1.
Kevin O'Higgins
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Kevin Christopher OHiggins was an Irish politician who served as Vice-President of the Executive Council and Minister for Justice. He was part of early nationalist Sinn Féin, before going on to become a prominent member of Cumann na nGaedheal, OHiggins established the Garda Síochána police force. His brother Thomas and nephews Tom and Michael were also elected TDs, after having a role in the Irish War of Independence, he went on to defend the nascent Irish Free State, as part of the pro-Treaty side in the Irish Civil War. During this time he signed the orders of seventy-seven political prisoners. He was later assassinated in retaliation by an IRA unit in Booterstown, kevin OHiggins was born in Stradbally, County Laois, one of sixteen children of Dr. Thomas Higgins and Anne Sullivan, daughter of the Nationalist politician Timothy Daniel Sullivan. His aunt was married to the Nationalist MP Tim Healy and he was educated at the Jesuit-run Clongowes Wood College, where he was expelled. OHiggins was then moved to Knockbeg College, St. Marys Christian Brother School, with a view to becoming a priest he went to St Patricks College, Maynooth. There he broke the rules, and was removed to Carlow Seminary. OHiggins joined the Irish Volunteers in 1915 and he was efficient, had a forceful personality and was soon appointed captain of Stradbally company, Carlow brigade. He joined Sinn Féin, but was arrested and imprisoned in 1918. While he was in prison he became MP for Queens County, in 1919 the First Dáil elected its Aireacht under the shadow of the Irish War of Independence. OHiggins was appointed as the Assistant Minister for Local Government under W. T. Cosgrave, when Cosgrave was arrested in 1920, OHiggins took the lead as head of the Ministry. Like other writers on Sinn Féin, OHiggins believed the extremists were self-deluded, when he wrote on disillusionment he articulated this fear, the whole history of the world is the triumph of mind over matter. We are backing our Idea against aeroplanes and armoured cars, Sinn Féin then split in 1922 over the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. That is true, but I am not ashamed to plead guilty to the fact that I consider political realities, I would have gone back to war rather than recommend a settlement involving allegiance if the Treaty had not been signed. But I face the situation and realise that some of the biggest personalities in our movement. Have considered this is the last ounce could be got from England, and was elected Teachta Dála for Leix–Offaly becoming Minister for Justice and External Affairs in the Provisional Government. When the Irish Civil War broke out in June 1922 OHiggins tried to restore law, between 1922 and 1923 he confirmed the sentences of execution of seventy-seven republican prisoners of war, including Rory OConnor who had been best man at his wedding
2.
Douglas Hyde
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Douglas Ross Hyde, known as An Craoibhín Aoibhinn, was an Irish academic, linguist, and scholar of the Irish language who served as the First President of Ireland from 1938-45. He was a figure in the Gaelic revival, and first president of the Gaelic League. Hyde was born at Longford House in Castlerea, County Roscommon, while his mother, Arthur Hyde and Elizabeth Oldfield married in County Roscommon in 1852 and had three other children, Arthur, John Oldfield, and Hugh Hyde. In 1867, his father was appointed prebendary and rector of Tibohine, and he was home schooled by his father and his aunt due to a childhood illness. While a young man, he became fascinated with hearing the old people in the locality speak the Irish language and he was influenced in particular by the gamekeeper Seamus Hart and the wife of his friend, Mrs. Connolly. He was crushed when Hart died and his interest in the Irish language, rejecting family pressure that, like past generations of Hydes, he would follow a career in the Church, Hyde instead became an academic. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, where he became fluent in French, Latin, German, Greek, a medallist of the College Historical Society, he was elected its Auditor in 1931. His passion for Irish, already a language in severe decline, led him to found the Gaelic League, or in Irish. Hyde married Lucy Kurtz, a German, in 1893 and had two daughters, Nuala and Úna, initially derided, the Irish language movement gained a mass following. In 1893 he helped found the Conradh na Gaeilge to encourage the preservation of Irish culture, music, dance, a new generation of Irish republicans became politicised through their involvement in Conradh na Gaeilge. Hyde filled out the 1911 census form in Irish, uncomfortable at the growing politicisation of the movement, Hyde resigned the presidency in 1915 and was succeeded by the Leagues co-founder, Eoin MacNeill. Hyde had no association with Sinn Féin and the Independence movement and he was elected to Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the Irish Free States Oireachtas, at a by-election on 4 February 1925, replacing Sir Hutcheson Poë. In the 1925 Seanad election, Hyde finished 28th of the 78 candidates, the Catholic Truth Society opposed him for his Protestantism and popularized his supposed support for divorce. Historians have suggested that the CTS campaign was ineffective, and that Irish-language advocates performed poorly and he returned to academia, as Professor of Irish at University College Dublin, where one of his students was future Attorney General and President of Ireland Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh. In April 1938, by now retired from academia, was plucked from retirement by Taoiseach Éamon de Valera, again his tenure proved short, even shorter than before. But this time it was because, on the suggestion of Fine Gael, Hyde was chosen after inter-party negotiations as the first President of Ireland, to which he was elected unopposed. He was selected for a number of reasons, Both the Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera, Both wanted to choose a non-Catholic to disprove the assertion that the State was a confessional state. Hyde was inaugurated as the first President of Ireland on 26 June 1938, Hyde set a precedent by reciting the Presidential Declaration of Office in Irish
3.
Richard Mulcahy
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Richard James Mulcahy was an Irish politician. He was a general and commander-in-chief for the Irish Republican Army. He later served as Leader of the Fine Gael Party and served in the cabinets of W. T. Cosgrave, richard Mulcahy was born in Manor Street, Waterford in 1886. He was educated at Mount Sion Christian Brothers School and later in Thurles, County Tipperary, one of his grandmothers was a Quaker who was disowned by her wealthy family for marrying a Catholic. Mulcahy joined the Royal Mail in 1902 and worked in Thurles, Bantry, Wexford and he was a member of the Gaelic League, and joined the Irish Volunteers at the time of their formation in 1913. He was also a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and he was second-in-command to Thomas Ashe in an encounter with the armed Royal Irish Constabulary at Ashbourne, County Meath during the Easter Rising in 1916. Arrested after the Rising, Mulcahy was interned at Knutsford and at the Frongoch internment camp in Wales until his release on 24 December 1916, on his release Mulcahy immediately rejoined the republican movement and became commandant of the Dublin Brigade of the Irish Volunteers. Elected to the First Dáil in the 1918 general election for Dublin Clontarf, he was named Minister for Defence in the new government, in March 1919 he became IRA chief of staff, a position he held until January 1922. He and Michael Collins were largely responsible for directing the campaign against the British during the War of Independence. During this period of upheaval in 1919 he married Mary Josephine Ryan, sister of Kate and Phyllis Ryan, Ryan and Sean T would both serve in Fianna Fáil governments. Mulcahy supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921, the Provisional Government appointed Mulcahy Minister of Defence. During the subsequent Civil War after the death of Collins in 1922 and he earned notoriety through his order that anti-Treaty activists captured carrying arms were liable for execution. A total of 77 anti-Treaty prisoners were executed by the Provisional Government and he re-entered the cabinet as Minister for Local Government and Public Health in 1927. During his period on the backbenches of Dáil Éireann his electoral record fluctuated and he was elected as TD for Dublin North-West in the 1921 and 1922 general elections. The following year, in the 1923 election he moved to the Dublin North constituency, Mulcahy was defeated in the 1937 general election, but secured election to the Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the parliament, on the Administrative Panel. The 2nd Seanad sat for less than two months, and he was elected to the 10th Dáil for Dublin North-East in the 1938 election, defeated again in the election of 1943, he secured election to the 4th Seanad, on the Labour Panel. After the resignation of W. T. Cosgrave in 1944, Thomas F. OHiggins was parliamentary leader of the party in the Dáil at the time. Mulcahy was returned again to the 12th Dáil as TD for Tipperary at the 1944 general election, Mulcahy was faced with the task of reviving a party that had been out of office since 1932
4.
Leader of Fine Gael
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The Leader of Fine Gael is the most senior politician within the Fine Gael political party in Ireland. Since 5 June 2002, the office has held by Enda Kenny following the resignation of Michael Noonan as leader of the party. The Deputy Leader of Fine Gael is Senator James Reilly, in September 1933, Cumann na nGaedheal, the National Centre Party and the National Guard merged to form Fine Gael – the United Ireland party. In reality, the new party was a version of Cumann na nGaedheal. W. T. Cosgrave retired as leader before the 1944 general election, Mulcahy was then member of the Seanad, so Tom OHiggins acted as parliamentary party leader. Mulcahy stepped aside and former Attorney General John A. Costello became Taoiseach, between 1948 and 1959, John A. Costello served as parliamentary party leader. Mulcahy retired as leader in 1959 and was replaced by James Dillon, after defeat in the 1965 general election, Dillon resigned and was replaced by Liam Cosgrave, son of W. T. Cosgrave. Liam Cosgrave served as Taoiseach from 1973–77, Cosgrave resigned after the Fine Gael–Labour Party government lost power at the 1977 general election. Garret FitzGerald succeeded him as leader and served as Taoiseach from June 1981 to March 1982, FitzGerald resigned in 1987 after losing the 1987 general election and was replaced by Alan Dukes. After defeats at the 1989 general election and the 1990 presidential election, following the collapse of the Fianna Fáil–Labour Party government in 1994, Bruton become Taoiseach serving from 1994–97 in a Rainbow coalition with the Labour Party and Democratic Left. Bruton was deposed from leadership in 2001 in favour of Michael Noonan, however, Noonan failed to live up to expectations and the party suffered an even greater collapse than had been expected under Bruton. Having gone into the election expecting to increase its seat count from 54 to 60, on the night of the election Michael Noonan resigned as leader after just over a year in office, triggering the third leadership contest in the history of the party. Four candidates put their names forward for the leadership with Enda Kenny emerging as the victor after a secret ballot, when Fine Gael is in opposition the leader usually acts as the Leader of the Opposition, and chairs the opposition front bench. Concordantly, when the party is in government, the leader would usually become Taoiseach, the Deputy leader of Fine Gael is a senior politician within the Fine Gael political party in Ireland. The post is held by James Reilly, who was appointed deputy on 1 July 2010. Like other political party leaders, the leader of Fine Gael has the power to appoint or dismiss their deputy, the position is not an elected one and is largely honorific. History of Fine Gael Leader of Fianna Fáil Leader of the Labour Party Leader of Sinn Féin
5.
Eoin O'Duffy
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Eoin ODuffy was an Irish political activist, soldier and police commissioner. ODuffy was the leader of the Monaghan Brigade of the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence and he was one of the Irish activists who along with Michael Collins accepted the Anglo-Irish Treaty and fought as a general in the Irish Civil War on the pro-Treaty side. In his political life ODuffy had been a member of Sinn Féin. He was elected as a Teachta Dála for his county of Monaghan during the 1921 election. After a split in 1923 he became associated with Cumann na nGaedheal, after the merger of various pro-Treaty factions under the banner of Fine Gael, ODuffy was the party leader for a short time. An anti-communist, ODuffy was attracted to the various authoritarian nationalist movements on the Continent. He offered to Nazi Germany the prospect of raising an Irish Brigade to fight in Operation Barbarossa during World War II on the Eastern Front against the Soviet Union, eoin ODuffy was born Owen ODuffy in Lough Egish, near Castleblayney, County Monaghan. His mother died when he was 12 and he wore her ring for the rest of his life, ODuffy did an apprenticeship as an engineer in Wexford before working as an engineer and architect in Monaghan. In 1919 he became an auctioneer, ODuffy was a leading member of the Gaelic Athletic Association in Ulster in the 1910s. A stand in a ground in Clones, County Monaghan, is named after him, in 1917, ODuffy joined the Irish Volunteers and took an active part in the Irish War of Independence, after that organisation became the Irish Republican Army. In February 1920, he was involved in the first capture of a Royal Irish Constabulary barracks by the IRA in Ballytrain, in his native Monaghan. He came to the attention of Michael Collins, who enrolled him in the Irish Republican Brotherhood and he was imprisoned several times but became director of the army in 1921. In May 1921 he was returned as a Sinn Féin TD for the Monaghan constituency to the Second Dáil and he was re-elected at the 1922 general election. In March 1921, he was commander of the IRAs 2nd Northern Division. Following the Truce with the British in July 1921, he was sent to Belfast, after the rioting known as Belfasts Bloody Sunday, he was given the task of liaising with the British to try to maintain the Truce and defend Catholic areas against attack. In January of the year he became IRA Chief of Staff. ODuffy was the youngest general in Europe until Francisco Franco was promoted to that rank, in 1921 he supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty. He served as a general in the National Army in the ensuing Irish Civil War and was one of the brains behind the Free States strategy of seaborne landings in Republican held areas
6.
Michael Collins (Irish leader)
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Michael Collins was a soldier and politician who was a leading figure in the struggle for Irish independence in the early 20th century. Subsequently, he was both Chairman of the Provisional Government and Commander-in-chief of the National Army, Collins was shot and killed in an ambush in August 1922 during the Irish Civil War. Born in Woodfield, Sams Cross, near Clonakilty, County Cork, Collins was the third son, most biographies give his date of birth as 16 October 1890, but his tombstone cites 12 October 1890. Referred to in a British secret service report as brainy, the Collins family were part of an ancient clan and they had republican connections that can be traced back to the 1798 rebellion. Collins father, Michael John, was a farmer by profession, a mathematician in his spare time, he had been a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood movement. The elder Collins was 60 years old when he married Mary Anne OBrien, then 23 and they brought up eight children on a 90-acre farm called Woodfield, which the Collins had held as tenants for several generations. On his death bed, his father predicted that his daughter Helena would become a nun and she later did, known as Sister Mary Celestine, based in Whitby. He then turned to the family and told them to care of Michael. Hell do great work for Ireland, Michael was six years old when his father died. Collins was a bright and precocious child with a fiery temper and he named a local blacksmith, James Santry, and his headmaster at Lisavaird National School, Denis Lyons, as the first nationalists to personally inspire his pride of Irishness. Lyons was a member of the IRB, while Santrys family had participated in, and forged arms for, there are a number of anecdotal explanations for the origin of his nickname, The Big Fellow. The most authoritative comes from his family, stating that he was called this as a child and it had been a term of endearment for their youngest brother, who was always keen to take on tasks beyond his years. It was certainly established by his teens, long before he emerged as a political or military leader. At the age of thirteen he boarded at Clonakilty National School, during the week he stayed with his sister Margaret Collins-ODriscoll and her husband Patrick ODriscoll, while at weekends he returned to the family farm. Patrick ODriscoll founded the newspaper The West Cork People and Collins helped out with general reporting jobs, in 1910 he became a messenger at a London firm of stockbrokers, Horne and Company. While living in London he studied law at Kings College London and he joined the London GAA and, through this, the IRB. Sam Maguire, a republican from Dunmanway, County Cork, introduced the 19-year-old Collins to the IRB, an organiser of considerable intelligence, Collins had become highly respected in the IRB. This led to his appointment as financial advisor to Count Plunkett, father of one of the Easter Risings organisers, Collins took part in preparing arms and drilling troops for the insurrection
7.
Arthur Griffith
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Arthur Griffith was an Irish politician and writer, who founded and later led the political party Sinn Féin. He served as President of Dáil Éireann from January to August 1922, Arthur Griffith was born at 61 Upper Dominick Street, Dublin, Ireland on 31 March 1872, of distant Welsh lineage, and was educated by the Irish Christian Brothers. He worked for a time as a printer before joining the Gaelic League and his father had been a printer on The Nation newspaper — Griffith was one of several employees locked out in the early 1890s due to a dispute with a new owner of the paper. The young Griffith was a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and he visited South Africa from 1897 to 1898, after the defeat and death of Charles Stewart Parnell whose more moderate views he had initially supported, while recovering from tuberculosis. There he supported the Boers against British expansionism and was an admirer of Paul Kruger. In 1899, on returning to Dublin, he co-founded the weekly United Irishman newspaper with his associate William Rooney, on 24 November 1910, Griffith married his fiancée, Maud Sheehan, after a fifteen-year engagement, they had a son and a daughter. Griffiths fierce criticism of the Irish Parliamentary Partys alliance with British Liberalism was heavily influenced by the rhetoric of Young Irelander John Mitchel. Griffith made a number of controversial statements and opinions. He defended anti-semitic rioters in Limerick, and denounced socialists and pacifists as conscious tools of the British Empire, Griffith also supported movements seeking national independence from the British Empire in Egypt and India and wrote a highly critical description of the British government action at Matabele. Despite his opposition to communism and socialism, he worked with James Connolly. In September 1900, he established an organisation called Cumann na nGaedheal to unite advanced nationalist/separatist groups, in 1903 he set up the National Council to campaign against the visit to Ireland of King Edward VII and his consort Alexandra of Denmark. In 1907, this merged with the Sinn Féin League, which itself had been formed from an amalgamation of Cumann na nGaedheal. Most historians opt for 28 November 1905 as a date because it was on this date that Griffith first presented his Sinn Féin Policy. Its first president was Edward Martyn and this was similar to the policy of Henry Grattan a century earlier. Griffith sought to combine elements of Parnellism with the traditional separatist approach, he saw not as a leader. In 1907 Sinn Féin unsuccessfully contested a by-election in North Leitrim, the IRB members argued that the aim of dual monarchism should be replaced by republicanism, and that Griffith was excessively inclined to compromise with conservative elements. In 1916 rebels seized and took over a number of key locations in Dublin, in became known as the Easter Rising. After its defeat, it was widely described both by British politicians and the Irish and British media as the Sinn Féin rebellion, even though Sinn Féin had very limited involvement
8.
Minister for Finance (Ireland)
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The Minister for Finance is the title held by the Irish government minister responsible for all financial and monetary matters. The office-holder controls the Department of Finance and is considered one of the most important members of the Government of Ireland, the current Minister for Finance is Michael Noonan, TD. He or she is in charge of the Department of Finance responsible for all matters in the Republic of Ireland. Due to the importance of the cabinet post, the Minister for Finance must be a member of Dáil Éireann. Many Ministers who have held the Finance portfolio have gone on to become Taoiseach, including Jack Lynch, Charles Haughey, Albert Reynolds, John Bruton, Bertie Ahern and Brian Cowen. The department and minister are called the Irish Exchequer, a term previously used under the Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland. One of the most important aspects of the Ministers work is the creation of the annual Budget which is announced to the Dáil in a speech, in the budget the Minister details the Governments spending programme for the coming year. The budget consists of, a Financial Statement to the Dáil, Budgetary Measures, Budget statistics and tables, national Lottery Office of Public Works Revenue Commissioners Department of Finance
9.
Irish general election, September 1927
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The Irish general election of September 1927 was held on 15 September 1927. The newly elected members of the 6th Dáil assembled at Leinster House on 11 October when the new President of the Executive Council, the result was a Cumann na nGaedheal minority government. The second general election of 1927 was caused by the political arithmetic within Dáil Éireann. Only three votes separated the two largest parties, Cumann na nGaedheal and Fianna Fáil, and the government was very unstable, the Labour Party was supported by Fianna Fáil and the National League Party. On the other hand, the Cumann na nGaedheal government had the backing of the Farmers Party, when the vote was taken, John Jinks, a National League TD failed to attend. As a result, the vote was a heat and the Ceann Comhairle voted with the government. W. T. Cosgrave realised that this situation could not continue, Cumann na nGaedheal fought the election on its record in government so far. Fianna Fáil was the new party on the scene with new policies. The Labour Party had done well on its last outing and was hoping, the Farmers Party represented the needs of agricultural labourers. Sinn Féin had been reduced by the founding of Fianna Fáil from 47 to 5 seats in the first 1927 election, Cumann na nGaedheal minority government formed. Following the general election Cumann na nGaedheal were able to form a minority government with the support of the Farmers Party, the Labour Party leader, Thomas Johnson, lost his seat in the election and subsequently retired from politics. Walsh Members of the 6th Dáil Government of the 6th Dáil
10.
Irish general election, 1944
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The Irish general election of 1944 was held on 30 May 1944, three weeks after the dissolution of the Dáil on 9 May. The 138 newly elected members of the 12th Dáil assembled on 9 June when the new Taoiseach, the outgoing Fianna Fáil government won re-election, and achieved an overall majority. The general election took place in 34 parliamentary constituencies throughout Ireland for 138 seats in the house of parliament. The election was fought while the Emergency Powers Act 1939 was still in force, the general election of 1944 was caused by a defeat for the ruling Fianna Fáil government on the second reading of the Transport Bill. The Taoiseach Éamon de Valera, decided to call a general election. It was a campaign that Fianna Fáil needed to have a comfortable position in the Dáil, however. Fianna Fáil fought the election on its record in government and also in the hope of securing a mandate for its policies. During the campaign Fine Gael put forward the proposal of forming a government with the Labour Party and Clann na Talmhan, however. A split in the Labour movement meant that the party was by no means ready to fight an election, due to the fractured nature of the opposition, Éamon de Valeras tactic of calling a snap general election had succeeded, as it had in 1933 and 1938
11.
Irish elections, 1921
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Two elections in Ireland took place in 1921, as a result of the Government of Ireland Act 1920 to establish the House of Commons of Northern Ireland and the House of Commons of Southern Ireland. The election was used by Irish Republicans as the basis of membership of the Second Dáil, where contested, the elections used single transferable vote. No actual polling took place in Southern Ireland as all 128 candidates were returned unopposed, of these,124 were won by Sinn Féin and four by independent Unionists representing the University of Dublin. Other members had replied How do you know, only Sinn Féin candidates recognised the Dáil and five of these had been elected in two constituencies one in each part of Ireland. The total number of members who assembled in the Second Dáil was 125,119 elected solely in Southern Ireland,1 solely in Northern Ireland, in Southern Ireland, there were fresh elections in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The general election to the Northern Ireland House of Commons occurred on 24 May, of 52 seats, including Queens University of Belfast,40 were won by Unionists,6 by moderate nationalists and 6 by Sinn Féin. Members of the 2nd Dáil Government of the 2nd Dáil Irish general election,1918
12.
Inchicore
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Inchicore is a suburb of Dublin, the capital of Ireland. The Oblates Church in Inchicore Located 5 kilometres due west of the city centre, Inchicore lies south of the River Liffey, west of Kilmainham, north of Drimnagh, the majority of Inchicore is in the Dublin 8 postal district. Portions of Inchicore extend into the Dublin 10 and Dublin 12 postal districts, the townlands of Inchicore North and Inchicore South are located in the civil parish of St. James, Dublin, in the Barony of Uppercross. The Grand Canal was developed by the leading progressives of the day who formed the Grand Canal Company. This state-of-the-art waterway was, at its peak, the major passenger and it runs through the lush productive farmlands and peat bogs of the Irish midlands. It carried significant traffic in the boom of the eighteenth century. It is now a recreational waterway and it runs along the southern perimeter of Inchicore, along with the Luas tramway system, which runs along its filled-in permanent way, and serves the area from Blackhorse to Suir Bridge. Inchicore is also served by a range of Dublin Bus routes, modern day Inchicore grew from a small village near the Camac River marsh at Inse Chaoire where sheep were herded and watered outside Dublin city prior to market. The village developed into a significant industrial and residential suburb in the nineteenth century, due primarily to its engineering works. It was incorporated by the city more than a century ago. The first railway station in Ireland was established in 1834 and was located between Dublin and Kingstown and this affected the town of Inchicore. Between the years 1846 and 1848 several houses and a Workmans Dining Hall was built on Inchicore Road, the building of houses increased as the business complex of the railway station grew. Employment in Inchicore at this time evolved around the railway station, inchicores centre, at the junction of Emmet Road and Tyrconnell Road, still retains a village atmosphere. The area includes one bank, a variety of stores including a butcher/deli, hardware, ethnic stores. The village is served by several pubs, including the ancient Black Lion Inn, Inchicore Town Inchicore has a strong association with the national transportation system. A large tramyard terminus and coachworks and one of the engineering works of the Irish railway network are located here. They are still a major employer among other significant industries and national distribution depots, Inchicore is undergoing considerable public and privately funded development. It is experiencing growth in the density and diversity of its population
13.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
14.
The Liberties, Dublin
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The Liberties is an area in central Dublin, Ireland, located to the southwest of the inner city. One of Dublins most historic neighbourhoods, the area is now a centre of enterprise, the Liberties Business Area Improvement Initiative is a partnership between Dublin City Council and local businesses and stakeholders to transform the commercial heart of Dublin 8. The name derives from manorial jurisdictions dating from the arrival of the Anglo-Normans in the 12th century and they were town lands united to the city, but still preserving their own jurisdiction. The most important of these liberties were the Liberty of St. Sepulchre, under the Archbishop of Dublin, and these two liberties are mentioned in Allens Register of 1529, but without describing their exact location. After the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII the liberties of Thomas Court and Donore was granted to William Brabazon, in 1579 the city of Dublin claimed the abbey to be within the jurisdiction and liberty of the city, but they lost their case. From then on the head of the liberty was the Earl of Meath, the family lent its name to places and streets in the district e. g. the Meath Market, the Meath Hospital and Meath Street. They also named Brabazon Row, Brabazon Street and Ardee Street, in 1728 Charles Brooking published a detailed map, Map of the City and Suburbs of Dublin, which contained a better description of the boundaries of the liberties. In 1837 the Ordnance Survey started developing their maps, and that of Dublin published in 1840 showed all the liberties, for example, these allowed the liberty of St. These rights and privileges ended in 1840, many places in The Liberties still have connections with a turbulent past in which political upheaval or dire poverty were the order of the day. In the late 17th century development started in order to house the weavers who were moving into the area, woolen manufacture was set up by settlers from England, while many Huguenots took up silk weaving, using skills they had acquired in their home country, France. They constructed their own style of house, Dutch Billies. Thousands of weavers employed in the Coombe, Pimlico, Spitalfields. However, English woolen manufacturers felt threatened by the Irish industry, a weavers hall was built by the Weavers Guild in the Lower Coombe in 1682. In 1745 a new hall was provided, financed by the Huguenot, in 1750 the Guild erected a statue of George II on the front of their hall as a mark of their sincere loyalty. The hall was demolished in 1965, when war was declared against France under Napoleon and raw materials were difficult to obtain, the silk weavers suffered greatly. The final blow came in the 1820s when the British government did away with the tariffs imposed upon imported silk products, from this time on fate of the Liberties was sealed and most of the once-prosperous houses became poverty-stricken tenements housing the unemployed and destitute. The Tenter House was erected in 1815 in Cork Street, financed by Thomas Pleasants, the Tenter House was a brick building 275 feet long,3 stories high, and with a central cupola. It had a form of central heating powered by four furnaces, part of the area was redeveloped into affordable housing and parkland by the Iveagh Trust, the Dublin Artisans Dwellings Company and the City Council in the early to mid twentieth century
15.
Irish people
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The Irish people are a nation and ethnic group native to the island of Ireland, who share a common Irish ancestry, identity and culture. Ireland has been inhabited for about 9,000 years according to archaeological studies, for most of Irelands recorded history, the Irish have been primarily a Gaelic people. Today, Ireland is made up of the Republic of Ireland, the people of Northern Ireland hold various national identities, including Irish, Northern Irish, British, or some combination thereof. The Irish have their own customs, language, music, dance, sports, cuisine, although Irish was their main language in the past, today the huge majority of Irish people speak English as their first language. Historically, the Irish nation was made up of kin groups or clans, there have been many notable Irish people throughout history. After Irelands conversion to Christianity, Irish missionaries and scholars exerted great influence on Western Europe, the 6th-century Irish monk and missionary Columbanus is regarded as one of the fathers of Europe, followed by saints Cillian and Fergal. The scientist Robert Boyle is considered the father of chemistry, famous Irish writers include Oscar Wilde, W. B. Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Bram Stoker and James Joyce, notable Irish explorers include Brendan the Navigator, Robert McClure, Ernest Shackleton and Tom Crean. By some accounts, the first European child born in North America had Irish descent on both sides, many presidents of the United States have had some Irish ancestry. The population of Ireland is about 6.3 million, but it is estimated that 50 to 80 million people around the world have Irish forebears, historically, emigration from Ireland has been the result of conflict, famine and economic issues. People of Irish descent are mainly in English-speaking countries, especially the United Kingdom. There are also significant numbers in Argentina, Mexico and New Zealand, the United States has the most people of Irish descent, while in Australia those of Irish descent are a higher percentage of the population than in any other country. Many Icelanders have Irish and Scottish Gaelic forebears, in its summary of their article Who were the Celts. The National Museum Wales notes It is possible that genetic studies of ancient. However, early studies have, so far, tended to produce implausible conclusions from very small numbers of people and using outdated assumptions about linguistics, nineteenth century anthropology studied the physical characteristics of Irish people in minute detail. During the past 10,000 years of inhabitation, Ireland has witnessed some different peoples arrive on its shores, the ancient peoples of Ireland—such as the creators of the Céide Fields and Newgrange—are almost unknown. Neither their languages nor terms they used to describe themselves have survived, as late as the middle centuries of the 1st millennium the inhabitants of Ireland did not appear to have a collective name for themselves. Ireland itself was known by a number of different names, including Banba, Fódla, Ériu by the islanders, Iouerne and Hiverne to the Greeks, other Latin names for people from Ireland in Classic and Mediaeval sources include Attacotti and Gael
16.
Fine Gael
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Fine Gael is a liberal-conservative and Christian democratic political party in Ireland. Fine Gael is currently the governing and largest party in Ireland in terms of members of the Oireachtas, Kenny has led the party since 2002. Fine Gael was founded on 8 September 1933 following the merger of its parent party Cumann na nGaedheal, the National Centre Party and the National Guard. Its origins lie in the struggle for Irish independence and the pro-Treaty side in the Irish Civil War and Michael Collins, Fine Gael is generally considered to be more of a proponent of market liberalism than its traditional rival, Fianna Fáil. However, apart from brief minority governments, Fine Gael has rarely governed Ireland without a coalition also included the Labour Party. Fine Gael describes itself as a party of the centre which it defines as acting in a way that is right for Ireland. It lists its values as equality of opportunity, free enterprise and reward, security, integrity. It is strongly in favour of the European Union and opposed to physical force Irish republicanism, the partys youth wing, Young Fine Gael, was formed in 1977, and has approximately four thousand members. Fine Gael is a member of the European Peoples Party. In 1923 this faction formally separates to become Cumann na nGaedheal and it rules as a minority government until 1932 when it’s replaced by a Fianna Fáil minority government with support from the Labour Party. 1933, It becomes Fine Gael also merging with two groups, the National Centre Party and the National Guard. 1937, It campaigns against the enactment of a new constitution proposed by Fianna Fáil advocating a no vote in the referendum, 1948–51, It forms part of Ireland’s first coalition government also including the Labour Party, Clann na Poblachta, Clann na Talmhan and the National Labour Party. 1954–57, It takes part in a three-party coalition government with the Labour Party,1972, It supported the campaign for a yes vote in the referendum to join the European Communities, voters approved of this proposal in the referendum. Both amendments were approved by voters in referenda, 1973–77, It takes part in a two-party coalition government with the Labour Party. Both amendments were approved by voters in referenda, 1981–82, It takes part in a two-party minority coalition government with the Labour Party. 1982-87, It takes part in a two-party coalition government with the Labour Party,1984, It proposed and supported the campaign for a yes vote for a constitutional amendment to extend the voting franchise to allow votes for non-citizens who are residents. This amendment was approved by voters in the referendum,1986, It proposed and supported the campaign for a yes for a constitutional amendment to make divorce constitutional. This amendment was rejected by voters in the referendum,1987, It supported the campaign for a yes vote for a constitutional amendment permitting the state to ratify the Single European Act
17.
Liam Cosgrave
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Liam Cosgrave is a former Irish Fine Gael politician who served as Taoiseach and as Leader of Fine Gael. He was a Teachta Dála from 1943 to 1981, born in Castleknock, Dublin, Cosgrave was the son of W. T. Cosgrave, the first President of the Executive Council in the newly formed Irish Free State. After qualifying as a barrister he decided to embark on a political career and he was elected to Dáil Éireann at the 1943 general election and sat in opposition alongside his father. The formation of the first inter-party government in 1948 saw Cosgrave become a Parliamentary Secretary to Taoiseach John A. Costello and he formally became a cabinet member in 1954 when he was appointed Minister for External Affairs. The highlight of his tenure was Irelands successful entry into the United Nations. In 1965 Cosgrave was the choice of his colleagues to succeed James Dillon as leader of Fine Gael. He lost the 1969 general election to the incumbent Jack Lynch and he was educated at Synge Street CBS, Castleknock College, Dublin, and Kings Inns. He studied law and was called to the Irish bar in 1943, T. Cosgrave who was one of the founders of the Irish Free State in the 1920s. Cosgrave rapidly rose through the ranks of Fine Gael, and was regarded as being by far the most able, the party was, however, at an extremely low ebb in the 1940s spending many years in opposition. Nevertheless, Cosgrave became the secretary to the Taoiseach and Chief Whip when the party returned to power in 1948. Mulcahy, while remaining leader of Fine Gael, allowed John A Costello to become Taoiseach of the Inter Party Government as the latter had wider appeal, the first coalition Government collapsed in 1951. However, in 1954 a second inter-party Government was formed, on this occasion Liam Cosgrave, at the age of 34, was given a cabinet position. As Minister for External Affairs Cosgrave took part in trade discussions and he also presided over Irelands admission to the United Nations in 1955. Ireland was non aligned in favour of the United States and he did not speak to Sweetman for some years. Cosgrave remained active in opposition but he privately supported Fianna Fáils referendum to abolish the system of representation in June 1959. This opposition was to count against him later that year in the leadership contest, in October 1959, the dual leadership of Fine Gael, Mulcahy and Costello, stood down. Costello wanted to continue his practice as a counsel as well as being leader. He had asked Cosgrave to be his managing director in the Dáil while he was absent on legal work, Cosgrave, not surprisingly, had declined this
18.
Republic of Ireland
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Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the part of the island. The state shares its land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint Georges Channel to the south-east, and it is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The head of government is the Taoiseach, who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President, the state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955. It joined the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union, after joining the EEC, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth. The country achieved considerable prosperity between the years of 1995 and 2007, which known as the Celtic Tiger period. This was halted by a financial crisis that began in 2008. However, as the Irish economy was the fastest growing in the EU in 2015, Ireland is again quickly ascending league tables comparing wealth and prosperity internationally. For example, in 2015, Ireland was ranked as the joint sixth most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index and it also performs well in several national performance metrics, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. Ireland is a member of the European Union and is a member of the Council of Europe. The 1922 state, comprising 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland, was styled, the Constitution of Ireland, adopted in 1937, provides that the name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland. Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 states, It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland. The 1948 Act does not name the state as Republic of Ireland, because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the Constitution. The government of the United Kingdom used the name Eire, and, from 1949, Republic of Ireland, for the state, as well as Ireland, Éire or the Republic of Ireland, the state is also referred to as the Republic, Southern Ireland or the South. In an Irish republican context it is referred to as the Free State or the 26 Counties. From the Act of Union on 1 January 1801, until 6 December 1922, during the Great Famine, from 1845 to 1849, the islands population of over 8 million fell by 30%
19.
Captain (armed forces)
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The army rank of captain is a commissioned officer rank historically corresponding to the command of a company of soldiers. The rank is used by some air forces and marine forces. Today, a captain is typically either the commander or second-in-command of a company or artillery battery, in the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army, a captain may also command a company, or be the second-in-command of a battalion. In NATO countries, the rank of captain is described by the code OF-2 and is one rank above an OF-1, the rank of captain is generally considered to be the highest rank a soldier can achieve while remaining in the field. The rank of captain should not be confused with the rank of captain or with the British-influenced air force rank of group captain. The term ultimately goes back to Late Latin capitaneus meaning chief, prominent, in Middle English adopted as capitayn in the 14th century, the military rank of captain was in use from the 1560s, referring to an officer who commands a company. The naval sense, an officer who commands a man-of-war, is earlier, from the 1550s. He would in turn receive money from another nobleman to serve as his lieutenant, the funding to provide for the troops came from the monarch or his government, the captain had to be responsible for it. If he was not, or was otherwise court-martialed, he would be dismissed, otherwise, the only pension for the captain was selling the right to another nobleman when he was ready to retire. In most countries, the air force is the junior service, many, such as the United States Air Force, use a rank structure and insignia similar to those of the army. However, the United Kingdoms Royal Air Force, many other Commonwealth air forces, a group captain is OF-5 and was derived from the naval rank of captain. In the unified system of the Canadian Forces, the air force rank titles are pearl grey, a variety of images illustrative of different forces insignia for captain are shown below, Captain Captain Senior captain Staff captain
20.
Easter Rising
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The Easter Rising, also known as the Easter Rebellion, was an armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week, April 1916. The Rising was launched by Irish republicans to end British rule in Ireland and it was the most significant uprising in Ireland since the rebellion of 1798, and the first armed action of the Irish revolutionary period. Organised by a seven-man Military Council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the Rising began on Easter Monday,24 April 1916, the British Army brought in thousands of reinforcements as well as artillery and a gunboat. There was fierce fighting on the routes into the city centre. Elsewhere in Dublin, the fighting consisted of sniping and long-range gun battles. The main rebel positions were surrounded and bombarded with artillery. Germany had sent a shipment of arms to the rebels, Volunteer leader Eoin MacNeill had then issued a countermand in a bid to halt the Rising, which greatly reduced the number of rebels who mobilised. With much greater numbers and heavier weapons, the British Army suppressed the Rising, Pearse agreed to an unconditional surrender on Saturday 29 April, although sporadic fighting continued until Sunday, when word reached the other rebel positions. After the surrender the country remained under martial law, about 3,500 people were taken prisoner by the British, many of whom had played no part in the Rising, and 1,800 of them were sent to internment camps or prisons in Britain. Most of the leaders of the Rising were executed following courts-martial, the Rising brought physical force republicanism back to the forefront of Irish politics, which for nearly 50 years had been dominated by constitutional nationalism. It, and the British reaction to it, led to increased support for Irish independence. In December 1918, republicans, represented by the reconstituted Sinn Féin party and they did not take their seats, but instead convened the First Dáil and declared the independence of the Irish Republic, which led to the War of Independence. 485 people were killed in the Easter Rising, about 54% were civilians, 30% were British military and police, and 16% were Irish rebels. Many of the civilians were killed as a result of the British using artillery and heavy machine guns, others were caught in the crossfire in a crowded city. The shelling and the fires it caused left parts of inner city Dublin in ruins, from early on, many Irish nationalists opposed the union and the ensuing exploitation and impoverishment of the island, which led to a high level of depopulation. Opposition took various forms, constitutional, social and revolutionary, the Irish Home Rule movement sought to achieve self-government for Ireland, within the United Kingdom. In 1886, the Irish Parliamentary Party under Charles Stewart Parnell succeeded in having the First Home Rule Bill introduced in the British parliament, the Second Home Rule Bill of 1893 was passed by the House of Commons but rejected by the House of Lords. After the fall of Parnell, younger and more radical nationalists became disillusioned with parliamentary politics, the Gaelic Athletic Association, the Gaelic League and the cultural revival under W. B
21.
Taoiseach
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The Taoiseach is the head of government or prime minister of Ireland. The current Taoiseach is Enda Kenny, TD, who was appointed on 9 March 2011, on 10 March 2016, at the first sitting of the 32nd Dáil, Kenny failed to gain the support of the house and tendered his resignation to the President. He remained in office in a capacity until being re-elected on 6 May 2016. The word means chieftain or leader in Irish and was adopted in the 1937 Constitution of Ireland as the title of the head of the Government, Taoiseach is the official title of the head of government in both English and Irish. Outside of Ireland, the Taoiseach is often referred to as the Prime Minister of Ireland, under the Constitution of Ireland, the Taoiseach is nominated by a simple majority of Dáil Éireann from among its members. He/she is then appointed to office by the President, who is required to appoint whomever the Dáil designates. For this reason, it is said that the Taoiseach is elected by Dáil Éireann. The Taoiseach may lose the support of Dáil Éireann by the passage of a vote of no confidence, or the failure of a vote of confidence, or alternatively, the Dáil may refuse supply. In the event of the Taoiseachs resignation, he/she continues to exercise the duties, the Taoiseach nominates the remaining members of the Government, who are then, with the consent of the Dáil, appointed by the President. The Taoiseach also has authority to advise the President to dismiss cabinet ministers from office, advice the President is required to follow by convention, the Taoiseach is further responsible for appointing eleven members of the Seanad. The Department of the Taoiseach is the government department which supports, since 2013, the Taoiseachs annual salary is €185,350. It was cut from €214,187 to €200,000 when Kenny took office, a proposed increase of €38,000 in 2007 was deferred when Brian Cowen became Taoiseach and in October 2008, the government announced a 10% salary cut for all ministers, including the Taoiseach. However this was a cut and the salaries remained nominally the same with ministers. This courted controversy in December 2009 when a cut of 20% was based on the higher figure before the refused amount was deducted. The Taoiseach is also allowed an additional €118,981 in annual expenses, there is no official residence of the Taoiseach. The house, which part of the Farmleigh estate acquired by the State in 1999 for €29. 2m, was renovated at a cost of nearly €600,000 in 2005 by the Office of Public Works. Former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern did not use it as a residence, the words Taoiseach and Tánaiste are both from the Irish language and of ancient origin. Though the Taoiseach is described in the Constitution of Ireland as the head of the Government or Prime Minister, Tánaiste in turn refers to the system of tanistry, the Gaelic system of succession whereby a leader would appoint an heir apparent while still living
22.
Congregation of Christian Brothers
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The Congregation of Christian Brothers is a worldwide religious community within the Catholic Church, founded by Edmund Rice. The Christian Brothers, as they are known, chiefly work for the evangelisation and education of youth. Their first school was opened in Waterford, Ireland, in 1802, rices congregation is sometimes called the Irish Christian Brothers or the Edmund Rice Christian Brothers to differentiate the two teaching orders. At the turn of the century, Waterford merchant Edmund Rice considered travelling to Rome to join a religious institute. Instead, with the support of Dr. Thomas Hussey, Catholic bishop of the Diocese of Waterford and Lismore, he decided to found a religious community dedicated to teaching disadvantaged youth. The first school, on Waterfords New Street, was a stable and opened in 1802. Two men from his hometown of Callan, Thomas Grosvenor and Patrick Finn, soon arrived to aid Rice in his makeshift schools, with the intention of living the life of lay brothers. In the same year, Rice used proceeds from the sale of his business to begin building a community house. Bishop Hussey opened the new complex, christened “Mount Sion” on June 7,1803, the reputation of the school spread and across the next few years several men sought to become “Michaels”. On 15 August 1808 seven men, including Edmund Rice, took religious promises under Bishop John Power of Waterford, following the example of Nano Nagles Presentation Sisters, they were called Presentation Brothers. This was one of the first congregations of men to be founded in Ireland, houses were soon opened in Carrick-on-Suir, Dungarvan, and in 1811, in Cork. In 1812 the Archbishop of Dublin established a community in the capital and by 1907 there were ten communities in Dublin. The schools included primary, secondary and technical schools, along with orphanages, a community was founded in Limerick in 1816, followed by establishments in several of Irelands principal towns. The Holy See formally established the congregation in 1820 and this, too, was an unusual event, since the Christian Brothers were the first Irish congregation of men approved by a charter from Rome. Some brothers in Cork chose to remain under the original Presentation rule and continued to be known as Presentation Brothers, the congregation of Irish Christian Brothers spread to Liverpool and other parts of England. These new ventures were not always immediately successful, two brothers had been sent to Gibraltar to establish an institute in 1835. However, despite initial successes they left in August 1837 on account of disagreements with the local priests, in 1878 the Brothers returned to the then Crown colony of Gibraltar. The school eventually flourished supplying education to the twentieth century, the Line Wall College was noted in 1930 for the education that it supplied to well to do children
23.
Irish Volunteers
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The Irish Volunteers, sometimes called the Irish Volunteer Force or Irish Volunteer Army, was a military organisation established in 1913 by Irish nationalists. The Volunteers included members of the Gaelic League, Ancient Order of Hibernians and Sinn Féin, and, secretly, the second Home Rule Bill, seven years later having passed the House of Commons, was vetoed by the House of Lords. It would be the third Home Rule Bill, introduced in 1912, on 28 September 1912 at Belfast City Hall just over 450,000 Unionists signed the Ulster Covenant to resist the granting of Home Rule. This was followed in January 1913 with the formation of the Ulster Volunteers composed of adult male Unionists to oppose the passage, the initiative for a series of meetings leading up to the public inauguration of the Irish Volunteers came from the Irish Republican Brotherhood. They therefore confined themselves to encouraging the view that nationalists also ought to organise a volunteer force for the defence of Ireland, a small committee then began to meet regularly in Dublin from July 1913, who watched the growth of this opinion. They refrained however from any action until the precedent of Ulster should have first been established while waiting for the lead to come from a constitutional quarter, the IRB began the preparations for the open organisation of the Irish Volunteers in January 1913. James Stritch, an IRB member, had the Irish National Foresters build a hall at the back of 41 Parnell Square in Dublin, anticipating the formation of the Volunteers they began to learn foot-drill and military movements. The drilling was conducted by Stritch together with members of Fianna Éireann and they began by drilling a small number of IRB associated with the Dublin Gaelic Athletic Association, led by Harry Boland. The IRB knew they would need a highly regarded figure as a front that would conceal the reality of their control. The IRB found Eoin MacNeill the ideal candidate, Professor of Early, mcNeills academic credentials and reputation for integrity and political moderation had widespread appeal. The ORahilly suggested to MacNeill that it should be on some wider subject than mere Gaelic pursuits and it was this suggestion which gave rise to the article entitled The North Began, giving the Irish Volunteers its public origins. On 1 November, MacNeills article suggesting the formation of an Irish volunteer force was published, MacNeill wrote, There is nothing to prevent the other twenty-eight counties from calling into existence citizen forces to hold Ireland for the Empire. It was precisely with this object that the Volunteers of 1782 were enrolled, after the article was published, Hobson asked The ORahilly to see MacNeill, to suggest to him that a conference should be called to make arrangements for publicly starting the new movement. The article threw down the gauntlet to nationalists to follow the lead given by Ulster unionists, MacNeill was unaware of the detailed planning which was going on in the background, but was aware of Hobsons political leanings. He knew the purpose as to why he was chosen, with MacNeill willing to take part, ORahilly and Hobson sent out invitations for the first meeting at Wynns Hotel in Abbey Street, Dublin, on 11 November. Hobson himself did not attend this meeting, believing his standing as an extreme nationalist might prove problematical, the IRB, however, was well represented by, among others, Sean MacDermott and Eamonn Ceannt, who would prove to be substantially more extreme than Hobson. Several others meetings were soon to follow, as prominent nationalists planned the formation of the Volunteers, meanwhile, labour leaders in Dublin began calling for the establishment of a citizens defence force in the aftermath of the lock out of 19 August 1913. Thus formed the Irish Citizen Army, led by James Connolly, the Volunteer organisation was publicly launched on 25 November, with their first public meeting and enrolment rally at the Rotunda in Dublin
24.
Irish Republican Brotherhood
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The Irish Republican Brotherhood was a secret oath-bound fraternal organisation dedicated to the establishment of an independent democratic republic in Ireland between 1858 and 1924. Its counterpart in the United States of America was organised by John OMahony, the members of both wings of the movement are often referred to as Fenians. As part of the New Departure of the 1870s–80s, IRB members attempted to democratise the Home Rule League, and its successor, the Irish Parliamentary Party, as well as taking part in the Land War. The IRB staged the Easter Rising in 1916, which led to the establishment of the first Dáil Éireann in 1919, the rebellion was suppressed, but the principles of the United Irishmen were to have a powerful influence on the course of Irish history. Following the collapse of the rebellion, the British prime minister William Pitt introduced a bill to abolish the Irish parliament and manufactured a Union between Ireland and Britain. Opposition from the Protestant oligarchy that controlled the parliament was countered by the widespread and open use of bribery. The Act of Union was passed, the Catholics, who had been excluded from the Irish parliament, were promised emancipation under the Union. This promise was never kept, and caused a protracted and bitter struggle for civil liberties and it was not until 1829 that the British government reluctantly conceded Catholic emancipation. Though leading to general emancipation, this process simultaneously disenfranchised the small tenants, known as ‘forty shilling freeholders’ and this resulted in the Irish Catholic electorate going from 216,000 voters to 37,000. A massive reduction in the number of Catholics being able to vote, Daniel O’Connell, who had led the emancipation campaign, then attempted the same methods in his campaign, to have the Act of Union with Britain repealed. Despite the use of petitions and public meetings which attracted vast popular support, during the early 1840s, the younger members of the repeal movement became impatient with O’Connells over-cautious policies, and began to question his intentions. Later they were what came to be known as the Young Ireland movement, in 1842 three of the Young Ireland leaders, Thomas Davis, Charles Gavan Duffy and John Blake Dillon, launched the Nation newspaper. In the paper they set out to create a spirit of pride, following the collapse of the Repeal Association and with the arrival of famine, the Young Irelanders broke away completely from O’Connell in 1846. The blight that destroyed the potato harvest between 1845 and 1849 was a human tragedy. An entire social class of farmers and labourers were to be virtually wiped out by hunger, disease. The laissez –faire economic thinking of the government ensured that help was slow, between 1845 and 1851 the population fell by almost two million. That the people starved while livestock and grain continued to be exported, quite often under military escort, left a legacy of bitterness and resentment among the survivors. Shocked by the scenes of starvation and greatly influenced by the revolutions then sweeping Europe, the attempted rebellion failed after a small skirmish in Ballingary, Co Tipperary, coupled with a few minor incidents else where. The government quickly rounded up many of the instigators, those who could, fled across the seas, a last flicker of revolt in 1849, led by among others James Fintan Lalor, was equally unsuccessful
25.
Penal labour
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Penal labour is a generic term for various kinds of unfree labour which prisoners are required to perform, typically manual labour. The work may be light or hard, depending on the context, forms of sentence involving penal labour have included involuntary servitude, penal servitude and imprisonment with hard labour. The term may refer to several related scenarios, labour as a form of punishment, the system used as a means to secure labour. These scenarios can be applied to those imprisoned for political, religious, war, large-scale implementations of penal labour include labour camps, prison farms, penal colonies, penal military units, penal transportation, or aboard prison ships. Punitive labour, also known as labour, prison labour. Punitive labour encompasses two types, productive labour, such as work, and intrinsically pointless tasks used as primitive occupational therapy. Sometimes authorities turn prison labour into an industry, as on a farm or in a prison workshop. On the other hand, for example in Victorian prisons, inmates commonly were made to work the treadmill, in some cases, similar punishments included turning the crank machine or carrying cannonballs. Semi-punitive labour also included oakum-picking, teasing apart old tarry rope to make caulking material for sailing vessels, section 1 of the Penal Servitude Act 1891 makes provision for enactments which authorise a sentence of penal servitude but do not specify a maximum duration. It must now be subject to section 1 of the Criminal Justice Act 1948. Sentences of penal servitude were served in prisons and were controlled by the Home Office. After sentencing, convicts would be classified according to the seriousness of the offence of which they were convicted, first time offenders would be classified in the Star class, persons not suitable for the Star class, but without serious convictions would be classified in the intermediate class. Habitual offenders would be classified in the Recidivist class, care was taken to ensure that convicts in one class did not mix with convicts in another. Penal servitude included hard labour as a standard feature, notable recipients of hard labour under British law include Oscar Wilde and John William Gott. In Inveraray Jail from 1839 prisoners worked up to ten hours a day, most male prisoners made herring nets or picked oakum, those with skills were often employed where the skills could be used, such as shoemaking, tailoring or joinery. Female prisoners picked oakum, knitted stockings or sewed, forms of labour for punishment included the treadmill, shot drill, and the crank machine. Prisoners had to six or more hours a day, climbing the equivalent of 5,000 to 14,000 vertical feet. While the purpose was mainly punitive, the mills could have used to grind grain, pump water
26.
Wales
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Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and it had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2. Wales has over 1,680 miles of coastline and is mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon. The country lies within the temperate zone and has a changeable. Welsh national identity emerged among the Celtic Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, Llywelyn ap Gruffudds death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of Englands conquest of Wales, though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century. The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism, Welsh national feeling grew over the century, Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962. Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998, the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, two-thirds of the population live in south Wales, mainly in and around Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, and in the nearby valleys. Now that the countrys traditional extractive and heavy industries have gone or are in decline, Wales economy depends on the sector, light and service industries. Wales 2010 gross value added was £45.5 billion, over 560,000 Welsh language speakers live in Wales, and the language is spoken by a majority of the population in parts of the north and west. From the late 19th century onwards, Wales acquired its popular image as the land of song, Rugby union is seen as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness. The Old English-speaking Anglo-Saxons came to use the term Wælisc when referring to the Celtic Britons in particular, the modern names for some Continental European lands and peoples have a similar etymology. The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales and these words are descended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning fellow-countrymen. The use of the word Cymry as a self-designation derives from the location in the post-Roman Era of the Welsh people in modern Wales as well as in northern England and southern Scotland. It emphasised that the Welsh in modern Wales and in the Hen Ogledd were one people, in particular, the term was not applied to the Cornish or the Breton peoples, who are of similar heritage, culture, and language to the Welsh. The word came into use as a self-description probably before the 7th century and it is attested in a praise poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan c. 633. Thereafter Cymry prevailed as a reference to the Welsh, until c.1560 the word was spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland. The Latinised forms of names, Cambrian, Cambric and Cambria, survive as lesser-used alternative names for Wales, Welsh
27.
Dunboyne
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Dunboyne is a town in Meath, Ireland. Located ten minutes from Ratoath. Absolute baller Ben Madigan is from Dunboyne, Dunboyne is centred on the crossroads formed by the R156 regional road and the old Maynooth Road. Dunboynes history stretches back to the Middle Ages, Dunboyne was home to many men who fought for and against British rule in the Irish Rebellion of 1798. During the War of Independence the town was Division Headquarters to the IRA 1st Eastern Division, the Division consisted nine brigades, 1st Brigade, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, Delvin, 5th, 6th, Edenderry, 7th, 8th Fingal, and 9th. Dunboyne got its name from the Boyne river that runs through it, the tolka river also runs through Dunboyne. Dunboyne Castle, originally a castle was built as a seat for a branch of the Butler dynasty and it later passed to the Mangan family and was the seat of Simon Mangan, HM Lieutenant for County Meath in the 1890s and 1900s. A partial amount of the building had been dismantled, in 2006, the convent was sold and converted into a hotel. Archibald Hamilton father of William Rowan Hamilton was of the Hamilton family of Dunboyne and they were once large landowners in the town. William Rowans uncle the Rev. James Hamilton was the Vicar of Trim, Thomas Cusack, a Lord Chancellor of Ireland in the 1500s. John Butler, 12th Baron Dunboyne Thomas Blood, Colonel Thomas Blood was an Irish colonel best known for attempting to steal the Crown Jewels of England from the Tower of London in 1671 and he was raised in Sarney, Dunboyne. Dunboyne Athletic Club was founded in 1928 and is located on the Rooske Road, in 2013 the club had 790 registered members, making it the 4th largest club in Ireland. Current Irish international athletes who are members include Padraig White and James Mc Cabe, Michael O Hanlon, the club host an annual 4-mile road race on the last Sunday in March that attracts over 1000 participants. Programmes added in 2013 were Fit4Youth for teenagers and Couch25k, new events include a Winter Throws Competition on the first Saturday in March and a Schools Cross Country on the first Wednesday in December. The GUI National Golf Academy is located 5 km outside Dunboyne on the Maynooth Road and it has a driving range, putting green and short game area. It has golf lessons available from professionals, the golf society in Dunboyne would usually go to different golf courses around Meath for their outings. Dunboyne has a rich GAA tradition, the Dunboyne team won the Meath senior county football championship in 1998 and 2005. Dunboyne man Seán Boylan was the longest serving county manager in GAA history and he was awarded Freedom of Meath in 2006 for his contributions to the Meath GAA scene. In 2009 the under 14 team won the All Ireland club championship, since its foundation in 1996, the Dunboyne Ladies GFC remains the only stand alone Ladies Gaelic Football club in the County
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