1.
VHS
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The Video Home System is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976, from the 1950s, magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry, via the first commercialized video tape recorders. At that time, the devices were used only in professional environments such as television studios. In the 1970s, videotape entered home use, creating the video industry and changing the economics of the television. The television industry viewed videocassette recorders as having the power to disrupt their business, in the 1980s and 1990s, at the peak of VHSs popularity, there were videotape format wars in the home video industry. Two of the formats, VHS and Betamax, received the most media exposure, VHS eventually won the war, dominating 60 percent of the North American market by 1980 and emerging as the dominant home video format throughout the tape media period. Optical disc formats later began to better quality than analog consumer video tape such as standard. The earliest of these formats, LaserDisc, was not widely adopted, however, after the introduction of the DVD format in 1997, VHSs market share began to decline. By 2008, DVD had replaced VHS as the preferred method of distribution. After several attempts by other companies, the first commercially successful VTR, at a price of US$50,000 in 1956, and US$300 for a 90-minute reel of tape, it was intended only for the professional market. Kenjiro Takayanagi, a broadcasting pioneer then working for JVC as its vice president, saw the need for his company to produce VTRs for the Japan market. In 1959, JVC developed a video tape recorder. In 1964, JVC released the DV220, which would be the companys standard VTR until the mid-1970s, in 1969 JVC collaborated with Sony Corporation and Matsushita Electric in building a video recording standard for the Japanese consumer. The effort produced the U-matic format in 1971, which was the first format to become a unified standard, U-matic was successful in business and some broadcast applications, but due to cost and limited recording time very few of the machines were sold for home use. Soon after, Sony and Matsushita broke away from the collaboration effort, Sony started working on Betamax, while Matsushita started working on VX. JVC released the CR-6060 in 1975, based on the U-matic format, Sony and Matsushita also produced U-matic systems of their own. In 1971, JVC engineers Yuma Shiraishi and Shizuo Takano put together a team to develop a consumer-based VTR, by the end of 1971 they created an internal diagram titled VHS Development Matrix, which established twelve objectives for JVCs new VTR. These included, The system must be compatible with any television set
2.
Ti West
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Ti West is an American film director, producer, screenwriter, editor, cinematographer, and occasional actor, best known for his work in horror films. He directed the horror films The Roost, The House of the Devil, The Innkeepers, The Sacrament, and he has also acted in a number of films, mostly in those directed by either himself or Joe Swanberg. West was born in Wilmington, Delaware, in 1980 and he was featured in a 2001 fall issue of Teen People magazine. He attended the School of Visual Arts, wests directorial work includes the 2001 short The Wicked, and feature films The Roost, Trigger Man, The House of the Devil, The Innkeepers, and The Sacrament. He appeared in 2004s The Woman Who Split Before Dinner as Old Man Conrad, in 2009, West wrote, produced and directed the web series Dead & Lonely for IFC Films. The first series run ended in October 2009, West disowned the 2009 horror film Cabin Fever 2, Spring Fever, citing massive interference and re-editing as the reasons. He wanted to remove his name completely from the film and give directing credit to Alan Smithee, West was set to direct The Haunting in Georgia, the sequel to The Haunting in Connecticut, but left the project in March 2010. He directed the segment Second Honeymoon, in June 2015, it was reported that West would direct an episode of MTVs Scream television series. He directed the episode of the first season, titled The Dance. He has also directed an episode of Jason Blum and Eli Roths WE tv horror series South of Hell, West wrote, directed, produced and edited the Western film In a Valley of Violence, starring Ethan Hawke, Taissa Farmiga, and John Travolta. It premiered at South by Southwest in March 2016, Ti West at the Internet Movie Database Ion interview with Ti West
3.
Joe Swanberg
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Joe Swanberg is an American independent film director, producer, writer, and actor. Known for micro-budget films which make use of improvisation, Swanberg is considered a major figure in the mumblecore film movement. His films often focus on relationships, sex, technology, Swanberg was born on August 31,1981 in Detroit, Michigan, and was mostly raised in Georgia and Alabama. He graduated from Naperville Central High School in suburban Chicago and attended Southern Illinois University at Carbondale as a film major, in 2005, Swanberg directed his first feature, Kissing on the Mouth. He followed it with LOL, which marked Swanbergs first time working with actress Greta Gerwig, Swanbergs next feature, Alexander the Last, was produced by Noah Baumbach, who would later cast Gerwig opposite Ben Stiller in his 2010 film Greenberg. Uncle Kent premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2011 and Silver Bullets, the rest of the 2010 films premiered theatrically in 2011 after screenings at film festivals. Four of these were included in Joe Swanberg, Collected Films 2011. In 2012 Swanberg wrote and directed the film Drinking Buddies, starring Olivia Wilde, Jake M. Johnson, Anna Kendrick, the film was produced by Alicia Van Couvering and Andrea Roa and shot by Beasts of the Southern Wild cinematographer Ben Richardson. The film was acquired by Magnolia Pictures shortly after its SXSW Premiere, the following year Swanberg shot Happy Christmas, starring himself, Melanie Lynskey, Lena Dunham and Anna Kendrick from Drinking Buddies. This was the first of his films to be shot on 16mm film, the film premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival. His next film as director is Digging for Fire, which premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival, the film was released on August 21,2015 by The Orchard. Swanberg is a proponent of internet-based distribution for independent films and has made his 2011 feature, Marriage Material. He cites Elaine May, Paul Mazursky, Lars Von Trier, Marco Ferreri, Joe Swanberg, Hell Is For Hyphenates, August 31,2014
4.
Radio Silence Productions
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Radio Silence is a trio of filmmakers based in Los Angeles. The group is known for V/H/S, Devils Due, and Southbound, as well as their previous work together as Chad, Radio Silence was formed in 2011 by Matt Bettinelli-Olpin, Tyler Gillett, Justin Martinez and Chad Villella. The collective had worked previously as Chad, Matt & Rob and were known for their unique blend of comedy, adventure, sci-fi. Their most popular include a series of Interactive Adventures and a collection of found footage prank films. Matt Bettinelli-Olpin is originally from Oakland, CA and he is the founding guitarist of punk band Link 80 and a graduate of the University of California, Santa Cruz. Tyler Gillett is originally from Flagstaff, AZ, Chad Villella is originally from Punxsutawney, PA. He is a graduate of Mercyhurst College and an member of the Center for Information Research Analysis And Training. Radio Silences segment of V/H/S is titled 10/31/98 and the story is set on Halloween as a group of friends go in search for a Halloween party. According to an interview with Complex, Radio Silence was brought into the V/H/S fold after producer Brad Miska saw Mountain Devil Prank Fails Horribly and their segment was shot over four days around Los Angeles in August 2011. The film was purchased at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival by Magnolia Pictures for slightly over $1 million, limited theatrical release began October 5,2012 in the United States and November 1,2012 in Argentina. It was released onto DVD, Blu-ray, and digital download on December 4,2012, in 2014, the groups horror thriller Devils Due was released on January 17,2014, by 20th Century Fox. Made for $7 million, the film went onto to gross $36.9 million. Director Eli Roth was vocal in his support of the film and in a series of posts on his official Twitter account and its so smart, creative, inventive, and fun. The guys at Radio Silence killed it, Devils Due is a legit scary, smart, horror film. Scott Weinberg of Fearnet described the film as a darkly passionate homage to Rosemarys Baby, Southbound premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival and released theatrically by the Orchard on February 5,2016. The New York Times Neil Genzlinger gave the film a review and wrote Its five segments do what theyre supposed to do—unsettle you—but as a bonus. These are fragments more than complete stories, and the incompleteness is its own kind of creepiness, the filmmakers arent after tidy tales, neatly connected and concluded. They know that the mind finds loose ends unnerving
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Brad Miska
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Brad Miska is an American film producer and founder of Bloody Disgusting, a horror genre website known for covering horror films, video games, comics, and music. His films include the V/H/S trilogy of horror films, Under The Bed, A Horrible Way to Die. Miska founded Bloody Disgusting in 2001 with co-founder Tom Owen, together, they run the site along with Adam Dodd and Jonathan Barkan. By 2007, the site had 1.5 million unique visitors and 20 million page views each month, in September 2007 a minority stake was purchased by The Collective, a Beverly Hills–based management company. In 2011 Bloody Disgusting began distributing and producing films that have gone on to win awards and it also played at Fantastic Fest where it received three major awards, Best Screenplay for Simon Barrett, Best Actor for AJ Bowen and Best Actress for Amy Seimetz. Southbound - premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival Brad Miska at the Internet Movie Database Official website
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Matt Bettinelli-Olpin
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Matt Bettinelli-Olpin is an American director, writer, actor and musician. He is a member of the punk band Link 80 and co-creator of the filmmaking collectives Chad, Matt & Rob. His films include V/H/S, Devils Due and Southbound, raised in Oakland, California, Bettinelli-Olpin attended the University of California, Santa Cruz where he studied Journalism. Bettinelli-Olpin formed the Bay Area punk band Link 80 in 1993, on the bands first two albums,17 Reasons and Killing Katie, Bettinelli-Olpin played guitar, sang backing vocals and co-wrote the lyrics with singer Nick Traina. In 2016, Bettinelli-Olpin participated in a Link 80 reunion for the Asian Man Records 20th Anniversary, on June 17th and 18th, the band played two sold out shows at the San Franciscos Bottom of the Hill. The lineup also included singer Ryan Noble, guitarist Adam Davis, drummer Joey Bustos, bassists Adam Pereria and Barry Krippene, prior to the shows, a video tribute to Nick Traina was shown that the band released the video online on June 20,2016. In 1999, Bettinelli-Olpin directed Alkaline Trios first music video and, in the early 2000s and he formed the filmmaking collectives Chad, Matt & Rob and Radio Silence in 2007 and 2011, respectively. Bettinelli-Olpin co-founded Chad, Matt & Rob with Chad Villella and Rob Polonsky in 2007, the group is known for their unique blend of comedy, adventure, sci-fi and horror. Among their numerous short films is the viral found footage style video Roommate Alien Prank Gone Bad and their work online has over 100,000,000 views. After the dissolution of Chad, Matt & Rob, Bettinelli-Olpin formed Radio Silence with Tyler Gillett, Justin Martinez, the group co-directed the 10/31/98 segment of the feature film V/H/S. The film premiered at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival and was released theatrically by Magnolia Pictures in October 2012, the following year, they made Devils Due for 20th Century Fox and in 2015, their film Southbound premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival. It was released theatrically by the Orchard on February 5,2016, in all of his films, Bettinelli-Olpin has used music by Asian Man Records artists including Alkaline Trio, Link 80, MU330, Laura Stevenson and the Cans and The Atom Age. 17 Reasons Killing Katie V/H/S Devils Due Southbound Matt Bettinelli-Olpin at the Internet Movie Database Radio Silence Chad, Matt & Rob Link 80
7.
Chad Villella
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Chad Villella is an American actor, writer, producer and director. He is co-creator of Chad, Matt & Rob and Radio Silence and his films include V/H/S, Devils Due and Southbound. Villella is originally from Punxsutawney, PA and a graduate of Mercyhurst College and he is co-creator of the Center for Information Research Analysis And Training. Villella is co-founder of the filmmaking collectives Chad, Matt & Rob, Chad Villella co-founded Chad, Matt & Rob with Matt Bettinelli-Olpin and Rob Polonsky in 2007. The group is known for their blend of comedy, adventure, sci-fi. Among their numerous short films is the viral found footage style video Roommate Alien Prank Gone Bad, as of November 2013, their shorts have received near 70,000,000 views on the Chad, Matt & Rob YouTube channel. After the dissolution of Chad, Matt & Rob, Villella formed Radio Silence with Bettinelli-Olpin, Tyler Gillett, the group directed a segment in the feature film V/H/S, which premiered at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival and was acquired by Magnolia Pictures. Their segment of V/H/S is titled 10/31/98 and according to Aint It Cool News the story is set on Halloween as a group of friends go in search for a Halloween party, V/H/S Devils Due Southbound Chad Villella at the Internet Movie Database Radio Silence Chad, Matt & Rob
8.
Bloody Disgusting
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Bloody Disgusting is an American horror genre website covering horror films, video games, comics, and music, especially known for producing the V/H/S trilogy of anthology horror films. Bloody Disgusting was founded in 2001 by Brad Miska, and Tom Owen, by 2007, the site had 1.5 million unique visitors and 20 million page views each month. In September 2007 a minority stake was purchased by The Collective, in 2011 Bloody Disgusting began distributing and producing films that have gone on to win awards and spawned the successful V/H/S franchise. As Bloody Disgusting grew it evolved into a production company, releasing horror genre favorites. It also played at Fantastic Fest where it received three awards, Best Screenplay for Simon Barrett, Best Actor for AJ Bowen and Best Actress for Amy Seimetz. Films distributed via Bloody Disgusting Selects films are, Official website
9.
Studio71
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Studio71, formerly Collective Digital Studio, is a multi-channel network. The company is a joint venture between German media group ProSiebenSat.1 and Mediaset and TF1, with headquarters Berlin and Los Angeles. They have additional offices in New York City, Toronto, London, Vienna, the company represents just over 1200 channels, together receiving over 6 billion views per month and reaching one in every six millennials. Studio 71 currently sits as the 5th most subscribed-to network, Collective Digital Studio was founded in 2011 by Hollywood talent agent Michael Green. The Collective Digital Studio is a full-service YouTube partner network operating beneath management, on July 24,2015, Collective Digital Studios agreed to sell itself to ProSiebenSat.1 for $83 million. On January 27,2016, CDS announced that it was rebranding as Studio71 so the company can operate under one unified global banner, the merger lead to Studio71 becoming the number 1 MCN in Germany and a top 5 Global MCN. The studio has partnered with Rocketjump to create Video Game High School, as part of the YouTube Original Channel Initiative, Collective Digital Studio was funded to create BlackBoxTV – a horror and science fiction YouTube Channel. Its I Love Makeup channel partnered in 2015 with YouTube comedian Colleen Ballinger to create a comic beauty series called How to Makeup
10.
Magnolia Pictures
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Magnolia Pictures is an American film distributor, and is a subsidiary of 2929 Entertainment, owned by Todd Wagner and Mark Cuban. Magnolia was formed in 2001 by Bill Banowsky and Eamonn Bowles, Magnolia distributes some of its films, especially foreign and genre titles, under the Magnet Releasing arm. In April 2011, Cuban placed Magnolia up for sale, Magnolia Pictures Magnet Releasing Magnolia Pictures at the Internet Movie Database
11.
2012 Sundance Film Festival
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The 2012 Sundance Film Festival took place from January 19 until January 29,2012 in Park City, Utah. 64 short films were selected for the festival from 7,675 submissions, Documentary - The Invisible War Audience Award, U. S. Directing Award, Documentary - The Queen of Versailles U. S. S, Documentary Editing Award - Detropia World Cinema Documentary Editing Award - Indie Game, The Movie Excellence in Cinematography Award, U. S. Documentary - Chasing Ice Excellence in Cinematography Award, U. S, Dramatic - Beasts of the Southern Wild World Cinema Cinematography Award, Documentary - Putins Kiss World Cinema Cinematography Award, Dramatic - My Brother the Devil U. S. Documentary Special Jury Prize for an Agent of Change - Love Free or Die U. S, Documentary Special Jury Prize for Spirit of Defiance - Ai Weiwei, Never Sorry U. S. Dramatic Special Jury Prize for Excellence in Independent Film Producing - Smashed, the NFB documentary Payback, based on Margaret Atwoods Payback, Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth, and the documentary A Place at the Table, also premiered at the festival
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Horror film
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Horror film is a film genre that seeks to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on their fears. Inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe, Bram Stoker, the macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes. Horror may also overlap with the fantasy, supernatural fiction and thriller genres, Horror films often deal with viewers nightmares, fears, revulsions and terror of the unknown. Plots within the genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force, event. Another of his projects was 1898s La Caverne maudite. Japan made early forays into the genre with Bake Jizo and Shinin no Sosei. The era featured a slew of literary adaptations, with the works of Poe and Dante, in 1908, Selig Polyscope Company produced Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In 1910, Edison Studios produced the first filmed version of Frankenstein, the macabre nature of the source materials used made the films synonymous with the horror film genre. Before and during the Weimar Republic era, German Expressionist filmmakers would significantly influence later productions, the first vampire-themed movie, Nosferatu, was made during this period, though it was an unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stokers Dracula. Other European countries also, contributed to the genre during this period, though the word horror to describe the film genre would not be used until the 1930s, earlier American productions often relied on horror themes. Some notable examples include The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Phantom of the Opera, The Cat and the Canary, The Unknown, and The Man Who Laughs. Many of these films were considered dark melodramas because of their stock characters and emotion-heavy plots that focused on romance, violence, suspense. The trend of inserting an element of macabre into American pre-horror melodramas continued into the 1920s, directors known for relying on macabre in their films during the 1920s were Maurice Tourneur, Rex Ingram, and Tod Browning. Ingrams The Magician contains one of the first examples of a mad doctor and is said to have had a influence on James Whales version of Frankenstein. The Unholy Three is an example of Brownings use of macabre and unique style of morbidity, he remade the film in 1930 as a talkie, during the early period of talking pictures, Universal Pictures began a successful Gothic horror film series. Tod Brownings Dracula was quickly followed by James Whales Frankenstein and The Old Dark House, some of these films blended science fiction with Gothic horror, such as Whales The Invisible Man and featured a mad scientist, mirroring earlier German films. Frankenstein was the first in a series of remakes which lasted for years, the Mummy introduced Egyptology as a theme, Make-up artist Jack Pierce was responsible for the iconic image of the monster, and others in the series. Universals horror cycle continued into the 1940s with B-movies including The Wolf Man, the once controversial Freaks, based on the short story Spurs, was made by MGM, though the studio disowned the completed film, and it remained banned, in the UK, for thirty years
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Video on demand
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IPTV technology is often used to bring video on demand to televisions and personal computers. Internet television, using the Internet, is a popular form of video on demand. VOD can also be accessed via desktop client applications such as the Apple iTunes online content store, some airlines offer VOD as in-flight entertainment to passengers through individually controlled video screens embedded in seatbacks or armrests or offered via portable media players. Some video on demand services such as Netflix use a model that requires users to pay a monthly fee to access a bundled set of content. Other services use a model, where access is free for Internet users. Downloading and streaming video on demand systems provide the user all of the features of Portable media players. Some VOD systems that store and stream programs from hard drives use a memory buffer to allow the user to fast forward. It is possible to put video servers on local area networks, streaming video servers can also serve a wider community via a WAN, in which case the responsiveness may be reduced. Download VOD services are practical to homes equipped with cable modems or DSL connections, servers for traditional cable and telco VOD services are usually placed at the cable head-end serving a particular market as well as cable hubs in larger markets. In the telco world, they are placed in either the central office, the first Video on Demand systems used tapes as the realtime source of video streams. GTE started as a trial in 1990 with AT&T providing all components, by 1992 VOD servers were supplying previously encoded digital video from disks and DRAM. In the US the 1982 anti-trust break-up of AT&T resulted in a number of telephone companies called Baby Bells. Following this the Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 prohibited telephone companies from providing services within their operating regions. All of these companies and others began holding trials to setup systems for supplying Video on Demand over telephone, in November 1992 Bell Atlantic announced a VOD trial. The IBM was developing video server code-named Tiger Shark, concurrently Digital Equipment was developing a scalable video server. Bell Atlantic selected IBM and April 1993 the system became the first VOD over ADSL to be deployed outside the lab, in 1994-5 US West went on to file for VOD at several cities. 330,000 subscribers in Denver,290,000 in Minneapolis, many VOD trials were held with various combinations of server, network and set-top. Of these the primary players in the US were the companies, using DEC, Microsoft, Oracle, IBM, Hewlett-Packard, USA Video, nCube, SGI
14.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
15.
V/H/S/2
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V/H/S/2 is a 2013 American anthology horror film from Bloody Disgusting and Producer Brad Miska. It features a series of found-footage shorts and it is the sequel to the film V/H/S. The sequel involves a different group of directors, Jason Eisener, Gareth Evans, Timo Tjahjanto, Eduardo Sánchez, and Gregg Hale. The film is presented as an anthology of horror films. Each short film is linked together with the concept of found footage, after breaking into Kyles dorm, they discover a large stack of VHS tapes and a laptop that is still recording a video. On the laptop, Kyle discusses the VHS tapes, saying where he got one of the most recent ones, as Ayesha watches the first tape, a figure peers out and watches her. Ayesha calls Larry into the room, and they discuss the tapes legitimacy, Larry tells Ayesha to continue viewing the tapes, which Kyles video explains must be watched in the proper order to affect you. Larry re-enters the room and finds Ayesha in a state with her nose bleeding. After being woken, she says she has a migraine, Larry leaves to find medicine, and a seemingly entranced Ayesha watches another tape. From the shadows, the figure out and watches her. Upon Larrys return, he discovers Ayesha lying on the floor with her gun in hand, a VHS tape with the word WATCH written on it in lipstick, lies beside her. Larry picks up the tape and anxiously watches it, an undead Ayesha suddenly attacks Larry. When he breaks her neck, she chases him on all fours. Larry hides in a closet and shoots Ayesha in the face when she finds him, Larry hears a gurgling sound and explores the closet only to find Kyle hiding in the back. Kyle strangles Larry and afterwards gives the camera a thumbs up, his plan being a success, directed by Adam Wingard After a car accident, Herman receives an ocular implant with a camera to replace his damaged right eye. The doctor warns that he may experience glitches because the implant is still in an experimental stage and that night at his home, he is haunted by a man and young girl, both of whom appear dead. Herman calls the doctor to demand that he remove the implant, the next day, the red-haired woman, Clarissa, appears at his door, asking him if he is starting to see dead people. She reveals that she was deaf and had an implant installed in her ear
16.
V/H/S: Viral
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V/H/S, Viral is an American anthology horror film from Bloody Disgusting. An additional segment was filmed, but Todd Lincolns short, Gorgeous Vortex, was cut at the last minute since it did not fit in with the theme of the film. The short is included as an extra on the films DVD and Blu-ray release, directed by Marcel Sarmiento Written by T. J. Cimfel, David White, and Marcel Sarmiento In the wrap-around, Kevin, an amateur videographer constantly shoots footage of his girlfriend Iris, as we watch these initial images it becomes apparent that Kevins mother is abusive, at one point bloodying his nose off-screen. Later in the evening a high speed pursuit near his neighborhood is broadcast on television, he sees the opportunity to create a viral video. But, he is too late to shoot footage as the truck speeds past his house, though he sees Iris wander outside in a daze, after receiving a video call. Kevin chases after the truck, egged on by images of Iris broadcast to his cell phone, the truck circles the neighborhood repeatedly, and people receive strange images on their cell phones that cause them to become violently insane. When Kevin finally catches up to the truck he sees body parts strewn on the ground around it and he examines the drivers seat only to find it empty but with a pair of disembodied hands duct taped to the wheel. Upon examining the back of the truck he finds a number of televisions stacked atop each other as in the first two movies, Iris appears on one of the tv screens and demands that Kevin upload the footage to broadcasters and presumably the internet as well. At first he refuses but does as she says when Iris begins to brutally mutilate herself, the deed done, he exits the truck as the image of Iris on the screen continues to taunt him. Outside he discovers Iris dead body slumped against the truck with her cellphone stuck in her mouth, Kevin realizes that he has been manipulated into uploading the videos and that Iris had been dead for some time. He pulls the phone out of her mouth and sees that its in selfie-mode and he stares in shock at himself on the screen. Directed and written by Gregg Bishop Dante the Great, an untalented illusionist and he quickly becomes famous, though he learns that the cloak requires regular sacrifices to work. Dante hires a series of assistants and videotapes their violent deaths at the hands of the cloak. When Scarlet, his latest assistant, discovers Dantes stash of tapes, Dante uses his magic powers to escape captivity and kill an entire SWAT team. Scarlet then confronts him, and the two duel over the magic cloak, though Scarlet is briefly able to take it from him, he overpowers her and recovers it. Before Dante can kill her, Scarlet uses a trick he taught her to him. Scarlet burns the cloak, only to find it in her house, directed and written by Nacho Vigalondo On each side of an interdimensional portal, parallel versions of inventor Alfonso cautiously greet each other
17.
Frame story
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The frame story leads readers from a first story into another, smaller one within it. The frame story may also be used to allow readers to understand a part of the story and this is not however, to be mixed up with a narrative structure or character personality change. The earliest known frame stories are preserved on the ancient Egyptian Papyrus Westcar. This form gradually spread west through the centuries and became popular, giving rise to such classic frame tale collections as the One Thousand and One Nights, The Decameron, and Canterbury Tales. This format had flexibility in that various narrators could retain the stories they liked or understood, while dropping ones they didnt and this occurred particularly with One Thousand and One Nights, where different versions over the centuries have included different stories. A typical example of a story is One Thousand and One Nights. Many of Scheherazades tales are also frame stories, such as Tale of Sindbad the Seaman and Sindbad the Landsman, extensive use of this device is found in Ovids Metamorphoses, where the stories nest several deep, to allow the inclusion of many different tales in one work. Emily Brontës Wuthering Heights uses this device to tell the story of Heathcliff and Catherine. Her sister Anne also uses this device in her epistolary novel The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, the main heroines diary is framed by the narrators story and letters. Mary Shelleys novel Frankenstein is another example of a book with multiple framed narratives. Frame stories have appeared in other media, such as comic books. Neil Gaimans comic book series The Sandman featured a story arc called Worlds End which consisted of frame stories, frame stories are often organized as a gathering of people in one place for the exchange of stories. Each character tells his or her tale, and the tale progresses in that manner. Sometimes only one exists, and in this case there might be different levels of distance between the reader and author. In this mode, the tale can become more fuzzy. Here the frame includes the world of the imagined Crayon, his stories, essentially, it is a frame story without a story to be framed. When there is a story, the frame story is used for other purposes – chiefly to position the readers attitude toward the tale. One common one is to draw attention to the narrators unreliability, by explicitly making the narrator a character within the frame story, the writer distances himself from the narrator, he may also characterize the narrator to cast doubt on his truthfulness
18.
White noise
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In signal processing, white noise is a random signal having equal intensity at different frequencies, giving it a constant power spectral density. The term is used, with this or similar meanings, in scientific and technical disciplines, including physics, acoustic engineering, telecommunications, statistical forecasting. White noise refers to a model for signals and signal sources. Depending on the context, one may require that the samples be independent and have identical probability distribution. In particular, if each sample has a distribution with zero mean. The samples of a noise signal may be sequential in time. The concept can be defined also for signals spread over more complicated domains, an infinite-bandwidth white noise signal is a purely theoretical construction. The bandwidth of noise is limited in practice by the mechanism of noise generation, by the transmission medium. Thus, a signal is considered white noise if it is observed to have a flat spectrum over the range of frequencies that is relevant to the context. For an audio signal, for example, the relevant range is the band of sound frequencies. Such a signal is heard as a sound, resembling the /sh/ sound in ash. In music and acoustics, the white noise may be used for any signal that has a similar hissing sound. White noise draws its name from white light, although light that appears white generally does not have a spectral power density over the visible band. The term white noise is used in the context of phylogenetically based statistical methods to refer to a lack of phylogenetic pattern in comparative data. It is sometimes used in non technical contexts, in the sense of random talk without meaningful contents. Being uncorrelated in time does not restrict the values a signal can take, any distribution of values is possible. Even a binary signal which can take on the values 1 or –1 will be white if the sequence is statistically uncorrelated. Noise having a distribution, such as a normal distribution
19.
Videocassette recorder
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Use of a VCR to record a television program to play back at a more convenient time is commonly referred to as timeshifting. VCRs can also play back prerecorded tapes, in the 1980s and 1990s, prerecorded videotapes were widely available for purchase and rental, and blank tapes were sold to make recordings. These features began as simple mechanical counter-based single-event timers, but were replaced by more flexible multiple-event digital clock timers. In later models the multiple timer events could be programmed through a menu interface displayed on the playback TV screen and this feature allowed several programs to be recorded at different times without further user intervention, and became a major selling point. The history of the recorder follows the history of videotape recording in general. Ampex introduced the Quadruplex videotape professional broadcast standard format with its Ampex VRX-1000 in 1956 and it became the worlds first commercially successful videotape recorder using two-inch wide tape. Due to its price of US$50,000, the Ampex VRX-1000 could be afforded only by the television networks. In 1959 Toshiba announced a new method of recording known as helical scan, first implemented in reel-to-reel videotape recorders, the Telcan, produced by the UK Nottingham Electronic Valve Company in 1963, was the first home video recorder. It could be bought as a unit or in kit form for £60, however, there were several drawbacks, it was expensive, not easy to assemble, and could only record 20 minutes at a time. It recorded in black-and-white, the format available in the UK at the time. The half-inch tape Sony model CV-2000, first marketed in 1965, was their first VTR intended for home use, Ampex and RCA followed in 1965 with their own reel-to-reel monochrome VTRs priced under US$1,000 for the home consumer market. The EIAJ format was a standard format used by various manufacturers. EIAJ-2 used a cartridge that contained a supply reel, the reel was part of the recorder, and the tape had to be fully rewound before removing the cartridge. In 1972, videocassettes of movies became available for home use, Sony demonstrated a videocassette prototype in October 1969, then set it aside to work out an industry standard by March 1970 with seven fellow manufacturers. The result, the Sony U-matic system, introduced in Tokyo in September 1971, was the worlds first commercial videocassette format. Its cartridges, resembling larger versions of the later VHS cassettes, used 3/4-inch tape and had a playing time of 60 minutes. Sony also introduced two machines to use the new tapes, U-matic, with its ease of use, quickly made other consumer videotape systems obsolete in Japan and North America, where U-matic VCRs were widely used by television newsrooms schools and businesses. But the high cost - US$1,395 in 1971 for a combination TV/VCR, in 1970, Philips developed a home video cassette format specially made for a TV station in 1970 and available on the consumer market in 1972
20.
Zombie
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A zombie is a fictional undead being created through the reanimation of a human corpse. Zombies are most commonly found in horror and fantasy genre works, the term comes from Haitian folklore, where a zombie is a dead body reanimated through various methods, most commonly magic. Modern depictions of zombies do not necessarily involve magic but often invoke science fictional methods such as carriers, radiation, mental diseases, vectors, viruses, scientific accidents, etc. The English word zombie is first recorded in 1819, in a history of Brazil by the poet Robert Southey, the Oxford English Dictionary gives the origin of the word as West African, and compares it to the Kongo words nzambi and zumbi. One of the first books to expose Western culture to the concept of the zombie was The Magic Island by W. B. This is the account of a narrator who encounters voodoo cults in Haiti. Time claimed that the book introduced zombi into U. S. speech, Zombies have a complex literary heritage, with antecedents ranging from Richard Matheson and H. P. Lovecraft to Mary Shelleys Frankenstein drawing on European folklore of the undead. In 1932, Victor Halperin directed White Zombie, a film starring Bela Lugosi. Here zombies are depicted as mindless, unthinking henchmen under the spell of an evil magician, a new version of the zombie, distinct from that described in Haitian folklore, has also emerged in popular culture during the latter half of the twentieth century. This zombie is taken largely from George A. Romeros seminal film Night of the Living Dead, the word zombie is not used in Night of the Living Dead but was applied later by fans. The zombie apocalypse concept, in which the world is brought low by a global zombie infestation. The Oxford English Dictionary gives the origin of the word as West African, in Haitian folklore, a zombie is an animated corpse raised by magical means, such as witchcraft. The concept has been associated with the religion of voodoo. How the creatures in contemporary zombie films came to be called zombies is not fully clear, the film Night of the Living Dead made no spoken reference to its undead antagonists as zombies, describing them instead as ghouls. Although George Romero used the term ghoul in his original scripts, the word zombie is used exclusively by Romero in his 1978 script for his sequel Dawn of the Dead, including once in dialog. According to George Romero, film critics were influential in associating the term zombie to his creatures and he eventually accepted this linkage even though he remained convinced at the time that zombies corresponded to the undead slaves of Haitian voodoo as depicted in Bela Lugosis White Zombie. Zombies are featured widely in Haitian rural folklore as dead persons physically revived by the act of necromancy of a bokor, the bokor is opposed by the houngan or priest and the mambo or priestess of the formal voodoo religion. A zombie remains under the control of the bokor as a personal slave, the Haitian tradition also includes an incorporeal type of zombie, the zombie astral, which is a part of the human soul
21.
Threesome
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In human sexuality, a threesome is sexual activity that involves three people at the same time. Threesome can also refer to a triangle, a three-way romantic relationship. A threesome is a form of sex, but involving only three people. Among swinging couples, one of the two partners is often the force and the other is more passive-supportive of the addition of additional sex parties. Some couples use a threesome as a way to develop a love triangle, a threesome is a common element of sexual fantasy. It is commonly depicted in pornography, but very rarely in mainstream cinema, the people involved in a threesome may have any combination of gender and sexual orientation. Each participant may engage in any type of sex act with one or both of the others, such as vaginal, anal or oral sex or mutual masturbation. One or more of the participants may engage in sexual activity, such as masturbation. It is a matter of definition whether participation of a third person without physical contact constitutes a threesome. This may relate to such as voyeurism or cuckolding. Lucky Pierre is slang for a person performing both receptive and insertive anal and/or vaginal sex simultaneously during a threesome, being positioned between the two partners. A heterosexual threesome may involve two men and a woman, or one man and two women - that is, two men having sex with a woman, or two women with a man. A bisexual threesome may involve a man having sex with a man and a woman, the woman having sex with a man, a homosexual threesome would involve either three men or three women. Other possibilities are possible, such as a man having sex with two women who are having sex with each other, therefore, safe sex practices are advisable. Threesome scenes are featured in films, including A Clockwork Orange, American Psycho
22.
Fellatio
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Fellatio is an oral sex act involving the use of the mouth or throat, which is performed by a person on the penis of another person or oneself. Oral stimulation of the scrotum may also be termed fellatio or tea bagging, Fellatio can be sexually arousing for both participants, and may lead to orgasm for the receptive partner. It may be performed by a partner as foreplay before other sexual activities, or as an erotic. Like most forms of activity, oral sex creates a risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections. However, the risk for oral sex, especially HIV transmission, is significantly lower than for vaginal or anal sex. Most countries do not have laws which ban the practice of oral sex, people may also have negative feelings or sexual inhibitions about giving or receiving oral sex, they may refuse to engage in it of their own volition. Commonly, people do not regard forms of sex as affecting the virginity of either partner. The English noun fellatio comes from fellātus, which in Latin is the past participle of the verb fellāre, in fellatio the -us is replaced by the -io, the declension stem ends in -ion-, which gives the suffix the form -ion. The -io ending is used in English to create nouns from Latin adjectives and it can indicate a state or action wherein the Latin verb is being, or has been, further English words have been created based on the same Latin root. A person who performs fellatio upon another may be termed a fellator, because of Latins gender based declension, the equivalent term for a female is fellatrix. A person who performs fellatio on someone might be referred to as the partner. Fellatio can be sexually arousing for participants, and males commonly experience orgasm, though a person who receives fellatio is male, his sex partner may be of either gender. When the penis is thrust into someones mouth, it may be called irrumatio, the man receiving fellatio can slow the rhythm of the stimulation by holding his partners head. The mans partner may also play with his penis by licking, sucking, kissing or otherwise playing with the tongue. Fellatio may also include the stimulation of the scrotum, whether licking, sucking or taking the entire scrotum into the mouth. It is difficult for people to perform fellatio, due to their sensitivities to the natural gag reflex. Different people have different sensitivities to the reflex, but some people learn to suppress the reflex, deep-throating is an act in which a mans partner takes the entire erect penis deep into their mouth, in such a way as to enter their throat. Nancy Fridays book, Men in Love - Mens Sexual Fantasies, The Triumph of Love over Rage, the man receiving fellatio receives direct sexual stimulation, while his partner may derive satisfaction from giving him pleasure
23.
Succubus
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A succubus is a Lilin-demon in female form, or supernatural entity in folklore that appears in dreams and takes the form of a woman in order to seduce men, usually through sexual activity. The male counterpart is the incubus, religious traditions hold that repeated sexual activity with a succubus may result in the deterioration of health, mental state, or even death. The word is derived from Late Latin succuba paramour, from succub to lie beneath, the word succubus originates from the late 14th century. According to Zohar and the Alphabet of Ben Sira, Lilith was Adams first wife and she left Adam and refused to return to the Garden of Eden after she mated with archangel Samael. In Zoharistic Kabbalah, there were four succubi who mated with the archangel Samael, there were four original queens of the demons, Lilith, Mahalath, Agrat Bat Mahlat, and Naamah. A succubus may take a form of a young girl but closer inspection may reveal deformities of her body. In later folklore, a succubus took the form of a siren, throughout history, priests and rabbis, including Hanina Ben Dosa and Abaye, tried to curb the power of succubi over humans. However, not all succubi were malevolent, according to Walter Map in the satire De Nugis Curialium, Pope Sylvester II was allegedly involved with a succubus named Meridiana, who helped him achieve his high rank in the Catholic Church. Before his death, he confessed of his sins and died repentant, according to the Kabbalah and the school of Rashba, the original three queens of the demons, Agrat Bat Mahlat, Naamah, Eisheth Zenunim, and all their cohorts give birth to children, except Lilith. According to other legends, the children of Lilith are called Lilin, according to the Malleus Maleficarum, or Witches Hammer, written by Heinrich Kramer in 1486, a succubus collects semen from the men she seduces. Children so begotten – cambions – were supposed to be those that were born deformed, but in some lore the child is born deformed because the conception was unnatural. If a demon could extract the semen quickly, the transportation of the substance could not be transported to a female host. This explains his view that Succubae and Incubi were the same demonic entity only to be described based on the tormented sexes being conversed with. The second method was the idea that a body could be possessed by a devil. However, there is no mention of a corpse being possessed to elicit sex from men. In Arabian mythology, the qarînah is a similar to the succubus. A qarînah sleeps with the person and has relations during sleep as is known by the dreams and they are said to be invisible, but a person with second sight can see them, often in the form of a cat, dog, or other household pet. In Omdurman it is a spirit which possesses, only certain people are possessed and such people cannot marry or the qarina will harm them
24.
Honeymoon
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A honeymoon is the traditional holiday taken by newlyweds to celebrate their marriage in intimacy and seclusion. Today, honeymoons are often celebrated in destinations considered exotic or romantic and this is the period when newly wed couples take a break to share some private and intimate moments that helps establish love in their relationship. This privacy in turn is believed to ease the comfort zone towards a physical relationship, the earliest term for this in English was hony moone, which was recorded as early as 1546. In Western culture, the custom of a couple going on a holiday together originated in early 19th century Great Britain. Upper-class couples would take a tour, sometimes accompanied by friends or family. The practice soon spread to the European continent and was known as voyage à la façon anglaise in France from the 1820s onwards, honeymoons in the modern sense became widespread during the Belle Époque, as one of the first instances of modern mass tourism. This came about in spite of initial disapproval by contemporary medical opinion, the most popular honeymoon destinations at the time were the French Riviera and Italy, particularly its seaside resorts and romantic cities such as Rome, Verona or Venice. Typically honeymoons would start on the night they were married, with the couple leaving midway through the reception to catch a train or ship. In Jewish traditions, honeymoons are often put off seven days to allow for the seven nights of feasting if the visits to friends, the Oxford English Dictionary offers no etymology, but gives examples dating back to the 16th century. The Merriam-Webster dictionary reports the etymology as from the idea that the first month of marriage is the sweetest. In ancient times honeymoon referred to the time of year when bee honey was ripe and this was usually around the Summer solstice by end June. A honeymoon can also be the first, sweetest moments a newly-wed couple spend together and this, the first known literary reference to the honeymoon, was penned in 1552, in Richard Huloets Abecedarium Anglico Latinum. It was believed that by faithfully drinking mead for that first month, the woman would “bear fruit”, there are many words of similar meaning in other languages. The Sinhalese form translates as Madhu Samaya, the French form translates as moon of honey, as do the Spanish, Romanian, Nepali Portuguese and Italian equivalents. The Welsh word for honeymoon is mis mêl, which means honey month, the Persian word is ماه عسل māh-e asal which means both honey moon and honey month. The same applies to the word ay in the Turkish equivalent, in Hungarian language it is called honey weeks
25.
American frontier
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Frontier refers to a contrasting region at the edge of a European-American line of settlement. American historians cover multiple frontiers but the folklore is focused primarily on the 19th century west of the Mississippi River. As defined by Hine and Faragher, frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities, the use of the land, the development of markets, and the formation of states. They explain, It is a tale of conquest, but also one of survival, persistence, thus, Turners Frontier Thesis proclaimed the westward frontier as the defining process of American history. As the American frontier passed into history, the myths of the West in fiction and film took firm hold in the imagination of Americans, America is exceptional in choosing its iconic self-image. David Murdoch has said, No other nation has taken a time and place from its past, the frontier line was the outer line of European-American settlement. It moved steadily westward from the 1630s to the 1880s, Turner favored the Census Bureau definition of the frontier line as a settlement density of two people per square mile. The West was the settled area near that boundary. Thus, parts of the Midwest and American South, though no longer considered western, have a frontier heritage along with the western states. In the 21st century, however, the term American West is most often used for the area west of the Mississippi River, in the colonial era, before 1776, the west was of high priority for settlers and politicians. The American frontier began when Jamestown, Virginia was settled by the English in 1607, English, French, Spanish and Dutch patterns of expansion and settlement were quite different. Although French fur traders ranged widely through the Great Lakes and mid-west region they settled down. French settlement was limited to a few small villages such as Kaskaskia. They created a rural settlement in upstate New York. Areas in the north that were in the stage by 1700 generally had poor transportation facilities. The wealthy speculator, if one was involved, usually remained at home, the class of landless poor was small. Few artisans settled on the frontier except for those who practiced a trade to supplement their primary occupation of farming, there might be a storekeeper, a minister, and perhaps a doctor, and there were a number of landless laborers. However frontier areas of 1700 that had good river connections were transformed into plantation agriculture
26.
Fortune-telling
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Fortune-telling is the practice of predicting information about a persons life. The scope of fortune-telling is in principle identical with the practice of divination, historically, fortune-telling grows out of folkloristic reception of Renaissance magic, specifically associated with Romani people. During the 19th and 20th century, methods of divination from non-Western cultures, there is opposition to fortune-telling in Christianity, Islam and Judaism based on scriptural prohibitions against divination. This sometimes causes discord in the Jewish community due to their views on mysticism, the last three have traditional associations in the popular mind with the Roma and Sinti people. Alectromancy, by observation of a rooster pecking at grain Astrology, augury, by the flight of birds. Bazi or four pillars, by hour, day, month, bibliomancy, by books, frequently, but not always, religious texts. Cartomancy, by playing cards, tarot cards, or oracle cards, ceromancy, by patterns in melting or dripping wax. Chiromancy, by the shape of the hands and lines in the palms, chronomancy, by determination of lucky and unlucky days. Clairvoyance, by spiritual vision or inner sight, cleromancy, by casting of lots, or casting bones or stones. Cold reading, by using visual and aural clues, crystallomancy, by crystal ball also called scrying. Extispicy, by the entrails of animals, face reading, by means of variations in face and head shape. Geomancy, by markings in the ground, sand, earth, haruspicy, by the livers of sacrificed animals. Horary astrology, the astrology of the time the question was asked, I Ching divination, by yarrow stalks or coins and the I Ching. Kau cim by means of numbered bamboo sticks shaken from a tube, necromancy, by the dead, or by spirits or souls of the dead. Palmistry, by lines and mounds on the hand, parrot astrology, by parakeets picking up fortune cards Paper fortune teller, origami used in fortune-telling games Pendulum reading, by the movements of a suspended object. Runecasting or Runic divination, by runes, scrying, by looking at or into reflective objects. Spirit board, by planchette or talking board, taromancy, by a form of cartomancy using tarot cards. Tasseography or tasseomancy, by tea leaves or coffee grounds, Western fortune-tellers typically attempt predictions on matters such as future romantic, financial, and childbearing prospects
27.
Grand Canyon
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The Grand Canyon is a steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in the U. S. state of Arizona in North America. President Theodore Roosevelt was a proponent of preservation of the Grand Canyon area. The Grand Canyon is 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide, since that time, the Colorado River has driven the down-cutting of the tributaries and retreat of the cliffs, simultaneously deepening and widening the canyon. For thousands of years, the area has been inhabited by Native Americans. The Pueblo people considered the Grand Canyon a holy site, the first European known to have viewed the Grand Canyon was García López de Cárdenas from Spain, who arrived in 1540. It is not the deepest canyon in the world, however, the Grand Canyon is known for its visually overwhelming size and its intricate and colorful landscape. Geologically, it is significant because of the sequence of ancient rocks that are well preserved and exposed in the walls of the canyon. These rock layers record much of the geologic history of the North American continent. Uplift associated with mountain formation later moved these sediments thousands of feet upward, the higher elevation has also resulted in greater precipitation in the Colorado River drainage area, but not enough to change the Grand Canyon area from being semi-arid. The uplift of the Colorado Plateau is uneven, and the Kaibab Plateau that Grand Canyon bisects is over a one thousand feet higher at the North Rim than at the South Rim. Almost all runoff from the North Rim flows toward the Grand Canyon, the result is deeper and longer tributary washes and canyons on the north side and shorter and steeper side canyons on the south side. Temperatures on the North Rim are generally lower than those on the South Rim because of the greater elevation, heavy rains are common on both rims during the summer months. Access to the North Rim via the route leading to the canyon is limited during the winter season due to road closures. The Grand Canyon is part of the Colorado River basin which has developed over the past 40 million years, a recent study places the origins of the canyon beginning about 17 million years ago. Previous estimates had placed the age of the canyon at 5–6 million years, the study, which was published in the journal Science in 2008, used uranium-lead dating to analyze calcite deposits found on the walls of nine caves throughout the canyon. There is an amount of controversy because this research suggests such a substantial departure from prior widely supported scientific consensus. In December 2012, a study published in the journal Science claimed new tests had suggested the Grand Canyon could be as old as 70 million years, the canyon is the result of erosion which exposes one of the most complete geologic columns on the planet. The major geologic exposures in the Grand Canyon range in age from the 2-billion-year-old Vishnu Schist at the bottom of the Inner Gorge to the 230-million-year-old Kaibab Limestone on the Rim
28.
Videotelephony
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Videotelephony comprises the technologies for the reception and transmission of audio-video signals by users at different locations, for communication between people in real-time. A videophone is a telephone with a display, capable of simultaneous video. Videoconferencing implies the use of technology for a group or organizational meeting rather than for individuals. Telepresence may refer either to a high-quality videotelephony system or to meetup technology which goes beyond video into robotics, Videoconferencing has also been called visual collaboration and is a type of groupware. It is also used in commercial and corporate settings to facilitate meetings and conferences, Simple analog videophone communication could be established as early as the invention of the television. Such an antecedent usually consisted of two closed-circuit television systems connected via cable or radio. An example of that was the German Reich Postzentralamt video telephone network serving Berlin, the development of the crucial video technology first started in the latter half of the 1920s in the United Kingdom and the United States, spurred notably by John Logie Baird and AT&Ts Bell Labs. This occurred in part, at least with AT&T, to serve as an adjunct supplementing the use of the telephone, a number of organizations believed that videotelephony would be superior to plain voice communications. However video technology was to be deployed in analog television broadcasting long before it could become practical—or popular—for videophones, during the first manned space flights, NASA used two radio-frequency video links, one in each direction. TV channels routinely use this type of videotelephony when reporting from distant locations, the news media were to become regular users of mobile links to satellites using specially equipped trucks, and much later via special satellite videophones in a briefcase. This technique was very expensive, though, and could not be used for such as telemedicine, distance education. Videotelephony developed in parallel with conventional voice telephone systems from the mid-to-late 20th century, Only in the late 20th century with the advent of powerful video codecs combined with high-speed Internet broadband and ISDN service did videotelephony become a practical technology for regular use. In the 1980s, digital telephony transmission networks became possible, such as with ISDN networks, assuring a bit rate for compressed video. During this time, there was research into other forms of digital video. Many of these technologies, such as the Media space, are not as used today as videoconferencing but were still an important area of research. The first dedicated systems started to appear in the market as ISDN networks were expanding throughout the world, one of the first commercial videoconferencing systems sold to companies came from PictureTel Corp. which had an Initial Public Offering in November,1984. The company also secured a patent for a codec for full-motion videoconferencing, in 1992 CU-SeeMe was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al. In 1995 the first public videoconference between North America and Africa took place, linking a technofair in San Francisco with a techno-rave and cyberdeli in Cape Town
29.
Extraterrestrial life
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Extraterrestrial life, also called alien life, is life that does not originate from Earth. These hypothetical life forms may range from simple single-celled organisms to beings with civilizations far more advanced than humanity, although many scientists expect extraterrestrial life to exist in some form, there is no evidence for its existence to date. The Drake equation speculates about the existence of intelligent life elsewhere in the universe, the science of extraterrestrial life in all its forms is known as exobiology. The science of astrobiology considers life on Earth as well, in 2015, remains of biotic life were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia, when the young Earth was about 400 million years old. According to one of the researchers, If life arose relatively quickly on Earth and it has also played a major role in works of science fiction. Over the years, science fiction works have increased the publics interest in the possibility of extraterrestrial life, some encourage aggressive methods to try for contact with intelligent extraterrestrial life, whereas others argue that it might be dangerous to actively call attention to Earth. Alien life, such as microorganisms, has been hypothesized to exist in the Solar System and this hypothesis relies on the vast size and consistent physical laws of the observable universe. The chemistry of life may have begun shortly after the Big Bang,13.8 billion years ago, Life may have emerged independently at many places throughout the universe. Alternatively, life may have formed less frequently, then spread—by meteoroids, in any case, complex organic molecules may have formed in the protoplanetary disk of dust grains surrounding the Sun before the formation of Earth. According to these studies, this process may occur outside Earth on several planets and moons of the Solar System, since the 1950s, scientists have argued the idea that habitable zones around stars are the most likely places to find life. The nearest such planet may be 12 light-years away, according to the scientists, astrobiologists have also considered a follow the energy view of potential habitats. Life on Earth requires water as its solvent in which biochemical reactions take place, More generally, life based on ammonia has been suggested, though this solvent appears less suitable than water. It is also conceivable that there are forms of life whose solvent is a liquid hydrocarbon, about 29 chemical elements play an active positive role in living organisms on Earth. About 95% of this matter is built upon only six elements, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus. These six elements form the building blocks of virtually all life on Earth. The unique characteristics of carbon make it unlikely that it could be replaced, even on another planet, the carbon atom has the unique ability to make four strong chemical bonds with other atoms, including other carbon atoms. These covalent bonds have a direction in space, so that carbon atoms can form the skeletons of complex 3-dimensional structures with definite architectures such as nucleic acids, carbon forms more compounds than all other elements combined. The great versatility of the atom makes it the element most likely to provide the bases—even exotic ones—for the chemical composition of life on other planets
30.
Neonatal intensive care unit
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A neonatal intensive care unit, also known as an intensive care nursery, is an intensive care unit specializing in the care of ill or premature newborn infants. The first American newborn intensive care unit, designed by Louis Gluck, was opened in October 1960 at Yale–New Haven Hospital, in the city of New Haven, Connecticut. A NICU is typically directed by one or more neonatologists and staffed by nurses, nurse practitioners, pharmacists, physician assistants, resident physicians, respiratory therapists, many other ancillary disciplines and specialists are available at larger units. The term neonatal comes from neo, new, and natal, Neonatal nurse practitioners are advanced practice nurses that care for premature babies and sick newborns in intensive care units, emergency rooms, delivery rooms, and special clinics. Prematurity is a factor that follows early labour, a planned caesarean section. Healthcare institutions have varying requirements for neonatal nurses. Neonatal nurses are registered nurses, and therefore must have an Associate of Science in Nursing or Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree, some countries or institutions may also require a midwifery qualification. Some institutions may accept newly graduated RNs having passed the NCLEX exam, some countries offer postgraduate degrees in neonatal nursing, such as the Master of Science in Nursing and various doctorates. A nurse practitioner may be required to hold a postgraduate degree, the National Association of Neonatal Nurses recommends two years experience working in a NICU before taking graduate classes. As with any registered nurse, local licensing or certifying bodies as well as employers may set requirements for continuing education, there are no mandated requirements to becoming an RN in an NICU, although neonatal nurses must have certification as a neonatal resuscitation provider. Intensive-care nurses undergo intensive didactic and clinical orientation in addition to their general nursing knowledge in order to provide highly specialized care for critical patients, NICU RNs undergo annual skills tests and are subject to additional training to maintain contemporary practice. The problem of premature and congenitally ill infants is not a new one, as early as the 17th and 18th centuries, there were scholarly papers published that attempted to share knowledge of interventions. It was not until 1922, however, that hospitals started grouping the newborn infants into one area, before the industrial revolution, premature and ill infants were born and cared for at home and either lived or died without medical intervention. In the mid-nineteenth century, the infant incubator was first developed, based on the used for chicken eggs. Dr. Stephane Tarnier is generally considered to be the father of the incubator, other methods had been used before, but this was the first closed model, in addition, he helped convince other physicians that the treatment helped premature infants. France became a forerunner in assisting premature infants, in due to its concerns about a falling birth rate. After Tarnier retired, Dr. Pierre Budin, followed in his footsteps, noting the limitations of infants in incubators and the importance of breastmilk and the mother’s attachment to the child. Budin is known as the father of modern perinatology, and his seminal work The Nursling became the first major publication to deal with the care of the neonate
31.
Tracking system
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In virtual space technology, a tracking system is generally a system capable of rendering virtual space to a human observer while tracking the observers body coordinates. Some are lag time indicators, that is, the data is collected after an item has passed a point for example a bar code or choke point or gate, others are real-time or near real-time like Global Positioning Systems depending on how often the data is refreshed. There are bar-code systems which require a person to scan items, for the most part, the tracking worlds are composed of discrete hardware and software systems for different applications. The readers required per choke point are meshed auto-ID or hand-held ID applications, however tracking could also be capable to provide monitoring data without binding to fixed location by using a cooperative tracking capability, e. g. an RTLS. Yard Management Systems couple location data collected by RFID and GPS systems to help Supply Chain Managers to optimize utilization of assets such as trailers. YMS systems can use either active or passive RFID tags, fleet management is applied as a tracking application using GPS and composing tracks from subsequent vehicles positions. Each vehicle to be tracked is equipped with a GPS receiver, using GPS IDs would resolve the decreasing attendance in schools by monitoring the whereabouts of students when they did not attend class. It is also used to efficiently check attendance, perks of this tracking system is allowing students to check out library books buy food in the cafeterias. The GPS IDs also act as a security measure to monitor any unwanted visitors or an emergency locator if a student cannot be found, in the Spring Independent School District, students have been using for many years in check that students are staying in school during the day. Since they have instigated the system, attendance has increased thus schooling funding has increased as well, recently, debates over the Fourth Amendment have come up. Conservative students wish to keep their privacy and forbid to wear tracking devices, since many schools, such as those in the Spring Independent School District, require students to wear the tracking IDs, students argue that it is an immediate violation of their privacy. Yet, the Fourth Amendment is not violated in cases since students are not tracked in their homes. Each school’s decision over GPS IDs varies as states develop laws against these IDs in schools, location-based services or LBS is a term that is derived from the telematics and telecom world. The combination of A-GPS, newer GPS and cellular locating technology is what has enabled the latest “LBS” for handsets, line of sight is not necessarily required for a location fix. This is a significant advantage in certain applications since a GPS signal can still be lost indoors, as such, A-GPS enabled cell phones and PDAs can be located indoors and the handset may be tracked more precisely. This enables non-vehicle centric applications and can bridge the indoor location gap, typically the domain of RFID and RTLS systems, currently, A-GPS enabled handsets are still highly dependent on the Location-Based Service carrier system, so handset device choice and application requirements are still not apparent. Enterprise system integrators need the skills and knowledge to choose the pieces that will fit the application. Regardless of the technology, for the most part the end-users just want to locate themselves or wish to find points of interest
32.
Ted Kaczynski
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Theodore John Ted Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber, is an American anarchist and domestic terrorist. In conjunction with this campaign he issued a wide-ranging social critique opposing industrialization and modern technology, Kaczynski was born and raised in Evergreen Park, Illinois. While growing up in Evergreen Park he was a child prodigy, Kaczynski was accepted into Harvard University at the age of 16, where he earned an undergraduate degree. He subsequently earned a PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan and he became an assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley in 1967 at age 25. In 1971, he moved to a cabin without electricity or running water in Lincoln, Montana. The Unabomber was the target of one of the Federal Bureau of Investigations costliest investigations, before Kaczynskis identity was known, the FBI used the title UNABOM to refer to his case, which resulted in the media calling him the Unabomber. Kaczynski tried unsuccessfully to dismiss his court-appointed lawyers because they wanted to plead insanity in order to avoid the death penalty and he has been designated a domestic terrorist by the FBI. Some anarcho-primitivist authors, such as John Zerzan and John Moore, have come to his defense, while also holding some reservations about his actions and ideas. Kaczynski was born on May 22,1942, in Evergreen Park, Illinois, to second-generation Polish Americans, Wanda, at six months of age, Kaczynski developed a severe case of hives. He was placed in isolation in a hospital where visitors were not allowed and he was treated several times at the hospital over an eight-month period. His mother wrote in March 1943, Baby home from hospital and is healthy, Kaczynski attended grades one through eight in Evergreen Park District 124 Schools. As a result of testing conducted in the grade, which determined he had an IQ of 167, he was allowed to skip the sixth grade. Kaczynski described this as an event in his life. He recalled not fitting in with the children and being subjected to their bullying. As a child, Kaczynski had a fear of people and buildings and his mother was so worried by his poor social development that she considered entering him in a study for autistic children led by Bruno Bettelheim. In his sophomore year at Harvard, Kaczynski participated in a personality assessment study conducted by Henry Murray, students in Murrays study were told they would be debating personal philosophy with a fellow student. Instead, they were subjected to a purposely brutalizing psychological experiment, during the test, students were taken into a room and connected to electrodes that monitored their physiological reactions, while facing bright lights and a one-way mirror. This was filmed, and students expressions of impotent rage were played back to several times later in the study
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Nanny cam
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A hidden camera or spy camera or security camera is a still or video camera used to record people without their knowledge. The camera is hidden because it is not visible to the subject being filmed. Hidden cameras can be built into commonly used such as television sets, smoke detectors, clock radios, motion detectors, ball caps, plants. Hidden cameras may be used for surveillance and may also be used commercially or industrially as security cameras. The proliferation and lower costs of recording devices has led to an increase in the use of hidden cameras for legitimate surveillance need, as well as for entertainment. The use of hidden cameras raises personal privacy issues and there may be legal aspects to consider, a hidden camera can be contrasted with CCTV, which is visible and which sometimes is accompanied with a warning notice of its presence. A hidden camera can be wired or wireless, hidden cameras may also have an audio capability. A hidden camera may be activated manually, by remote control or be connected to a motion detector, hidden cameras may be installed within common household objects to monitor and record the activities of caregivers. These are commonly referred to as nanny cams, the legality of using hidden cameras is usually a subject of controversy. For example, a case involving a nanny that was allegedly caught violently shaking a baby was thrown out as worthless evidence, some hidden camera television shows have also led to lawsuits or being denied to air by the people who were trapped in set-ups that they found unpleasant. In the United States, nanny cams are legal although most are sold without audio capabilities, though some on the market may be available with the ability to record audio, these cameras should not be used due to the illegality of the recordings they produce. Nanny cams are legal in all 50 states, but it is illegal in 13 states to record audio without express or written consent of the nanny being recorded and this falls under the federal governments wire tapping laws. The use of cameras is generally permitted under UK law, if used in a legal manner. There are a number of laws under the Data Protection Act, in any type of covert surveillance, footage should only be used for the purpose for which it has been taken, which must be a legitimate security reason. The person in possession of the footage is responsible for its use and it is not permitted to release footage to third parties except when there is a legal necessity. Ultraminiature still cameras have long used for surreptitious photography, using film as small as 8×11 mm. In particular, Minox cameras were used for photographing documents close up for espionage. Today, spy cameras can be bought by anyone for as low as $6 USD, hidden cameras are also sometimes used in reality television to catch participants in unusual or absurd situations
