1.
People mover
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A people mover or automated people mover is a type of grade-separated mass transit system. The term was applied to three different systems, developed roughly at the same time. One was Skybus, a mass transit system prototyped by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation beginning in 1964. The second, alternately called the People Mover and Minirail, opened in Montreal at Expo 67, finally the last, called PeopleMover or WEDway PeopleMover, was an attraction that was originally presented by Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and that opened at Disneyland in 1967. Now, however, the people mover is generic, and may use technologies such as monorail, duorail. Propulsion may involve conventional on-board electric motors, linear motors or cable traction, generally speaking, larger APMs are referred to by other names. The most generic is automated guideway transit, which encompasses any automated system regardless of size, some complex APMs deploy fleets of small vehicles over a track network with off-line stations, and supply near non-stop service to passengers. These taxi-like systems are usually referred to as personal rapid transit. Larger systems, with vehicles with 20 to 40 passengers, are referred to as group rapid transit. Other complex APMs have similar characteristics to mass transit systems, another term Light Metro is also applied to describe the system worldwide. One of the first automated systems for human transportation was the screw-driven Never-Stop-Railway, constructed for the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley, London in 1924. This railway consisted of 88 unmanned carriages, on a double track along the northern and eastern sides of the exhibition. The railway ran reliably for the two years of the exhibition, and was then dismantled, small sections of this track bed, and a nearby heavy rail track bed, have been proposed for reuse. if Goodyear had ever considered working on People Movers. He felt that with Goodyears ability to move materials in large quantities on conveyor belts they should consider moving batches of people. Four years of engineering design, development and testing led to a joint patent being issued for three types of people movers, named Speedwalk, Speedramp, and Carveyor, Goodyear would sell the concept and Stephens-Adamson would manufacture and install the components. A Speedwalk consisted of a conveyor belt riding on a series of rollers, or a flat slippery surface. The passengers would walk onto the belt and could stand or walk to the exit point and they were supported by a moving handrail. Customers were expected to include airport terminals, ballparks, train stations, today, several manufacturers produce similar units called moving walkways
2.
Lille Metro
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The Lille Metro is a driverless metro located in Lille, France. It was opened on 25 April 1983 and was the first to use the VAL system and this VAL system was the first fully automated driverless metro of any kind in Europe. The metro is made up of 2 lines that serve 60 stations, the metro forms part of a multi-modal public transport system covering the Lille metropolitan area, along with buses and trams, operated under the Transpole brand. The decentralisation resulted in the creation of the Public Establishment of Lille East development in 1968, in the 1970s, a plan for a proposed four line metro system was developed, favouring the VAL system over conventional rail systems. Construction started in 1978, and the first section was opened on 25 April 1983 between Quatre Cantons and République, on 2 May 1984 line 1 was completed, with a length of 13.5 kilometres, linking CHR B Calmette to Quatre Cantons via Gare de Lille Flandres. All 18 stations have doors between the platform and the train, Line 2 opened on 3 April 1989 and it reached CH Dron near the Belgian border on 27 October 2000. It is 32 kilometres long with 43 stations, while line one opened in April 1983 between 4 Cantons and République, it was extended, with the extension from République and C. H. R. B Calmette opening on the 2nd of May 1984, the cost of opening the first line in both its phases cost in excess of 2 billion Francs. Construction of line two began in April 1985, a depot was opened on the second line at Villeneuve dAscq, after the terminus of the line Saint Philibert in Lomme. Line one became operational in late 1988 with testing being carried out for four months, the first extension was inaugurated on 5 May 1994K, the underground section has a length of 500 metres and connects the Euralille business area to the rest of Lille. The third part is the longest to be opened, making about 13 km and it became operational in March 1999 and commissioned on 18 August that year. This section goes through the towns of Villeneuve dAscq, Wasquehal, Cross, Roubaix, though the route is mainly underground, the metro runs on a 1.3 km viaduct between the stations of Fort Mons and Jean-Jaures. The final section was inaugurated on 27 October 2000 by Prime Minister Lionel Jospin, while a system of four lines was initially planned in the 1970s only two lines have been built. Lille Métropole Urban Community indicates in its transport plan adopted in June 2000 that the subway construction cost does not allow new achievements. In 2003 a third line was estimated to cost €810 million, Line 1 is 13. 5-kilometre long and serves 18 stations. Trains are 2 metres wide and 26 metres long, and are rubber-tyred, platforms are 52 metres in length, long enough for two units. Each unit can carry 156 passengers, the metro operates from 5,00 a. m. until midnight, with trains every 1½ to 4 minutes, and every 6 to 8 minutes early mornings and evenings. On Sundays there is a train every 2 to 6 minutes, since January 2013, work to double the capacity of Line 1 has been ongoing
3.
Toulouse Metro
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The Toulouse metro serves the city of Toulouse, France, and some of the surrounding area. It has been managed by Tisséo, under the authority of the Syndicat Mixte des Transports en Commun since 2003, the Toulouse metro consists of two primarily underground metro lines, Lines A and B, that together serve 37 stations, and comprise 28.2 kilometres of route. 1983, City Council decides to create a line on a south-western/north-eastern axis. 1985, the municipality decides to use VAL technology,1987, the project receives planning and environmental approvals. 1989, beginning of work on Line A.1993, opening of Line A.1997, beginning of studies for the extension of Line A. 2001, beginning of work on extension of Line A and construction of Line B,2002, opening of the extension of line A to Balma-Gramont. Opened in 1993, it is underground, but comprises some elevated sections. On a North-South axis, entirely underground and which opened on 30 June 2007, Line A currently comprises 18 stations on a 12.5 kilometres route. The original section of Line A opened in June 1993, an extension from Jolimont to Balma-Gramont opened in 2002 and it extends from the shopping centre of Balma through Toulouse with stations at Marengo, Capitole, Place Esquirol and University of Mirail. After its final station, Basso-Cambo, is a carriage shed-workshop, the Central Control Centre is also located at the garage-workshop. Operating hours,05,15 to midnight, and until 03,00, in order to reduce costs, five of the 18 stations have short platforms. Long platforms are needed to use four-carriage trains instead of two in order to double the capacity of the line, fortunately it is intended to lengthen the platforms of all the short stations, but this will not occur before 2012 at best. A5 km northern extension to LUnion is also under study by the year 2030, the terminus station would be at Plaine des Monges. This line has initially 20 stations on a 15.7 kilometres route and it opened on 30 June 2007. Car parks have been built at Borderouge, and Ramonville stations, new bus stations have been built Borderouge, Université Paul Sabatier and Ramonville stations. In January 2006, the Mayor of Toulouse, Jean-Luc Moudenc called for a fast decision on an extension of Line B. This extension would include 5 km of line on viaduct, with a crossing of the Canal du Midi and it would cost €330 million and be opened in 2019. This project has been shelved in favor of a metro line
4.
Rubber-tyred metro
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A rubber-tyred metro is a form of rapid transit system that uses a mix of road and rail technology. Most rubber-tyred trains are purpose-built and designed for the system on which they operate, guided buses are sometimes referred to as trams on tyres, and compared to rubber-tyred metros. The first idea for rubber-tyred railway vehicles was the work of Scotsman Robert William Thomson, in his patent of 1846 he describes his Aerial Wheels as being equally suitable for, the ground or rail or track on which they run. During the World War II German occupation of Paris, the Metro system was used to capacity, at the end of the war, the system was so worn out that thought was given as to how to renovate it. Rubber-tyred metro technology was first applied to the Paris Métro, developed by Michelin, who provided the tyres and guidance system, in collaboration with Renault, who provided the vehicles. Starting in 1951, a vehicle, the MP51. Line 11 Châtelet - Mairie des Lilas was the first line to be converted, in 1956, finally, Line 6 Charles de Gaulle - Étoile - Nation was converted in 1974 to cut down train noise on its many elevated sections. The first completely rubber-tyred metro system was built in Montreal, Canada, santiago Metro and Mexico City Metro are based on Paris Métro rubber-tyred trains. Paris Metro Line 14 was automated from its beginning, and Line 1 was converted to automatic in 2007-2011, the first automated rubber-tyred system opened in Kobe, Japan, in February 1981. It is the Portliner linking Sanomiya railway station with Port Island, the vehicle is in the form of electric multiple unit, with power supplied by both, of the guide bars, which thus also serves as the third rail. The return current passes through a return shoe to the top of one, the type of guideway used on a system varies between networks. Two parallel roll ways, each the width of a tyre, are used, either of concrete, concrete slab, H-Shape hot rolled steel, or flat steel. As on a railway, the driver does not have to steer, the Sapporo system is an exception as it uses a central guide rail only. The VAL system used in Lille and Toulouse has conventional track between the guide bars, in Paris these rails were also used to enable mixed traffic with rubber-tyred and steel-wheeled trains using the same track, particularly during conversion from normal railway track. Other systems have other sorts of flat tyre compensation and switching methods, rubber-tyres have higher rolling resistance when compared to traditional steel wheels, which leads to some advantages and disadvantages. Compared to steel wheel on rail, the advantages of rubber-tyred metro systems are. Shorter braking distances, allowing trains to be signalled closer together, quieter rides in open air due to use rubber-tyre. Greatly reduced rail wear with resulting reduced costs of those parts
5.
University of Lille Nord de France
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The University of Lille Nord de France is a center for higher education, academic research and doctoral studies located over multiple campuses centred in Lille, France. It includes a college that federates university institutes, engineering schools. With more than one hundred students, it is one of the five largest university federations in France. The university expanded into several campus in Lille region at the end of the 20th century,139 research labs and institutes are associated to the European Doctoral College Lille Nord-Pas de Calais. Altogether, the university research labs own an active portfolio of more than 170 invention patent families
6.
Villeneuve-d'Ascq
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Villeneuve-dAscq is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Built up owing to the merger between Ascq, Annappes and Flers-lez-Lille communes, the new town is the cradle of the first automatic system of the world. Its name means new city of Ascq in French and is derived from the Flemish word for ash, the name of the city is generally written without the customary hyphen. The city counts approximately 10 km2 of greenspace, lakes, forests and it is located between Lille and Roubaix, at the crossroads of the principal freeways towards Paris, Ghent, Antwerp and Brussels. The roots of the city can be traced back to Celtic Gaul and its site was selected in the 1960s to accommodate the new town of Lille-Est, which was to channel the development of the agglomeration. The commune of Villeneuve-dAscq was created in 1970 by the amalgamation of the communes of Ascq, Annappes and Flers. Its name evokes at the time the new city and the memory of Ascq, martyr city of 1 April 1944, date on which the Nazis massacred 86 men. The citys merger with Lille was contentious and failed twice, different kinds of businesses have their headquarters in Villeneuve dAscq because of the availability of land, the presence of researchers and the proximity to Benelux and Paris. It is home to the central buying service of international retail group Auchan, a R&D center of multinational agri-processor Tate & Lyle, Villeneuve dAscq also hosts numerous administration and public organizations offices. From 1984 to 1994 Villeneuve dAscq housed a Groupe Bull factory that developed, manufactured and marketed desktops personal computers, there was also a Rhône-Poulenc chemical factory, now housing offices of mail order company 3 Suisses. Villeneuve dAscq hosts the Northern head office of Textile and Clothing French Institute which assist industry for their technological and economical development, finally,2000 businesses are implanted in the city. Two huge shopping centers are located in the technopole, Centre commercial V2, founded in 1977, which, when created, was the largest shopping center north to Paris and, As of 2004, it is the largest in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais area. A new one opened in 2009, heron Parc, a 13,000 m2 shopping center located besides Centre commercial V2, hosts numerous stores of Groupe Auchan and a 12 auditoriums movie theater. Villeneuve dAscq is the first academic pole of the metropolitan area, numerous academic and scientific facilities are located there. The city hosts two main university campuses and those two campuses count a half of Université Lille Nord de France students. 200 public and private laboratories whose 31 of them members of French National Centre for Scientific Research are located in the technopole. Some main research institute are situated in Villeneuve dAscq, for example IEMN, INRIA Lille, IFSTTAR, INRA, at last but not least, the technopole hosts the European scientific park Haute Borne,150 hectare next to Université Lille 1. The mayors of Villeneuve-dAscq since 1977 have been members of the Socialist Party. In 2008, Villeneuve-dAscq is the seat of the canton of Villeneuve-dAscq
7.
Docklands Light Railway
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The Docklands Light Railway is an automated light metro system opened in 1987 to serve the redeveloped Docklands area of London. It reaches north to Stratford, south to Lewisham, west to Tower Gateway and Bank in the City of London financial district, and east to Beckton, London City Airport and Woolwich Arsenal. The system uses minimal staffing on trains and at interchange stations. Similar proposals have made for the Tube. The DLR is operated under a franchise awarded by Transport for London to KeolisAmey Docklands and it was previously run for over 17 years by Serco Docklands, part of the Serco Group. The system is owned by Docklands Light Railway Ltd, part of the London Rail division of Transport for London, in Fiscal Year 2014, the DLR carried 110.2 million passengers. It has been extended several times and further extensions are under consideration, the docks immediately east of Central London began to decline in the early 1960s as cargo became containerised. They had been connected to the railway network via the London and Blackwall Railway. The opening of the Tilbury container docks, further east in Essex, finally rendered them redundant, as early as 1972, consideration was given to how to redevelop the moribund Docklands. Travis Morgan & Partners were commissioned by the London Docklands Study Team to consider the issue, the Greater London Council formed a Docklands Joint Committee with the Boroughs of Greenwich, Lewisham, Newham, Southwark and Tower Hamlets in 1974 to undertake the redevelopment of the area. A light railway system was envisaged, terminating either at Tower Hill tube station or at Fenchurch Street, but both options were seen as too expensive. This was intended to be the stage of the Fleet line – which had been renamed the Jubilee line. The government created the London Docklands Development Corporation in July 1981 to coordinate the redevelopment of the Docklands, the need to provide a cheap public transport solution led to it commissioning London Transport to evaluate a number of exclusively light rail options. The core of the route ran alongside the Great Eastern line out of London, three terminus options were proposed at the west end, at Tower Hill, Minories and Aldgate East. The Tower Hill option would have required a low-level interchange to be constructed alongside the existing Underground station, the Minories option, a high-level station virtually on the site of the old Minories railway station, was selected and became the current Tower Gateway DLR terminus. However, it became apparent that there was no capacity on the existing network for integrating the DLR into the Underground. Two southern terminus options were put forward, at Cubitt Town and Tiller Road, on the west side of Millwall Dock, with two possible routes to reach them. The central option required the West India Docks to be infilled or bridged and would run down the middle of the peninsula, the contract for the initial system was awarded to GEC Mowlem in 1984 and the system was constructed from 1985 to 1987 at a cost of £77 million
8.
Vancouver
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Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city, the Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016, making it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5,400 people per square kilometre. With over 250,000 residents, Vancouver municipality is the fourth most densely populated city in North America behind New York City, San Francisco, and Mexico City according to the 2011 census. In that census, Vancouver was one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, Vancouver is classed as a Beta global city. In 2014, following thirty years in California, the annual TED conference made Vancouver its indefinite home, several matches of the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup were played in Vancouver, including the final at BC Place Stadium. From that first enterprise, other stores and some hotels quickly appeared along the waterfront to the west, Gastown became formally laid out as a registered townsite dubbed Granville, B. I. As of 2014, Port Metro Vancouver is the third largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 27th in the world, the busiest and largest in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, archaeological records indicate the presence of Aboriginal people in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The city is located in the territories of the Squamish, Musqueam. They had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as Stanley Park, False Creek, Kitsilano, Point Grey, the city takes its name from George Vancouver, who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names. The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his became the first known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey. The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster on the Fraser River, on their way to the Fraser Canyon, a sawmill established at Moodyville in 1863, began the citys long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the shore of the inlet. This mill, known as the Hastings Mill, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed, the mills central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the economy until it closed in the 1920s. The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack Deighton in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property
9.
SkyTrain (Vancouver)
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SkyTrain is the metropolitan rail system of Greater Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. SkyTrain has 79.5 km of track and uses automated trains on grade-separated tracks running on underground and elevated guideways. SkyTrain has the worlds longest cable-supported transit-only bridge, known as SkyBridge, the opening of the Evergreen Extension on December 2,2016, made SkyTrain the longest rapid transit system in Canada and the longest fully automated driverless system in the world. SkyTrain has 53 stations serving three lines, the Expo, Millennium, and Canada Lines, the Expo Line and Millennium Line are operated by British Columbia Rapid Transit Company under contract from TransLink, a regional government transportation agency. The Canada Line is operated on the principles by the private concessionaire ProTrans BC under contract to TransLink. SkyTrain uses a system shared with other local transit services. SkyTrain Attendants provide first aid, directions and customer service, inspect fares, monitor train faults, the Expo Line was built in 1985 in time for Expo 86. The Expo Line ran only as far as New Westminster Station initially, in 1989, it was extended to Columbia Station and in 1990, once the Skybridge was finished, it continued across the Fraser River to Scott Road Station in Surrey. In 1994, the terminus of the Expo line became King George Station in central Surrey and it was built on a budget of $854 million. During peak periods, every third Expo Line train provides service to Production Way–University, off-peak and it was built on a $1. 2-billion budget and the final extension from Commercial Drive Station to VCC–Clark Station was opened on January 6,2006. From October 22,2016 to December 1,2016, the Millennium Line operated from VCC–Clark to Lougheed Town Centre station, since December 2,2016, the Millennium Line has operated between VCC–Clark Station in Vancouver and Lafarge Lake–Douglas station in Coquitlam. The Millennium Line has 17 stations, three of which are transfer stations with the Expo Line and two which connect with the West Coast Express commuter train, the original Millennium Lines stations were designed by British Columbias top architects and are very different from those on the Expo Line. In 2004, Busby and Associates Architects, designers of the Brentwood Town Centre station in Burnaby, were honoured for their work with a Governor Generals Medal in Architecture and this extension adds 11 km and 6 new stations to the Millennium Line. The Canada Line begins at the Waterfront Station hub, then south to the City of Richmond. Opened on August 17,2009, the Canada Line added 15 stations and 19.2 km to the SkyTrain network, the Canada Line cost $1.9 billion, financed by the Governments of Canada and British Columbia, TransLink, and InTransitBC. Canada Line tracks do not interconnect with the older SkyTrain network, current operation, Former operation, SkyTrain provides high-frequency service, with trains arriving every 2–7 minutes at all stations during peak hours. Trains operate between 5,00 a. m. and 1,30 a. m. on weekdays, with reduced hours on weekends on Expo and Millennium lines. SkyTrain has longer hours of service during special events, such as New Years Eve, the Vancouver 2010 Olympics, TransLinks SkyTrain service area is divided into three zones, with fares varying depending on how many zone boundaries are crossed during one trip
10.
Platform screen doors
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Platform screen doors and platform edge doors at train or subway stations screen the platform from the train. They are a new addition to many metro systems around the world. They are widely used in newer Asian and European metro systems, the first stations in the world with platform screen doors are ten stations in the Saint Petersburg Metros Line 2 that opened between 1961 and 1972. The platform doors are actually openings in the wall, which support the ceiling of the platform. The track tunnels adjoining the ten island platforms were built with tunnel boring machines. Usually, TBMs bore the tunnels between stations, while the station vaults are dug out manually and contain both the tracks and the platform. These openings were covered with doors in order to prevent people from falling into the gaps between the walls. In 1987, the Singapore MRT was the first system in the world to install glass PSDs based on safety reasons, although the terms are often used interchangeably, platform screen doors can refer to both full-height and half-height barriers. The half-screen doors are only half of the height of the full-screen doors. These two types of screen doors are presently the main types in the world. These doors help to, Prevent accidental falls off the platform onto the track area, suicide attempts. Improve climate control within the station, improve security — access to the tracks and tunnels is restricted. Lower costs — eliminate the need for motormen or conductors when used in conjunction with Automatic Train Operation, Prevent litter build up on the track, which can be a fire risk. Improve the sound quality of platform announcements, as noise from the tunnels. Their primary disadvantage is their cost, installing a system typically costs several million USD per station and they also impede natural ventilation, increasing climate control costs. The doors also pose their own safety risks, the primary risk is that people may be trapped between the platform doors and the train carriage, and be subsequently crushed when the train begins to move. Cases of this happening are rare, and may depend upon door design, like full-height platform screen doors, these platform gates slide open or close simultaneously with the train doors. Half-height platform gates are cheaper to install platform screen doors
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