1.
Population density
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Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume, it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans and it is a key geographical term. Population density is population divided by land area or water volume. Low densities may cause a vortex and lead to further reduced fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it, commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world. The worlds population is around 7,000,000,000, therefore, the worldwide human population density is around 7,000,000,000 ÷510,000,000 =13.7 per km2. If only the Earths land area of 150,000,000 km2 is taken into account and this includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to over 50 people per km2, thus, this number by itself does not give any helpful measurement of human population density. Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates, cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Most of the most densely populated cities are in Southeast Asia, though Cairo, for instance, Milwaukee has a greater population density when just the inner city is measured, and the surrounding suburbs excluded. Arithmetic density, The total number of people / area of land, physiological density, The total population / area of arable land. Agricultural density, The total rural population / area of arable land, residential density, The number of people living in an urban area / area of residential land. Urban density, The number of people inhabiting an urban area / total area of urban land, ecological optimum, The density of population that can be supported by the natural resources. S. States by population density Selected Current and Historic City, Ward & Neighborhood Density
2.
Statistics New Zealand
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Statistics New Zealand is the public service department of New Zealand charged with collecting and producing information of a statistical nature. Standards and Methods studies statistical methods, statistical education and research, solutions and capabilities, information management, there is one general manager in Christchurch and one in Auckland. It develops products and services, manages publishing and customer services, industry and Labour Statistics studies business indicators, finance and performance, agriculture, energy and work knowledge and skills. Many of the powers, duties, and responsibilities are governed by acts of the New Zealand Parliament. The agency is a state organisation of New Zealand operating under the authority of the Statistics Act 1975. The department conducts the census five years. The census is officially done on one day, the most recent census was on 5 March 2013. This information is helpful for business purposes, government decision making, media purposes, foreign policy, journalism, public information, planning, the department supplies a wide variety of information. In addition, it analyzes trends and publishes forecasts, the agency does not involve itself with political polling generally. The agency provides information to the public, many surveys and reports are available free of charge on its website, users can download spreadsheets electronically. Information from demographers is used as material by journalists for articles. Sometimes statistics can influence public policy, for example, Statistics New Zealand demographers in 2008 spotted a trend of fewer women having children and wrote, Deciding not to have children happens as a consequence of other life events. Education, career, mortgages, changes in family and partners for many couples and their report was picked up by journalists at the Sunday Star-Times to form the basis of an article with the headline New Zealand women stop having babies. The article discussed ramifications, such as possible workforce shortages and increased cost of elderly care, newspaper headlines can influence public opinion which may impact policy decisions. Statistics New Zealand information is used by government to explore tough problems, agency data is quoted by a wide variety of sources, even in the footnotes of books. For example, in Connecting the Clouds - the Internet in New Zealand, author Keith Newman cites agency statistics regarding telecommunications cost decreases, data is used to help retailers spot trends and act accordingly. A newspaper article on decreased do-it-yourself retail spending in 2008 quoted an agency source and this information helps businesses adjust to new realities. Radio programmes such as Radio New Zealand National have quoted agency data, some agency policies result in controversy
3.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
4.
Urban zones of New Zealand
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Statistics New Zealand defines urban areas of New Zealand for statistical purposes. The urban areas comprise cities, towns and other conurbations of a people or more. In combination, the areas of the country constitute New Zealands urban population. At the 2001 census, the population made up 86% of New Zealands total population. There are three classes of area, Main urban areas, with a population of 30,000 or more. These 17 areas mostly correspond to the known by New Zealanders as cities. Secondary urban areas are the 14 urban areas with a population of 10,000 to 30,000, minor urban areas make up the remainder of the urban population of the country, towns with 1,000 to 10,000 people. There are 103 minor urban areas, Statistics New Zealand also defines rural centres with a population of 300 to 999 people. While these do not fit the standard definition of an urban population. The current placement of urban areas into the three classes is based on populations at the 2013 census, and does not reflect population changes since then, placements are revised after every census. The population figures shown are Statistics New Zealands resident population estimates at the June 2016, for rankings in various criteria see the ranked list of New Zealand urban areas. Four main urban areas are subdivided into urban zones, the following cities are listed by location from north to south. The following towns are listed by location north to south. Whakatane, From Coastlands to Ōhope Beach and south to Poroporo, Taupo, From Wairakei to Taupo Airport. Levin, From Waitarere Beach to Ohau, greymouth, From Runanga to Southbeach and Camerons. Rangiora, From the Ashley River to Flaxton Ashburton, From Fairton to Winslow, timaru, From Washdyke to Scarborough and west to Gleniti. Queenstown, From Fernhill and Kelvin Heights to Frankton Oamaru, From Pukeuri to Weston and Holmes Hill
5.
Whangarei
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Whangarei is the northernmost city in New Zealand and the regional capital of Northland Region. It is part of the Whangarei District, a body created in 1989 to administer both the city proper and its hinterland from the former Whangarei City, Whangarei County and Hikurangi Town councils. The city population was estimated to be 56,400 at the June 2016, the wider Whangarei area had an estimated population of 85,900 in 2015. South and west of the city centre are Morningside, Raumanga, Maunu, Horahora, Woodhill, and the Avenues, and to the east are Riverside, Sherwood Rise, Onerahi, and Parihaka. The Māori iwi Ngāpuhi occupied Whangarei from the early 19th century, captain James Cook and the crew of the Endeavour were the first Europeans to contemplate the Whangarei Harbour entrance. On 15 November 1769 they caught about one hundred fish there which they classified as bream prompting Cook to name the area Bream Bay, in the 1820s the area was repeatedly attacked by Waikato and Ngāti Paoa raiders during the Musket Wars. The first European settler was William Carruth, a Scotsman and trader who arrived in 1839 and was joined, six years later, by Gilbert Mair and his family. For the most part, relations between the settlers and local Māori were friendly, but in February 1842, all farms were plundered in revenge for transgressions of tapu. In April 1845, during the Flagstaff War, all settlers fled from Whangarei, most of the original settlers never returned, but by the mid-1850s there were a number of farmers and orchardists in the area. From 1855, a town developed, driven by the kauri gum trade. Todays Town Basin on the Hātea River was the port and early exports included kauri gum and native timber followed later by coal from Whau Valley, Kamo. Coal from the Kiripaka field was exported via the Ngunguru River, by 1864, the nucleus of the present city was established. Fire bricks made from clay deposits near the Kamo mines supported a brick works over several decades. Local limestone is used in cement manufacture but the coal is now imported from the West Coast of the South Island. Whangarei was the most urbanised area in Northland towards the end of the 19th century, the district slowly exhausted most of its natural resources but was sustained by agriculture, especially dairying. Shipping was the transport link until the North Auckland railway line reached the town in 1925. These terrestrial travel routes forced a decline in coastal shipping. The population was 14,000 in 1945, but grew rapidly in the 1960s, incorporating Kamo, in 1964, Whangarei was declared a city
6.
Auckland
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Auckland is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the most populous area in the country. Auckland has a population of 1,495,000, which constitutes 32 percent of New Zealands population, a diverse and multicultural city, Auckland is home to the largest Polynesian population in the world. It has also been called Ākarana, the Māori pronunciation of Auckland, the Auckland urban area ranges to Waiwera in the north, Kumeu in the northwest, and Runciman in the south. It is not contiguous, the section from Waiwera to Whangaparāoa Peninsula is separate from its nearest neighbouring suburb of Long Bay, the surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones. The central part of the area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two major bodies of water. The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich, Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans. After a British colony was established in 1840, the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson and he named the area Auckland for George Eden, Earl of Auckland, British First Lord of the Admiralty. It was replaced as the capital in 1865, but immigration to the new city stayed strong, today, Aucklands Central Business District is the major financial centre of New Zealand. Auckland is classified as a Beta World City because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, education and tourism. Aucklands landmarks such as the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, the Harbour Bridge, the Sky Tower, the isthmus was settled by Māori around 1350, and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many pā were created, mainly on the volcanic peaks, Māori population in the area is estimated to have been about 20,000 people before the arrival of Europeans. As a result, the region had relatively low numbers of Māori when European settlement of New Zealand began, there is, however, nothing to suggest that this was the result of a deliberate European policy. Auckland was officially declared New Zealands capital in 1841 and the transfer of the administration from Russell in the Bay of Islands was completed in 1842. However, even in 1840 Port Nicholson was seen as a choice for an administrative capital because of its proximity to the South Island. After losing its status as capital, Auckland remained the city of the Auckland Province until the provincial system was abolished in 1876. Each of the four settlements had about 800 settlers, the men being fully armed in case of emergency but spent nearly all their time breaking in the land and establishing roads
7.
Rodney District
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The Rodney District was a local government area in the northernmost part of New Zealands Auckland Region from 1989 to 2010. It was created from the amalgamation of Helensville Borough and Rodney County in 1989, the seat of the district council was at Orewa, and the district included Kawau Island. The district was, in its last period, led by mayor Penny Webster and 12 councillors, Auckland Council has governed the area since 1 November 2010. The Rodney Ward of the Auckland Region now covers much of the area, but not the Hibiscus Coast or the former council seat of Orewa. Rodney District and Rodney County each took their names from Cape Rodney, territorial authorities of New Zealand Rodney Local Board Quickstats about Rodney District
8.
North Shore, New Zealand
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North Shore is the part of the urban area of Auckland, New Zealand, located to the north of the Waitemata Harbour. The city had an population of 229,000 at 30 June 2010. The former city was also the fourth largest city in land, with an area of 129.81 square kilometres. It was also the most densely populated city in the country because, unlike other New Zealand cities, the North Shore has been administered by various councils over the years, in the most recent past the North Shore City Council. On 1 November 2010, North Shore City Council and the six local councils. The administrative area of North Shore City Council was bounded by Rodney District to the north, Waitemata Harbour to the south, the seat of the council was in Takapuna. The city was divided into three wards, Harbour, Northern and Central, and each ward is divided into two community boards. Inner suburbs include Milford, Takapuna, Belmont, Devonport, Bayswater, Northcote, Birkenhead, Highbury, Hillcrest, Glenfield, Wairau Valley, Westlake and Forrest Hill. Those here with an asterisk, along several other beaches on the Hauraki Gulf coast, are collectively known as East Coast Bays. By the 1950s, only about 50,000 people lived on the Shore, eventually the growth became significant enough for the North Shore to be considered a city in its own right, though densities remained still below what is typical south of the Harbour. All council services and facilities are now under authority of the Auckland Council, commuting within the North Shore itself can be done relatively easily, but those who commute to Auckland City and need to cross the Auckland Harbour Bridge face severe traffic congestion. The alternative route through western suburbs is also prone to traffic at peak times. Several options for new bridges and tunnels have been studied in depth, but at the moment, public transport has been upgraded in an attempt to reduce the citys car dependence. In 2003, there were indications that the stages of the busway project were generally regarded as a success. The North Shore City Council increased the number of facilities with more park and ride stations in Sunnynook, Smales Farm and these were completed in February 2008. In January 2009, the Northern Busway began trial runs featuring New Zealands first bus-dedicated roadway, a number of North Shore suburbs have a regular ferry service to Auckland City, including Devonport, Stanley Bay, Bayswater, Birkenhead. Others are planned for Takapuna and Browns Bay, the city was run by a 15-member council and mayor, democratically elected every three years using the First Past The Post voting system. The final mayor prior to 2010 amalgamation was Andrew Williams, the mayor was a strong critic of the Super City proposals which would see North Shore City amalgamated into a larger Auckland authority, Auckland Council
9.
Waitakere City
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Waitakere City is a former territorial authority district in the west of Auckland, New Zealand, which was governed by the Waitakere City Council from 1989 to 2010. It was New Zealands fifth largest city, with a growth of about 2%. In 2010 the council was amalgamated with other regional authorities into one new Auckland Council, the name Waitakere comes from the Waitakere River in the Waitakere Ranges and was applied to Waitakere County, which covered much of the later city. Before being settled by Europeans, the Māori iwi Te Kawerau a Maki, in the 1830s, European settlers started to arrive, concentrating on timber milling, kauri gum digging and flax milling, with brickworks and pottery industries following later. Suburbs like New Lynn, Glen Eden and Henderson grew to prominence in the following decades, in February 1993 the council developed the Greenprint as an Agenda 21 initiative and declared itself to be an eco-city. Waitakere City was formed by the amalgamation of Waitemata City with the boroughs of Henderson, New Lynn, there were just two mayors of Waitakere during its existence, Assid Corban from 1989 to 1992, and Bob Harvey from 1992 to 2010. On 1 November 2010, the Waitakere City Council was abolished, all council facilities and services were handed over to the new council. The elected Council consisted of the mayor and 14 councillors representing the four wards, each ward also had an elected community board that considered local issues. This urban ward contained the old Henderson borough as well as the suburbs of Glendene, Te Atatu South, there were 40,086 residents in 2001. It was located immediately to the west of Auckland city, some 10 kilometres from the city centre, along the shores of the Waitemata Harbour and its southwestern arm. Although this area was urban, it also had some farms and lifestyle blocks in the north. The ward contained the suburbs of Whenuapai, Hobsonville, West Harbour, Massey, Ranui and it had a population of 51,369 in the 2001 census. Centered on the old boroughs of New Lynn and Glen Eden, it contained the suburbs of Kelston, Green Bay, Titirangi, Kaurilands, Waima. The ward had a population of 49,845 in 2001, New Lynn Ward was to the south of Henderson Ward, and extended to the shore of the Manukau Harbour at its southern end. New Lynn itself is 10 kilometres southwest of Auckland city centre and this ward was by far the largest in area as it encompassed the sparsely populated Waitakere Ranges, as well as some of the urban fringes as the city expanded westward into former orchards and farms. The population of 27,450 in 2001 was the smallest of the wards, many of these had volunteer fire brigades to protect their communities from the summer bush fires. This ward lay to the west of the three wards, and extended to the north as well. Its northern end, around Muriwai, was the furthest part of Waitakere from Auckland city centre, Waitakere City developed retail and service sectors and light manufacturing
10.
Manukau City
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Manukau City is a former territorial authority district in Auckland, New Zealand, that was governed by the Manukau City Council. The area is referred to as South Auckland, although this term never possessed official recognition and does not encompass areas like East Auckland. It was a young city, both in terms of legal status and large-scale settlement – though in June 2010, it was the third largest in New Zealand. In 2010 the entire Auckland Region was amalgamated under a single city authority, Manukau City was formed by the amalgamation of Manukau County and Manurewa Borough in 1965. The city expanded in 1989 with New Zealand-wide reorganisation of government, absorbing Papatoetoe City and Howick Borough. On 1 November 2010 Manukau City Council was abolished and the area was amalgamated into the Manukau, Howick, Manurewa-Papakura. The Manukau City area is concentrated immediately to the south of the Otahuhu isthmus, at its narrowest, between the Otahuhu Creek arm of the Tamaki River in the east and the Mangere Inlet to the west, the isthmus is only some 1500 metres across. The area to the south of the isthmus contains the heart of Manukau, sprawled on either side of state highways 1 and 20, the latter of which approaches from the west after crossing Mangere Bridge. The area known as Manukau Central is located close to the junction of two highways, some 20 kilometres southeast of the centre of Auckland city. Considerable rural and semi-rural land to the east of Manukau Central was within the city council district and this extended towards the Hunua Ranges close to the Firth of Thames, and took in such communities as Clevedon and Maraetai. Auckland Airport is located in Mangere, in the west of Manukau, Manukau City includes the theme park Rainbows End, and one of the oldest shopping malls in the country, now called Westfield Manukau City. In 2009, work started on the Manukau Branch passenger railway from the North Island Main Trunk at Puhinui, the new branch will serve a university campus. For some years before the 1989 reorganisation of government, Manukau City had the highest population of any city or district in the country. It is densely populated by New Zealand standards, despite having very few apartments. As of the late 2000s, slightly less than 50% of the population identifies as European, with 17% as Māori, 27% as Pacific and 15% as Asian. Manukau City had an elected Youth Council which primarily acted as an advisory committee, utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan Official website until 1 November 2010 Manukau Directory and Info Manukau Street Map Manukau City Youth Council
11.
Papakura
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Papakura is a suburb of Auckland, in northern New Zealand. It is located on the shores of the Pahurehure Inlet, approximately 32 kilometres south of Auckland CBD and it is under the authority of the Auckland Council. Papakura is a Māori word believed to have originated from papa, meaning earth or flat and kura meaning red, reflecting the rich, an old highway, the Great South Road, runs through Papakura, forming its main street. The road was constructed during the New Zealand Wars to transport supplies to the Waikato campaign and it was guarded by armed constabulary and was a designated military road. During the major reformation of local government in 1989, Papakura became a district, after the major change Papakura City went to Papakura District, and instead of being an independent city, the area was amalgamated, including it into the Auckland Region. The whole district counts as part of the Auckland urban area for statistical purposes, from October 2010, after a review of the Royal Commission on Auckland Governance, the entire Auckland Region was amalgamated into a single city authority. The suburb of Papakura and other suburbs of the Papakura District are now in the Manurewa-Papakura Ward of the Auckland Council, the Papakura Military Camp was established on the outskirts of the town in 1939 and remains an important army base for New Zealand. Built by the Stevenson family it incorporates the New Zealand SAS training area, in the early 2000s some land was set aside for new housing developments. The following schools are located in Papakura, Papakura Normal School is a full primary school with the state system. It has a rating of 3. Papakura Central School is a full state primary school with a decile rating of 5. Papakura South School is a full state primary school. It has a rating of 1. Kelvin Road School is a state contributing primary school. It has a decile rating of 1. Edmund Hillary School is a state full primary school. It has a decile rating of 1. Cosgrove School is a state contributing primary school. It has a decile rating of 2. St Marys School is an integrated coeducational school. It has a rating of 4
12.
Franklin District
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Franklin District is a former New Zealand territorial authority that lay between the Auckland metropolitan area and the Waikato Plains. The Auckland portion is now part of the Franklin ward, which includes rural parts of the former Manukau City. Before its abolition, it was administered from the town of Pukekohe, out-going Franklin District Mayor Mark Ball had proposed that Franklin district become an independent unitary authority, fulfilling both the functions of a local and regional council. However, this was rejected by Minister Rodney Hide, the district was bounded in the north by the start of the Auckland metropolitan area and the waters of the Manukau Harbour. Awhitu Peninsula stretches up the Tasman coast to the mouth of this harbour, here are located several holiday spots, such as Kariotahi Beach and Matakawau. To the south, Franklin was bounded by the lowlands of the Waikato Plains. In the east, the rises to the Hunua Ranges. In the west is the Tasman Sea, the Waikato River mouth is at Port Waikato in the south of the region. This is renowned as a place for surfcasting. The area is rural, with local settlements such as Waiuku. One industry of note is the New Zealand Steel steel mill at Glenbrook, the name of Franklin probably derives from Lady Jane Franklin, an early British traveller and the wife of Captain Sir John Franklin, who served as Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemens Land. Lady Franklin visited the Waikato Heads in 1841, Franklin County News, a twice-weekly newspaper based in Pukekohe, serves the former Franklin district
13.
Hamilton Urban Area
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The Hamilton Urban Area is a New Zealand urban area in the Waikato Region. It is the fourth-largest urban area in the country with a population of 230,000, at its centre is Hamilton City, New Zealands fourth-largest territorial authority. While rural land separates Hamilton from many of the towns, there is significant economic. Like the urban areas of Auckland, Napier-Hastings and Wellington, the Hamilton urban area is subdivided into urban zones, the urban area contains around half the population of the Waikato Region. While outside the city limits of Hamilton City, there are many blocks in the rural land surrounding the city, primarily in Tamahere, Matangi, Horsham Downs. Cambridge Urban Zone, with a population of 19,600, includes the town of Cambridge and rural area to the north, Te Awamutu Urban Zone, with a population of 16,750, includes the towns of Te Awamutu and Kihikihi and the surrounding rural area
14.
Hamilton, New Zealand
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Hamilton is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the seat and most populous city of the Waikato region with a population of 161,200. Initially an agricultural centre, Hamilton now has a growing and diverse economy and is the third fastest growing urban area in New Zealand, behind Pukekohe. Education and research and development play an important part in Hamiltons economy, the area now covered by the city was originally the site of a handful of Māori villages, including Pukete, Miropiko and Kirikiriroa, from which the city takes its Māori name. Magistrate Gorst, estimated that Kirikiriroa had a population of about 78 before the Waikato Kingitanga wars of 1863–64, the government estimated the Waikato area had a Maori population of 3,400 at the same time. Missionaries arrived in the area in the 1830s, at the end of the Waikato Campaign in the New Zealand wars the four regiments of the Waikato Militia were settled as a peace-keeping force across the region. The 1st Regiment was at Tauranga, the 2nd at Pirongia, the 3rd at Cambridge, many of the soldier/settlers who intended to farm after the 1863 war, walked off their land in 1868 disgusted at the poor quality of the land. Much of the land was swampy or under water, in 1868 Hamiltons population, which was about 1,000 in 1864, dropped to 300 as farmers left. The road from Auckland reached Hamilton in 1867 and the railway in December 1877 and that same month, the towns of Hamilton West and Hamilton East merged under a single borough council. The first traffic bridge between Hamilton West and Hamilton East, known as the Union Bridge, opened in 1879 and it was replaced by the Victoria Bridge in 1910. The first railway bridge, the Claudelands Bridge, was opened in 1884 and it was converted to a road traffic bridge in 1965. Hamilton reached 1,000 people in 1900, and the town of Frankton merged with the Hamilton Borough in 1917, between 1912 and 1936, Hamilton expanded with new land in Claudelands, Maeroa, and Richmond – modern day Waikato Hospital and northern Melville. Hamilton was proclaimed a city in 1945, from 1985 MV Waipa Delta provided excursions along the river through the town centre. In 2009 Waipa Delta was moved to provide trips on Waitemata Harbour in Auckland and that too ceased operation and the pontoon at Parana Park was removed in 2013. The Delta moved to Taupo in 2012, the former Golden Bay vessel, Cynthia Dew, has run 4 days a week on the river since 2012. On 10 March 2013 a statue was erected in honour of Captain John Charles Fane Hamilton, Hamiltons population growth has been rapid in recent decades – Hamilton Central, on the Waikato River, is a bustling retail precinct. The entertainment area is quite vibrant due to the student population. Many of the venues and attractions are located on the old Town Belt, including Hamilton Gardens, Waikato Stadium, Seddon Park, Founders Theatre
15.
Tauranga
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Tauranga is the most populous city in the Bay of Plenty Region of the North Island of New Zealand. It was settled by Māori late in the 13th century and by Europeans in the early 19th century and was constituted as a city in 1963, Tauranga City is the centre of the fifth largest urban area in New Zealand, with an urban population of 134,400. The city lies in the corner of the Bay of Plenty. Tauranga is one of New Zealands main centres for business, international trade, culture, fashion, the Port of Tauranga is New Zealands largest port in terms of gross export tonnage and efficiency. This sudden population growth has made Tauranga New Zealands 5th largest city, the earliest known settlers were Māori who arrived at Tauranga in the Takitimu and the Mataatua waka in the 13th century. At 9 am on Friday 23 June 1826 the Herald was the first European ship to enter Tauranga Harbour, henry Williams conducted a Christian service at Otamataha Pā. In December 1826 and again on March 2007 the Herald travelled to Tauranga from the Bay of Islands to obtain supplies of potatoes, pigs, in 1835 a Church Missionary Society mission station was established at Tauranga by William Wade. Rev. Alfred N. Brown arrived at the CMS mission station in 1838, john Morgan also visited the mission in 1838. Europeans trading in flax were active in the Bay of Plenty during the 1830s, some were transient, others married local women and settled permanently. The first permanent non-Maori trader was James Farrow, who travelled to Tauranga in 1829, obtaining flax fibre for Australian merchants in exchange for muskets and gunpowder. Farrow acquired an area of 2,000 square metres on 10 January 1838 at Otumoetai Pā from the chiefs Tupaea, Tangimoana and Te Omanu. In 1840, a Catholic mission station was established, bishop Pompallier was given land within the palisades of Otumoetai Pā for a church and a presbytery. The mission station closed in 1863 due to wars in the Waikato district. The Tauranga Campaign took place in and around Tauranga from 21 January to 21 June 1864, the Battle of Gate Pa is the best known. The battle of Gate Pā was an attack on the well fortified Pā and its Māori defenders on 29 April 1864 by British forces made up of approximately 300 men of the 43rd Regiment and a naval brigade. It was the single most devastating loss of life suffered by the British military in the whole of the Māori Wars, the British casualties were 31 dead including 10 officers and 80 wounded. The Māori defenders abandoned the Pā during the night with casualties estimated at 25 dead, under the Local Government Order 2003, Tauranga became legally a city for a second time, from 1 March 2004. In August 2011, Tauranga received Ultra-Fast Broadband as part of the New Zealand Governments rollout, Tauranga is located around a large harbour that extends along the western Bay of Plenty, and is protected by Matakana Island and the extinct volcano of Mauao
16.
Rotorua
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Rotorua is a city on the southern shores of the lake of the same name, in the Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealands North Island. It is the seat of the Rotorua District, a territorial authority encompassing Rotorua, the majority of the Rotorua District is in the Bay of Plenty Region, but a sizeable southern section and a small western section are in the Waikato Region. Rotorua is in the heart of the North Island,60 kilometres south of Tauranga,80 km north of Taupo,105 km east of Hamilton, and 230 km southeast of the nations most populous city, Auckland. Rotorua has a permanent population of 57,800, making it the countrys 10th largest urban area. The Rotorua District has an estimated population of 70,500. Rotorua is a destination for both domestic and international tourists, the tourism industry is by far the largest industry in the district. It is known for its activity, and features geysers – notably the Pohutu Geyser at Whakarewarewa –. This thermal activity is sourced to the Rotorua caldera, on which the town lies, Rotorua is home to the Waiariki Institute of Technology. The Lakes of Rotorua are a collection of many lakes surrounding Rotorua, the name Rotorua comes from Māori, the full name being Te Rotorua-nui-a-Kahumatamomoe, roto means lake and rua two – Rotorua thus meaning Second lake. Kahumatamomoe was the uncle of the Māori chief Ihenga, the explorer of the Te Arawa. It was the major lake the chief discovered, and he dedicated it to his uncle. It is the largest of a multitude found to the northeast, all connected with the Rotorua Caldera, the name can also mean the equally appropriate crater lake. The area was settled by Māori of the Te Arawa iwi. The first European in the area was probably Phillip Tapsell who was trading from the Bay of Plenty coast at Maketu from 1828 and he later married into Te Arawa and became highly regarded by them. Missionaries Henry Williams and Thomas Chapman visited in 1831 and Chapman and this was abandoned within a year but Chapman returned in 1838 and established a second mission at Mokoia Island. The lakeshore was a prominent site of skirmishes during the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s, a special town district was created in the 1883, to promote Rotoruas potential as a spa destination. Rotorua was established as a borough in 1922, elected its first mayor in 1923, the area of Rotorua has a relatively high altitude, measuring up to 290m or 950 ft. The Rotorua region enjoys a temperate climate
17.
Gisborne, New Zealand
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Gisborne is a city in northeastern New Zealand and the largest settlement in the Gisborne District. It has a population of 36,100, the district council has its headquarters in Whataupoko, in the central city. The settlement was known as Turanga and renamed Gisborne in 1870 in honour of New Zealand Colonial Secretary William Gisborne. The Gisborne region has been settled for over 700 years, for centuries the region has been inhabited by the tribes of Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki, Rongowhakaata, Ngāi Tāmanuhiri and Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti. Their people descend from the voyagers of the Te Ikaroa-a-Rauru, Horouta, East Coast oral traditions offer differing versions of Gisbornes establishment by Māori. According to one legend, Kiwa waited so long for the Horouta canoe to arrive that he called its final landing place Tūranganui-a-Kiwa, however, a more popular version of events is that Horouta preceded Takitimu. In 1931, Sir Āpirana Ngata stated that Horouta was the canoe that brought the people to the East Coast. Māori historian Rongowhakaata Halbert affirmed this account, stating that Paoas crew on the Horouta were the first inhabitants of the East Coast after migrating from Ahuahu or Great Mercury Island, paoa gave his name to various places across the region, most notably the Waipāoa River. During the 14th century, Māori tribes built fishing villages close to the sea, Gisbornes Kaiti Beach is the place where British navigator Captain James Cook made his first landing in New Zealand upon the Endeavour. Cook had earlier set off from Plymouth, England in August 1768 on a bound for Tahiti. Once he had concluded his duties in Tahiti, Cook continued south to look for a large landmass or continent. Young Nicks Head was thought to be the first piece of New Zealand land sighted by Cooks party, on 9 October, Cook came ashore on the eastern bank of the Tūranganui River, accompanied by a party of men. Their arrival was marred by misunderstanding and resulted in the death and it was also on the banks of the Tūranganui River that first the township of Tūranga, then the city of Gisborne, grew as European traders and whalers began to settle in the river and port area. The landing site was commemorated by a monument in 1906, on the 137th anniversary of Cooks arrival. Starting in the early 1830s, traders such as Captain John Harris, over the next 30 years, many more European traders and missionaries migrated to the region. In 1868 the government bought 300 hectares of land for a town site, the town was laid out in 1870 and the name changed from Tūranga to Gisborne, after the then colonial secretary, and to avoid confusion with Tauranga. In 1872, Gisbornes first public school was opened and its first newspaper, a town council was formed in 1877. Gisborne is a city located on the east cape of New Zealands North Island
18.
Napier-Hastings Urban Area
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The Napier-Hastings Urban Area lies mostly on the Heretaunga Plains of the Hawkes Bay Region in New Zealand and is a conurbation surrounding the twin cities of Napier and Hastings. It is the sixth most populous area in the country, with 131,000 residents. However, like the urban areas of Auckland, Hamilton and Wellington, the urban area contains around three-quarters of the population of the entire Hawkes Bay. If Hastings and Napier were to amalgamate they would become the sixth most populous city in New Zealand following Tauranga, Hawkes Bay is one of the most seismically active regions in New Zealand, and as so Napier-Hastings has experienced many large and often damaging earthquakes in the past. More than 50 damaging earthquakes have rocked the area since the European colonisation in the 1800s, some of the more notable are listed below. Napier-Hastings offers a variety of colleges and tertiary studies for students, EIT serves as the main regional tertiary education centre for both Hawkes Bay and Gisborne regions. There are 3 campuses, Hawkes Bay, Auckland and Gisborne, secondary Schools are as follows, For more information, see Napier, New Zealand and Hastings, New Zealand respectively. Napier Urban Zone includes Napier and two tracts of land from Hastings District, Bay View to the north and Waiohiki to the south. It also includes the township of Taradale, Napier hosts the regions only port, the regions domestic airport, High Court, the local polytechnic college, and the Hawkes Bay Regional Council headquarters. Napier on its own is the 10th largest urban area in New Zealand, Hastings Urban Zone lies within the Hastings District and includes Havelock North and Flaxmere. The Hastings District Council consists of almost half of the population of Hawkes Bay. The main urban zone of Hastings contains around 68,000 people, Hastings hosts the regional Hospital, Hawkes Bay Hospital, along with the regional showgrounds, racecourse, newspaper print, sports park and Waterpark. Hastings on its own is the 8th largest urban area in New Zealand, amalgamation is an ongoing debate for Napier and Hastings residents. Both cities have previously had smaller amalgamations, there was a referendum on forming a joint Hastings and Napier in 1999, which resulted in 75% no vote from Napier residents, and a 64% yes vote from Hastings residents. A proposal in 2015 was for the new council to absorb the Wairoa. This amalgamation referendum was held in September 2015, the majority of voters rejected the proposal in favour of the status quo, part of recognition of New Zealands 5th largest population centre is being labelled that way. Many residents have bought forth renaming the city to reflect this to the rest of the nation instead of referring to the cities by their current separate names, names proposed include, Heretaunga Hawkes Bay City Hawke The Bay City Napier-Hastings
19.
Napier, New Zealand
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Napier is a New Zealand city with a seaport, located in Hawkes Bay on the eastern coast of the North Island. The population of Napier is about 62,100 as of the June 2016, about 18 kilometres south of Napier is the inland city of Hastings. These two neighbouring cities are often called The Bay Cities or The Twin Cities of New Zealand, Napier is about 320 kilometres northeast of the capital city of Wellington. The City of Napier has an area of 106 square kilometres. Napier has also become an important grape and wine production area, with the grapes grown around Hastings, large amounts of sheeps wool, frozen meat, wood pulp, and timber also pass through Napier annually for export. Smaller amounts of materials are shipped via road and railway to the large metropolitan areas of New Zealand itself, such as Auckland. Napier is a popular tourist city, with a concentration of 1930s Art Deco architecture. It also has one of the most photographed tourist attractions in the country, thousands of people flock to Napier every February for the Tremains Art Deco Weekend event, a celebration of its Art Deco heritage and history. Other notable tourist events attracting many outsiders to the region annually include F. A. W. C, food and Wine Classic events, and the Mission Estate Concert at Mission Estate and Winery in the suburb of Taradale. Later, the Ngāti Kahungunu became the dominant force from Poverty Bay to Wellington and they were one of the first Māori tribes to come in contact with European settlers. The rivers were continually feeding freshwater into the area, captain James Cook was one of the first Europeans to see the future site of Napier when he sailed down the east coast in October 1769. He commented, On each side of this head is a low, narrow sand or stone beach. He said the harbour entrance was at the Westshore end of the shingle beach, the site was subsequently visited and later settled by European traders, whalers and missionaries. By the 1850s, farmers and hotel-keepers arrived, the Crown purchased the Ahuriri block in 1851. In 1854 Alfred Domett, a future Prime Minister of New Zealand, was appointed as the Commissioner of Crown Lands, Domett named many streets in Napier to commemorate the colonial era of the British Indian Empire. Napier was designated as a borough in 1874, but the development of the surrounding marshlands, development was generally confined to the hill and to the port area of Ahuriri. There was a swamp between the now Hastings Street and Wellesley Road and the sea extended to Clive Square, on 3 February 1931, most of Napier and nearby Hastings was levelled by an earthquake. The collapses of buildings and the fires killed 256 people
20.
Taradale, New Zealand
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Taradale is a suburb of the City of Napier, in the Hawkes Bay Region of the North Island of New Zealand. It was a district from 1886 to 1953, and a borough from 1953 to 1968. Taradale is located 10 kilometres southwest of the centre of Napier and it is the home to some of Hawkes Bays most prominent vineyards. The population of the Taradale and Greenmeadows area was 16,599 in the 2006 Census, many of Taradales residents commute to the Napier or Hastings CBDs and prefer rural or suburban life as opposed to the city life of central Napier. Taradale is a prosperous, established community nestled against the Taradale hills in an area rich in wine heritage dating back as far as the 1850s. Two of the most famous vineyards in Hawkes Bay, Mission Estate and Church Road Winery, are located in the area, Mission Estate Winery, founded in 1851 and occupying its present site since 1897, is the oldest New Zealand winery still in operation. Several hundreds years ago there was a large Māori pa on the hills at the edge of the area now known as Taradale. Originally a double pa, the top part was called Hikurangi, occupied by a tribe known as Tini-o-Awa or Ngati Awa, the pa terraces enclosed about 100 hectares and was home to around 3000 Māori. The pa was on an excellent defensive site beside the Tutaekuri River which was navigable by canoe from the sea, food was plentiful, the hillsides were suitable for kumara growing and much of the area was a large tidal location with fish, eels and shellfish. The pa was attacked early in the 16th century by the Ngāti Kahungunu under chiefs Taraia and they came from Turanga, near what is now Gisborne, and defeated the Hikurangi pa. Unable to take Otatara at that time, Taraia set up a new pa at Pakowhai, some time later he organised another war party and again besieged Otatara. Legend has it that Taraia waited until the defenders were short of food and he then left, leaving a small party concealed near a patch of fern. The defenders sent two men out to dig for fern roots and they were ambushed then killed and their places taken by two of Taraias men. When the defenders saw the men digging they thought them to be from Otatara so they opened up the pa, Taraias men attacked and killed many of the local Māori. The pa then collapsed and was abandoned, over the years marriages took place between local Māori and Ngāti Kahungunu and peace was restored. Today the Otatara pa site has become a memorial to the Māori who were so prevalent in the many years ago. Taradale has a rich heritage stemming from its key role as the gateway to the inland routes and to the farms. In 1851 Donald McLean purchased, on behalf of the Crown, by the mid-1850s settlers began flocking to the province
21.
Hastings, New Zealand
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Hastings is a New Zealand city and is one of the two major urban areas in Hawkes Bay, on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The population of Hastings is about 68,900 as of the June 2016, Hastings is about 18 kilometres inland of the coastal city of Napier. These two neighbouring cities are often called The Bay Cities or The Twin Cities, the combined population of the Napier-Hastings Urban Area is 131,000 people, which makes it the sixth-largest urban area in New Zealand, closely following Tauranga. The city is the centre of the Hastings District. The city of Hastings and its suburbs of Flaxmere and Havelock North are the principal settlements in the Hastings District. These main centres are surrounded by thirty-eight rural settlements, including Clive, Hastings District covers an area of 5,229 square kilometres and has 1.7 % of the population of New Zealand, ranking it fourteenth in size out of the seventy-four territorial authorities. Since the merger of the surrounding and satellite settlements, Hastings has grown to one of the largest urban areas in Hawkes Bay. Hastings District is a food production region, the fertile Heretaunga Plains surrounding the city produce stone fruits, pome fruit, kiwifruit and vegetables, and the area is one of New Zealands major red wine producers. Associated business include food processing, agricultural services, rural finance, Hastings is the major service centre for the surrounding inland pastoral communities and tourism. Near the fourteenth century CE, Māori arrived in Heretaunga or Hawkes Bay, settling in the river valleys and along the coast where food was plentiful. It is believed that Māori arrived at Heretaunga by canoe, travelling down the coast from the north, landing at Wairoa, Portland Island, the Ahuriri Lagoon at Westshore, and at Waimarama. Their culture flourished, along with gradual deforestation of the land and they were one of the first Māori tribes to come in contact with European settlers. The Māori owners leased approximately seventy square kilometres on the Heretaunga Plains to Thomas Tanner in 1867, in 1870, twelve people, known as the 12 apostles, formed a syndicate to purchase the land for around £1 10s an acre. The original name of the location which was to become the centre was Karamu. In 1871, the New Zealand Government decided to route the new railway south of Napier through a notional Karamu junction in the centre of the Heretaunga Plains and this location was on Francis Hickss land. The decision on the route was based largely on two reports by Charles Weber, the provincial engineer and surveyor in charge of the railway. Karamu junction was renamed Hastings in 1873, exactly who chose the name has been disputed, although Thomas Tanner claimed that it was him and that the choice was inspired by his reading the trial of Warren Hastings. In any event, the name fitted well with other names in the district
22.
Havelock North
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Havelock North is a part of Hastings, New Zealand, in the North Islands Hawkes Bay district. It was a borough for many years until the 1989 reorganisation of government saw it merged into the new Hastings District. Havelock North was founded as a planned Government settlement following the purchase in 1858, from Maori owners, of land previously known as Karanemas Reserve. The original village was laid out in 1860 and named after the hero of the 1857 Indian seypoy mutiny Sir Henry Havelock who famously relieved the siege of Lucknow in November of that year. The suburb, known locally as the village, is situated on the Heretaunga Plains, the surrounding area has numerous orchards and vineyards, and the towns industry is based around its fruit and wine production, and also includes a horticultural research centre. The fertile soils that lie between Havelock North and Hastings has prevented urban sprawl linking them together, Havelock North itself is primarily residential and rural-residential housing, with only a relatively small and compact industrial and commercial centre. As a result, a majority of its 13,000 residents commute each morning to the nearby[Hastings or Napier cities for work. One of the towns most impressive buildings is Whare Ra, a built for a temple of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn in the early twentieth century. As you enter Havelock North from Hastings you cross a bridge over the Karamu Stream, the deeply incised channel provides a hint that this was once a much larger stream. Early survey plans of Havelock North show Ferry landings where boats would sail up and down the river to collect and deliver supplies. Unfortunately a number of floods during the mid 1800s diverted the Ngaruroro River to its current course further north away from Havelock North and is now referred to as the Karamu Stream. During the 1931 earthquake the bridge over the Karamu was completely destroyed, both Hastings and Havelock North obtain water from secure confined aquifer systems. The Te Mata aquifer that feeds Havelock North is very similar to Hastings in quality, Hastings is situated directly over the Heretaunga Plains aquifer system. Areas within Havelock North include Anderson Park, Iona, Havelock North Central, Te Mata and Te Mata Hills, from the census units of Statistics NZ. Havelock North took its name from Sir Henry Havelock, a hero of the Indian Mutiny campaign, Havelock North was the centre for Havelock Work, a quasi-religious movement based at Whare Ra, a temple of the Stella Matutina magical order. In August 2016, over 3,000 residents had gastric illness after the supply was contaminated by campylobacter. Havelock North High School is a secondary school with approximately 879 students. Havelock North Intermediate is an intermediate school with approximately 458 students
23.
Te Awanga
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Te Awanga is a small beachside town in Hawkes Bay, New Zealand. Te Awanga is near Cape Kidnappers, which has a renowned gannet bird colony, Te Awanga is a town that is just smaller than Haumoana, which is further down the Bay beach from Napier. The town was developed as a holiday settlement, there are shops, cafes and wineries located nearby to the town. Activities which are common at Te Awanga include fishing, swimming, surfing and boating, surfing is popular when large easterly swells move into the Bay. The 18 hole world-famous Cape Kidnappers Golf Course is located near Te Awanga, Te Awanga is located at 39°S 177°E on Hawke Bay on the east coast of New Zealand. The town is located sixteen kilometres south of the centre of Napier and it is ten kilometres west of Cape Kidnappers. The road towards Cape Kidnappers, Clifton Road, passes through Te Awanga on its way to Clifton, Te Awanga is located in an area which can be prone to coastal erosion. The Te Awanga shoreline can be eroded by stormy seas and high tides, the long term shoreline retreat, is due to erosion caused by the sea at Te Awanga is on average between 0. 30m and 0. 70m per year. This rate was challenged and debunked in court circa 1988, there has been no independent science completed and all figures on coastal erosion are supplied by the local authority
24.
New Plymouth
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New Plymouth is the major city of the Taranaki Region on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It is named after the British city of Plymouth from where the first English settlers migrated, the New Plymouth District includes New Plymouth City and several smaller towns. The New Plymouth District is the 10th largest district in New Zealand, the district has a population of 74,184 – about two-thirds of the total population of the Taranaki Region. This includes New Plymouth City, Waitara, Inglewood, Oakura, Okato, the city itself is a service centre for the regions principal economic activities including intensive pastoral activities as well as oil, natural gas and petrochemical exploration and production. It is also the financial centre as the home of the TSB Bank. As described under awards, New Plymouth won multiple awards in 2008, the city was in 2010 chosen as one of two walking & cycling Model Communities by the government. Based on New Plymouths already positive attitude towards cyclists and pedestrians and it is also noted for being a coastal city with a mountain within 30 minutes drive, where residents and visitors to New Plymouth can snowboard, ski, water ski and surf all in the same day. In 1828 Richard Dicky Barrett set up a trading post at Ngamotu after arriving on the trading vessel Adventure, Barrett traded with the local Māori and helped negotiate the purchase of land from them on behalf of the New Zealand Company. Settlers were selected by the Plymouth Company, which was set up to attract emigrants from the West Country of England, the first of the towns settlers arrived on the William Bryan, which anchored off the coast on 31 March 1841. The New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 created the New Plymouth Province, with a Provincial Council given jurisdiction over an area of 400, five years later the name of the province changed to Taranaki Province. The province was abolished in 1876, a Town Board was formed in 1863 and in August 1876 the town was constituted as a borough. Its new status did little to overcome some outside perceptions, however, I find a great liking for this slow, old hole. It is a quiet, unassuming place and has not done so much to attract immigrants and settlers by exaggerating reports, as some districts have done. The Fitzroy Town District was merged with New Plymouth borough in August 1911, Vogeltown, Frankleigh Park and Westown were added a year later, by 1913 the town had a population of 7538. New Plymouth was declared a city in 1949, every three years the Mayor,14 councillors and 16 community board members are elected by the New Plymouth Districts enrolled voters. The full council, sub-committees and standing committees meet on a six-weekly cycle, the Policy and Monitoring standing committees have delegated authority from the council to make final decisions on certain matters, and they make recommendations to the council on all others. The four community boards–Clifton, Waitara, Inglewood and Kaitake–as well as the subcommittees, New Plymouth District Councils annual operating revenue for 2008/2009 is more than $188 million. The current Mayor of New Plymouth is Andrew Judd, in May 2016 Judd announced that he will not run for mayor again in the upcoming local government elections
25.
Whanganui
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Whanganui, also spelt Wanganui, is a city on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The Whanganui River, New Zealands longest navigable waterway, runs from Mount Tongariro to the sea, Whanganui is part of the Manawatu-Wanganui region. Like several New Zealand centres, it was designated a city until administrative reorganisation in 1989. Whanganui is located on the South Taranaki Bight, close to the mouth of the Whanganui River and it is 200 kilometres north of Wellington and 75 kilometres northwest of Palmerston North, at the junction of State Highways 3 and 4. Most of the lies on the rivers northwestern bank, due to the greater extent of flat land. Much of the town is on the rivers northwest bank, the river is crossed by four bridges – Cobham Bridge, City Bridge, Dublin Street Bridge and Aramoho Railway Bridge. Suburbs of the include, Gonville, Castlecliff, Tawhero, Springvale, St. Johns Hill, Otamatea, Aramoho, Wanganui East, Bastia Hill, Durie Hill. Of these, all except Wanganui East, Bastia Hill, Durie Hill, both Mount Ruapehu and Mount Taranaki can be seen from Durie Hill and other vantage points around the city. The area around the mouth of the Whanganui river was a site of pre-European Māori settlement. The pā named Pūtiki was and is home to the Ngāti Tūpoho hapū of the iwi Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi and it took its name from the legendary explorer Tamatea-pōkai-whenua, who sent a servant ashore to find flax for tying up his topknot. In the 1820s coastal tribes in the area assaulted the Kapiti Island stronghold of Ngāti Toa chief Te Rauparaha, Te Rauparaha retaliated in 1830 sacking Pūtiki and slaughtering the inhabitants. The first European traders arrived in 1831, followed in 1840 by missionaries Octavius Hadfield, on 20 June 1840, the Revd John Mason, Mrs Mason, Mr Richard Matthews and his wife Johanna arrived to establish a mission station of the Church Missionary Society. Revd Richard Taylor joined the CMS mission station in 1843, the Revd Mason drowned on 5 January 1843 while crossing the Turakina River. By 1844 the brick built by Mason was inadequate to meet the needs of the congregation. A new church was built under the supervision of Taylor, with the timber supplied by each pā on the river in proportion to its size, after the New Zealand Company had settled Wellington it looked for other suitable places for settlers. The settlement was threatened in 1846 by Te Mamaku, a chief from up the Whanganui River, the British military arrived on 13 December 1846 to defend the township. Two stockades, the Rutland and York, were built to defend the settlers, two minor battles were fought on 19 May and 19 July 1847 and after a stalemate the up river iwi returned home. By 1850 Te Mamaku was receiving Christian instruction from Revd Taylor, there were further incidents in 1847 when four members of the Gilfillan family were murdered and their house plundered
26.
Palmerston North
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Palmerston North, commonly referred to by locals as Palmerston, or colloquially Palmy, is the main city of the Manawatu-Wanganui region of the North Island of New Zealand. Palmerston North is located inland, in the eastern Manawatu Plains, the city is 35 km from the rivers mouth and 12 km from the end of the Manawatu Gorge. It is about 140 km north of the capital, Wellington, the city covers a land area of 395 square kilometres. The citys location was once more than a clearing in a forest and occupied by small communities of indigenous Māori. In the mid 19th century, it was discovered and settled by Europeans, on foundation, the settlement was bestowed the name Palmerston, in honour of Viscount Palmerston, a former Prime Minister of Great Britain. The suffix North was added in 1871 by the Post Office to distinguish the settlement from Palmerston in the South Island, the Māori transliteration of Palmerston North, is Pamutana. However, Te Papaioea is the preferred Māori name, Palmerston North is the countrys seventh-largest city and eighth largest urban area, with an urban population of 84,300. Ngāti Rangitāne were the local Māori iwi living in the known as Te Ahu-ā-Tūranga. He came on a ship and explored possibly as far inland as the site of Woodville. He reported his discovery on arrival back to Porirua, colonel Wakefield heard of the potential that the Manawatu had for development and visited in 1840. In 1846 Stephen Charles Hartley, another trader, heard from tangata whenua of a clearing in the Papaioea forest and he proceeded through the bush and forest. In 1858, the Government began negotiations with local iwi to purchase land in Manawatu, there was a dispute at the time between rival iwi Ngāti Rangitāne and Ngāti Raukawa as to who has the right to sell. The dispute is resolved in favour of Rangitāne, in 1864, Te Ahu-a-Turanga Block was sold by Rangitāne to the Government for £12,000, in an effort to open the Manawatu to settlement. Stewart returned in 1866 on behalf of the Wellington Provincial Council and made the original survey, the focal point was an open space of 17 acres subsequently known as The Square. On 3 October 1866, Palmerston was formally endorsed after Isaac Earl Featherston signed a proclamation defining the boundaries of the settlement, the first sections were sold after. Among the first settlers included Scandinavians, who arrived in 1871 and they established settlements at Awapuni and Whakarongo/Stoney Creek. Later the same year, the suffix North was added to distinguish the settlement of the name in the South Island. In 1872 a petition was launched to change the name of the settlement, a public meeting in 1873 ends with no clear decision on the name
27.
Kapiti Coast
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The Kapiti Coast is the name of the section of the coast of the south-western North Island of New Zealand that is north of Wellington and opposite Kapiti Island. It falls under the jurisdiction of the Wellington Regional Council, the Kapiti Coast District stretches from Paekakariki in the south through Otaki in the north. It includes the towns of Te Horo, Waikanae, Paraparaumu, Raumati Beach, Otaki, and Raumati South, and smaller such as Emerald Glen, Lindale, Maungakotukutuku, Otaihanga. The district extends inland to the top of the Tararua Range, Kapiti is possibly most famous for its island, Kapiti Island. Most of the island is a bird sanctuary, where a permit is required to visit. The area has a climate with moderate temperature swings between seasons, resulting in warm summers and mild winters without any severe heat waves or cold spells. Māori chief Te Rauparaha established a base on Kapiti Island, and from this position, Te Rauparaha sold him land in the Nelson and Golden Bay area. The line was opened in 1886, with the final spike driven in on the Kapiti Coast at Otaihanga, in 1908, the WMR was purchased by the New Zealand Railways Department, who incorporated the line into the North Island Main Trunk Railway. In June 1940, the Wellington-Paekakariki section was electrified as electric locomotives provided better motive power and this meant trains would swap from steam to electric traction in Paekakariki and it retained its status as a significant locomotive depot. It also became the terminus of the Wellington commuter railway network until 8 May 1983. In February 2011 electrification reached Waikanae, which became the new terminus, during World War II, Queen Elizabeth Park – a large tract of parkland between Raumati South and Paekakariki – was the location of two United States Army and Marines camps, McKay and Russell. US troops were stationed at the camps in 1942–44 prior to being sent into combat in the Pacific Ocean theatre, after World War II, Wellingtons Rongotai Airport was closed due to safety reasons in 1947 and Kapiti Coast Airport became the main airport for the Wellington Region. In 1949, it was New Zealands busiest airport and helped to stimulate growth on the Kapiti Coast, the Wellington International Airport was opened in 1959 and Paraparaumu Airport never regained its status, with some of its land sold for residential development in the 1990s and 2000. It is now used for commercial activity such as that of airline Air2there, helicopter and light aircraft training and for private. Recently, the Kapiti Coast has seen a significant population surge and is one of New Zealands fastest growing areas and this has led to considerable growth in all towns apart from Paekakariki, where development is geographically limited by the sea and steep hill sides. The Kapiti Coast is well known for its cheeses and other products from Lindale, light industry is focused in Paraparaumu and Otaki, with small clusters in Waikanae and Raumati. Many of the Kapiti Coasts residents are not employed in the area, instead, they commute to jobs in Wellington. In February 2017 an 18 km long expressway diversion from Mackays Crossing north of Paekakariki to just north of Peka Peka, was opened to enable State Highway 1 to bypass developed urban areas, the Kapiti Coast area has also made appearances in television and film
28.
Wellington
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Wellington is the capital and second most populous urban area of New Zealand, with 405,000 residents. It is at the tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range. Wellington is the population centre of the southern North Island and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region. It is the worlds windiest city, with a wind speed of over 26 km/h. Situated near the centre of the country, Wellington was well placed for trade. In 1839 it was chosen as the first major planned settlement for British immigrants coming to New Zealand, the settlement was named in honour of the Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo. As the nations capital since 1865, the New Zealand Government and Parliament, Supreme Court, despite being much smaller than Auckland, Wellington is also referred to as New Zealands cultural capital. The city is home to the National Archives, the National Library, architectural sights include the Government Building—one of the largest wooden buildings in the world—as well as the iconic Beehive. Wellington plays host to artistic and cultural organisations, including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra. It has an urban culture, with many cafés, restaurants. One of the worlds most liveable cities, the 2014 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world, Wellingtons economy is primarily service-based, with an emphasis on finance, business services, and government. It is the centre of New Zealands film and special effects industries, Wellington ranks as one of New Zealands chief seaports and serves both domestic and international shipping. The city is served by Wellington International Airport, the third busiest airport in the country, Wellingtons transport network includes train and bus lines which reach as far as the Kapiti Coast and Wairarapa, and ferries connect the city to the South Island. Wellington takes its name from Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo, his title comes from the town of Wellington in the English county of Somerset. One of the founders of the settlement, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, reported that the settlers took up the views of the directors with great cordiality, in Māori, Wellington has three names. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is signed by raising the index, middle and ring fingers of one hand, palm forward, to form a W, and shaking it slightly from side to side twice. The citys location close to the mouth of the narrow Cook Strait leads to its vulnerability to strong gales, legends recount that Kupe discovered and explored the district in about the 10th century. The earliest date with hard evidence for Maori living in New Zealand is about 1280, European settlement began with the arrival of an advance party of the New Zealand Company on the ship Tory on 20 September 1839, followed by 150 settlers on the Aurora on 22 January 1840
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Upper Hutt
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Upper Hutt is a city in the Wellington Region of the North Island of New Zealand, and one of the four cities that constitute the Wellington metropolitan area. Upper Hutt is approximately 30 km north-east of Wellington, the citys main urban area is on this plain. A smaller flood plain lies upstream, above the Kaitoke Gorge, Upper Hutt has a temperate climate however due to its sheltered valley location, it generally tends to be warmer than inner city Wellington in summer and much colder in the winter. It is not uncommon in summer for temperatures to reach the mid 30s Celsius, snow generally doesnt fall below 300m, but in 2011 Upper Hutt sea level snow occurred twice, as part of 2011 New Zealand snowstorms. On 25 July and again between 14 and 16 August which was the heaviest blizzard in Upper Hutt since 1976 and came as a novelty to residents. Upper Hutt receives about 1400mm of rain per year, Upper Hutt City Council administers the city with its surrounding rural areas, parks and reserves. Its area is 540 km², the third-largest area of city council in New Zealand, after Dunedin, New Zealand local authorities with a large land area are usually termed districts, but Upper Hutt maintains its status as a city largely because of its high degree of urbanisation. Upper Hutt was originally administered by the Hutt County Council, which was constituted in 1877, the Town Board was proclaimed on 24 April 1908. Upper Hutt became a Borough on 26 February 1926 and a City on 2 May 1966, on 1 April 1973, the Rimutaka Riding of Hutt County was added to the city. Today, Upper Hutt City falls entirely within the boundaries of the Rimutaka electorate, Upper Hutt was represented by the Heretaunga electorate prior to the introduction of MMP in 1996, when the seat was merged with Eastern Hutt to form Rimutaka. The main urban area of the city has a population of 40,100, developments in the area include Mount Marua, Marua Downs, Waitoka Estate, and Riverstone Terraces. A development called The Lanes was proposed but rejected by the Lanes Commissioners appointed by the Council and this decision was made as to ensure the maintenance of the significant rural character and amenity in the Mangaroa Valley. Upper Hutt is in an area known as Orongomai. The first residents of the area were Māori of the Ngai Tara iwi, various other iwi controlled the area in the years before 1840, and by the time the first colonial settlers arrived the area was part of the Te Atiawa rohe. Orongomai Marae is to the south of the city centre. Richard Barton, who settled at Trentham in 1841 in the now known as Trentham Memorial Park, was the first European resident. Barton subsequently subdivided his land and set aside an area that was turned into parkland. James Brown settled in the area became the Upper Hutt town in 1848
30.
Pinehaven
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Pinehaven is a suburb of Upper Hutt City in the lower North Island of New Zealand, established in 1927. It is at the end of the city, tucked into the pine covered hills east of Silverstream. Pinehaven is a tranquil valley centred on a reserve and beautiful piece of native bush. Pinehaven Scout Hall built in 1972 Pinehaven Progressive Association Community Hall, the land was generously gifted to the community in perpetuity by Mr Goodwin. The hills of Pinehaven were first planted with their trademark pine trees in 1928 by Sir Francis Chichester, most of the streets in Pinehaven are named after members of their families, Wyndham was Goodwins son, Jocelyn his daughter and Elmslie his granddaughter. Of course Chichester Drive is named after Sir Francis himself, originally Pinehaven was a community of small baches where residents of Wellington city escaped to for weekends and holidays. Http, //www. ppa. org. nz/ Website of the Pinehaven Progressive Association
31.
Lower Hutt
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Lower Hutt is a city in the Wellington Region of the North Island of New Zealand. It is administered by the Hutt City Council and is one of the four cities that constitute the Wellington metropolitan area and it is New Zealands seventh most populous city, with a population of 103,400. The city covers an area of 377 km2 around the half of the Hutt Valley. It is separated from Wellington proper by the harbour, and from Upper Hutt by the Taitā Gorge, though it is administered by the Hutt City Council, neither the New Zealand Geographic Board nor the Local Government Act recognise the name Hutt City. This name has led to confusion, as Upper Hutt is administered by a city council, the Upper Hutt City Council. Before European settlement, thick forest covered most of the Hutt Valley, Māori inhabited the shoreline, with a pa at each end of Petone beach. The local Māori welcomed the arrival of the New Zealand Company ship Tory in 1839, the first immigrant ship, the Aurora, arrived on 22 January 1840, still celebrated every year on the Monday closest as Wellingtons Anniversary Day. A settlement, Britannia, grew up close to the mouth of the Hutt River, the city takes its name from the river, named after the founding member, director and chairman of the New Zealand Company, Sir William Hutt. Within months of settlement the river flooded, and in March 1840 the majority of Britannia settlers decided to move to Thorndon, in the 1840s an area on the west bank of the Hutt River formed the village then known as Aglionby. In 1846 conflict arose between settlers and Māori, which led to skirmishes in the Hutt Valley Campaign, the 1855 Wairarapa earthquake raised part of the lower valley, allowing reclamation of land from swamp. The fault escarpment from the earthquake is still visible, notably at Hutt Central School, the railway line from central Wellington reached Lower Hutt station in April 1874, with the line travelling north up the west side of the river to Silverstream opening two years later. Before the Second World War, urban settlement in the lower Hutt Valley concentrated mainly on Petone, central Lower Hutt and Eastbourne, two years later the railway workshops moved from Petone to a new larger site off the new branch at Woburn. By the end of the 1950s, Lower Hutt had a population of 80,000, the Hutt City Council is made up of a mayor and 12 councillors. Ray Wallace was elected Lower Hutt mayor in 2010, succeeding David Ogden, the citys six electoral wards each elect two councillors. Neighbouring councils are Wellington City Council, Porirua City Council to the north, Upper Hutt City Council to the north-east, the boundaries of the Lower Hutt city local body have evolved from a series of amalgamations and boundary changes over the years. The Hutt County Council was established in 1877 and covered the region from Wellingtons south coast up to Waikanae, in 1941 Lower Hutt became a city. Lower Hutt is covered by two electorates, Hutt South and Rimutaka and two Māori electorates, Ikaroa-Rāwhiti and Te Tai Tonga. The city centres on the valley of the Hutt River
32.
Porirua
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Porirua is a city in the Wellington Region of the North Island of New Zealand, and one of the four cities that constitute the Wellington metropolitan area. It almost completely surrounds Porirua Harbour at the end of the Kapiti Coast. Pauatahanui Inlet, the inlet of the harbour, is notable for its world-class estuarine values. The population at the June 2016 was 55,200, the name Porirua has a Māori origin, it may represent a variant of pari-rua, a reference to the two arms of the Porirua Harbour. In the 19th century the name designated a district that stretched from Kaiwharawhara on the north-west shore of Wellington Harbour northwards to. The road climbing the hill from Kaiwharawhara towards Ngaio and Khandallah still bears the name Old Porirua Road, in the 19th century a small European settlement grew up, partly because of the need for a ferry across the harbour. At the time a small Māori settlement already existed, the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company opened a railway line to Porirua in 1885, linking the city with Wellington. The railway reached Longburn in 1886 to connect with the Governments lines to Taranaki, with the acquisition of the company by the government in 1908, the line to Porirua formed part of the North Island Main Trunk railway. The railway contributed much to the growth of Plimmerton and Paremata by making day-trips to the beaches from Wellington relatively easy, the line through to Porirua was electrified in 1940 following the construction of the Tawa Flat deviation. The 1880s and 1890s saw the establishment of the Porirua Lunatic Asylum on the hill south-west of the village, following the Mental Defectives Act of 1911, the Asylum became Porirua Mental Hospital. In the late 1940s state planning envisaged Porirua becoming a city of Wellington with state housing. Since then Porirua has grown to a city population approaching 51,000, major territorial additions to the city occurred in 1973 and 1988 as part of the reduction and eventual abolition of Hutt County. Substantial industrial areas, generally west of the city centre, have evolved, during the 1960s Kodak, UEB Industries and many small businesses opened at Elsdon. During the following decade, Ashley Wallpapers developed the former UEB property and after negotiations with the government. On 7 June 1976, New Zealands first McDonalds restaurant opened in Porirua, on the corner of Cobham Court, the original restaurant closed on 24 April 2009, and the store relocated to Kenepuru Drive. The area is administered by Porirua City Council and Greater Wellington Regional Council, four years later the population was officially estimated at over the 20,000 threshold then necessary for Porirua to be declared a city. On 1 April 1973 large areas to the north-east were transferred to the city from Hutt County by popular vote, Mana Island was added to the city at the same time. In 1988 a further addition was the Horokiri riding of the county, containing most of the new Whitby suburb
33.
Wellington City Council
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Wellington City Council is a territorial authority in New Zealand, representing the countrys third-largest city by population, behind Auckland and Christchurch. The city adjoins Porirua in the north and Hutt City in the north-east, Wellington attained city status in 1886. The settlement had become the capital and seat of government by 1865. Parliament officially sat in Wellington for the first time on 26 July 1865, during the last half of the nineteenth century Wellington grew rapidly from 7,460 residents in 1867 to 49,344 by the end of the century. The council represents a population of 207,900, and consists of a mayor and it administers public works, sanitation, land use and building consents, among other local services. The council has used the marketing slogan Absolutely Positively Wellington in an official capacity since the early 1990s, the territorial authority is one of many councils in the greater Wellington area. All councillors are members of Council, the City Strategy Committee, one mayor is elected at large from the entire Wellington City district. The Eastern ward returns three councillors to the Wellington City Council, the Lambton ward returns three councillors to the Wellington City Council. The Northern ward returns three councillors to the Wellington City Council, the Onslow-Western ward returns three councillors to the Wellington City Council. The Southern ward is the ward that returns two councillors to the Wellington City Council. The City of Wellington has a Coat of Arms, crest, On a Mural Crown Argent a Dolphin Naiant Azure, Mantled Gules. Supporters, On the dexter side a Lion gorged with a Collar and Chain reflexed over the back Or, and on the sinister side a Moa proper. Motto, Suprema a Situ Translation of the Blazon, The shield is divided vertically and horizontally quarter of which the first and fourth are red, a golden cross is placed over the entire shield centrally between these quarters. The top left quarter contains a golden fleece, the second quarter is depicted as a silver sailing ship with its sails furled as it would be in port but with its flags flying, placed on waves in their natural colour. The third quarter contains a golden wheat sheaf, and the fourth has five silver discs arranged in a saltire, the mural crown is common as a crest in city coats of arms. It is coloured silve, and from its top comes a swimming dolphin, around the crest is mantling in red. The supporters on either side of the shield are a heraldic lion with a chained collar around its neck to the left. The base on which the supporters stand is normally not emblazoned but is left to the artist to decide, the Motto may be translated as Supreme by position
34.
Nelson, New Zealand
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Nelson is a city on the eastern shores of Tasman Bay, and is the economic and cultural centre of the Nelson Region. Nelson is the oldest city in the South Island and the second-oldest settled city in New Zealand, Nelson city is bordered to the west and south-west by the Tasman District Council and the north-east, east and south-east by the Marlborough District Council. The city does not include Richmond, the areas second-largest settlement, Nelson City has a population of around 50,000, making it New Zealands 12th most populous city and the geographical centre of New Zealand. When combined with the town of Richmond which has close to 14,000 residents, Nelson is well known for its thriving local arts and crafts scene, Each year, the city hosts events popular with locals and tourists alike, such as the Nelson Arts Festival. The annual Wearable Art Awards began near Nelson and a local museum, Nelson was named in honour of the Admiral Horatio Nelson who defeated both the French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Many roads and public areas around the city are named after people and ships associated with that battle, inhabitants of Nelson are referred to as Nelsonians. Nelsons Māori name, Whakatū, means build, raise, or establish, in an article to The Colonist newspaper on 16 July 1867, Francis Stevens described Nelson as The Naples of the Southern Hemisphere. Today, Nelson has the nicknames of Sunny Nelson due to its high sunshine hours per year or the Top of the South because of its geographic location, settlement of Nelson began about 700 years ago by Māori. There is evidence the earliest settlements in New Zealand are around the Nelson-Marlborough regions, the earliest recorded iwi in the Nelson district are the Ngāti Kuia, Ngāti Tumatakokiri, Ngāti Apa and Rangitane tribes. Raids from northern tribes in the 1820s, led by Te Rauparaha and his Ngāti Toa, soon decimated the local population, the New Zealand Company in London planned the settlement of Nelson. They intended to buy cheaply from the Māori some 200,000 acres which they planned to divide into one thousand lots, the Company earmarked future profits to finance the free passage of artisans and labourers and their families, and for the construction of public works. However, by September 1841 only about one third of the lots had sold, despite this the Colony pushed ahead, and land was surveyed by Frederick Tuckett. Three ships sailed from London under the command of Captain Arthur Wakefield, however, after some delay, Hobson allowed the Company to investigate the Tasman Bay area at the north end of the South Island. The Company selected the now occupied by Nelson City because it had the best harbour in the area. The Company secured a vague and undetermined area from the Māori for £800 that included Nelson, Waimea and this allowed the settlement to begin, but the lack of definition would prove the source of much future conflict. The three colony ships sailed into Nelson Haven during the first week of November 1841, within 18 months the Company had sent out 18 ships with 1052 men,872 women and 1384 children. However, fewer than ninety of the settlers had the capital to start as landowners, the early settlement of Nelson province included a proportion of German immigrants, who arrived on the ship Sankt Pauli and formed the nucleus of the villages of Sarau and Neudorf. These were mostly Lutheran Protestants with a number of Bavarian Catholics
35.
Richmond, New Zealand
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Richmond is a town, and the seat of the Tasman District Council, that lies 13 kilometres south of Nelson in the South Island of New Zealand, close to the southern extremity of Tasman Bay. The town was first settled in 1842 and was named in 1854 after the town of Richmond on Thames near London, by 2014 it had an estimated population of 13,606. The two unitary authorities co-operate for tourism-marketing purposes via Latitude Nelson, during the period,1853 to 1876, Richmond was administrated as part of the Nelson Province. Nelson Tasman District Hope Brightwater Wakefield Media related to Richmond, New Zealand at Wikimedia Commons Richmond Unlimited
36.
Blenheim, New Zealand
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Blenheim is the most populous town in the region of Marlborough, in the north east of the South Island of New Zealand. It has an population of 30,700. The surrounding area is known as a centre of New Zealands wine industry. It enjoys one of New Zealands sunniest climates, with hot, relatively dry summers, the relaxed lifestyle and the flourishing wine and gourmet food industry in Marlborough are enjoyed by both locals and visitors alike. Blenheim is named after the Battle of Blenheim, where led by John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough defeated a combined French. The sheltered coastal bays of Marlborough supported a small Māori population possibly as early as the 12th century, Māori in the Marlborough Region cultivated crops, including kumara and exploited marine resources. Although the early history of Marlborough was closely associated with the Nelson settlement, nineteen years after the original Nelson settlement the request of Marlborough settlers was granted, and Marlborough became a separate province in 1859. Marlborough squatters developed huge sheep runs that dominated the countryside, rivalling Canterburys sheep stations in size, on the Wairau Plain, the town is mostly flat with surrounding hills, which do not give as much protection from prevailing winds as might be expected. Open areas in and around Blenheim are hit quite hard by winds blowing from Cook Strait, Blenheim sits at the confluence of the Taylor and Ōpaoa rivers. It is in an active zone and experiences several earthquakes each year. The boundary between the Pacific plate and the Indo-Australian plate passes just north of Blenheim, summers are typically warm and dry while winters are normally cool and frosty with clear sunny days that follow. Snowfall is rare as it is sheltered from cold weather by the mountain ranges to the south. Thunderstorms are an uncommon occurrence due to the sheltered climate, there is a higher likelihood in summer, when afternoon heating can generate a buildup of clouds above the ranges. The highest recorded temperature is 37. 8C, Recorded on 23 February 1973, at the 2006 census, Blenheim had a population of 28,700, a change of 7. 0% since the 2001 census. The June 2016 estimate puts Blenheims population at 30,700, following the 2013 census, Blenheim became the countrys 17th main urban area, after Statistics New Zealand promoted the town from a secondary urban area. 21. 3% of people were under 15, compared with 22. 7% for New Zealand,16. 7% of people were 65 and over, compared with 12. 1% for New Zealand. 28. 7% of people 15 and over had a post-secondary-school qualification, most residents are of European origin, predominantly of British, Irish, German and Dutch descent. Small Māori, Pacific Island and Asian communities exist, ethnic diversity has increased in recent years with the arrival of large numbers of South Americans and Asians, who work in the expanding viticulture sector
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Renwick, New Zealand
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Renwick is a small town in Marlborough, New Zealand, close to the south bank of the Wairau River. It is located on State Highway 6,12 kilometres west of Blenheim, State Highway 63 runs southwest from Renwick through the Wairau River valley. The population was 1872 in the 2006 Census, an increase of 84 from 2001, the town was initially known as Upper Wairau, and then as Renwicktown after an early landowner, Dr Thomas Renwick. Renwick is located in the centre of Marlboroughs grape growing region, sauvignon blanc is the variety usually associated with the area, and famous wineries such as Isabel Estate and Forrest Estate are in close proximity. Renwick School is a full primary school, with a decile rating of 8. The first school in Renwick opened at the beginning of 1861 and it was the second school in Marlborough. The present school opened in 1864, Renwick School website Giesen Sports and Events Centre
38.
Christchurch
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Christchurch is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region. The Christchurch urban area lies on the South Islands east coast, just north of Banks Peninsula and it is home to 389,700 residents, making it New Zealands third most-populous urban area behind Auckland and Wellington. The city was named by the Canterbury Association, which settled the province of Canterbury. The name of Christchurch was agreed on at the first meeting of the association on 27 March 1848 and it was suggested by John Robert Godley, who had attended Christ Church, Oxford. Some early writers called the town Christ Church, but it was recorded as Christchurch in the minutes of the management committee of the association, Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter on 31 July 1856, making it officially the oldest established city in New Zealand. The Avon River flows through the centre of the city, with a park located along its banks. At the request of the Deans brothers, the river was named after the River Avon in Scotland, the usual Māori name for Christchurch is Ōtautahi. This was originally the name of a site by the Avon River near present-day Kilmore Street. The site was a dwelling of Ngāi Tahu chief Te Potiki Tautahi. The Ōtautahi name was adopted in the 1930s, prior to that the Ngāi Tahu generally referred to the Christchurch area as Karaitiana, a transliteration of the English word Christian. The citys name is abbreviated by New Zealanders to Chch. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is the fingerspelled letter C signed twice, with the second to the right of the first. Archaeological evidence found in a cave at Redcliffs in 1876 has indicated that the Christchurch area was first settled by moa-hunting tribes about 1250 CE. These first inhabitants were thought to have followed by the Waitaha tribe. Following tribal warfare, the Waitaha were dispossessed by the Ngati Mamoe tribe and they were in turn subjugated by the Ngāi Tahu tribe, who remained in control until the arrival of European settlers. Their abandoned holdings were taken over by the Deans brothers in 1843 who stayed, the First Four Ships were chartered by the Canterbury Association and brought the first 792 of the Canterbury Pilgrims to Lyttelton Harbour. These sailing vessels were the Randolph, Charlotte Jane, Sir George Seymour, the Charlotte Jane was the first to arrive on 16 December 1850. The Canterbury Pilgrims had aspirations of building a city around a cathedral and college, the name Christ Church was decided prior to the ships arrival, at the Associations first meeting, on 27 March 1848
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Kaiapoi
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Kaiapoi is a town in the Waimakariri District of the Canterbury region, in the South Island of New Zealand. The town is located approximately 17 kilometres north of central Christchurch and it is considered to be a satellite town of Christchurch, although in the Waimakariri for statistical purposes it is part of the Christchurch urban area. In the 2006 census, the population of the town was 10,200 and this represents a growth rate of 11% over the previous five years. Kaiapoi suffered extensive damage in the 2010 Canterbury and also the February 2011 Christchurch earthquakes, Kaiapoi takes its name from the Māori pā which was built just north of the site of the current town around the year 1700 by the Ngāi Tahu chief Turakautahi. Eventually to become the largest fortified village in the South Island it lay on the site of a stronghold of a tribe, Waitaha whose history. Tūrākautahi was the son of Tūāhuriri, consequently Ngāi Tūāhuriri is the name of the hapu of this area. In selecting the pā site, Tūrākautahi determined that kai would need to be poi from other places hence the name Kaiapoi which it is said can be translated as a metaphor for economics, the first attack made against Ngāi Tahu was at Kaikōura during 1827–28. Instead, they found the fleet of canoes belonging to Ngāti Toa who, armed with muskets, Te Rauparaha and his tribes then visited Ngāi Tahu of Kaiapoi to trade muskets for pounamu. Already angered by the desecration of his dead aunts grave Te Maiharanui ordered a retaliatory attack the following day, killing the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs. The only prominent Ngāti Toa leader not slain was Te Rauparaha, Te Rauparaha returned to Kapiti Island to plan his revenge. In early November 1830, he persuaded Captain John Stewart of the brig Elizabeth to hide him and they then visited the Ngāi Tahu people of Akaroa under the ruse of trading for flax. Captain Stewart persuaded Te Maiharanui to board the brig and be taken below deck, Te Rauparahas men then surged ashore to sack Te Maiharanuis settlement, Takapuneke. The brig returned to Kapiti with Te Maiharanui and his family held captive and it is said that rather than see his daughter enslaved, Te Maiharanui strangled her and threw her overboard. Te Rauparaha then gave Te Maiharanui to the wife of the Ngāti Toa chief Te Pehi and his wife suffered the same fate. Te Rauparaha then mounted an expedition against Kaiapoi Ngāi Tahu in the summer of 1831–32. Ngāi Tahu, lacking muskets to repel the armed Ngāti Toa, took a defensive strategy, the ensuing siege lasted for three months. However, during a skirmish between the two tribes, a shelter caught fire, fanned by the norwester, the palisades quickly ignited, allowing Ngāti Toa warriors to enter the village, capture its leaders and kill the people. Ngāti Toa then attacked the Banks Peninsula tribes, taking the fort at Ōnawe
40.
Lyttelton Harbour
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Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō is one of two major inlets in Banks Peninsula, on the coast of Canterbury, New Zealand, the other is Akaroa Harbour. Diamond Harbour lies to the south and the Māori village of Rāpaki to the west, at the head of the harbour is the settlement of Governors Bay. The reserve of Quail Island is near the head and Ripapa Island is just off its south shore at the entrance to Purau Bay. The harbour provides access to a commercial port at Lyttelton which today includes a petroleum storage facility. Hectors dolphins, an endemic to New Zealand, and New Zealand fur seals live in the harbour. Māori referred to the harbour as Te Whakaraupō, with this translating as harbour of the raupō reed, the common original European name for the harbour was Port Cooper, after Daniel Cooper). The surveyors under Joseph Thomas who surveyed Canterbury in the late 1840s named the harbour Port Victoria after the monarch of the United Kingdom, the name was officially changed to Lyttelton Harbour in 1858, in honour of George William Lyttelton, who was the chairman of the Canterbury Association. The official name of the harbour was amended again to become a name by the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998. Early European settlers used Quail Island as a colony in 1918–25. It is now a nature reserve, fort Jervois was built on the island of Rīpapa in 1885–95. Rīpapa was used in World War I to intern German nationals as enemy aliens, from 1907 it was worked with turbine steamships and from 1933 it was named the Steamer Express. However, in 1962 New Zealand Railways started the Interislander ferry service on the 55-nautical-mile route between Picton and Wellington and this competing service not only offered a shorter crossing but also used diesel ships that had lower running costs than the Union Companys turbine steamers. The wreck of the Steamer Express TEV Wahine in 1968 was a setback for the Lyttelton service but the Union Company introduced a new ship, TEV Rangatira, in 1972. She lost money, survived on a Ministry of Transport subsidy from 1974 and was withdrawn in 1976, media related to Lyttelton Harbour at Wikimedia Commons
41.
Dunedin
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Dunedin is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the principal city of the Otago region. It is named for the capital of Scotland, generally Anglicised as Edinburgh, Dunedin was the largest New Zealand city by territorial land area until superseded by Auckland on the creation of the Auckland Council in November 2010. Dunedin was the largest city in New Zealand by population from the 1860s until about 1900, the city population at 5 March 2013 was 120,246. The Dunedin urban area lies on the central-eastern coast of Otago, the harbour and hills around Dunedin represent the remnants of an extinct volcano. The city suburbs extend out into the valleys and hills, onto the isthmus of the Otago Peninsula, and along the shores of the Otago Harbour. The citys most important activity in economic terms centres around tertiary education – Dunedin is home to the University of Otago, New Zealands first university, and the Otago Polytechnic. Students account for a proportion of the population,21.6 percent of the citys population was aged between 15 and 24 at the 2006 census, compared to the New Zealand average of 14.2 percent. In 2014 Dunedin was designated as a UNESCO Creative City of Literature, archaeological evidence shows the first human occupation of New Zealand occurred between AD 1250–1300, with population concentrated along the southeast coast. A camp site at Kaikai Beach, near Long Beach, has dated from about that time. There are numerous sites in what is now Dunedin, several of them large and permanently occupied. The population contracted but expanded again with the evolution of the Classic culture which saw the building of several pā, fortified settlements, notably Pukekura at, there was a settlement in what is now central Dunedin occupied as late as about 1785 but abandoned by 1826. Maori tradition tells first of a people called Kahui Tipua living in the area, then Te Rapuwai, semi-legendary, the next arrivals were Waitaha followed by Kāti Mamoe late in the 16th century and then Kai Tahu who arrived in the mid 17th century. These migration waves have often represented as invasions in European accounts. They were probably migrations like those of the European which incidentally resulted in bloodshed, the sealer John Boultbee recorded in the 1820s that the Kaika Otargo were the oldest and largest in the south. Lieutenant James Cook stood off what is now the coast of Dunedin between 25 February 1770 and 5 March 1770, naming Cape Saunders and Saddle Hill and he reported penguins and seals in the vicinity, which led sealers to visit from the beginning of the 19th century. Permanent European occupation dates from 1831, when the Weller brothers founded their whaling station at Otago, modern Otakou, epidemics badly reduced the Maori population. By the late 1830s the Harbour had become an international whaling port, johnny Jones established a farming settlement and a mission station, the South Islands first, at Waikouaiti in 1840. After inspecting several areas around the eastern coast of the south island, the name comes from Dùn Èideann, the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland
42.
Mosgiel
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Mosgiel /ˈmɒzɡiːl/ is an urban satellite of Dunedin in Otago, New Zealand, fifteen kilometres west of the citys centre. Mosgiel has a population of approximately 10,000, Mosgiel stands at the north-eastern extremity of the Taieri Plains. The Silver Stream, a tributary of the Taieri River, runs through its north end, the town celebrates its location, calling itself The pearl of the plain. Its low-lying nature does pose problems, making it prone to flooding after heavy rains, the place takes its name from Mossgiel in Ayrshire, the farm of the poet Robert Burns, the uncle of the co-founder in 1848 of the Otago settlement, the Reverend Thomas Burns. Between Mosgiel and the centre of Dunedin stand the rugged Three Mile Hill and Scroggs Hill, which part of the crater-wall of a long-extinct volcano. The Dunedin Southern Motorway, upgraded in 2003, links Mosgiel with the centre of Dunedin. State Highway 87 to Kyeburn starts at a junction with State Highway 1 at the edge of Mosgiel. The site of Mosgiel figures in Māori legend, but surrounding features of the Taieri Plain, of the canoes of South Island migratory legend the fourth and fifth, Takitimu and Arai Te Uru, are mentioned in connection with the area. Maungatua, the hill to the west of the plain, represents a huge wave which struck the Takitimu, throwing overboard Aonui. Another account makes Aonui a female survivor of the wreck of the Arai Te Uru, built by Kahui Tipua, on its return the canoe suffered shipwreck at Shag Point in North Otago, but its survivors quested about the land in search of supplies. If they failed to get back before dawn they turned into natural landscape-features, and these ancient traditions suggest that some of the earliest Polynesian settlers in the south knew the Taieri Plain. The taniwha wriggled down the Taieri, making its tortuous course, and this story has associations with Kati Mamoe, of the late 17th or early 18th century. According to tradition this period saw the occupation of the kaik near modern Henley – called Tai-ari like the river – and on the hill above it a pa, or fortified settlement. Tukiauau built a pa called Whakaraupuka on the west side of Lake Waihola and his rival, Tuwiriroa, came down from Lake Wakatipu, Māori soon abandoned Whakaraupuka, but the Taiari settlement at Henley endured into modern times. In February 1770 Captain James Cook described the hill which became known as Saddle Hill. The Weller brothers of the Otago whaling station on Otago Harbour sent a Mr. Dalziel to inspect the Taieri Plain for a proposed Scottish settlement in 1839, in 1844 Edward Shortland noticed Māori running pigs on the landward slopes of Saddle Hill orMakamaka. Charles Kettle surveyed the plain and coastal hills for the Otago Association in 1846 and 1847 and he also climbed the westward hills and saw the raised land beyond, the nearest approach of the Central Otago plateau to the sea, which he correctly identified as potentially fine pastoral country. In the same year the Reverend Thomas Burns, spiritual leader of the Associations settlement, in the mid-1850s Arthur John Burns, a son of Thomas Burns, settled on some of the land
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Brighton, New Zealand
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Brighton is a small seaside town within the city limits of Dunedin on New Zealands South Island. It is located 20 kilometres southwest from the city centre on the Southern Scenic Route, the town faces a small bay which includes a broad sheltered beach. They make the area popular for day trips from Dunedin. The town was named by a resident, Hugh Williams. Brighton is connected by road with the Dunedin commuter settlement of Waldronville to the northeast. The settlement of Ocean View lies immediately to the east of Brighton, the coast road winds around this headland on its entry to Brighton from Dunedin. James K. Baxter, a poet, grew up here, Jeff Wilson, a former New Zealand internal rugby union player lived here. Adine Wilson is a New Zealand international netball player and wife of Jeff Wilson
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Ravensbourne, New Zealand
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Ravensbourne is a suburb of the New Zealand city of Dunedin. It is located on the southeastern slopes of Signal Hill above the Otago Harbour. It lies on the northern shore,4.5 kilometres east-northeast of the city centre. Rail and road links between central Dunedin and Port Chalmers run through Ravensbourne on the strip of land between the hill slopes and harbour. A cycleway also links the suburb with the part of the city. One of the harbourside suburbs, it has a distinct identity from the rest of the citys inner suburbs. Ravensdown contains 25,062 shareholders and has over 90 stores New Zealand wide, the suburb consists mainly of the Dunedin-Port Chalmers highway, State Highway 88, and numerous narrow winding roads which climb the hill to its northwest. Above the suburb is Burns Park Scenic Reserve, which much of the upper slopes of Signal Hill. The suburb, along with the suburbs of Maia, Burkes. Under this name, the area was a borough for many years from 1877 until amalgamation with the city of Dunedin in 1963. The suburb takes its name from the property of the first mayor of West Harbour, Thomas De Lacy, the name was due to the profusion of weka in the area of De Lacys property, whose cockiness reminded De Lacy of the ravens in his native Scotland. The Maori name for the area is Kaitaki Tamariki, though this is used today. The smaller settlements of Maia and Burkes lie on the coast of the harbour immediately to the northeast of Ravensbourne, Maia, basically a suburb of Ravensbourne, lies 1 kilometre to the northeast. Its name and the pronunciation of it mean that it is mistaken for a Maori name, though it was actually named for the Greek mythological daughter of Atlas. Burkes lies to the northeast of Maia, and consists of one narrow road running roughly parallel with. The most notable feature of Burkes is that the South Island Main Trunk railway crosses a series of causeways spanning some of the bays which run along the harbours edge
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Aramoana
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Aramoana is a small coastal settlement,27 kilometres north of Dunedin city, in the South Island of New Zealand. The settlements permanent population in 2001 Census was 261, supplementing this are seasonal visitors from the city who occupy cribs. The name Aramoana is Maori for pathway of the sea and it was founded by the Otago Harbour Board, and established in the 1880s as a pilot station for navigation around the mouth of the Otago Harbour. This is area grew into a farming village. It is the site of the Aramoana massacre, New Zealands deadliest criminal shooting, the settlement is located on a sand dune spit at the mouth of the Otago Harbour, opposite the end of the Otago Peninsula. The main channel of the harbour is kept clear by the Aramoana mole, to the southwestern side of the township extend expansive salty mudflats from the head of the Aramoana Spit around the habourside to the township of Te Ngaru. This area is a protected Wildlife Sanctuary, which hosts a range of plant and animal life, on the other side of the Spit is an expanse of beach, truncated by the Aramoana Mole. The beach and sand dunes to the east are known as Shelly Beach, the beach to the west is known as Big Beach and extends for over two kilometres. At points along this beach, steep rockfaces come down to the waterline and these are well used for practical training by local rock-climbers. Seals can be found sun bathing on the rocks of the spit, in the late 1970s Aramoana was proposed as the site of a major aluminium smelter by a consortium of New Zealand-based Fletcher-Challenge, Australias CSR Limited and Swiss firm Alusuisse. An aluminium smelter was already operating at Tiwai Point when the smelter at Aramoana was proposed, the Save Aramoana Campaign was formed in 1974 to oppose the smelter. Among the leaders were three Otago psychologists, Peter Bradshaw, Jules Older and Richard Thomson, a large number of Otago artists and performers also contributed to the successful drive to Save Aramoana. Aramoana gained notoriety as the site of a murder that occurred on 13 and 14 November 1990. Resident David Gray, a gun collector, went on a rampage in which 13 people were shot dead. A monument to the 13 victims stands on the dunes near to the Aramoana Mole, in 2006, New Zealand director Robert Sarkies released a film based on the events, Out of the Blue. The Reed dictionary of New Zealand place names
