1.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
2.
Slogan
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The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising. A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and these attributes are necessary in a slogan, as it is only a short phrase. Therefore, it is necessary for slogans to be memorable, as well as concise in what the organisation or brand is trying to say, the word slogan is derived from slogorn which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic and Irish sluagh-ghairm. Slogans vary from the written and the visual to the chanted and their simple rhetorical nature usually leaves little room for detail and a chanted slogan may serve more as social expression of unified purpose than as communication to an intended audience. George E. Shankels research states that, English-speaking people began using the term by 1704, the term at that time meant the distinctive note, phrase or cry of any person or body of persons. Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the Middle Ages, crimmins research suggests that brands are an extremely valuable corporate asset, and can make up a lot of a businesss total value. With this in mind, if we take into consideration Kellers research and these include, name, logo and slogan. Brands names and logos both can be changed by the way the receiver interprets them, therefore, the slogan has a large job in portraying the brand. Therefore, the slogan should create a sense of likability in order for the name to be likable. Dass, Kumar, Kohli, & Thomas research suggests there are certain factors that make up the likability of a slogan. The clarity of the message the brand is trying to encode within the slogan, the slogan emphasizes the benefit of the product or service it is portraying. The creativity of a slogan is another factor that had an effect on the likability of a slogan. Lastly, leaving the name out of the slogan will have a positive effect on the likability of the brand itself. The original usage refers to the usage as a clan motto among Highland clans, marketing slogans are often called taglines in the United States or straplines in the United Kingdom. Europeans use the terms baselines, signatures, claims or pay-offs, sloganeering is a mostly derogatory term for activity which degrades discourse to the level of slogans. Slogans are used to convey a message about the product, service or cause that it is representing and it can have a musical tone to it or written as a song. Slogans are often used to capture the attention of the audience it is trying to reach, if the slogan is used for commercial purposes, often it is written to be memorable/catchy in order for a consumer to associate the slogan with the product it is representing. A slogan is part of the aspect that helps create an image for the product
3.
Frequency
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Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, for example, if a newborn babys heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as vibrations, audio signals, radio waves. For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, in physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, acoustics, and radio, frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter ν or ν. For a simple motion, the relation between the frequency and the period T is given by f =1 T. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz, named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a previous name for this unit was cycles per second. The SI unit for period is the second, a traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves, short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency instead of period. Spatial frequency is analogous to temporal frequency, but the axis is replaced by one or more spatial displacement axes. Y = sin = sin d θ d x = k Wavenumber, in the case of more than one spatial dimension, wavenumber is a vector quantity. For periodic waves in nondispersive media, frequency has a relationship to the wavelength. Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave. In the special case of electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and this expression becomes, f = c λ. When waves from a monochrome source travel from one medium to another, their remains the same—only their wavelength. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is, the latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1/, or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1/ where Tm is the timing interval. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small, an older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope
4.
Hertz
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The hertz is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units and is defined as one cycle per second. It is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertz are commonly expressed in SI multiples kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz, kilo means thousand, mega meaning million, giga meaning billion and tera for trillion. Some of the units most common uses are in the description of waves and musical tones, particularly those used in radio-. It is also used to describe the speeds at which computers, the hertz is equivalent to cycles per second, i. e. 1/second or s −1. In English, hertz is also used as the plural form, as an SI unit, Hz can be prefixed, commonly used multiples are kHz, MHz, GHz and THz. One hertz simply means one cycle per second,100 Hz means one hundred cycles per second, and so on. The unit may be applied to any periodic event—for example, a clock might be said to tick at 1 Hz, the rate of aperiodic or stochastic events occur is expressed in reciprocal second or inverse second in general or, the specific case of radioactive decay, becquerels. Whereas 1 Hz is 1 cycle per second,1 Bq is 1 aperiodic radionuclide event per second, the conversion between a frequency f measured in hertz and an angular velocity ω measured in radians per second is ω =2 π f and f = ω2 π. This SI unit is named after Heinrich Hertz, as with every International System of Units unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case. Note that degree Celsius conforms to this rule because the d is lowercase. — Based on The International System of Units, the hertz is named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, who made important scientific contributions to the study of electromagnetism. The name was established by the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1930, the term cycles per second was largely replaced by hertz by the 1970s. One hobby magazine, Electronics Illustrated, declared their intention to stick with the traditional kc. Mc. etc. units, sound is a traveling longitudinal wave which is an oscillation of pressure. Humans perceive frequency of waves as pitch. Each musical note corresponds to a frequency which can be measured in hertz. An infants ear is able to perceive frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz, the range of ultrasound, infrasound and other physical vibrations such as molecular and atomic vibrations extends from a few femtoHz into the terahertz range and beyond. Electromagnetic radiation is described by its frequency—the number of oscillations of the perpendicular electric and magnetic fields per second—expressed in hertz. Radio frequency radiation is measured in kilohertz, megahertz, or gigahertz
5.
WEPN (AM)
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WEPN is a 24-hour Hispanic sports talk formatted radio station in New York City featuring national and local sports talk programs and live broadcasts of sports matches. It is the New York affiliate for ESPN Deportes Radio, owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company and its transmitter site is located on the border of Secaucus and North Bergen, New Jersey, and its studios are on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. It is the home for the Spanish language broadcasts of the New York Jets of the NFL, the New York Rangers of the NHL, the New York Mets of MLB. The 1050 frequency has a history prior to this format. Starting in the 1920s as WHN, it played a diversified format and it was renamed WMGM in the late 1940s, continuing the same format until a switch to rock & roll in the late 1950s and early 1960s. As WHN again, it played adult standards in the 1960s, in the late 1980s as WFAN it was the original frequency for the very successful first of its kind all-sports station. Then began a truly convoluted set of ownership, call letter, and format changes from the Spanish language WUKQ to WEVD, a low-rated brokered station in the 1990s, to todays incarnation as WEPN. Originally owned by the Ridgewood Times newspaper, WHN was one of the first radio stations in New York City, going on the air on March 18,1922, a court case in the 1920s against AT&T established some of the early legal principles for American broadcasting. The station played jazz and contemporary music, including Sophie Tucker, Fletcher Henderson. In 1928 the station was bought by the Loews Theatre Organization, during the 1920s the stations frequency changed to 830,760, and then 1010. In the 1930s it broadcast the Major Bowes Amateur Hour, which was picked up by the CBS Radio Network. In 1933, WHN became a station when it acquired the licenses of WRNY and WQAO-WPAP with approval by the Federal Radio Commission on January 31 and February 3. WHN made its final change to 1050 in 1941. During the 1940s the programs Radio Newsreel and Newsreel Theater were prototypes for what would become the all-news radio format. The station broadcast Brooklyn Dodgers games with Red Barber as well as the New York Giants, on September 15,1948, the station changed its call letters to WMGM, reflecting Loews then-ownership of movie studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The station had a format that included pop standard hits, drama, talk, and sports. In the mid-to-late-1950s the station switched to playing Top 40 rock and roll hits, the 50s brand of Top 40 played by WMGM and its competitors included what might today be considered rhythm and blues and country music, in addition to popular instrumentals. Playlists were narrower and more predictable than mainstream MOR stations, wMGMs deejay lineup included morning man Ted Brown and the Redhead, Jerry Marshall, Peter Tripp, Norm Stevens, Dick Shepherd, Bob Lewis, Ed Stokes and Bob Callen
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
Call sign
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In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign is a unique designation for a transmitter station. In North America, they are used for all FCC licensed transmitters, a call sign can be formally assigned by a government agency, informally adopted by individuals or organizations, or even cryptographically encoded to disguise a stations identity. The use of signs as unique identifiers dates to the landline railroad telegraph system. Because there was only one line linking all railroad stations. In order to time, two-letter identifiers were adopted for this purpose. This pattern continued in operation, radio companies initially assigned two-letter identifiers to coastal stations and stations aboard ships at sea. These were not globally unique, so a company identifier was later added. Merchant and naval vessels are assigned call signs by their national licensing authorities, in the case of states such as Liberia or Panama, which are flags of convenience for ship registration, call signs for larger vessels consist of the national prefix plus three letters. United States merchant vessels are given call signs beginning with the letters W or K while US naval ships are assigned callsigns beginning with N, leisure craft with VHF radios may not be assigned call signs, in which case the name of the vessel is used instead. Ships in the US wishing to have a radio licence anyway are under F. C. C, class SA, Ship recreational or voluntarily equipped. Those calls follow the land mobile format of the initial letter K or W followed by 1 or 2 letters followed by 3 or 4 numbers. U. S. Coast Guard small boats have a number that is shown on both bows in which the first two digits indicate the length of the boat in feet. For example, Coast Guard 47021 refers to the 21st in the series of 47 foot motor lifeboats, the call sign might be abbreviated to the final two or three numbers during operations, for example, Coast Guard zero two one. Call signs in aviation are derived from several different policies, depending upon the type of flight operation, in most countries, unscheduled general aviation flights identify themselves using the call sign corresponding to the aircrafts registration number. In this case, the sign is spoken using the International Civil Aviation Organization phonetic alphabet. Aircraft registration numbers internationally follow the pattern of a country prefix, for example, an aircraft registered as N978CP conducting a general aviation flight would use the call sign November-niner-seven-eight-Charlie-Papa. However, in the United States a pilot of an aircraft would normally omit saying November, at times, general aviation pilots might omit additional preceding numbers and use only the last three numbers and letters. This is especially true at uncontrolled fields when reporting traffic pattern positions, for example, Skyhawk eight-Charlie-Papa, left base
8.
Fan (person)
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Collectively, the fans of a particular object or person constitute its fanbase or fandom. They may show their enthusiasm in a variety of ways, such as by promoting the object of their interest, being members of a fan club, holding or participating in fan conventions, or writing fan mail. They may also engage in activities such as creating fanzines, writing fan fiction. Merriam-Webster, the Oxford dictionary and other sources define fan as a version of the word fanatic. The word first become popular in reference to baseball enthusiasts, fanatic itself, introduced into English around 1550, means marked by excessive enthusiasm and often intense uncritical devotion. It comes from the Modern Latin fanaticus, meaning insanely but divinely inspired, the word originally pertained to a temple or sacred place. The modern sense of extremely zealous dates from around 1647, the use of fanatic as a noun dates from 1650. However, the fancy for an intense liking of something, while being of a different etymology, coincidentally carries a less intense. The word emerged as an Americanism around 1889, according to that theory, it was originally shortened to fance then just to the homonym fans. Supporter is a synonym to fan that predates the term and is still commonly used in British English. However, the fan has become popular throughout the English-speaking world. The term supporter is also used in a sense in the United States, to a fan of a politician, a political party. Fans usually have a strong enough interest that some changes in their lifestyles are made to accommodate devotion to the focal object, fans have a desire for external involvement – they are motivated to demonstrate their involvement with the area of interest through certain behaviors. Fans often have a wish to acquire material objects related to the area of interest, as well, some fans have a desire for social interaction with other fans. This again may take many forms, from casual conversation, e-mail, chat rooms, complexity allows further involvement of fans for a longer period of time because of the time needed to work the subject of interest out. It also contributes to a sense of belonging because of the mental effort invested in the subject. These fans will often hold a crush on a movie star, pop star. The groupie is an example, a fan of a band or musician
9.
CBS Sports Radio
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CBS Sports Radio is a sports radio network that debuted with hourly sports news updates on September 4,2012, and with 24/7 programming on January 2,2013. CBS Sports Radio is operated by CBS Radio and CBS Sports, programming on the network features reporters and personalities from CBS Sports, CBS Sports Network, and CBSSports. com. CBS Sports Radio is broadcast throughout the United States on radio affiliates, CBS Sports Radio airs on more than 300 stations nationwide. The flagship station of CBS Sports Radio is WFAN in New York City, in Los Angeles, CBS Sports Radio had been carried by KCBS-FMs HD2 channel but moved to KFWB on August 25,2014. This arrangement was discontinued on March 1,2016 when the station was purchased, the CBS Sports Minute airs weekdays between 6a and 7p
10.
New York City FC
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New York City Football Club is an American professional soccer club based in New York City that competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer. NYCFC began play in 2015, as a team of the league. The club is the first MLS franchise based in the city, by the following year, the league had held talks with several groups, including New York Mets owner Fred Wilpon and his family, about owning the second New York club. The Wilpons interest in MLS reportedly faded following the losses in the Madoff investment scandal. In 2010, MLS commissioner Don Garber officially announced the intent to make its 20th franchise a second team in the New York area. At that point, the league hoped to have the new team beginning operations by 2013. But when Ferran Soriano, Barcelonas vice president at the time of the Miami bid, was appointed Manchester City CEO in August 2012, however, Garber announced in March 2013 that he was almost ready to unveil the new expansion team. Manchester City and the New York Yankees baseball team paid a $100 million expansion fee to join the league. New York City Football Club, LLC was registered with the New York State Department on May 7,2013, reyna, a New Jersey native, also played for the nearby New York Red Bulls. He said he had begun identifying candidates to be the head coach. The team announced an English-language radio deal with WFAN on October 3,2013, further hirings were made in mid-November, when three experienced administrators were appointed to Vice President roles. On December 11,2013, Jason Kreis was announced as the first head coach of the new franchise, having reached the end of his contract at Real Salt Lake and declined an extension. The move came just four days after he missed out on lifting his second MLS Cup with the Utah team, losing on penalties to Sporting Kansas City. Kreis official unveiling was made at a conference on January 10,2014. On June 2,2014 the club announced that Spanish World Cup-winning striker David Villa had signed as the first player. While the team awaited its MLS start in 2015, Villa was loaned to another owned by Manchester City. Reyna hailed Lampard as one of the greatest players in world history, Lampard said that It is a privilege to be able to help make history here in New York City. On July 6,2015 the club signed Italian international Andrea Pirlo from Juventus as their third Designated Player, in the 2015 MLS SuperDraft, as an expansion team, New York City had second overall pick, choosing Oregon State forward Khiry Shelton as their first pick
11.
New York Yankees Radio Network
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The New York Yankees Radio Network is a CBS-owned radio network that broadcasts New York Yankees baseball games to 52 stations across 14 states. The YES Network provides some support for each broadcast. A separate, Spanish-language broadcast airs on New Yorks WADO,1280 AM, the Yankees formed their own radio network in 2002 after WCBS outbid longtime Yankees home WABC for the rights. Since 2005, John Sterling and Suzyn Waldman have been the Yankees Radio Network broadcast team, Waldman was also one of the original personalities at WFAN upon its 1987 launch, where she served as a studio host for various teams and also was the stations Yankees beat reporter. Prior to the Yankee broadcasts moving from WABC to WCBS, Sterling worked with Jay Johnstone, Joe Angel and he is widely known for his home run calls, which often involve one of his player nicknames or catchphrases and for saying Ballgame over. Sterling will often stretch out the for dramatic victories as well as say Yankees win in an excited voice. The network uses the version of Here Come the Yankees as its theme song. The duo worked together for three seasons, with perhaps their most notable call being Steiners call of Aaron Boones 2003 American League Championship Series-winning home run. This did not come to pass, however, as Steiner elected to go west, the broadcast begins with the pregame show, which begins approximately forty minutes prior to first pitch and runs for approximately twenty-five minutes. It is sponsored by BMWs New York dealer network, and the name for the show is the Tri-State BMW Pregame Show. Sterling opens the broadcast by introducing himself, Waldman, and his producer and this portion of the show features an interview by Waldman with Yankees manager Joe Girardi. Sterling then follows with Diamond Notes, relaying news from around the league, the Leadoff Spot feature is next, with Waldman usually talking to a member of the opposing team. In the opposing half of the inning, a reporter from one of the New York newspapers has joined the broadcast booth to offer some insight on team business. For many years, the reporter was the writer from the New York Daily News. Beginning in 2014 the fifth inning segment is called Post Time, for the last inning or so, depending on how long the game continues, Sterling will announce the game by himself so Waldman can get a head start on her postgame duties. After the game ends Waldman will choose a player for her Star of the Game interview, beginning in 2014, the Star of the Game segment is featured after every game, it used to be only featured if the Yankees won the game. Regardless of whether the Yankees win or not, after the out, Sterling returns from one last commercial break with the totals. After another commercial break the show begins, with Sweeny Murti hosting
12.
Westwood One (current)
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Westwood One, owned and operated by Cumulus Media, is an American mass media company headquartered in New York, New York, specializing in radio syndication and audio content. As the radio network and national brand of Cumulus, Westwood One distributes hundreds of programs to radio stations, the company was, at various times, managed by CBS Radio, the radio arm of CBS Corporation and Viacom. It was later purchased by the equity firm The Gores Group. In September 2013, Dial Global rebranded under the name Westwood One and announced an agreement with Cumulus Media. Westwood One now includes the network of Westwood One and Cumulus Media Networks. The company takes its name from a network also named Westwood One. Dial Global was founded as X Radio Networks, a division of Excelsior Radio Networks and it merged with Dial Communications and Global Media in 2006, from which it derived the Dial Global name. Dial Global initially specialized in syndicated weekend music programs of various types, in 2007 it acquired the former Transtar Radio Networks from the original Westwood One. Triton Media Group, a subsidiary of Oaktree Capital Management, purchased Excelsior in early 2008, triton used the Dial Global name for all of its programming and later bought the remainder of Westwood One in 2011, folding it into its Dial Global subsidiary. Dial Global began exhibiting signs of distress in late 2012. It simultaneously announced that it had filed for delisting from NASDAQ, at the time of the announcement, Dial Global stock was trading at $2.00 a share, by mid-January 2013, DGs stock was trading at.30 a share. In a SEC 8-K filing dated January 15,2013, DG announced that it had extended a loan agreement with certain lenders. On August 29,2013, it was announced by The Wall Street Journal that Cumulus Broadcasting will be purchasing Dial Global. Cumulus will be paying $260 million in cash for this programming syndication service, to fund that sale, Cumulus will make a pair of station deals with Townsquare Media, Oaktree Capital Managements radio station ownership division. On September 4,2013, Dial Global announced that - as of that day - the company was renaming itself Westwood One. Both transactions on the Cumulus-Townsquare deal were closed on November 14,2013, the companys numerous acquisitions prompted rival Talk Radio Network to file an antitrust lawsuit against what was then Dial Global in August 2012. Cumulus settled the lawsuit with TRN on amicable terms in March 2014, which was followed by TRN filing another lawsuit over the issue in April 2016
13.
Entercom
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Entercom is a publicly traded American broadcasting company based in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1968, it is the fourth-largest radio company in the United States, joseph M. Field founded Entercom on October 21,1968, on the conviction that FM broadcasting, then in its infancy, would eventually surpass AM broadcasting as the leading radio band. Entercom took advantage of the change to expand its presence in the markets where it already operated. In April 1995, the company paid $24.5 million for three stations in Portland, Oregon, acquiring KGON, a rock station, KFXX, an all-sports station, and KMUZ-FM. He was appointed President and CEO in 2002, over the years, Field has been frequently interviewed in Billboard magazine about various radio industry topics. In January 1999, Entercom went public in an IPO in which it raised around $236 million, in July 1999, the company purchased 43 radio stations from Sinclair Broadcast Group for $821.5 million in cash. It was Entercoms largest deal to date, the deal included stations in eight markets, Kansas City, MO. Milwaukee, New Orleans, LA, Memphis, TN, the deal more than doubled both the number of stations under the companys control, and the number of markets in which it had stations. The acquisition made Entercom the fifth-largest radio broadcaster in the United States and that year, Entercom announced that it would direct its radio stations not to play songs that promoted violence. On August 21,2006, Entercom agreed to buy 15 mid-market stations from CBS Radio, locations included Austin, TX, Cincinnati, OH, Memphis, TN, and Rochester, NY. However, due to ownership limitations set by the FCC, Entercom had to sell off three of its stations in the Rochester market, these were acquired by Stephens Media Group, a year later, Entercom was investigated for payola and fined $4.45 million by the FCC. In 2007, Entercom station KDND was sued after a participant in a Hold Your Wee For a Wii contest held by the morning show died of water intoxication. In May 2014, Entercom announced its launch of SmartReach Digital product line focused on creating digital marketing options for small, the stations Entercom exchanged with Bonneville were KOSI-FM, KYGO-FM, KKFN-FM and KEPN-AM. Entercom previously owned KOSI-FM, while the stations were acquired through the acquisition of LFM. Entercom and Bonneville began operating the stations under time brokerage agreement once the LFM transaction was completed. In November 2015, the deal was closed successfully. In October 2016, Entercom announced that it would acquire four radio stations in Charlotte, North Carolina, the deal closed in January,2017 and WBT AM/FM, WLNK-FM and WFNZ-AM joined Entercom. On February 2,2017, Entercom announced that it had agreed to merge with CBS Radio, the purchase will give Entercom operations in 23 of the top 25 markets, and make it the second-largest owner of radio stations in the United States, behind only iHeartMedia
14.
WBMP (FM)
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WBMP – branded as 92.3 AMP Radio – is an American FM radio station licensed to New York City. Owned by CBS Radio, WBMP broadcasts a rhythmic-leaning CHR music format for the New York metropolitan area, the station was the flagship of The Howard Stern Show from November 1985 to December 2005, and The Opie and Anthony Show from April 2006 until March 2009. WBMP has studios located in the Hudson Square district of Manhattan, a Rock music format known as K-Rock airs on the HD2 channel and Radio Disney, a childrens music format, airs on the HD3 channel. The station, first using the call letters WMCA-FM, went on the air on December 25,1948 and it was co-owned with WMCA radio by former New York state senator Nathan Straus. FM radio was not a successful venture for Straus, and he decided to sell the FM station or close it down altogether. By the early 1970s, WHOM-FM had a Spanish-language easy listening format, WHOM and WHOM-FM, in the early 1970s, were sold to SJR Communications. On June 5,1975, WHOM-FM became WKTU, taking on an Adult Contemporary format and was positioned as soft rock and they were known as Mellow 92. They played current AC songs that crossed over to Top 40 as well as a mix of music from 1964 forward, for 1960s music the station played softer Beatles songs, Mamas and Papas, Spanky and Our Gang, Association, Fifth Dimension, among others. The station steered clear of AC only songs and standards vocalists as well as rock or uptempo R & B. Eventually the station evolved, re-positioned as mellow rock, dropped artists like the Carpenters, most R & B product, and added some softer songs from AOR artists. Unlike todays Adult contemporary music formats, WKTU, by early 1978, was only playing artists heard on Album-oriented rock stations, artists found primarily on Top 40 stations were no longer included. )WKTU was still called Mellow 92 at that point. The Mellow 92 continued until June 1978, meanwhile, station executive, David Rapaport, visited New Yorks Studio 54 discothèque on half a dozen occasions, and was very impressed with the crowds there. He got the idea that a station was needed, as several FM-based Top 40 stations were leaning disco in other markets. As a result, Rapaport purchased 200 disco records and brought them into the station, WKTU abruptly flipped to a disco-based rhythmic top 40 format with the tagline Disco 92 at 6 p. m. on July 24,1978. The same disc jockeys from the format were at first kept on. That fall, the rose from Worst to First, unseating long-time leader 770 WABC in the 18−30 age demographic. Air personalities of this era included Kenn Hayes, Randy Place, Paul Robinson, Trip Reeb, Mary Thomas, Dave Mallow, during the height of the disco craze, WKTU was the station to follow in New York. Initially, WKTU played mostly dance/disco and a few rhythm-friendly pop and rock songs, but by 1979, by then, WKTU was still regarded as a disco station, but could be more accurately described as rhythmic contemporary hit radio
15.
WCBS (AM)
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WCBS, often referred to as WCBS Newsradio 880, is a radio station located in New York City. Owned by CBS Radio, the broadcasts on a clear channel and is the flagship station of CBS Radio News. The stations studios are located in the combined CBS Radio facility in the Hudson Square area of Manhattan, WCBS broadcasts in the HD format. The stations history back to 1924, when Alfred H. Grebe started WAHG at 920 AM. WAHG was a station in New York, and was one of the first commercial radio stations to broadcast from remote locations including horse races. After a short time broadcasting CBS programming three days a week, CBS president William S. Paley purchased WABC and it became a subsidiary of CBS. Soon after this purchase the station moved to a new frequency, this time to 860 AM, the station also moved its studios into the CBS headquarters at 485 Madison Avenue. The station, still operating as WABC, featured a mix of local interest programming, ethnic content and music programs from CBSs national feed. As time went by, WABC turned more and more to the programming provided by CBS and its affiliates. In 1939, the operations were moved across 52nd Street from the headquarters to the new CBS Studio Building. As a result, this station has no relation to the longtime ABC radio flagship station on 770 AM that began in 1921 as WJZ, and has operated as WABC since 1953. During this time WCBS featured well-known personalities including Arthur Godfrey, future CBS News President Bill Leonard, author Emily Kimbrough, one cause célèbre involving WCBS emerged in the 1950s. One of its hosts, John Henry Faulk, was part of an anti-blacklisting wing that took over leadership of the flagship New York chapter of the broadcasters union AFTRA. After Faulk and WCBS came under pressure from anti-Communist group Aware, Faulk and attorney Louis Nizer sued Aware, Inc. for libel, a case often considered one of the key turning points in the battle against McCarthyism. Faulk was supported by fellow CBS broadcaster Edward R. Murrow, according to Murrow biographer Joe Persico, Murrow gave Faulk the money he needed to retain Nizer as his lawyer. The controversy became the subject of the 1975 CBS television movie Fear on Trial, since 1924, WCBS has been known for announcing the time consistently every three minutes. This is because during the early 20th century, not all listeners had reliable time pieces and they relied on synchronising their clocks up with the radio almost every day. To this day, WCBS announces the time frequently, on the hour, WCBS plays the iconic and distinctive CBS network ding indicating that the time is on the hour
16.
WCBS-FM
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WCBS-FM is a CBS-owned radio station in New York City, offering a Classic Hits format. The stations studios are in the combined CBS Radio facility in the Hudson Square neighborhood of Manhattan, the station is the home of the Scott Shannon in the Morning show. WCBS-FM was one of the first notable oldies stations in the country, between June 3,2005, and July 12,2007, the station aired the automated adult hits format Jack FM. The new programming was unsuccessful, and WCBS-FM switched back to a classic hits format. The station is ranked one of the highest-rated stations in the New York market. In 1940, during the days of FM broadcasting, what is now WCBS-FM was allocated an FM frequency and callsign, W67NY. The original transmitter site was atop the building at 500 Fifth Avenue, the allocated dial position changed several times before the station finally went on the air at 46.7 Megacycles on December 1,1941. On November 1,1943, the callsign was changed to WABC-FM for Atlantic Broadcasting Company, the former owner of CBSs AM station. With the reallocation of the FM band, WABC-FMs new frequency became 96.9 Mc. finally, in September 1947 the station became WCBS-FM, and this allowed the station to reflect its corporate ownership by the Columbia Broadcasting System or CBS. The transmitter was moved to the Empire State Building in the early 1950s, for many years, WCBS-FM simulcast its programming with its AM sister station. From the 1940s until the late 1950s, both aired a typical network-dominated general entertainment format with comedies, dramas, news and information, sports, talk shows. As rock and roll became popular, the stations played only softer songs of the genre, each of the stations began broadcasting its own programming in 1966. The AM station retained its personality-oriented Middle of the format until August 27,1967. WCBS-FM initially programmed a younger-leaning easy listening format known as The Young Sound and this automated format was syndicated to CBS stations across the country and to AFR. On August 27,1967, the AM station had to launch its news format on WCBS-FM because an airplane had crashed into the AM transmitter a few hours earlier. In 1969, WCBS-FM launched a rock format, which was becoming increasingly popular. For the first time, WCBS-FM would have an airstaff, Bill Brown began his long tenure with the station, and Don K. Reed began his late in 1971, both remained there until 2005. Radio personalities such as Bobby Wizzard Wayne, Tom Tyler, Ed Williams, Steve Clark, Roby Yonge, bayley, Les Turpin, Bob Bob-A-Lew Lewis also briefly joined the WCBS-FM freeform format
17.
WFAN-FM
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WFAN-FM, also known as Sports Radio 66 and 101.9 FM or The Fan, is a commercial FM radio station located in New York City. The station is owned and operated by CBS Radio, and has simulcast CBS sports radio station, WFAN660 AM, WFAN-FM operates within the combined CBS Radio facility in New Yorks West Village neighborhood, and broadcasts from a transmitter located atop the Empire State Building. The station traces its origin to an experimental Apex band radio station, W2XWF on 42.18 MHz, in 1941 the station was authorized to convert to a commercial FM station, W55NY transmitting on 45.5 MHz. In 1943 the call letters were changed to WFGG, which were changed to WGHF in 1945, one of the uses of the station was to test Finchs broadcast facsimile system. By 1946, the station was broadcasting on 99.7 MHz, in late 1948, it became the New York City affiliate of the farm-oriented Rural Radio Network based in Ithaca, New York, which owned a group of upstate stations that would later associate with WQXR. In 1955, its then-owner, Muzak, changed the letters to WBFM. Reflecting its parent owner, the station aired a beautiful music radio format. The station was run by two Texans, GM Lynn Christian and Program Director Charlie Whitaker, who had achieved top ratings on KODA-FM in Houston, while still focused on current music, it mixed in rock and roll oldies from about 1964 to what was then recent. The New York Times reported, Characterized by a bass, a simple melody. WPIX-FM recently switched several hours of its programming over to disco. The nightly show Disco 102 was first hosted by Doctor Jerry Carroll, by the summer of 1976 the station was back to a gold leaning Top 40 format which was popular on FM stations at the time. The station was featured in lyrics from the Squeeze song. March 1980–1981, Rock-based Top 40—A station spokesperson said the station was modifying the format to improve the product to make it more mass acceptable, january–March 1982, CHR --basically a transitional format to Adult Contemporary. March 1982, adult contemporary—began positioning itself as Nothing But Love Songs in 1983, had good ratings from 1983 to 1985. 1985, hot adult contemporary The Ballads and Beat of New York, August 16,1986, adult contemporary/standards/eclectic rock The Bright and Lively Sound of New York. 1987, Hot Adult Contemporary during the day and urban adult contemporary evenings, 1987-1988, Hot Adult Contemporary during the day and overnights using Easy Rock as a slogan. Forecaster Phil Rodent moonlighted in costume as Capt. PIX, another of its disc jockeys, Jerry Carroll, would gain fame as commercial spokesperson for the Crazy Eddie retail chain. Ted David would later go on to be an anchor at ABC Radio
18.
WINS (AM)
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WINS, known on-air as 10-10 Wins, is a radio station in New York City, owned by CBS Radio. WINSs studios are in the combined CBS Radio facility in the Hudson Square area of Manhattan, WINS is the oldest all-news radio station in the United States, broadcasting in that format continuously since 1965. WINS can be heard in the HD Radio format on both its own frequency and at WNEW-FMs HD-3 feed, the station began broadcasting first during 1924 on 950 kHz as WGBS, named after and broadcasting from its owner, Gimbels department store. It moved to 860 kHz sometime around 1927, to 600 around 1930, the station was bought by William Randolph Hearst in 1932, and it adopted its present callsign the same year, effective January 15. WINS relocated from the Hotel Lincoln to the WINS Building,114 East 58th Street and it changed its frequency from 1180 to 1000 on March 29,1941 as part of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement and then eventually to 1010 on October 30,1943. Crosley sold the station to J. Elroy McCaws Gotham Broadcasting Corporation in 1953, alan Freed was WINS earliest famous personality as disc jockey. Freed was followed later by Murray the K Kaufman. Sports broadcaster Les Keiter, a member of the first generation of legends in that field. By the early 1960s, WINS faced stiff competition for the audience from three other stations, WMCA, WMGM, and WABC. The competition continued after WINS was purchased by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1962, by 1963, WMCA upstaged them all and became the top-rated top 40 station in the New York area. WINS consequently saw a decline of ratings between 1963 and 1965, normally trailing WMCA and WABC by some distance, by this time, WMGM had already defected to a beautiful music format under its previous call letters, WHN, in February 1962. The last song played on WINS before it became a station was Out in the Streets, by The Shangri-Las, on April 18,1965. On April 19,1965, after weeks of speculation, WINS changed its format radically and it became the third radio station in the United States to attempt all-news programming, going with the new format around the clock. The latter tagline was a reference to WINSs format clock, which resets every twenty minutes, in 1995 Westinghouse Electric purchased CBS, a move which made WINS a sister station to its long-time rival WCBS. Early on, there had been speculation that either station would drop the all-news format, in fact, the performance differences in both stations supplement their continued overlap. WINSs ratings numbers are better within New York City, while WCBSs listener strength is greater in the suburbs, from a programming standpoint, WINSs harder approach is offset by WCBS lighter, more conversational style, especially in peak morning and afternoon drive periods. Since the Westinghouse-CBS merger, both stations have continued to perform well in ratings and advertising revenue. WINS did not clear the network newscasts, but did air vocal reports, the Top of the Hour ID words at the beginning was, during 1010 WINS 50th anniversary in 2015, Celebrating 50 Years, of All News, All The Time
19.
WNEW-FM
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WNEW-FM is a New York City hot adult contemporary radio station owned and operated by CBS Radio. WNEW-FMs studios are in the combined CBS Radio facility in the West Soho section of Manhattan, WNEW-FM is best remembered for one of its previous incarnations, a progressive rock radio format that began in 1967 and lasted into the 1990s. That station became very influential in the development of music during the 1970s and 1980s. The station shared the WNEW call letters between 1958 and 1986 with former sister AM station WNEW and television station WNEW-TV, with all being owned by Metromedia, WNEW-FM broadcasts in the HD Radio format. The 102.7 FM frequency was first assigned in the mid-1940s as WNJR-FM from Newark, intended to be a simulcasting sister to WNJR, the FM station never made it to the air despite being granted several extensions of its construction permit. WNJR gave up and turned in the FM license to the Federal Communications Commission in 1953, in 1955 the FCC awarded a new permit for 102.7 FM to a group called Fidelity Radio Corporation, based in West Paterson, New Jersey. The station was granted the call sign WHFI, and a year later the community of license was moved back to Newark from West Paterson. Once again, the failed to put the station on the air. In November 1957, the WHFI construction permit was purchased by the DuMont Broadcasting Corporation, in January 1958, WHFI was renamed WNEW-FM and DuMont completed its build-out, moving the license to New York City. The station finally came on the air on August 25,1958, DuMont Broadcasting, meanwhile, would change its corporate name twice within the next three years before settling on Metromedia in 1961. WNEW-FMs early programming included an automated middle-of-the-road format, followed quickly by a period playing pop music with an unusual twist in its day. an all-female air staff. The gimmick was unique and had not before been attempted anywhere in American radio. The lineup of disc jockeys during this stunt included actress and TV personality Peggy Cass, Alison Steele, Rita Sands, Margaret Draper, Ann Clements, Arlene Kieta, Pam McKissick, the music was similar to that of WNEW s MOR format. But only Cass, Steele, Sands, and Bassett had broadcast experience, meanwhile, the male DJs on WNEW were still very popular, so it was hard for WNEW-FM to find an audience. The all-female disc jockey lineup endured for a more than a year, switching in September 1967 to a mixed-gender staff. On October 30,1967, WNEW-FM adopted a rock radio format. Alison Steele would stay on from the staff and eventually take over the overnight shift on January 1,1968. Later, Dave Herman featured a Bruce Juice segment each morning, John Lennon once stopped by to guest-DJ along with Dennis Elsas and appeared on-air several other times during his friend Scott Munis afternoon slot
20.
Webcast
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A webcast is a media presentation distributed over the Internet using streaming media technology to distribute a single content source to many simultaneous listeners/viewers. A webcast may either be distributed live or on demand, essentially, webcasting is broadcasting over the Internet. The largest webcasters include existing radio and TV stations, who simulcast their output through online TV or online radio streaming, Webcasting usually consists of providing non-interactive linear streams or events. Rights and licensing bodies offer specific webcasting licenses to those wishing to carry out Internet broadcasting using copyrighted material, Webcasting is used extensively in the commercial sector for investor relations presentations, in e-learning, and for related communications activities. However, webcasting does not bear much, if any, relationship to web conferencing, the ability to webcast using cheap/accessible technology has allowed independent media to flourish. There are many notable independent shows that broadcast regularly online, often produced by average citizens in their homes they cover many interests and topics. Webcasts relating to computers, technology, and news are particularly popular, Webcasting differs from podcasting in that webcasting refers to live streaming while podcasting simply refers to media files placed on the Internet. Webcasting is the distribution of media files through the internet, pakman from Apple, they launched the Macintosh New York Music Festival from July 17–22,1995. This event audio webcast concerts from more than 15 clubs in New York City, Apple later webcast a concert by Metallica on June 10,1996 live from Slims in San Francisco. In 1995, Benford E. Standley produced one of the first audio/video webcasts in history, on August 13,1998, it is generally believed the first webcast wedding took place, between Alan Knecht and Carrie Silverman in Toronto Canada. The live signal was broadcast via satellite to PA, then encoded and streamed via the BGEA website, the first teleconferenced/webcast wedding to date is believed to have occurred on December 31,1998. Dale Ficken and Lorrie Scarangella wed on this date as they stood in a church in Pennsylvania, on November 4,1994, Stef van der Ziel distributed the first live video images over the web from the Simplon venue in Groningen. On November 7,1994, WXYC, the radio station of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill became the first radio station in the world to broadcast its signal over the internet. Translated versions including Subtitling are now possible using SMIL Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language, a wedcast is a webcast of a wedding. It allows family and friends of the couple to watch the wedding in time on the Internet. Webcasting a funeral is also a service provided by funeral homes. Although it has been around for a decade, cheaper broadband, the strain of travel. International Webcasting Association Media clip Podcast Streaming media Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language Video blog Web radio Webisode Webinar PR Newswire
21.
AM broadcasting
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AM broadcasting is the process of radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation. AM was the first method of impressing sound on a signal and is still widely used today. Commercial and public AM broadcasting is authorized in the wave band worldwide. Commercial AM broadcasting developed from amateur broadcasts around 1920, and was the commercially important form of radio broadcasting until FM broadcasting began after World War II. This period is known as the Golden Age of Radio, today, AM competes with FM, as well as with various digital radio broadcasting services distributed from terrestrial and satellite transmitters. AM broadcasting was the first broadcasting technology invented, the technology of amplitude modulation radio transmission was developed between 1900 and 1920. This was used for private communication and message traffic, such as telegrams. The entrepreneurs who developed AM radiotelephone transmission did not anticipate broadcasting voice, the term broadcasting, borrowed from agriculture, was applied to this new activity around 1920. Prior to 1920 there was no concept of broadcasting, or that radio listeners could be a market for entertainment. Although there were a number of broadcasts during this period. True radio broadcasting didnt begin until around 1920, when it sprang up spontaneously among amateur stations, AM remained the dominant method of broadcasting for the next 30 years, a period called the Golden Age of Radio, until FM broadcasting started to become widespread in the 1950s. AM remains a popular, profitable entertainment medium today and the dominant form of broadcasting in some such as Australia. The first AM voice transmission was made by Canadian researcher Reginald Fessenden on 23 December 1900, Fessenden is a significant figure in the development of AM radio. He helped develop one of the first – the Alexanderson alternator, the first practical continuous wave AM transmitters were based on versions of the Poulsen arc transmitter invented in 1903, and the huge, expensive Alexanderson alternator, developed 1906–1910. The modifications necessary to transmit AM were clumsy and resulted in low audio quality. Modulation was usually accomplished by a carbon microphone inserted directly in the antenna wire, the limited power handling ability of the microphone severely limited the power of the first radiotelephones, in powerful transmitters water-cooled microphones had to be used. At the receiving end, the crystal radio receivers then in use could not drive loudspeakers, only earphones. The discovery in 1912 of the ability of the Audion vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest
22.
Radio station
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A radio station is a set of equipment necessary to carry on communication via radio waves. Generally, it is a receiver or transmitter, an antenna, Radio stations play a vital role in communication technology as they are heavily relied on to transfer data and information across the world. More broadly, the definition of a radio station includes the aforementioned equipment, such a station may include several radio stations defined above. This definition of a station is more often referred to as a transmitter site. Each station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily», transmitter - Takes the electrical output of a microphone and then modulates a higher-frequency carrier signal and transmits it as radio waves. Receiver - The broadcast message is received by the receiver and decodes the radio sine waves, antenna - An antenna is required for transmission, it is also required to receive radio waves. The main use of an antenna is to radio signals. Aerial feeder - system of feeding HF-Energy in the antenna Transmission lines - Transmission lines are used to transfer the radio signals from one location to another. For example, a line was used in Luftwaffe, Germany during WW II to send information from camps back to their base. Connectors Interface panel remote control – This is used to various different types of the equipment used in a radio station. To input broadcast data into a transmitter an interface panel will need to be used, cable – A cable can be used to connect the various devices. Equipment Rack – To hold all equipment in a secure and logical manner, power protection equipment – For holding equipments in a stable, secure and logical manner. UPS – For uninterrupted power supply and these are the most used/important devices and items for most radio stations. A microphone is used to capture the input of sound created by people speaking into the device. The sounds are turned into electrical energy, this energy then flows along a metal antenna. As the electrons in the current move back and forth up the antenna. The waves travel at the speed of light, taking the program with them. A compound of both a transmitter and a receiver is called a transceiver, they are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing, when no circuitry is common between the transmit and receive functions, the device becomes a transmitter-receiver
23.
Hudson Square
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To the north of the neighborhood is Greenwich Village, to the south is TriBeCa, and to the east is SoHo. The area once was known as the Printing District, and into the 21st century it remains a center of media-related activity, including in advertising, design, communications, the most prominent feature within the neighborhood is the Manhattan entrance to the Holland Tunnel. The tallest structure in the neighborhood is the Trump SoHo hotel, the Spring Street subway station serves the neighborhood, as do several bus lines. When George Washington led the defense of New York against the British in 1776, his headquarters were located at the Mortier House at what is now Charlton and Varick Streets. One of the earliest known uses of the term New Yorker in a work is found in a letter that he wrote from Lower Manhattan. The neighborhood was home to the first African-American newspaper in the United States, called Freedoms Journal, edited by John Russwurm, the newspaper provided international, national, and regional information on current events and contained editorials declaiming against slavery, lynching, and other injustices. Trinity Wall Street owns substantial commercial real estate in Hudson Square, the Ear Inn is one of the oldest bars in New York City, said to have been established in 1817, built by George Washington’s aide. During Prohibition it was a speakeasy, but afterwards it had no name and it was known as The Green Door to sailors and longshoremen. In 1977, new resident-owners christened it the Ear Inn, a chosen to avoid the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commissions lengthy review of any new sign. The neon BAR sign was painted to read EAR, after Ear Magazine, the Holland Tunnel was once the longest underwater tunnel in the world. It officially opened at midnight on November 13,1927 and it still serves as a heavily used Hudson River crossing, especially for trucks bound for Long Island. The New York City Fire Museum is located on 278 Spring Street between Hudson and Varick Streets, the Paradise Garage was a discotheque notable in the history of modern dance and pop music, as well as LGBT and nightclub cultures located at 84 King Street. The SoHo Playhouse at 15 Vandam Street stands on land that was once Richmond Hill, purchased from Burr in 1817, the land was then developed into federalist-style row houses by fur magnate John Jacob Astor. 15 Van Dam Street was designated at the Huron Club, a meeting house. The turn of the century brought the Tammany Hall machine to the Huron Club, prominent regulars included Battery Dan Finn and the infamous Mayor Jimmy Beau James Walker. The main floor was transformed into a theater in the 1920s, the playhouse now serves as a 199-seat off-Broadway venue. Steinway & Sons was founded in 1853 by German immigrant Henry Engelhard Steinway in a Manhattan loft on Varick Street, South Village Media related to Hudson Square at Wikimedia Commons
24.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
25.
Transmitter
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In electronics and telecommunications a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device which generates a radio frequency alternating current. When a connected antenna is excited by this current, the antenna emits radio waves. The term transmitter is usually limited to equipment that generates radio waves for communication purposes, or radiolocation, such as radar and navigational transmitters. Generators of radio waves for heating or industrial purposes, such as ovens or diathermy equipment, are not usually called transmitters even though they often have similar circuits. The term is used more specifically to refer to a broadcast transmitter. This usage typically includes both the proper, the antenna, and often the building it is housed in. A transmitter can be a piece of electronic equipment, or an electrical circuit within another electronic device. A transmitter and a receiver combined in one unit is called a transceiver, the term transmitter is often abbreviated XMTR or TX in technical documents. The purpose of most transmitters is radio communication of information over a distance, the transmitter combines the information signal to be carried with the radio frequency signal which generates the radio waves, which is called the carrier signal. The information can be added to the carrier in several different ways, in an amplitude modulation transmitter, the information is added to the radio signal by varying its amplitude. In a frequency modulation transmitter, it is added by varying the signals frequency slightly. Many other types of modulation are used, the radio signal from the transmitter is applied to the antenna, which radiates the energy as radio waves. The antenna may be enclosed inside the case or attached to the outside of the transmitter, as in portable devices such as phones, walkie-talkies. In more powerful transmitters, the antenna may be located on top of a building or on a tower, and connected to the transmitter by a feed line. The first primitive radio transmitters were built by German physicist Heinrich Hertz in 1887 during his investigations of radio waves. These generated radio waves by a high voltage spark between two conductors, beginning in 1895 Guglielmo Marconi developed the first practical radio communication systems using spark transmitters. These spark-gap transmitters were used during the first three decades of radio, called the wireless telegraphy or spark era, vacuum tube transmitters took over because they were inexpensive and produced continuous waves, which could be modulated to transmit audio using amplitude modulation. This made possible commercial AM radio broadcasting, which began in about 1920, experimental television transmission had been conducted by radio stations since the late 1920s, but practical television broadcasting didnt begin until the 1940s
26.
High Island, New York
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High Island is a small private island, part of The Pelham Islands group in the New York City borough of the Bronx. It lies east of the end of City Island between City Island Harbor and Pelham Bay in Long Island Sound. It is an island at most times, but is connected to City Island by a sandbar that emerges at very low tide and it is also connected to City Island by a small private bridge. High Island was once known as Shark Island due to the sand sharks which used to swim in the nearby waters of Pelham Bay. The island is high with a shape similar to a gumdrop. Elisha King purchased the island in 1829 to quarry stones, during the 1920s the Miller family operated a community of summer rental cottages catering to about 40 families. In 1961, it was purchased to use for transmission towers. As of 2010, the island and two transmitters are owned by CBS Radio, a division of CBS Corporation. It houses the transmitters and antenna towers for WCBS and WFAN, previous to being on High Island, the WCBS facility was located on nearby manmade Columbia Island in Westchester County, New York. On August 27,1967, a private airplane crashed into the radio tower, destroying the antenna and taking WCBS and WNBC off the air. Both stations were able to borrow nearby transmission facilities for about a week, the permanent replacement was built with a second tower as an emergency backup. The taller of the towers is 167 metres, the shorter tower is 91.4 metres and was built in 2001 to replace the emergency tower erected in 1967. The proximity of these two AM radio stations has, at times, caused interference on telephones and electronic equipment on nearby City Island, High Island is only an AM radio transmission facility. It does not have any studios or tower tenants, other than the two AM radio stations, both WCBS-AM and WFAN broadcast from studios located at the Hudson Square Broadcast Center in Manhattan. A full-time caretakers residence was in use from 1961 to 2007, the island is currently maintained by the radio stations engineers and contractors. USGS Report – High Island Island in the City WCBS-AM Website WFAN Website CBS Radio Jim Hawkins WCBS/WFAN Transmitter Tour
27.
The Bronx
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The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County
28.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
29.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
30.
AT&T Corporation
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Founded in 1885 as the original American Telephone and Telegraph Company, it was at times the worlds largest telephone company, the worlds largest cable television operator, and a regulated monopoly. At its peak in the 1950s and 1960s, it employed one million people, in 2005, AT&T was purchased by Baby Bell and former subsidiary SBC Communications for more than $16 billion. SBC then changed its name to AT&T Inc, AT&T started with Bell Patent Association, a legal entity established in 1874 to protect the patent rights of Alexander Graham Bell after he invented the telephone system. Originally a verbal agreement, it was formalized in writing in 1875 as Bell Telephone Company, in 1880 the management of American Bell had created what would become AT&T Long Lines. The project was the first of its kind to create a nationwide long-distance network with a commercially viable cost-structure, the project was formally incorporated in New York State as a separate company named American Telephone and Telegraph Company on March 3,1885. With this assets transfer, AT&T became the parent of both American Bell and the Bell System. AT&T was involved mainly in the business and, although it was a partner with RCA, was reluctant to see radio grow because such growth might diminish the demand for wired services. It established station WEAF in New York as what was termed a toll station, AT&T could provide no programming, but anyone who wished to broadcast a message could pay a toll to AT&T and then air the message publicly. The original studio was the size of a telephone booth, the idea, however, did not take hold, because people would pay to broadcast messages only if they were sure that someone was listening. As a result, WEAF began broadcasting entertainment material, drawing amateur talent found among its employees, throughout most of the 20th century, AT&T held a monopoly on phone service in the United States and Canada through a network of companies called the Bell System. At this time, the company was nicknamed Ma Bell, on April 30,1907, Theodore Newton Vail became President of AT&T. Vail believed in the superiority of one system and AT&T adopted the slogan One Policy, One System. This would be the philosophy for the next 70 years. Under Vail, AT&T began buying up many of the telephone companies including Western Union telegraph. Anxious to avoid action from government antitrust suits, AT&T and the government entered into an agreement known as the Kingsbury Commitment. These actions brought unwanted attention from antitrust regulators, in the Kingsbury Commitment, AT&T and the government reached an agreement that allowed AT&T to continue operating as a monopoly. While AT&T periodically faced scrutiny from regulators, this state of affairs continued until the breakup in 1984. The United States Justice Department opened the case United States v. AT&T in 1974 and this was prompted by suspicion that AT&T was using monopoly profits from its Western Electric subsidiary to subsidize the cost of its network, a violation of anti-trust law
31.
Flagship
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A flagship is a vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships, characteristically a flag officer entitled by custom to fly a distinguishing flag. Used more loosely, it is the ship in a fleet of vessels, typically the first, largest, fastest, most heavily armed. In common naval use, the flagship is fundamentally a temporary designation. Historically, only larger ships could accommodate such requirements, the term was also used by commercial fleets, when the distinction between a nations navy and merchant fleet was not clear. In the age of sailing ships, the flagship was typically a first-rate, non-first rates could serve as flagships, however, the USS Constitution, a frigate, served as flagship for parts of the United States Navy during the early 19th century. In the 20th century, ships became large enough that the types, cruisers and up, could accommodate a commander. Some larger ships may have a flag bridge for use by the admiral. Because its primary function is to coordinate a fleet, a flagship is not necessarily more heavily armed or armored than other ships, during World War II admirals often preferred a faster ship over the largest one. Modern flagships are designed primarily for command and control rather than for fighting, as with many other naval terms, flagship has crossed over into general usage, where it means the most important or leading member of a group, as in the flagship station of a broadcast network. Is used as both a noun and adjective describing the most prominent or highly touted product, brand, location, derivations include the flagship brand or flagship product of a manufacturing company, flagship store of a retail chain, or flagship service of a hospitality or transportation concern. The term flagship may have applications, Auto companies may have a flagship in the form of their leading or highest-priced car. Electronics companies may have a series of products considered to be their flagship, for example, the Samsung Galaxy S series consists of several flagship smartphones that are released on a yearly basis. In rail transport, a service is either the fastest or most luxurious. Often it is also a train or service. In some cases, special service or a class above first class may be available in the service while it is not offered in normal services. Flagship services are used to present the company in advertising or abroad. Most states in the United States provide public university education through one or more university systems, the phrase flagship institution or flagship university may be applied to an individual school or campus within each state system. These schools are often land-grant, sea-grant, or space-grant research universities, the use of the term is seen by some as elitist and boastful
32.
NBC Red Network
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The NBC Red Network is a defunct American radio network. Launched in 1926, it, along with the NBC Blue Network, were the two radio networks of the National Broadcasting Company, and the first two commercial radio networks in the United States. CBS Radio was established a year later, in 1943, NBC was required to divest itself of its Blue Network, which would eventually become the American Broadcasting Company. The Red Network continued as the NBC Radio Network, the NBC Radio Network itself no longer exists under its original configuration, having been spun off and gradually dissolved into eventual corporate parent Westwood One. In 1923, the Radio Corporation of America acquired control of WJZ in Newark, New Jersey, from Westinghouse, as part of the purchase, RCA also gained the rights to rent AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, and the technology for operating a quality radio network. On September 13,1926, RCA chairman of the board Owen D, Young and president James G. Harbord announced the formation of the National Broadcasting Company, Inc. to begin broadcasting upon RCAs acquisition of WEAF on November 15. The purpose of the National Broadcasting Company will be to provide the best programs available for broadcasting in the United States and it is hoped that arrangements may be made so that every event of national importance may be broadcast widely throughout the United States, announced M. H. Aylesworth, the first president of NBC, in the press release, although RCA was identified as the creator of the network, NBC was actually owned 50% by RCA, 30% by General Electric, and 20% by Westinghouse. The network officially was launched at 8 p. m. ET on Monday, carl Schlagel of the Metropolitan Opera opened the inaugural broadcast, which also featured Will Rogers and Mary Garden. The broadcast was made simultaneously on WEAF and WJZ, some of NBCs programming was broadcast that evening on WEEI WLIT, WRC, WDAF, and WWJ. noted by the different background color. NBC Blue would utilize this logo until their 1942 sale, on January 1,1927, NBC formally divided its programming along two networks. The two NBC networks did not have distinct identities or formats, the NBC Red Network, with WEAF as its flagship station and a stronger line-up of affiliated stations, often carried the more popular, big budget sponsored programs. The Blue Network and WJZ carried a somewhat smaller line-up of often lower-powered stations, NBC Blue often carried newer, untried programs, lower cost programs and un-sponsored or sustaining programs. In many cities in addition to New York, the two NBC affiliated stations were operated as duopolies, having the same owners and sharing the same staff, at this time, most network programs were owned by the sponsors and produced by their advertising agencies. The networks did not control or program their own schedules as they do now, Networks rented studio facilities to produce shows and sold air-time to sponsors. The only network produced programs were unsponsored programs used to fill unsold time periods, a similar two-part/two-color strategy appeared in the recording industry, dividing the market between classical and popular offerings. NBC Red then extended its reach into the midwest by acquiring two 50,000 watt clear-channel signals, Cleveland station WTAM on October 16,1930, on October 18,1931, Blue Network programming was introduced along the NBC Gold Network, which broadcast from San Franciscos KPO. In 1936 the Orange Network name was dropped and affiliate stations became part of the Red Network, the Gold Network adopted the Blue Network name
33.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
34.
RCA
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RCA Corporation, founded as the Radio Corporation of America, was an American electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986. General Electric took over the company in late 1985 and split it up the following year, after World War I began in August 1914, radio traffic across the Atlantic Ocean increased dramatically after the western Allies cut the German transatlantic telegraph cables. In 1917 the government of the United States took charge of the owned by the major companies involved in radio manufacture in the United States to devote radio technology to the war effort. All production of equipment was allocated to the U. S. Army, U. S. Navy, U. S. Marine Corps. The War Department and the Navy Department sought to maintain a monopoly of all uses of radio technology. The wartime takeover of all radio systems ended late in 1918, the war ended in November of that year. The ending of the governments monopoly in radio communications did not prevent the War. On 8 April 1919, naval Admiral W. H. G. Bullard, the proposal presented by the government was that if GE created an American-owned radio company, then the Army and Navy would effect a monopoly of long-distance radio communications via this company. This marked the beginning of a series of negotiations through which GE would buy the American Marconi company, the Army and the Navy granted RCA the former American Marconi radio terminals that had been confiscated during the War. Admiral Bullard received a seat on the Board of Directors of RCA for his efforts in establishing RCA, the result was federally-created monopolies in radio for GE and the Westinghouse Corporation and in telephone systems for the American Telephone & Telegraph Company. The first chief officer of RCA was Owen D. Young. RCAs incorporation papers required that a majority of its stock be held by American citizens, as the years went on, RCA either took over, or produced for itself, a large number of patents, including that of the superheterodyne receiver invented by Edwin Armstrong. Over the years, RCA continued to operate international services, under its subsidiary RCA Communications, Inc. GE used RCA as its retail arm for radio sales from 1919, Westinghouse also marketed home radios through RCA until 1930. In 1929, RCA purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and this included a majority ownership of the Victor Company of Japan. The new subsidiary then became RCA Victor, with Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the Nipper His Masters Voice trademark. This trademark is used by the British music & entertainment company HMV. RCA began selling the first electronic turntable in 1930, in 1931, RCA Victor began selling 33⅓ rpm records
35.
Supreme Court of the United States
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The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is the interpreter of federal constitutional law. The Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight justices who are nominated by the President. Once appointed, justices have life tenure unless they resign, retire, in modern discourse, the justices are often categorized as having conservative, moderate, or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation. Each justice has one vote, and while many cases are decided unanimously, the Court meets in the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, D. C. The Supreme Court is sometimes referred to as SCOTUS, in analogy to other acronyms such as POTUS. The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 and its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the court specifically established by the Constitution. The Court first convened on February 2,1790, by which five of its six initial positions had been filled. According to historian Fergus Bordewich, in its first session, he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street and they had no cases to consider. After a week of inactivity, they adjourned until September, the sixth member was not confirmed until May 12,1790. Because the full Court had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was made by two-thirds. However, Congress has always allowed less than the Courts full membership to make decisions, under Chief Justices Jay, Rutledge, and Ellsworth, the Court heard few cases, its first decision was West v. Barnes, a case involving a procedural issue. The Courts power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court, the Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim, a remnant of British tradition, and instead issuing a single majority opinion. Also during Marshalls tenure, although beyond the Courts control, the impeachment, the Taney Court made several important rulings, such as Sheldon v. Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford, which helped precipitate the Civil War. In the Reconstruction era, the Chase, Waite, and Fuller Courts interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution, during World War II, the Court continued to favor government power, upholding the internment of Japanese citizens and the mandatory pledge of allegiance. Nevertheless, Gobitis was soon repudiated, and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend, the Warren Court dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties. It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote
36.
Competition law
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Competition law is a law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies. Competition law is implemented through public and private enforcement, Competition law is known as anti-trust law in the United States, and as anti-monopoly law in China and Russia. In previous years it has known as trade practices law in the United Kingdom. In the European Union, it is referred to as both antitrust and competition law, the history of competition law reaches back to the Roman Empire. The business practices of market traders, guilds and governments have always been subject to scrutiny, since the 20th century, competition law has become global. The two largest and most influential systems of regulation are United States antitrust law and European Union competition law. National and regional competition authorities across the world have formed international support, modern competition law has historically evolved on a country level to promote and maintain fair competition in markets principally within the territorial boundaries of nation-states. National competition law usually does not cover activity beyond territorial borders unless it has significant effects at nation-state level, countries may allow for extraterritorial jurisdiction in competition cases based on so-called effects doctrine. The protection of competition is governed by international competition agreements. These obligations were not included in GATT, but in 1994, with the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of GATT Multilateral Negotiations, the Agreement Establishing the WTO included a range of limited provisions on various cross-border competition issues on a sector specific basis. Competition law, or antitrust law, has three elements, prohibiting agreements or practices that restrict free trading and competition between business. This includes in particular the repression of trade caused by cartels. Banning abusive behavior by a firm dominating a market, or anti-competitive practices that tend to lead to such a dominant position, Practices controlled in this way may include predatory pricing, tying, price gouging, refusal to deal, and many others. Supervising the mergers and acquisitions of large corporations, including joint ventures. Substance and practice of competition law varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, protecting the interests of consumers and ensuring that entrepreneurs have an opportunity to compete in the market economy are often treated as important objectives. In recent decades, competition law has been viewed as a way to better public services. An early example of competition law can be found in Roman law, the Lex Julia de Annona was enacted during the Roman Republic around 50 B. C. To protect the trade, heavy fines were imposed on anyone directly, deliberately
37.
Blue Network
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The Blue Network, and its immediate predecessor, the NBC Blue Network, were the on-air names of the now defunct American radio production and distribution service, which ran from 1927 to 1945. The Blue Network can be dated to 1923, when the Radio Corporation of America acquired WJZ, Newark from Westinghouse and moved it to New York City in May of that year. When RCA commenced operations of WRC, Washington on August 1,1923, Radio historian Elizabeth McLeod states that it would not be until 1924 that the Radio Group formally began network operations. The core stations of the Radio Group were RCAs stations WJZ and WRC, the Westinghouse station WBZ, then in Springfield, Massachusetts, and WGY, RCAs principal rival prior to 1926 was the radio broadcasting department of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company. AT&T, starting in 1921, had been using this department as a test-bed for equipment being designed and manufactured by its Western Electric subsidiary, nevertheless, the WJZ network sought to compete toe-to-toe with the AT&T network, which was built around WEAF. For example, both stations sent announcer teams to cover the 1924 Democratic National Convention, which was held in Madison Square Garden in New York City. RCA were to receive a break in 1926, when AT&T made a decision to exit the broadcasting business. The first step by AT&T was to create the Broadcasting Company of America on May 15,1926, the Oakland Tribune stated that 4/5ths of the purchase price of WEAF could be attributed to good-will and the line access. On July 28,1926, the Washington Post reported in a story that RCA had acquired WCAP. The Oakland Tribune reported the day that WCAP had departed the field, and WRC would be operating on the frequency that they had shared. It is also announced that this opening Victor program inaugurates a new system to be operated by the National Broadcasting Company. This new chain, which will be known as the network, will allow simultaneous broadcasting from WJZ through WBZ, Springfield and Boston, KDKA, Pittsburgh. For broadcasting of the first program, therefore, the network will be joined with the red network, as the WEAF chain is designated. The Red and Blue Networks shared a pool of engineers and facilities. There are two examples, from the biggest news events of 1927. On May 20,1927, both of the NBC networks covered the return of Charles Lindbergh to America from his trans-Atlantic flight, star announcer Graham McNamee doing the honors. Three months later, a combined hookup of 67 stations on the two presented the second Dempsey–Tunney fight, broadcast by McNamee and NBC colleague Phillips Carlin. See Elizabeth McLeods discussion of surviving NBC broadcast material from this era, during the 1932–1933 season, Standard Oil of New Jersey sponsored an unusual program, the Five-Star Theater, which each weeknight presented a show in a different format
38.
Edward John Noble
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Edward John Noble was an American broadcasting and candy industrialist originally from Gouverneur, New York. He co-founded the Life Savers Corporation in 1913, Edward Noble was born in Gouverneur, New York and educated in the public schools. He attended Syracuse University and graduated from Yale in 1905, in 1912, chocolate manufacturer Clarence Crane of Cleveland, Ohio invented Life Savers as a summer candy that could withstand heat better than chocolate. Since the mints looked like miniature life preservers, he called them Life Savers, after registering the trademark, Crane sold the rights to the peppermint candy to Edward Noble for $2,900. Instead of using cardboard rolls, which were not very successful, pep-O-Mint was the first Life Savers flavor. He was the first chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Authority and he also served as secretary of Commerce under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1939-1940. In 1943, Edward John Noble bought the St. Catherines Island on the coast of Georgia, in 1968, ten years after his death, the island was transferred to the Edward J. Noble Foundation. The island is now owned by the St. Catherines Island Foundation, and the interior is operated for charitable, scientific, literary. Noble was part of the St. Lawrence Seaway Project and was appointed to the board by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1954. He owned Boldt Castle, the Thousand Island Club, and a residence on Wellesley Island. The ornamental street lights in the park are all that remain of the gift of new street lights that were given to the village by Edward and his brother. The lights were in memory of their father, Edward Noble died peacefully in his sleep on December 28,1958. Three hospitals and a foundation are named after him, after entering the tower from Bruce Waynes office balcony, a plaque recognizing either Noble can be found beside a model of Wayne Tower in the receptionist lobby. It reads Wayne Tower & Plaza Architecture by, Edward Noble followed by a credit to Martin Teichmann. Noble Hospital in Gouverneur, NY Edward John Noble Foundation company information from BusinessWeek
