1.
Vladimir Voronin
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Vladimir Nicolaevici Voronin is a Moldovan politician. He was the third President of Moldova from 2001 until 2009 and has been the First Secretary of the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova since 1994 and he was Europes first democratically elected Communist Party head of state after the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc. Vladimir Nicolaevici Voronin was born in the village of Corjova, Dubăsari District of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, despite his Russified name, his ethnic origins are Moldovan. Voronins mother, Pelagheia Bujeniţă, died on July 2,2005 and he began working in 1961 as the head of a bakery in the town of Criuleni. From 1966 until 1971, Voronin held the offices of vice-director of the factory in Criuleni. In 1985, he was appointed head of section in the Council of Ministers of the Moldavian SSR, between 1985 and 1989, Voronin served as first secretary of the Bender City Committee of the Communist Party. Between 1988 and 1990, he held the office of the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Moldovan SSR, Voronin was also a member of the Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR of 10th and 11th legislatures. In 1993, Voronin became the co-president of the Organizational Committee for the creation of the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova and he played a central role in reviving the Communist Party after it was banned in 1991–1993. In 1994 he was elected President of the PCRM and he was a candidate for the post of President of the now-independent Republic of Moldova at the 1996 elections. In the parliamentary election in March 1998, Vladimir Voronin was elected as a Member of Parliament and he then served as member of its Permanent Bureau and as president of the PCRMs parliamentary faction, which held 40 of 101 seats. Voronin was nominated as Prime Minister of Moldova by President Petru Lucinschi in late 1999, in the parliamentary election in February 2001, he was again elected as a Member of Parliament. In March the PCRMs Central Committee nominated Voronin as its candidate at a plenum. Of the 89 deputies participating in the vote,71 voted for Voronin,15 voted for Dumitru Braghiş and he was sworn in at a ceremony in Chişinău on April 7,2001. The Constitutional Court ruled that the President could also lead a political party, Voronin maintained his commitment to the reduction of Moldovas chronic poverty by allocating more resources to social safety net items such as health, education, and increasing pensions and salaries. Voronins tenure as President was marked by fluctuating relations with the International Monetary Fund, Voronin proceeded with Lucinschis plans to privatize several important state-owned industries, and on occasion even broke with his own party over this issue. While the demonstrations were tense at times, the government did not use force, in 2003, Voronins government backtracked over signing a Russian-proposed federalization settlement with the breakaway region of Transnistria. In the presidential election held in Parliament on April 4,2005, Voronin was re-elected with 75 votes, another candidate, Gheorghe Duca, received one vote, and two votes were invalid. After the parliamentary election held on 5 April 2009, the PCRM won 49. 48% of the vote and 60 seats, Voronin was elected Speaker of the Parliament and retained the Presidency of Moldova with an interim status
2.
Russian language
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Russian is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages, written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond. It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages and it is also the largest native language in Europe, with 144 million native speakers in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English, Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language, another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family and it is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus. From the point of view of the language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called Great Russian to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called White Russian and Ukrainian, however, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language and it is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a hard target language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in American world policy. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language, mikhail Lomonosov first compiled a normalizing grammar book in 1755, in 1783 the Russian Academys first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features are observed in colloquial speech. Thus, the Russian language is the 6th largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a choice for both Russian as a second language and native speakers in Russia as well as many of the former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics, samuel P. Huntington wrote in the Clash of Civilizations, During the heyday of the Soviet Union, Russian was the lingua franca from Prague to Hanoi
3.
Soviet Navy
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The Soviet Navy was the naval arm of the Soviet Armed Forces. The influence of the Soviet Navy played a role in the Cold War. The Soviet Navy was divided into four major fleets, the Northern, Pacific, Black Sea, the Caspian Flotilla was a smaller force operating in the land-locked Caspian Sea. Main components of the Soviet Navy included Soviet Naval Aviation, Naval Infantry, most of the Soviet Navy was reformed into the Russian Navy after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, while some elements became the basis of the Ukrainian, Azerbaijani and Georgian navies. During the revolution, sailors deserted their ships at will and generally neglected their duties, the officers were dispersed and most of the sailors left their ships. Work stopped in the shipyards, where uncompleted ships deteriorated rapidly, the Black Sea Fleet fared no better than the Baltic. The Bolshevik revolution entirely disrupted its personnel, with murders of officers. At the end of April 1918, German troops entered Crimea, the more effective ships were moved from Sevastopol to Novorossiysk where, after an ultimatum from Germany, they were scuttled by Vladimir Lenins order. The ships remaining in Sevastopol were captured by the Germans and then, after November 1918, on 1 April 1919, when Red Army forces captured Crimea, the British squadron had to withdraw, but before leaving they damaged all the remaining battleships and sank thirteen new submarines. When the White Army captured Crimea in 1919, it rescued and reconditioned a few units, at the end of the civil war, Wrangels fleet, a White fleet, moved to Bizerta in French Tunisia, where it was interned. The first ship of the navy could be considered the rebellious Imperial Russian cruiser Aurora. Sailors of the Baltic fleet supplied the fighting force of the Bolsheviks during the October Revolution, some imperial vessels continued to serve after the revolution, albeit with different names. The Soviet Navy, established as the Workers and Peasants Red Fleet by a 1918 decree of the Soviet government, was less than service-ready during the interwar years, as the countrys attentions were largely directed internally, the Navy did not have much funding or training. The greater part of the old fleet was sold by the Soviet government to Germany for scrap, in the Baltic Sea there remained only three much-neglected battleships, two cruisers, some ten destroyers, and a few submarines. Despite this state of affairs, the Baltic Fleet remained a significant naval formation, there also existed some thirty minor-waterways combat flotillas. During the 1930s, as the industrialization of the Soviet Union proceeded, approved by the Labour and Defence Council in 1926, the Naval Shipbuilding Program included plans to construct twelve submarines, the first six were to become known as the Dekabrist class. Beginning 4 November 1926, Technical Bureau Nº4, under the leadership of B. M, malinin, managed the submarine construction works at the Baltic Shipyard. In subsequent years,133 submarines were built to designs developed during Malinins management, additional developments included the formation of the Pacific Fleet in 1932 and the Northern Fleet in 1933
4.
Belomorsky District
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Belomorsky District is an administrative district, one of the fifteen in the Republic of Karelia, Russia. It is located in the east of the republic, the area of the district is 13,000 square kilometers. Its administrative center is the town of Belomorsk, as of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 19,118, with the population of Belomorsk accounting for 58. 7% of that number. As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Belomorsky Municipal District, the town of Belomorsk serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district. Закона №1314-ЗРК от16 июля2009 г «О внесении изменений в Конституцию Республики Карелия», Закон №871-ЗРК от29 апреля2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Республики Карелия», в ред, Закона №1895-ЗРK от2 июня2015 г. «О внесении изменения статью9 Закона Республики Карелия Об административно-территориальном устройстве Республики Карелия», Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, газета Карелия, №48,7 мая2005 г, Закон №825-ЗРК от1 декабря2004 г. «О муниципальных районах в Республике Карелия», в ред, Закона №1694-ЗРK от2 апреля2013 г. Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, газета Карелия, №141,16 декабря2004 г. Закон №813-ЗРК от1 ноября2004 г, «О городских, сельских поселениях в Республике Карелия», в ред. Закона №1694-ЗРK от2 апреля2013 г, Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, газета Карелия, №124,126,129,132,135,136,139,4 ноября —9 декабря2004 г
5.
Republic of Karelia
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The Republic of Karelia is a federal subject of Russia, located in the northwest of Russia. Its capital is the city of Petrozavodsk and its population in 2010 was 643,548. From 1940 to 1956, it was known as the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic, in 1956, it was once again an autonomous republic and remains as part of Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The republic is in the part of Russia, taking intervening position between the White and Baltic Seas. The White Sea has a line of 630 kilometers. It has an area of 172,400 km2 and it shares internal borders with Murmansk Oblast, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Vologda Oblast, and Leningrad Oblast, and it also borders Finland, the borders measure 723 km. The main bodies of water next to Karelia are the White Sea to the north-east and Lake Onega and its highest point is the Nuorunen peak at 576 m. This area is the largest contiguous Archaean outcrop in Europe and one of the largest in the world, There are about 27,000 rivers in Karelia. Major rivers include, Vodla River Kem River Kovda River Shuya River Suna River with Kivach Falls Vyg River There are 60,000 lakes in Karelia, the republics lakes and swamps contain about 2,000 km³ of high-quality fresh water. Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega are the largest lakes in Europe, other lakes include, Nyukozero Pyaozero Segozero Syamozero Topozero Vygozero Lakes Ladoga and Onega are located on the south of the republic. Vodlozero National Park Kalevala National Park Paanajärvi National Park The majority of the territory is composed of state forest stock. The total growing stock of resources in the forests of all categories and ages is 807 million m³. The mature and over mature tree stock amounts to 411.8 million m³, fifty useful minerals are found in Karelia, located in more than 400 deposits and ore bearing layers. Natural resources of the republic include iron ore, diamonds, vanadium, molybdenum, the Republic of Karelia is located in the Atlantic continental climate zone. Average temperature in January is −8.0 °C and +16.4 °C in July, average annual precipitation is 500–700 mm. Historically, Karelia was a region to the northwest of Russia, east of present-day Finland, controlled by the Novgorod Republic. From the 13th century and onwards, various parts were conquered by Sweden, in 1920, the province became the Karelian Labour Сommune. In 1923, the became the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Annexed territories were incorporated into Karelo-Finnish SSR, but after the Continuation War the Karelian Isthmus was incorporated into the Leningrad Oblast and its status was changed back to an ASSR in 1956
6.
Russia
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Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians
7.
Soviet Union
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The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
8.
A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)
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A. Sibiryakov was a Soviet icebreaker which was active in the Russian Arctic during the 1930s. She was built in 1909 in Glasgow and was originally the Newfoundland sealing steamer Bellaventure, after being purchased by Russia in 1916, she was renamed A. Sibiryakov. Her Russian name was chosen in honour of Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Sibiryakov, Sibiryakov financed explorations to Siberia, such as Adolf Erik Nordenskiölds, and also took part in some expeditions of his own. A. Sibiryakov made the first successful crossing of the Northern Sea Route in a navigation without wintering. This historic voyage, which had been Mikhail Lomonosovs dream, was organized by the All-Union Arctic Institute. A. Sibiryakov sailed on 28 June 1932 from the Krasny docks in Arkhangelsk, crossed the Kara Sea and chose a northern, in September, after calling at Tiksi and the mouth of the Kolyma, the propeller shaft broke and the icebreaker drifted for 11 days. However, A. Sibiryakov crossed the Chukchi Sea using improvised sails, a. Sibiryakov reached the Japanese port of Yokohama after 65 days, having covered more than 2,500 miles in the Arctic seas. This was regarded as a feat of Soviet polar seamen and Chief of Expedition Otto Schmidt. A. Sibiryakov continued in service until World War II under the command of Captain Anatoli Kacharava, a. Sibiryakov was armed only with several 76 mm and 45 mm guns and was no match for the heavy cruiser, mounting 280 mm main guns. However, radio transmission from A. Sibiryakov before and during 1-hour battle alerted east and west bound Russian convoys, most members of A. Sibiryakovs crew and civilians died in battle or went down with the ship. 22, including severely wounded Captain Kacharava, were captured by the Germans, only one sailor, stoker Pavel Vavilov, managed to reach Beluha Island and was picked up by a Russian ship 34 or 35 days later. In total only 15 crew members survived the war, Soviet sources say 79 killed,19 taken as prisoner-of-war of whom 13 survived. When the Finnish icebreaker Jääkarhu was handed over to the Soviet Union, the Russians in the Arctic, London,1958. Early Soviet Exploration History of Russian Arctic Exploration German Naval Warfare in 1942
9.
Northern Sea Route
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The entire route lies in Arctic waters and within Russias Exclusive Economic Zone. Parts are free of ice for two months per year. The overall route on Russias side of the Arctic between North Cape and the Bering Strait has been called the Northeast Passage, analogous to the Northwest Passage on the Canada side. Melting Arctic ice caps are likely to increase traffic in and the viability of the Northern Sea Route. Projected shifts in trade also imply substantial pressure on an already threatened Arctic ecosystem, the route was first conquered by Adolf Erik Nordenskiölds Vega expedition. Number of transits per flag state, shipping in Arctic Waters, A Comparison of the Northeast, Northwest and Trans Polar Passages. The Northern Sea Route Belov, M. I, istoriia otkrytiia i osveniia Severnogo Morskogo Puti,4 vols. Red Arctic Konyshev, Valery & Sergunin, Alexander, Is Russia a revisionist military power in the Arctic, defense & Security Analysis, September 2014. Russia in search of its Arctic strategy, between hard and soft power, Konyshev, Valery & Sergunin, Alexander, Russias Policies on the Territorial Disputes in the Arctic Journal of International Relations and Foreign Policy, March 2014, Vol.2, No
