vehicle miles driven in the country use the Interstate system. In 2006, the cost of construction was estimated at about $425 billion, the nations revenue needs associated with World War I prevented any significant implementation of this policy, which expired in 1921. In the plan, Mehren proposed a 50, 000-mile system, the system would include two percent of all roads and would pass through every state at a cost of $25,000 per mile, providing commercial as well as military transport benefits. As the landmark 1916 law expired, new legislation was passed—the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 and this new road construction initiative once again provided for federal matching funds for road construction and improvement, $75 million allocated annually. The Bureau of Public Roads asked the Army to provide a list of roads that it considered necessary for national defense. A boom in construction followed throughout the decade of the 1920s. As automobile traffic increased, planners saw a need for such a national system to supplement the existing, largely non-freeway. By the late 1930s, planning had expanded to a system of new superhighways, in 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave Thomas MacDonald, chief at the Bureau of Public Roads, a hand-drawn map of the United States marked with eight superhighway corridors for study. He recognized that the system would also provide key ground transport routes for military supplies. The publication in 1955 of the General Location of National System of Interstate Highways, informally known as the Yellow Book, assisting in the planning was Charles Erwin Wilson, who was still head of General Motors when President Eisenhower selected him as Secretary of Defense in January 1953. The Interstate Highway System was authorized on June 29,1956 by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, popularly known as the National Interstate, three states have claimed the title of first Interstate Highway. Missouri claims that the first three contracts under the new program were signed in Missouri on August 2,1956, the first contract signed was for upgrading a section of US Route 66 to what is now designated Interstate 44. On August 13,1956, Missouri awarded the first contract based on new Interstate Highway funding, kansas claims that it was the first to start paving after the act was signed. Preliminary construction had taken place before the act was signed, the state marked its portion of I-70 as the first project in the United States completed under the provisions of the new Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. The Pennsylvania Turnpike could also be considered one of the first Interstate Highways, on October 1,1940,162 miles of the highway now designated I‑70 and I‑76 opened between Irwin and Carlisle. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania refers to the turnpike as the Granddaddy of the Pikes, October 12,1979, The final section of the Canada to Mexico freeway Interstate 5 is dedicated near Stockton, California
21.
United States Numbered Highway System
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The United States Numbered Highway System is an integrated network of roads and highways numbered within a nationwide grid in the contiguous United States. The route numbers and locations are coordinated by the American Association of State Highway, the only federal involvement in AASHTO is a nonvoting seat for the United States Department of Transportation. Generally, north-to-south highways are odd-numbered, with lowest numbers in the east, the area of the thirteen states of the United States. Similarly, east-to-west highways are typically even-numbered, with the lowest numbers in the north, where roads were first improved most intensively, major north–south routes have numbers ending in 1 while major east–west routes have numbers ending in 0. Three-digit numbered highways are spur routes of parent highways but are not necessarily connected to their parents, some divided routes exist to provide two alignments for one route, even though many splits have been eliminated. Special routes, usually posted with a banner, can provide various routes, such as an alternate, bypass or business route, Routes were designated, auto trails designated by auto trail associations were the main means of marking roads through the United States. In 1925, the Joint Board on Interstate Highways, recommended by the American Association of State Highway Officials, after several meetings, a final report was approved by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in November 1925. They received complaints from across the country about the assignment of routes, so the Board made several modifications, as a result of compromises made to get the U. S. Highway System approved, many routes were divided, with alignments to serve different towns. In subsequent years, AASHTO called for such splits in U. S, expansion of the system continued until 1956, when the Interstate Highway System was formed. After construction was completed, many U. S, Routes were replaced by Interstate Highways for through traffic. Highways still form many important regional connections, and new routes are still being added, Routes do not have a minimum design standard, unlike the later Interstate Highways, and are not usually built to freeway standards. Many are designated using the streets of the cities and towns through which they run. New additions to the system, however, must substantially meet the current AASHTO design standards, as of 1989, the United States Numbered Highways system has a total length of 157,724 miles. Except for toll bridges and tunnels, very few U. S. AASHTO policy says that a road may only be included as a special route. U. S. Route 3 meets this obligation, in New Hampshire, but US Routes in the system do use parts of four toll roads, US51 uses part of the Jane Addams Memorial Tollway in Illinois, the old road is Illinois Route 251. US278 uses the tolled Cross Island Parkway in South Carolina, US412 uses the Cimarron Turnpike in Oklahoma, the old road is US64. US412 also uses the Cherokee Turnpike in Oklahoma, the old road is Alternate US412, Routes follow a simple grid in the contiguous United States, in which odd-numbered routes run generally north to south and even-numbered routes run generally east to west
22.
Western United States
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The Western United States, commonly referred to as the American West, the Far West, or simply the West, traditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost states of the United States. Because European settlement in the U. S. expanded westward after its founding, prior to about 1800, the crest of the Appalachian Mountains was seen as the western frontier. Since then, the frontier moved westward and eventually lands west of the Mississippi River came to be referred to as the West. The West contains several major biomes, the Western U. S. is the largest region of the country, covering more than half the land area of the United States. Given this expansive and diverse geography it is no wonder the region is difficult to specifically define, a majority of the historian respondents placed the eastern boundary of the West east of the Census definition out on the eastern edge of the Great Plains or on the Mississippi River. The survey respondents as a whole showed just how little agreement there was on the boundaries of the West, within a region as large and diverse as the Western United States, smaller areas with more closely shared demographics and geography have developed as subregions. Meanwhile, the states of Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington can be considered part of the Northwest or Pacific Northwest, West Texas in the Chihuahuan Desert may be considered as part of the Western U. S. Fort Worth has long laid claim to be Where the West Begins, the West is still one of the most sparsely settled areas in the United States with 49.5 inhabitants per square mile. Only Texas with 78.0 inhabitants/sq mi, Washington with 86.0 inhabitants/sq mi. and California with 213.4 inhabitants/sq mi. exceed the national average of 77.98 inhabitants/sq mi. The entire Western region has also strongly influenced by European, Hispanic or Latino, Asian and Native Americans. African and European Americans, however, continue to wield a stronger political influence because of the rates of citizenship and voting among Asians. The West also contains much of the Native American population in the U. S. particularly in the reservations in the Mountain. The Western United States has a sex ratio than any other region in the United States. Because the tide of development had not yet reached most of the West when conservation became an issue, agencies of the federal government own. National parks are reserved for activities such as fishing, camping, hiking, and boating, but other government lands also allow commercial activities like ranching, logging. The largest city in the region is Los Angeles, located on the West Coast, Other West Coast cities include San Diego, San Bernardino, San Jose, San Francisco, Oakland, Bakersfield, Sacramento, Seattle, Tacoma, and Portland. Prominent cities in the Mountain States include Denver, Colorado Springs, Phoenix, Tucson, Albuquerque, Las Vegas, Salt Lake City, Boise, El Paso, and Cheyenne. Along the Pacific Ocean coast lie the Coast Ranges, which and they collect a large part of the airborne moisture moving in from the ocean
23.
U.S. Route 6 in Colorado
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In the U. S. state of Colorado, U. S. Route 6 is an east–west highway stretching from Utah to Nebraska. Much of the route overlaps other highways in Colorado, and as a result, US6 is concurrent with Interstate 70 for a significant portion of its length from the Utah state line to Denver. When the highway enters the western Denver suburbs, US6 coincidentally aligns with 6th Avenue in the grid system, once it reaches Interstate 25, US6 travels north briefly, then follows Interstate 76 for most of its length east of Denver. It is unsigned while it is overlapped, the highest altitude along US6 is 11,990 feet at Loveland Pass, where it crosses the Continental Divide. It continues down Clear Creek Valley until it reaches I-70, where it is briefly overlapped until I-70 leaves Clear Creek Valley, US6 continues down Clear Creek and into Denver, where it turns into a freeway with 6 lanes. East of Denver, it continues east while joined with I-76 until it reaches Sterling, the last town in Colorado it passes is Holyoke
24.
Interstate 70 in Colorado
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Interstate 70 is a transcontinental Interstate Highway in the United States, stretching from Cove Fort, Utah to Baltimore, Maryland. In Colorado, the highway traverses an east–west route across the center of the state, in western Colorado, the highway connects the metropolitan areas of Grand Junction and Denver via a route through the Rocky Mountains. In eastern Colorado, the crosses the Great Plains, connecting Denver with metropolitan areas in Kansas. Bicycles and other non-motorized vehicles, normally prohibited on Interstate Highways, are allowed on those stretches of I-70 in the Rockies where no other through route exists. The Eisenhower Tunnel, with an elevation of 11,158 feet and length of 1.7 miles, is the longest mountain tunnel. The portion through Glenwood Canyon was completed on October 14,1992 and this was one of the final pieces of the Interstate Highway System to open to traffic, and is one of the most expensive rural highways per mile built in the United States. The Colorado Department of Transportation earned the 1993 Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement Award from the American Society of Civil Engineers for the completion of I-70 through the canyon, when the Interstate Highway system was in the planning stages, the western terminus of I-70 was proposed to be at Denver. The portion west of Denver was included into the plans after lobbying by Governor Edwin C, Johnson, for whom one of the tunnels along I-70 is named. East of Idaho Springs, I-70 was built along the corridor of U. S. Highway 40, West of Idaho Springs, I-70 was built along the route of U. S. Highway 6, which was extended into Colorado during the 1930s. I-70 enters Colorado from Utah, concurrent with US6 and US50, the plateau ends just past the state line and the highway descends into the Grand Valley, formed by the Colorado River and its tributaries. The Grand Valley is home to several towns and small cities that form the Grand Junction Metropolitan Statistical Area, the highway directly serves the communities of Fruita, Grand Junction and Palisade. Grand Junction is the largest city between Denver and Salt Lake City and serves as the hub of the area. The freeway passes to the north of downtown, while US6 and 50 retain their original routes through downtown, US6 rejoins I-70 east of Grand Junction, US50 departs on a course toward Pueblo. I-70 exits the valley through De Beque Canyon, a path carved by the Colorado River that separates the Book Cliffs from Battlement Mesa, the river and its tributaries provide the course for the ascent up the Rocky Mountains. In the canyon, I-70 enters the Beavertail Mountain Tunnel, the first of several built to route the freeway across the Rockies. This tunnel design features a curved sidewall, unusual for tunnels in the United States, Engineers borrowed a European design to give the tunnel added strength. After the canyon winds past the Book Cliffs, the highway follows the Colorado River through a valley containing the communities of Parachute, approaching the city of Glenwood Springs, the highway enters Glenwood Canyon. A 12-mile section of roadway features the No Name Tunnel, Hanging Lake Tunnel, Reverse Curve Tunnel,40 bridges and viaducts, and miles of retaining walls
25.
Colorado
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Colorado is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,540,545 on July 1,2016, the state was named for the Colorado River, which Spanish travelers named the Río Colorado for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28,1861, Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state in the same year as the centennial of the United States Declaration of Independence. Colorado is noted for its landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers. Denver is the capital and the most populous city of Colorado, residents of the state are properly known as Coloradans, although the term Coloradoan has been used archaically and lives on in the title of Fort Collins newspaper, the Coloradoan. Colorado, Wyoming and Utah are the states which have boundaries defined solely by lines of latitude and longitude. The summit of Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet elevation in Lake County is the highest point in Colorado, Colorado is the only U. S. state that lies entirely above 1,000 meters elevation. The point where the Arikaree River flows out of Yuma County, Colorado and this point, which holds the distinction of being the highest low elevation point of any state, is higher than the high elevation points of 18 states and the District of Columbia. A little less than one half of the area of Colorado is flat, East of the Rocky Mountains are the Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, the section of the Great Plains within Nebraska at elevations ranging from roughly 3,350 to 7,500 feet. The Colorado plains were mostly prairies, but they have many patches of forests, buttes. Eastern Colorado is presently covered in farmland and rangeland, along with small farming villages. Precipitation is fair, averaging from 15 to 25 inches annually, corn, wheat, hay, soybeans, and oats are all typical crops, and most of the villages and towns in this region boast both a water tower and a grain elevator. Irrigation water is available from the South Platte, the Arkansas River, and a few other streams, however, heavy use of ground water from wells for irrigation has caused underground water reserves to decline. As well as agriculture, eastern Colorado hosts considerable livestock, such as cattle ranches. Roughly 70% of Colorados population resides along the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the Front Range Urban Corridor between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Pueblo, Colorado. This region is protected from prevailing storms that blow in from the Pacific Ocean region by the high Rockies in the middle of Colorado. The Front Range includes Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley and other townships, on the other side of the Rockies, the significant population centers in Western Colorado are the cities of Grand Junction, Durango, and Montrose
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U.S. Route 77
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U. S. Route 77 is a north–south United States highway. As of 2005, the northern terminus is in Sioux City. Its southern terminus is in Brownsville, Texas, at Veterans International Bridge on the U. S. -Mexico border and it is unsigned in and around Dallas, Texas. The route has major freeway sections in Oklahoma City including the Broadway Extension connecting suburban Edmond to downtown Oklahoma City. The section between the Oklahoma-Texas state line and Waco, Texas is mostly co-located with Interstate 35 and the 35E spur through Dallas, Texas and, as of 2004, US77 Alternate has a northern terminus in Hallettsville, Texas. It rejoins US77 at Refugio, Texas, while the main line of US77 passes through Victoria, Alternate US77 veers to the west to serve Yoakum and Cuero. A section of U. S.77 located in the Giddings, another section of US77, from I-37 to SH44 in Nueces County, was redesignated I-69/US77 in 2011. In Oklahoma, U. S. Route 77 runs north–south, paralleling Interstate 35, connecting Texas to Kansas and it passes through many major cities, including Ardmore, Oklahoma City and Norman, Guthrie, and Ponca City. It has a section, the Broadway Extension, connecting Oklahoma City to its northern suburb Edmond. US-77 runs for 234 miles in Kansas, between the U. S.40 junction and the Cowley County line is designated as a Blue Star Memorial Highway. In Cowley County, it is the Robert B, near Arkansas City it is the Walnut Valley Greenway. From Nebraska to U. S.24 and from K-15 to Arkansas City, in Nebraska, U. S.77 is a major north–south artery connecting the capital city of Lincoln with outlying areas to the north and south. The highway is designated as the Homestead Expressway from Beatrice to Interstate 80 at Lincoln, in Lincoln, U. S.77 becomes a full controlled-access expressway before it overlaps with Interstate 80 for about 8 miles. North of Interstate 80, U. S.77 continues as an expressway to Wahoo and it remains a two-lane highway except for two sections near Fremont, which are four-lane divided highways. The expressway north of Fremont is shared with U. S. Route 275 and Nebraska Highway 91. U. S.275 and NE91 separate from U. S.77 just south of Winslow, Nebraska, U. S. Route 77 barely enters Iowa. After crossing the Missouri River via the Veterans Bridge at Sioux City and its total length in Iowa is slightly more than four-tenths mile. US77 previously extended north through South Dakota to Ortonville, Minnesota and it followed the current I-29 corridor up to the Toronto, South Dakota area, and then followed current South Dakota Highway 15 north to Milbank, South Dakota
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Interstate 444
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Interstate 444 is an unsigned auxiliary route of the Interstate Highway System, with both ends at I-244 in downtown Tulsa in the U. S. state of Oklahoma. It makes up the eastern and southern sections on the square-shaped Inner Dispersal Loop and it is signed as US-75, with the first half of the highway also being signed as US-64 and State Highway 51. The I-444 designation does appear on Rand McNally maps, and also on some online maps, at the time I-44 was designated, the mile markers in the Tulsa area were in the 90s range. Rather than having their own numbers, I-244 and I-444 started their numbering based on mile marker the highways were at when they branched off. Therefore, one exit along I-444 was labeled 94D, when the I-444 signs were removed from the highway and the 94 numbers were removed from the other markers the 94D marking remained. The number became even more out of place when the signs were replaced. The entire route is in Tulsa, Tulsa County, media related to Interstate 444 at Wikimedia Commons Tulok. Net Side Trips - Wherefore Art Thou 94D OKHighways. com - Hidden Interstate 444
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Oklahoma
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Oklahoma is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States, the states name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning red people. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged, on November 16,1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally Okies, and its capital, a major producer of natural gas, oil, and agricultural products, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. In 2007, it had one of the economies in the United States, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahomas primary economic anchors, with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas. With small mountain ranges, prairie, mesas, and eastern forests, most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains, Cross Timbers, interior Highlands—a region especially prone to severe weather. The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people, equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was approved in 1890. Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles and it is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, much of its border with Texas lies along the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen, a failed continental rift. The geologic figure defines the placement of the Red River, the Oklahoma panhandles Western edge is out of alignment with its Texas border. The Oklahoma/New Mexico border is actually 2.1 to 2.2 miles east of the Texas line, the border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819. It was then set along the 103rd Meridian, in the 1890s, when Oklahoma was formally surveyed using more accurate surveying equipment and techniques, it was discovered the Texas line was not set along the 103rd Meridian. Surveying techniques were not as accurate in 1819, and the actual 103rd Meridian was approximately 2.2 miles to the east and it was much easier to leave the mistake than for Texas to cede land to New Mexico to correct the surveying error. The placement of the Oklahoma/New Mexico border represents the true 103rd Meridian, cimarron County in Oklahomas panhandle is the only county in the United States that touches four other states, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado and Kansas. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The states lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, Oklahoma, which dips to 289 feet above sea level
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Interstate 345
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Interstate 345 is the 1. 4-mile-long freeway connecting I-45 with U. S. Highway 75 at Spur 366 in Dallas. Few maps actually display the road as I-345, sign posts on the only show US75. In recent years, a debate whether to maintain or decommission I-345 has received increased attention from several Dallas media outlets. I-345 serves as the connection between I-45 and the North Central Expressway and it starts at the intersection of I-45 and I-30, passes by downtown Dallas and connects to US75 at the Spur 366 junction. The entire stretch of I-345 is elevated allowing for connections between the Central Business District and Deep Ellum. Although I-345 uses its own mileposts, the numbering is not consistent. In 1964 I-345, extending I-45 north along the proposed Central Expressway bypass, was added as a state highway. I-345 was built and opened in the 1970s, at the north end, before it merged into the Central Expressway, I-345 straddled the bridges over Bryan Street and Ross Avenue, the latter the location of the opening ceremonies in 1949. There has recently been a level of local news coverage of a proposal to completely remove I-345. The proposal would demolish the structure but, instead of replacing it with a below-grade structure, it would be replaced with an at-grade parkway. Media outlets, including The Dallas Morning News, the Dallas Observer, after further investigation, Rawlings concluded that repairs should proceed in advance of a study and decision on the fate of the road. Morris later apologized for his comments, with its May 2014 issue, D Magazine became the first major local news publication to endorse the decommissioning/removal proposal. The entire highway is in Dallas, Dallas County, roads portal Texas Department of Transportation A New Dallas
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Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
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Interstate 80 Business (Sacramento, California)
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Interstate 80 Business, called the Capital City Freeway in its entirety, is a business loop of Interstate 80 through Sacramento. Although signed as a loop the route is actually two connected segments. The western segment is signed as U. S. Route 50, the unsigned designation of the eastern segment is State Route 51. The entire route is a freeway, and carried mainline Interstate 80 through Sacramento until the early 1980s, portions of the eastern half were initially grandfathered into the Interstate Highway system, however, plans to upgrade or realign this portion to meet Interstate Highway standards were cancelled. Business 80 begins in West Sacramento at Interstate 80, where I-80 leaves the West Sacramento Freeway onto the Beltline Freeway and this interchange in West Sacramento is also the current west end of U. S. Route 50 and the west end of the unsigned I-305. Business 80 crosses the Sacramento River on the Pioneer Memorial Bridge, State Route 99 once ran along I-5 to the north and Business 80 to the east, but this is now signed TO SR99. After crossing I-5, Business 80 runs on top of an embankment between W and X streets, this was known as the WX Freeway. At an interchange southeast of downtown Sacramento, Business 80 turns north onto the end of unsigned SR51. US50 continues east, State Route 99 heads south, on this section of freeway, Business 80 crosses the American River before its northeast-bound merge with the North Sacramento Freeway. The North Sacramento Freeway, originally a portion of U. S. Route 40, the section from Arden Way eastbound back to Marconi Avenue is now part of the currently named Capital City Freeway. The original North Sacramento Freeway connected to the Roseville Freeway at the north of Marconi Avenue. At the east end of Business 80, the Roseville Freeway continues northeast to Roseville as Interstate 80, I-80 heads in both directions around the north side of Sacramento. Business Loop 80 is referred to as Business 80, the 80, Biz 80, Capital City Freeway, Cap City Fwy, Caltrans does not normally use the Business 80 designation, except for signage and other related concepts like Cal-NExUS exit numbers. Caltrans refers to the half as US50 and the eastern half as SR51 for traffic condition reporting. The Caltrans traffic camera system refers to the route by its name, the SR99 concurrency is not officially designated by Caltrans, but mapmakers often show it as such. SR99 signage had existed along that route for motorists convenience, but was removed in 2000, beginning in 2016, signs on the western section were updated to remove references to Business 80 and instead sign the route only as US Highway 50. The eastern section shall remain signed as Business 80 and this was intended to reduce confusion between multiple highways numbered 80. Business 80 was part of Interstate 80 until the early 1980s, the east half was designated Federal Aid Primary 51
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California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
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Interstate 595 (Maryland)
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Interstate 595 is an unsigned number for a section of the John Hanson Highway from I-495 east of Washington, D. C. to Route 70 at Annapolis, Maryland. US 50/I-595 has a vehicle lane in each direction from west of the Beltway to east of US301. Unlike other HOV lanes in the Washington metropolitan area, which are restricted during rush hours. At 19.97 miles long, I-595 is the longest unsigned stretch of Interstate Highway in the entire Interstate system and this Interstate was left unsigned because most motorists were already familiar with US50 and US301. The existing US50 freeway east from the Baltimore-Washington Parkway converts into I-595 within the Capital Beltway interchange, east of the interchange, I-595 is 10 lanes wide, beyond the Maryland Route 704 interchange, it narrows to eight lanes, with the innermost two being HOV lanes. The highway approaches a residential development as it soon after interchanges with the major route, US301. Within this interchange, US301 joins the freeway, creating a concurrency. Up to and slightly beyond the US 301/MD3 interchange, the surface of I-595 is concrete. From there onwards, the highway is surfaced with asphalt composite, within the US301 interchange, the HOV lanes that began at the Capital Beltway come to an end. There is an interchange with MD424 in the countryside after turning northwest once more, before the Annapolis exits, however, US50 has an interchange with the southern end of I-97. After the collector-distributor roads leave, the passes through the Annapolis urban area. MD450 is an alignment of US50, which runs parallel to the John Hanson Highway between Annapolis and Washington. Shortly after this, I-595 meets Medical Parkway and Solomons Island Road, Solomons Island Road adds one more highway to the concurrency, MD2. The four-route concurrency of I-595, US50, US301, and MD2 continues until the interchange only about a mile later at MD70, also called Rowe Boulevard. Here, the John Hanson Highway name ends, as does I-595, US50, US301, and MD2 continue along the freeway routing, no longer a part of the Interstate Highway System. However, the roadbed was fully upgraded to Interstate Highway standards to the western edge of the Severn River Bridge. The highway was four lanes throughout, and connected to the Baltimore-Washington Parkway, I-495 and US301 with full-cloverleaf interchanges. In the 1980s, the John Hanson Highway was planned to be designated as a part of I-97 between the Capital Beltway and the current I-97 interchange and as Interstate 197 between I-97 and MD70
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Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
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Contiguous United States
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The contiguous United States consists of the 48 adjoining U. S. states plus Washington, D. C. on the continent of North America. S. The greatest distance entirely within the 48 contiguous states is 2,802 miles, the greatest north-south line is 1,650 miles. Together, the 48 contiguous states and Washington, D. C. occupy an area of 3,119,884.69 square miles. Of this area,2,959,064.44 square miles is land, composing 83. 65% of U. S. land area, officially,160,820.25 square miles is water area, composing 62. 66% of the nations total water area. The contiguous United States would be placed 5th in the list of states and dependencies by area. The 2010 census population of area was 306,675,006, comprising 99. 33% of the nations population. While conterminous U. S. has the meaning of contiguous U. S. other terms commonly used to describe the 48 contiguous states have a greater degree of ambiguity. The term was in use prior to the admission of Alaska and Hawaii as states of the United States, the District of Columbia is not always specifically mentioned as being part of CONUS. OCONUS is derived from CONUS with O for outside added, thus referring to Outside of Continental United States, the term Lower 48 is also used to refer to the conterminous United States. The National Geographic style guide recommends the use of contiguous or conterminous United States instead of lower 48 when the 48 states are meant, both Alaskans and Hawaiians have unique labels for the contiguous United States because of their own locations relative to them. Alaska became the 49th state of the United States on January 3,1959, Alaska is on the northwest end of the North American continent, but separated from the rest of the United States Pacific coast by the Canadian province of British Columbia. In Alaska, given the ambiguity surrounding the usage of continental, several other terms have been used over the years. Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States on August 21,1959 and it is the southernmost and so far, the latest state to join the Union. Not part of any continent, Hawaii is located in the Pacific Ocean, about 2,200 miles from North America, in Hawaii and overseas American territories, for instance, the terms the Mainland or U. S. Mainland are often used to refer to the continental United States, apart from off-shore US islands, a few continental portions of the contiguous US are accessible by road only by traveling through Canada. Point Roberts, Washington, Elm Point, Minnesota, and the Northwest Angle in Minnesota are three such places, alburgh, Vermont, is not directly connected by land, but is accessible by road via bridges from within Vermont and from from New York. The 48 contiguous United States are, Washington, D. C. is distinct from the state of Washington, extreme points of the United States Mainland Definition of continental Definition of contiguous Definition of coterminous and conterminous
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Hawaii
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Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21,1959. Hawaii is the only U. S. state located in Oceania and it is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U. S. state not located in the Americas, the state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast, Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaiʻi. The last is the largest island in the group, it is called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U. S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U. S. states. It is the state with an Asian plurality. The states coastline is about 750 miles long, the fourth longest in the U. S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, the state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that was named for Hawaiʻiloa and he is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled. The Hawaiian language word Hawaiʻi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, cognates of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori, Rarotongan and Samoan. According to linguists Pukui and Elbert, lsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the home, but in Hawaii. A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as an official state language. The title of the constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii, diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the okina and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length
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Interstate Highways in Alaska
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The Interstate Highways in Alaska are all owned and maintained by the U. S. state of Alaska. The Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities is responsible for the maintenance, the Interstate Highway System in Alaska comprises four highways that cover 1,082.22 miles. The longest of these is A-1, at 408.23 miles long, while the shortest route is A-3, all Interstates in Alaska are unsigned and are not generally referred to by their highway numbers. Interstates in Alaska follow the numbering system Interstate A-n, where n represents the number of the Interstate and this follows the similar numbering systems for Hawaii and Puerto Rico. S. Most of the lengths of the Interstates in Alaska are not constructed to Interstate Highway standards, some portions of these highways are built to Interstate standards, though. The Seward Highway, part of A-3, is built to standards in Anchorage. The Glenn Highway, which is part of A-1, is built to standards from Anchorage to Wasilla. A very small portion of the George Parks Highway, A-4, is constructed to standards in Wasilla. In and around Fairbanks, the Richardson Highway, part of A-2, is constructed to freeway standards, in addition to these highways, the Johansen Expressway, in Fairbanks, and the Minnesota Drive Expressway, in Anchorage, are constructed to expressway standards. Roads portal Photos of Alaska Interstate Highway ends Alaska Interstates at AARoads Interstate Guide
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Alaska Highway
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The Alaska Highway was constructed during World War II for the purpose of connecting the contiguous United States to Alaska across Canada. It begins at the junction with several Canadian highways in Dawson Creek, British Columbia, completed in 1942 at a length of approximately 1,700 miles, as of 2012 it is 1,387 mi long. The difference in distance is due to constant reconstruction of the highway, the highway was opened to the public in 1948. Legendary over many decades for being a rough, challenging drive and it is at this point that the Alaska Highway meets the Richardson Highway, which continues 96 mi to the city of Fairbanks. This is often regarded, though unofficially, as the portion of the Alaska Highway. Mileposts on this stretch of highway are measured from Valdez, rather than the Alaska Highway, the Alaska Highway is popularly considered part of the Pan-American Highway, which extends south to Argentina. Proposals for a highway to Alaska originated in the 1920s, thomas MacDonald, director of the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, dreamed of an international highway spanning the United States and Canada. In order to promote the highway, Slim Williams originally traveled the route by dogsled. Since much of the route would pass through Canada, support from the Canadian government was crucial, however, some route consideration was given. The preferred route would pass through the Rocky Mountain Trench from Prince George, British Columbia to Dawson City before turning west to Fairbanks, in 1929 the British Columbia government proposed a highway to Alaska to encourage economic development and tourism. American President Herbert Hoover appointed a board with American and three Canadian members to evaluate the idea, when the United States approached Canada again in February 1936, the Canadian government refused to commit to spending money on a road connecting the United States. The Canadians also worried about the implications, fearing that in a war between Japan and North America, the United States would use the road to prevent Canadian neutrality. Roosevelt became the first American to publicly discuss the benefits of a highway in an August speech in Chautauqua. Roosevelt remained a supporter of the highway, telling Cordell Hull in August 1937 that he wanted a road built as soon as possible. Canada agreed to construction as long as the United States bore the full cost. During construction the road was nicknamed the oil can highway by the crews due to the large number of discarded oil cans. The needs of war dictated the route, intended to link the airfields of the Northwest Staging Route that conveyed lend-lease aircraft from the United States to the Soviet Union. Thus the long, impractical route over difficult terrain was chosen, the road was originally built mostly by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers as a supply route during World War II
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British Columbia
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British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U. S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Port Moody is named after him, in 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colonys capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu, the capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for the Queen who created the original European colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, in October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371. British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871, First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title, notably, the Tsilhqotin Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision. BCs economy is diverse, with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the provinces GDP and it is the endpoint of transcontinental railways, and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 km2 land is arable and its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the provinces largest city and metropolitan area, also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies and it also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. The Northern Interior region has a climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, the provinces name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia, i. e. the Mainland, became a British colony in 1858. The current southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, British Columbias land area is 944,735 square kilometres. British Columbias rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres and it is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbias capital is Victoria, located at the tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of the Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated, much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by thick, tall and sometimes impenetrable temperate rainforest
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Yukon
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Yukon is the smallest and westernmost of Canadas three federal territories. The territory has the smallest population of any province or territory in Canada, Whitehorse is the territorial capital and Yukons only city. The territory was split from the Northwest Territories in 1898 and was named the Yukon Territory, though officially bilingual, the Yukon Government also recognizes First Nations languages. At 5,959 m, Yukons Mount Logan, in Kluane National Park and Reserve, is the highest mountain in Canada, most of Yukon has a subarctic climate, characterized by long cold winters and brief warm summers. The Arctic Ocean coast has a tundra climate, notable rivers include the Yukon River, after which the territory was named, as well as the Pelly, Stewart, Peel, White and Tatshenshini rivers. Long before the arrival of Europeans, central and southern Yukon was populated by First Nations people, sites of archeological significance in Yukon hold some of the earliest evidence of the presence of human occupation in North America. The sites safeguard the history of the first people and the earliest First Nations of the Yukon, the volcanic eruption of Mount Churchill in approximately 800 AD in what is now the U. S. Coastal and inland First Nations had extensive trading networks, European incursions into the area only began early in the 19th century with the fur trade, followed by missionaries. By the 1870s and 1880s gold miners began to arrive and this drove a population increase that justified the establishment of a police force, just in time for the start of the Klondike Gold Rush in 1897. The increased population coming with the gold led to the separation of the Yukon district from the Northwest Territories. Its northern coast is on the Beaufort Sea and its ragged eastern boundary mostly follows the divide between the Yukon Basin and the Mackenzie River drainage basin to the east in the Mackenzie mountains. Most of the territory is in the watershed of its namesake, the southern Yukon is dotted with a large number of large, long and narrow glacier-fed alpine lakes, most of which flow into the Yukon River system. The larger lakes include Teslin Lake, Atlin Lake, Tagish Lake, Marsh Lake, Lake Laberge, Kusawa Lake, bennett Lake on the Klondike Gold Rush trail is a lake flowing into Nares Lake, with the greater part of its area within Yukon. Canadas highest point, Mount Logan, is in the territorys southwest, Mount Logan and a large part of the Yukons southwest are in Kluane National Park and Reserve, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Other national parks include Ivvavik National Park and Vuntut National Park in the north, other watersheds include the Mackenzie River, the Peel Watershed and the Alsek–Tatshenshini, and a number of rivers flowing directly into the Beaufort Sea. The two main Yukon rivers flowing into the Mackenzie in the Northwest Territories are the Liard River in the southeast, notable widespread tree species within Yukon are the black spruce and white spruce. Many trees are stunted because of the growing season and severe climate. The capital, Whitehorse, is also the largest city, with about three-quarters of the population, the second largest is Dawson City, which was the capital until 1952
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Idaho State Highway 41
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State Highway 41, abbreviated SH-41, is a state highway mostly in the U. S. state of Idaho. It runs from Interstate 90 in Post Falls to U. S. Route 2 on the Washington state line. The northernmost 0.41 miles of SH-41 run along State Street along the line, with the southbound lane in the town of Newport, Washington. The part of the highway in Washington is designated State Route 41, the southern terminus of State Highway 41 is located at the intersection of Ross Point – Rathdrum Highway and Seltice Way, just south of I-90 exit 7 in the city of Post Falls, Idaho. The highway then proceeds north on the Ross Point – Rathdrum Highway and it passes by Spirit Lake, intersecting State Highway 54, before turning northwest towards the Newport/Oldtown area. Shortly after crossing the Oldtown city limits, SH-41 intersects State Avenue, north of this intersection, the northbound lanes lie in Oldtown, while the southbound lanes are known as State Route 41 by the Washington State Department of Transportation, and lie in Newport. Approximately 7 blocks north of the intersection with State Avenue, SH-41 ends at U. S. Route 2, State Street straddles the Washington–Idaho state line, with the southbound lane in Newport and the northbound lane in Oldtown, Idaho. Between Walnut and Fourth, the Idaho side of the street is part of State Highway 41, until 1997, the Washington side of the street was part of US2, which created confusion as each side of the street was part of a completely different highway. In 1997 the Washington side of State Street was designated SR41 to match the Idaho numbering, Highways of Washington State Washington State Highways
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East Los Angeles Interchange
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The East Los Angeles Interchange complex is the busiest freeway interchange in the world, with its southern portion handling over 550,000 vehicles per day. The northern portion, called the San Bernardino Split, is considered a separate interchange. The interchange was named the Eugene A. Obregon Memorial Interchange, at the time of its construction in the early 1960s, the East Los Angeles Interchange was considered a civil engineering marvel. The Santa Ana Freeway continues west as U. S.101 toward the Four Level Interchange in downtown Los Angeles, interstate 10 is not contiguous through the interchange. Heading west into the complex on the San Bernardino Freeway, the road heads to U. S.101 at the San Bernardino Split. Heading west into the complex on the Pomona Freeway, the road heads into the Santa Monica Freeway. There is not complete freedom of movement within the interchange, traffic flowing into it on certain freeways cannot leave it on all of the others. Further complication is caused by the designs of each intersecting freeway. Some have four lanes and are straight and wide, while others have one lane, are narrow. Traffic congestion is exacerbated as vehicles moving at high speed on the wider transition roads try to merge with slower moving vehicles coming from the narrow transition roads. The interchange has also referred to as The Beast LA Interchange, the East Delay Interchange. California Roads portal Pictorial Guide to the Los Angeles Area Highways - East Los Angeles Interchange California @ AA Roads - US-101 North/East Los Angeles Interchange
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Interstate 10 in California
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In the greater Los Angeles area, it is known as the Santa Monica Freeway and the San Bernardino Freeway, linked by a short concurrency on Interstate 5 at the East Los Angeles Interchange. Interstate 10 also has designated as either the Rosa Parks Freeway or the Redlands Freeway. The California Streets and Highways Code defines Route 10 from Route 1 in Santa Monica to Route 5 near Seventh Street in Los Angeles. Route 101 near Mission Road in Los Angeles to the Arizona state line at the Colorado River via the vicinity of Monterey Park, Pomona, Colton, Indio, and Chiriaco Summit and via Blythe. This short section of Route 10 between Route 5 and Route 101, which was defined as Route 110 until 1968, is signed overhead for I-10 eastbound. This I-5/I-10 cosigning is consistent with the Federal Highway Administrations Interstate Highway route logs that such an overlap exists for the segment of I-10 in California, I-10 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System. However, it is not actually a scenic highway as designated by Caltrans, the Santa Monica Freeway is Route 10 from Route 1 to Route 5, as named by the State Highway Commission on April 25,1957. The section between the Harbor and San Diego freeways is also signed as the Rosa Parks Freeway, after the African American civil rights activist, the I-10 freeway is signed as the Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway in Santa Monica. Interstate 10 begins in the city of Santa Monica when State Route 1 turns into a freeway, SR1 exits onto Lincoln Boulevard and heads south while I-10 continues east. Soon after it enters the city of Los Angeles, I-10 has a interchange with Interstate 405. On the western edge of downtown, I-10 has an interchange with Interstate 110 to the south, I-10 then travels along the southern edge of downtown to the East Los Angeles Interchange. At the East Los Angeles Interchange, State Route 60 diverges east towards Riverside, I-10 then turns north, running concurrently with Interstate 5 for a few miles. Then, Interstate 10 heads east and merges with the traffic from the spur to US101 onto the San Bernardino Freeway, the freeway is 14 lanes wide from the Harbor Freeway interchange to the Arlington Avenue off-ramp. Most of these lanes are full at peak travel times, the remainder of the freeway varies between eight and 10 lanes in width. The whole freeway opened in 1965, with a dedication held in 1966. All three freeway-to-freeway interchanges along its length are notorious for their congestion, and are ranked among the top 10 most congested spots in the United States. Due to the traffic volume, car accidents are so common that Caltrans has constructed special Accident Investigation Sites separated from the freeway by fences. These enable the California Highway Patrol to quickly clear accidents from the traffic lanes
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U.S. Route 101 in California
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U. S. Route 101 in the state of California is one of the last remaining and longest U. S. Routes still active in the state, and the longest highway of any kind in California, US101 was also one of the original national routes established in 1926. Significant portions of US101 between the Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area follow El Camino Real, the road connecting the former Alta Californias 21 missions. US101 also has designated as the Santa Ana Freeway, Hollywood Freeway, Ventura Freeway, South Valley Freeway. This route is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, the south terminus of US101 is in Los Angeles, about one mile east of downtown Los Angeles at the East Los Angeles Interchange, also known as the Commuters Complex. This southernmost portion is named the Santa Ana Freeway, inheriting that title as the extension of the roadway now known as I-5. From here, US101 becomes the Hollywood Freeway and it then heads to Hollywood and up through the Cahuenga Pass before reaching the San Fernando Valley. US101 then intersects with SR134 and SR170 at the known as the Hollywood Split. Here, the alignment of US101 shifts to the alignment of SR134, though confusing, the Hollywood Freeway name continues northward from this interchange on SR170, and the Ventura Freeway name continues eastward to SR134. From the Hollywood Split, US101 is an east–west highway and it meets with I-405 in Sherman Oaks, an interchange which holds claim to the most traveled intersection in the nation. Upon reaching Ventura, there is an interchange with SR126, North of Ventura, US101 switches intermittently between freeway and expressway status, but there are no traffic signals until San Francisco. From Ventura and through Santa Barbara, US101 closely follows the Pacific coastline until Gaviota State Park, at Gaviota State Park, the highway shifts back from an east–west highway to a north–south alignment. About one mile north of this point, US101 passes through the Gaviota Tunnel, a few miles north of the Gaviota Tunnel, SR1 splits from US101 and heads northwest, running along the Pacific coastline parallel and to the west of US101. US101 passes through Buellton, Los Alamos, Orcutt, Santa Maria, South of Santa Maria, US101 widens from a four-lane highway to a six-lane freeway. SR166 joins US101 for about 3 miles before splitting just north of the city limits, farther north, SR1 rejoins US101 between Pismo Beach and San Luis Obispo. Then US101 takes a route through the Salinas Valley, while Highway 1 heads northwest, running along the Pacific coastline in California, parallel. A steep segment between San Luis Obispo and Atascadero is known as the Cuesta Grade, North of Atascadero, the highway joins SR46 for about three miles through Paso Robles. From Paso Robles to Salinas, US101 is a known as the Salinas River Valley Highway
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Interstate 5 in California
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Interstate 5 is a major north–south route of the Interstate Highway System in the U. S. state of California. It begins at the Mexico–United States border at the San Ysidro crossing, goes north across the length of California and crosses into Oregon south of the Medford-Ashland metropolitan area. It is the important and most used of the two major north-south routes on the Pacific Coast, the other being U. S. Route 101. This highway links the major California cities of San Diego, Santa Ana, Los Angeles, Stockton, Sacramento, Interstate 5 has several named portions, the Montgomery Freeway, San Diego Freeway, Santa Ana Freeway, Golden State Freeway, and West Side Freeway. I-5 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System, however, it is a scenic highway as designated by Caltrans only from State Route 152 to I‑580. Interstate 5 begins at the San Ysidro Port of Entry from Mexico in the San Ysidro neighborhood of San Diego, immediately after the border, I-805 splits off to the northeast and serves as a bypass of I-5 that avoids the downtown San Diego area. I-5 itself continues northwest and intersects with the end of the SR905 freeway. I-5 then continues northward and joins the end of SR75. I-5 then enters Chula Vista, briefly leaving the San Diego city limits and it continues along the east side of San Diego Bay where it intersects with SR54 and enters National City. From there, I-5 veers around the San Diego Naval Base, I-5 subsequently interchanges with four state routes — SR15, SR75 and the Coronado Bay Bridge, the western end of SR94, and the southern end of SR163. In addition to serving downtown San Diego, I-5 also provides access to Balboa Park from the Pershing Drive exit. The portion of I-5 from the border to downtown San Diego is named the Montgomery Freeway in honor of John J. Montgomery, a pioneer aviator who flew a glider from a location near Chula Vista in 1884. I-5 continues northwest from downtown as the San Diego Freeway until it reaches its junction with I-8, then slightly to the north while passing near SeaWorld. Thereafter, I-5 interchanges with the end of SR52 before passing through the UC San Diego campus in University City near La Jolla. At Nobel Drive, the San Diego LDS Temple towers over I-5, shortly afterward, I-5 interchanges with the northern terminus of I-805 before continuing north and interchanging with the western end of SR56. At this interchange, there is a recently completed local bypass that provides the access to Carmel Mountain Road from both directions and provides the only access to SR56 going northbound. North of the San Diego city limits, I-5 enters into the city limits of Solana Beach, in Oceanside, I-5 intersects with the SR78 freeway and the SR76 expressway and continues through Camp Pendleton. It then follows the Pacific Ocean coastline for the next 20 miles, I-5 enters Orange County at the Christianitos Road exit
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New Jersey Department of Transportation
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It is headed by the Commissioner of Transportation. The present Commissioner is Richard T. Hammer, who was appointed in October 2015, the agency that became NJDOT began as the New Jersey State Highway Department circa 1920. NJDOT was established in 1966 as the first State transportation agency in the United States, the Transportation Act of 1966 established the NJDOT on December 12,1966. In 1979, with the establishment of New Jersey Transit, NJDOTs rail division was folded into the new agency, until 2003, the NJDOT included the Division of Motor Vehicles, which was reorganized as the self-operating New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission. Since the late 1970s, NJDOT has been phasing out or modifying many traffic circles in New Jersey, david J. Goldberg, 1966-1970 John C. Most major highways including Interstate, U. S. NJDOT develops interim and long-term plans and strategic policy on freight and shipping in and these intermodal policies cover trucking, rail, maritime and air freight. The Transportation Capital Program and the Statewide Transportation Improvement Program allocate state and federal funding, including projected projects. Assistance to local communities and grants for transportation-related projects, such as transit villages and this is refer to technical planning, development, design and research for projects. During 1976 NJDOT took control of rail routes operated by the Penn Central, Erie Lackawanna, CNJ. In 1979 New Jersey Transit assumed responsibilities for passenger rail in New Jersey, NJDOT is a member of the Northeast Corridor Commission. Roads portal New Jersey portal New Jersey Department of Transportation, official website NJDOT Commissioner profile
