1.
WGBH (FM)
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WGBH is a public radio station located in Boston, Massachusetts. WGBH is a station of National Public Radio and an affiliate of Public Radio International. The license-holder is the WGBH Educational Foundation, which also owns WGBH-TV and WGBX-TV, the station, dubbed Boston Public Radio, renamed Bostons Local NPR, broadcasts a news-and-information format during the daytime, and jazz music during the nighttime. GBH stands for Great Blue Hill, the location of WGBHs FM transmitter, Great Blue Hill in Milton, Massachusetts, has an elevation of 635 feet, is located within the Blue Hills Reservation, and is the highest point in the Boston area. WGBH also operates a service for the Cape Cod and Islands area. This service is simulcast on three stations, WCAI Woods Hole, WNAN Nantucket, and WZAI Brewster, WGBH also owns WCRB, a classical music station. This service is simulcast by two stations, WNCK in Nantucket and WJMF in Smithfield, Rhode Island, both WCAI and WCRB are also simulcast on HD Radio sidechannels of WGBH itself. The WCRB simulcast on WGBH-HD2 is also relayed by translator W242AA East Cambridge, WGBH, WCAI, and WCRB all webcast their audio programming on the internet. For more of a history of the Lowell Institute Cooperative Broadcasting Council see the article on John Lowell, WGBH signed on October 6,1951, with a live broadcast of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Within a decade, it had grown enough that it partnered with the Five Colleges to set up a repeater for western Massachusetts and that repeater is now a separate station, with its own programming, and is the flagship NPR outlet for western Massachusetts. WGBH was a member of NPR, and was one of the stations that carried the inaugural broadcast of All Things Considered in 1971. In the summer of 2016, the station will broadcast some of its programming from a studio in the newly renovated Boston Public Library Johnson building, fronting on Boylston Street in Back Bay. WGBH broadcasts news programming, generally from NPR or PRI, jazz music is broadcast on weekend evenings and overnights. Until July 2,2012, WGBH-FM also carried jazz during the evening, however, this programming was severely cut back on July 2,2012, to increase news and information programming during the evening and overnight hours. Saturday afternoon and evening programming is focused on Celtic music, followed by A Prairie Home Companion, programs originating from WGBH for the local market include, Boston Public Radio, a daily two-hour local public affairs talk show co-hosted by Jim Braude and Margery Eagan. Since September 29th, this time are now of three hours, starting at 11 a. m, in addition, WGBHs music programming also included folk music on Saturday afternoons and blues on Saturday evenings. News programming was limited to time on weekdays, and between 10am and noon on weekends. In September 2009, the WGBH Educational Foundation announced a deal to acquire WCRB and it consolidated all classical music programming on WCRB, and changed WGBH to an all-news and information format
2.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
3.
Digital terrestrial television
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Digital terrestrial television is a technological evolution of broadcast television and an advancement over analog television. A terrestrial implementation of digital television uses a aerial to broadcast to a conventional television antenna instead of a satellite dish or cable television connection. The amount of data that can be transmitted is directly affected by channel capacity, the modulation method in DVB-T is COFDM with either 64 or 16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. In general, a 64QAM channel is capable of transmitting a bit rate. 16 and 64QAM constellations can be combined in a single multiplex, the DVB-T standard is not used for terrestrial digital television in North America. Instead, the ATSC standard calls for 8VSB modulation, which has similar characteristics to the vestigial sideband modulation used for analog television. This provides considerably more immunity to interference, but is not immune — as DVB-T is — to multipath distortion, both systems use the MPEG transport stream and H. 262/MPEG-2 Part 2 video codec specified in MPEG-2, they differ significantly in how related services are encoded. DTTV is received either via a digital set-top box, TV gateway or integrated tuner included with television sets, some set-top-boxes and TV gateways include digital video recorder functionality. This is quite common in the UK, see external links, indoor aerials are even more likely to be affected by these issues and possibly need replacing. Main articles, List of digital television deployments by country, Digital television transition Afghanistan started digital transmissions in MPEG-4 on Sunday,31 August 2014, Afghanistan adopted DVB-T2 system for digital television. India adopted DVB-T system for television in July 1999. The first DVB-T transmission was started on 26 January 2003 in the four metropolitan cities by Doordarshan. Currently the terrestrial transmission is available in digital and analog formats. 4 high power DVB-T transmitters were set up in the top 4 cities, an additional 190 high power, and 400 low power DVB-T2 transmitters have been approved for Tier I, II and III cities of the country by 2017. The Indian telecom regulator, TRAI, had recommended the I&B to allow private broadcast companies to use the DTT technology, so far, the Indian I&B ministry only permits private broadcast companies to use satellite, cable and IPTV based systems. Israel started digital transmissions in MPEG-4 on Sunday,2 August 2009, Israel was the first nation in the Middle East and the first non-European nation to shut down its analogue TV distribution system. The new service which is operated by the Second Authority for Radio, according to government decisions, the system will expand to include two additional multiplexes that will carry new channels and HD versions of the existing channels. In this matter nothing has been decided upon until the end on 2012, on 20 March 2013 it was announced that Thomson Broadcast had won a major contract with The Second Authority for Television and Radio for the extension of its nationwide DVB-T/DVB-T2 network
4.
Ultra high frequency
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Ultra high frequency is the ITU designation for radio frequencies in the range between 300 MHz and 3 GHz, also known as the decimetre band as the wavelengths range from one meter to one decimetre. Radio waves with frequencies above the UHF band fall into the SHF or microwave frequency range, lower frequency signals fall into the VHF or lower bands. UHF radio waves propagate mainly by line of sight, they are blocked by hills, the IEEE defines the UHF radar band as frequencies between 300 MHz and 1 GHz. Two other IEEE radar bands overlap the ITU UHF band, the L band between 1 and 2 GHz and the S band between 2 and 4 GHz. Radio waves in the UHF band travel almost entirely by propagation and ground reflection, there is very little reflection from the ionosphere. They are blocked by hills and cannot travel far beyond the horizon, atmospheric moisture reduces, or attenuates, the strength of UHF signals over long distances, and the attenuation increases with frequency. UHF TV signals are generally more degraded by moisture than lower bands, occasionally when conditions are right, UHF radio waves can travel long distances by tropospheric ducting as the atmosphere warms and cools throughout the day. The length of an antenna is related to the length of the radio waves used, the UHF antenna is stubby and short, at UHF frequencies a quarter-wave monopole, the most common omnidirectional antenna is between 2.5 and 25 cm long for example. UHF is widely used in telephones, cell phones, walkie-talkies and other two-way radio systems from short range up to the visual horizon. Their transmissions do not travel far, allowing frequency reuse, public safety, business communications and personal radio services such as GMRS, PMR446, and UHF CB are often found on UHF frequencies as well as IEEE802.11 wireless LANs. The widely adapted GSM and UMTS cellular networks use UHF cellular frequencies, radio repeaters are used to retransmit UHF signals when a distance greater than the line of sight is required. Omnidirectional UHF antennas used on mobile devices are usually short whips, higher gain omnidirectional UHF antennas can be made of collinear arrays of dipoles and are used for mobile base stations and cellular base station antennas. The short wavelengths also allow high gain antennas to be conveniently small, high gain antennas for point-to-point communication links and UHF television reception are usually Yagi, log periodic, corner reflectors, or reflective array antennas. At the top end of the band slot antennas and parabolic dishes become practical, for television broadcasting specialized vertical radiators that are mostly modifications of the slot antenna or helical antenna are used, the slotted cylinder, zig-zag, and panel antennas. UHF television broadcasting fulfilled the demand for additional over-the-air television channels in urban areas, today, much of the bandwidth has been reallocated to land mobile, trunked radio and mobile telephone use. UHF channels are used for digital television. UHF spectrum is used worldwide for mobile radio systems for commercial, industrial, public safety. Many personal radio services use frequencies allocated in the UHF band, major telecommunications providers have deployed voice and data cellular networks in UHF/VHF range
5.
Very high frequency
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Very high frequency is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves from 30 MHz to 300 MHz, with corresponding wavelengths of ten to one meters. Frequencies immediately below VHF are denoted high frequency, and the higher frequencies are known as ultra high frequency. Air traffic control communications and air navigation systems work at distances of 100 kilometres or more to aircraft at cruising altitude, some older DVB-T receivers included channels E2 to E4 but newer ones only go down to channel E5. VHF propagation characteristics are suited for terrestrial communication, with a range generally somewhat farther than line-of-sight from the transmitter. VHF waves are restricted to the radio horizon less than 100 miles. VHF is less affected by noise and interference from electrical equipment than lower frequencies. Unlike high frequencies, the ionosphere does not usually reflect VHF waves, the distance to the radio horizon is slightly extended over the geometric line of sight to the horizon, as radio waves are weakly bent back toward the Earth by the atmosphere. These approximations are only valid for antennas at heights that are compared to the radius of the Earth. They may not necessarily be accurate in mountainous areas, since the landscape may not be transparent enough for radio waves, in engineered communications systems, more complex calculations are required to assess the probable coverage area of a proposed transmitter station. The accuracy of calculations for digital TV signals is being debated. Portable radios usually use whips or rubber ducky antennas, while base stations usually use larger fiberglass whips or collinear arrays of vertical dipoles, for directional antennas, the Yagi antenna is the most widely used as a high gain or beam antenna. For television reception, the Yagi is used, as well as the log periodic antenna due to its wider bandwidth, helical and turnstile antennas are used for satellite communication since they employ circular polarization. For even higher gain, multiple Yagis or helicals can be mounted together to make array antennas, vertical collinear arrays of dipoles can be used to make high gain omnidirectional antennas, in which more of the antennas power is radiated in horizontal directions. Television and FM broadcasting stations use arrays of specialized dipole antennas such as batwing antennas. Certain subparts of the VHF band have the same use around the world, some national uses are detailed below. 108–118 MHz, Air navigation beacons VOR and Instrument Landing System localiser, 118–137 MHz, Airband for air traffic control, AM,121.5 MHz is emergency frequency 144–146 MHz, Amateur radio. Other capital cities and regional areas used a combination of these, the initial commercial services in Hobart and Darwin were respectively allocated channels 6 and 8 rather than 7 or 9. By the early 1960s it became apparent that the 10 VHF channels were insufficient to support the growth of television services and this was rectified by the addition of three additional frequencies—channels 0, 5A and 11
6.
Program and System Information Protocol
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PSIP defines virtual channels and content ratings, as well as electronic program guides with titles and descriptions to be decoded and displayed by the ATSC tuner. PSIP can also send, the exact time referenced to UTC and GPS time, the short name, a maximum of seven characters can be used in a short name. PSIP is defined in ATSC standard A/65, the most recent revision of which is A/65,2013, a/69 is a recommended practice for implementing PSIP in a television station. PSIP also supersedes the A/55 and A/56 protocol methods of delivering program guide information, PSIP information may be passed through the airchain using proprietary protocols or through use of the XML-based Programming Metadata Communication Protocol facility metadata scheme. S
7.
PBS
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The Public Broadcasting Service is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor. PBS is funded by member dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, government agencies, corporations, foundations. All proposed funding is subjected to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source, since the mid-2000s, Roper polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States. This arbitrary distinction is a frequent source of viewer confusion and it also operates National Datacast, a subsidiary which offers datacasting services via member stations, and provides additional revenue for PBS and its member stations. In 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations, each station is charged with the responsibility of programming local content for their individual market or state that supplements content provided by PBS and other public television distributors. By contrast, PBS member stations pay fees for the acquired and distributed by the national organization. Under this relationship, PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasting counterparts, scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly depending on the market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, however, PBS has a policy of common carriage, which requires most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common programming schedule to market them nationally more effectively. Management at former Los Angeles member KCET cited unresolvable financial and programming disputes among its reasons for leaving PBS after over 40 years in January 2011. Most PBS stations timeshift some distributed programs, once PBS accepts a program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than the originating member station, retains exclusive rebroadcasting rights during an agreed period. Suppliers retain the right to sell the program in non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, in 1991, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting resumed production for most PBS shows that debuted prior to 1977, with the exceptions of Washington Week in Review and Wall Street Week. In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy released the results of the largest study on the popularity and credibility of charitable, the strategy began that fall, with the intent to expand the in-program breaks to the remainder of the schedule if successful. In 2011, PBS released apps for iOS and Android to allow viewing of videos on mobile devices. An update in 2015 added Chromecast support, PBS initially struggled to compete with online media such as YouTube for market share. In a 2012 speech to 850 top executives from PBS stations, in the speech, later described as a “seminal moment” for public television, he laid out his vision for a new style of PBS digital video production. Station leadership rallied around his vision and Seiken formed PBS Digital Studios, which began producing educational but edgy videos, something Seiken called “PBS-quality with a YouTube sensibility. ”The studio’s first hit, in 2012, PBS began organizing much of its prime time programming around a genre-based schedule. PBS broadcasts childrens programming as part of the morning and afternoon schedule. Unlike its radio counterpart, National Public Radio, PBS does not have a program production arm or news division
8.
World (TV channel)
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World is a United States over-the-air digital subchannel showing public TV non-fiction, science, nature, news, public affairs and documentaries. It is contributed to by the Public Broadcasting Service, WGBH-TV, WNET, the Knight Foundation announced a challenge grant to PBS to launch this network on December 14,2004 at the Digital Futures Initiative Summit. PBS would have to double the grant amount to get the foundations grant. Additional, the made a grant to PBS for the first programs pilot slated for the network. The program, Global Watch, was to be co-produced by KCET, the pilot aired on PBS National Program Service, while the series would only continue on Public Square. PBS was also discussing with WGBH and WNET to fold Public Square, WGBH and WNET were developing World in 2004. By December 2005, Boston’s WGBH and WNET were already broadcasting World on a subchannel and added by April 2006, san Francisco’s KQED were already broadcasting its own nonfiction encore channel before April 2005, too. Then, WGBH and WNET team up with PBS to roll out a version of the local channels as World with KQED continuing on its own. The stations are supposed to program and PBS distributing the network, Public Square was expected to exist as a two to three hours long hosted weeknight programming block on the channel. The network was launched nationally on August 15,2007, for the first year, the Ford Foundation granted some funds to cover cost while PBS was contributing some funding from it revenue-generating activities. As of March 2009, there was no national underwriter for the network as one had not been pursued as the network lacked enough coverage to land one, on July 1,2009, PBS withdrew from the channel. By September 2009, ITVS’s Global Voices was the original program for the network. An overhaul of the network was in the work as of September 8,2009, CPB agreed to fund R&D for the relaunch and cover cost so stations would not have to pay the license until June 2011. The network was relaunched in July 2010 with the revamped website slate for July 1st with more of a roll out. The relaunch service, seen more as an outlet than just a TV channel, was planned to target a more diverse color audience with a median age of 36. The revamp World would have a theme for coherence and personality to create online action. With little funding for programs, the channel is using a new low-cost collaborative model by offering distribution, in September 2011, a new general manager, Elizabeth Cheng, for the network was hired. United States budget sequestration in 2013 caused a cut in Corporation for Public Broadcastings budget, the CPB then used some fund formerly earmarked for the National Minority Consortia towards the World network
9.
Call sign
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In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign is a unique designation for a transmitter station. In North America, they are used for all FCC licensed transmitters, a call sign can be formally assigned by a government agency, informally adopted by individuals or organizations, or even cryptographically encoded to disguise a stations identity. The use of signs as unique identifiers dates to the landline railroad telegraph system. Because there was only one line linking all railroad stations. In order to time, two-letter identifiers were adopted for this purpose. This pattern continued in operation, radio companies initially assigned two-letter identifiers to coastal stations and stations aboard ships at sea. These were not globally unique, so a company identifier was later added. Merchant and naval vessels are assigned call signs by their national licensing authorities, in the case of states such as Liberia or Panama, which are flags of convenience for ship registration, call signs for larger vessels consist of the national prefix plus three letters. United States merchant vessels are given call signs beginning with the letters W or K while US naval ships are assigned callsigns beginning with N, leisure craft with VHF radios may not be assigned call signs, in which case the name of the vessel is used instead. Ships in the US wishing to have a radio licence anyway are under F. C. C, class SA, Ship recreational or voluntarily equipped. Those calls follow the land mobile format of the initial letter K or W followed by 1 or 2 letters followed by 3 or 4 numbers. U. S. Coast Guard small boats have a number that is shown on both bows in which the first two digits indicate the length of the boat in feet. For example, Coast Guard 47021 refers to the 21st in the series of 47 foot motor lifeboats, the call sign might be abbreviated to the final two or three numbers during operations, for example, Coast Guard zero two one. Call signs in aviation are derived from several different policies, depending upon the type of flight operation, in most countries, unscheduled general aviation flights identify themselves using the call sign corresponding to the aircrafts registration number. In this case, the sign is spoken using the International Civil Aviation Organization phonetic alphabet. Aircraft registration numbers internationally follow the pattern of a country prefix, for example, an aircraft registered as N978CP conducting a general aviation flight would use the call sign November-niner-seven-eight-Charlie-Papa. However, in the United States a pilot of an aircraft would normally omit saying November, at times, general aviation pilots might omit additional preceding numbers and use only the last three numbers and letters. This is especially true at uncontrolled fields when reporting traffic pattern positions, for example, Skyhawk eight-Charlie-Papa, left base
10.
WGBX-TV
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WGBX-TV, virtual channel 44, is a non-commercial educational PBS member television station located in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. WGBXs studios are located on Guest Street in Boston, and its transmitter is located in Needham, the X in its callsign stands for Experimental, as WGBX was home to programming that was given a trial run on the lower-rated UHF signal before possibly moving onto the more-established WGBH-TV. The station airs PBS programs that are not aired by WGBH-TV as well as additional supplemental programming, reruns of the previous nights programming either from WGBH-TV or from WGBX-TV itself also makes up part of channel 44s programming schedule. The station initially existed as a permit for WJDW-TV, a commercial station co-owned by television producer Jack Wrather and his business partner. In 1965, Wrather and Alvarez donated the license to WGBH Educational Foundation, the now defunct analog signal maintained a separate antenna on a lower portion of the tower that was shared with WGBHs digital transmitter. WGBX-TV shut down its signal, over UHF channel 44. The stations digital signal continued to broadcasts on its pre-transition UHF channel 43, through the use of PSIP digital television receivers display the stations virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 44. World moved from digital subchannel 44.2 to 2.2 in the spring of 2012, replacing WGBHs standard definition simulcast, a 44.2 subchannel is not currently mapped. On January 16,2017 at 6 AM, WGBX switched its.4 subchannel from a local 12 hour kids format over to the relaunched PBS Kids Channel network
11.
WFXZ-CD
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WFXZ-CD, virtual channel 24, is the Ateca-affiliated television station located in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. The station is owned by Prime Time Partners, wFXZ-CD maintains studio facilities located in Woburn, and its transmitter is located in the Newton Upper Falls district of Newton. The station is available on Comcast Xfinity digital channels 300,721 and 981, the stations construction permit was originally granted on November 30,1989 as W29BA, operating on channel 29, which would be licensed to nearby Lawrence. However, by the time finally it signed on the air with a shopping service in early 2000, it had moved to channel 24, was licensed to Boston. A few months later, channel 24 changed its letters to WVXN-LP. In 2001, the station was upgraded to Class A status, the station changed its callsign to WFXZ-CA in 2003. In July 2006, the became the Boston affiliate of the Azteca América network. WFXZ flash-cut its signal to digital transmission in 2010, longtime owner Randolph Weigner agreed to sell WFXZ to Prime Time Partners in December 2011. The stations digital channel is multiplexed, Official website Query the FCCs TV station database for WFXZ
12.
WCAI
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WCAI, WNAN and WZAI are National Public Radio member radio stations serving the Cape Cod and Islands area of southeast Massachusetts. They broadcast primarily news and information programming and are owned by the WGBH Educational Foundation in Boston, coverage for WCAI and WNAN didnt reach all of Cape Cod and the nearby islands, however, and in 2005 the third signal, WZAI, went on the air. In addition, a stream of the station is available. The series was produced and reported by Sean Corcoran, and it highlighted numerous poverty issues in a region that often is thought of as playground for the rich, WCAI was the only radio station to win the award that year. WCAI itself carries WCRBs programming on its second HD Radio channel, which was added in late 2013 after WCAI boosted its power
13.
WCRB
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WCRB is a non-commercial radio station licensed to Lowell, Massachusetts and based in the Brighton area of Boston, which serves the Greater Boston area. WCRB began broadcasting on 1330 kHz out of Waltham on January 30,1948, in 1950, the station was sold entirely to Theodore Jones, who would own the station under the name of Charles River Broadcasting until his death in 1991. Prior to that time, “Ted” Jones set up the Charles River Broadcast Trust to guarantee that his establishment would continue in perpetuity, around the time Jones first acquired the station, WBMS, a daytime AM radio station that had programmed classical music, changed format. Jones decided to change WCRBs format from that of a typical suburban AM station of the era to full-time classical music, FM service at 102.5 Megacycles was added by 1954 upon the purchase of the WHAV FM transmitter. FM brought WCRBs classical music format to parts of the Boston area that did not get good reception of WCRBs directional AM signal, WCRB was directly involved with the development of FM multiplex stereo. Station WCRB and H. H. H. H. Scott was an early stereophonic receiver manufacturer that developed and manufactured high-quality home stereo equipment, once the FCC approved stereophonic broadcasting, WCRB created a special “stereo” studio in downtown Boston, the first in the world. There was no dual channel studio equipment at the time, much of the equipment was handmade by the engineering staff. ”WCRB is noted for many other innovations. It was the first radio station to obtain a permanent waiver of the FCC rules requiring average modulation in excess of eighty-five percent and this was necessary to preserve the dynamic range of the concert music broadcasts. The station also obtained a permanent waiver of the FCC rule that required a station identification announcement every thirty minutes and this meant that a live concert performance no longer had to be interrupted for station identification. The WCRB engineering staff worked with the National Association of Broadcasters to codify the RIAA LP record frequency-response curve, before the early days of FM stereo broadcasting, nobody had encountered the necessity of amplitude- and phase-matching two 15 kHz stereo leased lines. The telephone company called such a type, “Program channel A. ”To them, as long as the frequency response and noise level matched their specifications. It was just a matter of labeling them, WCRB engineering worked with AT&T to generate a specification involving matching both the phase and frequency response. This became the standard of the industry, in the early days of radio, stations had full-time engineers on duty. Therefore, the WCRB engineering staff also recorded performances for the Boston Symphony Orchestra Transcription Trust. Although Charles River Broadcasting had acquired radio stations, WCRB remained as the companys flagship station. In 1975, WCRB ended simulcasting of WCRB-FM, changing call letters to WHET, in 1978, Charles River Broadcasting sold off WHET, but retained WCRB, which became increasingly successful over the years as a 24/7 classical music station. However, the decision to interpret the commitment as a request rather than a demand resulted in the sale of the station to Greater Media on December 19,2005. The trustees of the Charles River Broadcast Trust had already sold off portions of the property so that there was little physical property
14.
National Educational Television
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National Educational Television was an American educational broadcast television network that was owned by the Ford Foundation and later co-owned by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. The network was founded as the Educational Television and Radio Center in November 1952 by a grant from the Ford Foundations Fund for Adult Education. It was originally a service for exchanging and distributing educational television programs produced by local television stations to other stations. In the spring of 1954, ETRC moved its operations to Ann Arbor, Michigan and it put together a daily five-hour package of television programs, distributing them primarily on kinescope film to the affiliated stations by mail. The programming was noted for treating subjects in depth, including interviews with people of literary. The programming was noted for being dry and academic, with little consideration given to entertainment value. Many of the shows were designed as adult education, and ETRC was nicknamed the University of the Air, the centers headquarters moved from Ann Arbor to New York City in 1958, and the organization became known as the National Educational Television and Radio Center. The center became more aggressive at this time, aiming to ascend to the role of the U. S. fourth television network, among its efforts, the network began importing programs from the BBC into the United States, starting with An Age of Kings in 1961. It increased its output to ten hours a week. The organization changed tactics again in November 1963 and it renamed itself National Educational Television, and spun off its radio assets. Under the centerpiece program NET Journal, NET began to air controversial, hard-hitting documentaries that explored numerous social issues of the day such as poverty and racism. While praised by critics, many affiliates, especially those in politically and culturally conservative markets, in 1966, NETs viability came into question when the Ford Foundation decided to begin withdrawing financial support because of NETs continual need for additional funding. In the meantime, the affiliated stations kept the network afloat by developing reliable sources of revenue, the U. S. government intervened and created the Corporation for Public Broadcasting in 1967 to fund the network for the time being. However, the CPBs intent was to create its own broadcasting network. The CPB embarked on that course of action because many NET affiliates were alienated by the programming that the network offered and these affiliates further felt that NETs simultaneous production and distribution of programming constituted a conflict of interest. The Public Broadcasting Service first began operations in 1969, with NET continuing to produce several programs, however, NETs refusal to stop airing the critically praised but controversial documentaries led to Ford and the CPB deciding to shut the network down. In early 1970, both threatened to cut their funding unless NET merged its operations with Newark, New Jersey public television station WNDT-TV, on October 5,1970, PBS officially began broadcasting after NET and WNDT-TV completed their merger. WNDTs call sign was changed to WNET shortly afterward, some programs that began their runs on NET, such as Washington Week and Sesame Street, continue to air on PBS today
15.
Effective radiated power
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Effective radiated power, synonymous with equivalent radiated power, is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency power transmitted from a theoretical half-wave dipole antenna. It is differentiated from effective isotropic radiated power mainly by use of antenna gain instead of absolute gain in the calculation. The term antenna gain is assumed to be absolute unless specifically stated to be relative, the gain is then multiplied by the power actually accepted by the antenna to result in the actual ERP value. Power losses which occur prior to the antenna, e. g. in the line or from inefficiency in the generator itself are therefore not included in the calculation of ERP or EIRP. Antenna gain is closely related to directivity and often used interchangeably. However, gain is less than directivity by a factor called radiation efficiency. Whereas directivity is entirely a function of wavelength and the geometry and type of antenna, specifically, accelerating charge causes electromagnetic radiation per Maxwells equations. Therefore, antennas use a current distribution on radiating elements to generate electromagnetic energy that propagates away from the antenna and this coupling is never 100% efficient, and therefore antenna gain will always be less than directivity by this efficiency factor. The receiver would not be able to determine a difference, maximum directivity of an ideal half-wave dipole is a constant, i. e.0 dBd =2.15 dBi. Therefore, ERP is always 2.15 dB less than EIRP, the ideal dipole antenna could be further replaced by an isotropic radiator, and the receiver cannot know the difference so long as the input power is increased by 2.15 dB. Unfortunately, the distinction between dBd and dBi is often left unstated and the reader is forced to infer which was used. For example, a Yagi-Uda antenna is constructed from several dipoles arranged at intervals to create better energy focusing than a simple dipole. Since it is constructed from dipoles, often its antenna gain is expressed in dBd, obviously this ambiguity is undesirable with respect to engineering specifications. A Yagi-Uda antennas maximum directivity is 8.77 dBd =10.92 dBi and its gain necessarily must be less than this by the factor η, which must be negative in units of dB. Neither ERP nor EIRP can be calculated without knowledge of the power accepted by the antenna, let us assume a 100 Watt transmitter with losses of 6 dB prior to the antenna. ERP <22. 77dBW and EIRP <24. 92dBW, polarization has not been taken into account so far, but properly it must be. When considering the dipole radiator previously we assumed that it was aligned with the receiver. Now assume, however, that the antenna is circularly polarized
16.
Height above average terrain
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Height above average terrain is a measure of how high an antenna site is above the surrounding landscape. HAAT is used extensively in FM radio and television, as it is more important than effective radiated power in determining the range of broadcasts. Stations that want to increase above a certain HAAT must reduce their power accordingly, the entire radial graph could be rotated to achieve the best effect for the station. The altitude of the site, minus the average altitude of all the specified points, was the HAAT. This can create some unusual cases, particularly in mountainous regions—it is possible to have a number for HAAT. The FCC has divided the Contiguous United States into three zones for the determination of spacing between FM and TV stations using the same frequencies, FM and TV stations are assigned maximum ERP and HAAT values, depending on their assigned zones, to prevent co-channel interference. The FCC regulations for ERP and HAAT are listed under Title 47, Maximum HAAT,150 meters Maximum ERP,50 kW Minimum co-channel separation,241 km Maximum HAAT,600 meters Maximum ERP,100 kW Minimum co-channel separation,290 km. In addition, Zone I-A consists of all of California south of 40° north latitude, Puerto Rico, zones I and I-A have the most grandfathered overpowered stations, which are allowed the same extended coverage areas that they had before the zones were established. One of the most powerful of these stations is WBCT in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Zone III consists of all of Florida and the areas of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas within approximately 241.4 kilometers of the Gulf of Mexico. Zone II is all the rest of the Continental United States, Alaska and Hawaii
17.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
18.
Federal Communications Commission
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The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security, and modernizing itself. The FCC was formed by the Communications Act of 1934 to replace the radio regulation functions of the Federal Radio Commission, the FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission. The FCCs mandated jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the FCC also provides varied degrees of cooperation, oversight, and leadership for similar communications bodies in other countries of North America. The FCC is funded entirely by regulatory fees and it has an estimated fiscal-2016 budget of US$388 million. Consistent with the objectives of the Act as well as the 1993 Government Performance and Results Act and these are, Broadband All Americans should have affordable access to robust and reliable broadband products and services. Competition Competition in the provision of services, both domestically and overseas, supports the Nations economy. The competitive framework for communications services should foster innovation and offer consumers reliable, Media The Nations media regulations must promote competition and diversity and facilitate the transition to digital modes of delivery. Public Safety and Homeland Security Communications during emergencies and crisis must be available for public safety, health, defense, the Nations critical communications infrastructure must be reliable, interoperable, redundant, and rapidly restorable. The FCC is directed by five appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate for five-year terms. The U. S. President designates one of the commissioners to serve as chairman, only three commissioners may be members of the same political party. None of them may have a financial interest in any FCC-related business, importantly, commissioners may continue serving until the appointment of their replacements, but may not serve beyond the end of the next session of Congress following term expiration. In practice, as of 2016 this means that commissioners may serve up to 1 1/2 years beyond the term expiration dates listed above if no replacement is appointed. The Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau develops and implements the FCCs consumer policies, CGB serves as the public face of the FCC through outreach and education, as well as through their Consumer Center, which is responsible for responding to consumer inquiries and complaints. CGB also maintains partnerships with state, local, and tribal governments in such areas as emergency preparedness. The Enforcement Bureau is responsible for enforcement of provisions of the Communications Act 1934, FCC rules, FCC orders, major areas of enforcement that are handled by the Enforcement Bureau are consumer protection, local competition, public safety, and homeland security. S. The International Bureau also oversees FCC compliance with the international Radio Regulations, the Media Bureau also handles post-licensing matters regarding direct broadcast satellite service. The Wireless Telecommunications Bureau regulates domestic wireless telecommunications programs and policies, the Wireline Competition Bureau develops policy concerning wire line telecommunications. The Wireline Competition Bureaus main objective is to promote growth and economical investments in technology infrastructure, development, markets
19.
Television station
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A television station is a business, organisation or other enterprise, such as an amateur television operator, that transmits content over terrestrial television. A television transmission can occur via analog television signals or, more recently, broadcast television systems standards are set by the government, and these vary around the world. Television stations broadcasting over a system were typically limited to one television channel. The term television station is normally applied to television stations. Television stations usually require a broadcast license from a government agency which sets the requirements, most commercial television stations are owned independently, but many are either affiliated with a television network or are owned-and-operated by a television network. Another form a television station may take is non-commercial educational and considered public broadcasting, some countries have set up nationwide television networks, in which individual television stations act as mere repeaters of nationwide programs. To get a signal from the control room to the transmitter. The link can be either by radio or T1/E1, a transmitter/studio link may also send telemetry back to the station, but this may be embedded in subcarriers of the main broadcast. Stations which retransmit or simulcast another may simply pick-up that station over-the-air, the license usually specifies which other station is it allowed to carry. In North America, full-power stations on band I are generally limited to 100 kW analog video and 10 kW analog audio, stations on band III can go up by 5dB to 316 kW video,31.6 kW audio, or 160 kW digital. Low-VHF stations are subject to long-distance reception just as with FM. There are no stations on Channel 1, UHF, by comparison, has a much shorter wavelength, and thus requires a shorter antenna, but also higher power. North American stations can go up to 5000 kW ERP for video and 500 kW audio, or 1000 kW digital. Low channels travel further than high ones at the same power, despite this, in the U. S. the Federal Communications Commission is taking another large portion of this band away, in contrast to the rest of the world, which has been taking VHF instead. This means that some stations left on VHF are harder to receive after the analog shutdown, since at least 1974, there are no stations on channel 37 in North America for radio astronomy purposes. Most television stations are commercial broadcasting enterprises which are structured in a variety of ways to generate revenue from television commercials and they may be an independent station or part of a broadcasting network, or some other structure. They can produce some or all of their programs or buy some broadcast syndication programming for or all of it from other stations or independent production companies, many stations have some sort of television studio, which on major-network stations is often used for newscasts or other local programming. There is usually a department, where journalists gather information
20.
Flagship (broadcasting)
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Not all networks or shows have a flagship station, as some originate from a dedicated radio or television studio. The term derives from the custom where the commanding officer of a group of naval ships would fly a distinguishing flag. In common parlance, flagship is now used to mean the most important or leading member of a group, the term is primarily used in TV and radio in the United States and Canada. With Kelly and Michael from WABC-TV in New York City Networks Midnight Radio Network from WBAP in Dallas/Fort Worth Events Masters Tournament from WRDW-TV, a flagship radio station is the principal station from which a radio networks programs are fed to affiliates. In the United States, traditional radio networks currently operate without flagship stations as defined in this article, Network operations and those of the local owned-and-operated or affiliated stations in the same city are now separate and may come under different corporate entities. ABC Radio programming is produced by ABC News and distributed by Cumulus Media, Clear Channel Communications follows a similar model, flagship stations WOR/New York City and KFI/Los Angeles are both operated mostly separately from its syndication wing, Premiere Networks. WWRL in New York City was an affiliate of the now-defunct Air America Radio and carries some of its programs but is owned and operated. Originally, Air America Radio leased WLIB as its flagship station, the network would later lease WZAA in Washington, D. C. as its lone self-operated station. Fox Sports Radios flagship station is KLAC in Los Angeles, with which it merged operations in 2009, Sports Radio is flagshipped at KGOW in Houston, its predecessor, Sporting News Radio, was previously flagshipped at WIDB in Chicago. CBS Sports Radio is nominally flagshipped at WFAN, ESPN Radios technical flagship is affiliate WUCS which serves its base of operations in Bristol, Connecticut, though WEPN-FM in New York and Los Angeles station KSPN serve as true flagship stations. NBC Sports Radio has no definitive flagship stations, nash FM, a country music network, is nominally flagshipped at WKDF in Nashville, Tennessee. Both are former AM clear channel operations which have moved to FM, the CKO networks Toronto frequency was re-issued to CBL but the namesake CKO flagship in Montréal is silent, the frequency remains vacant. Some programs such as Imus in the Morning are simulcast on television, others are simulcasted on XM Satellite Radio and / or Sirius Satellite Radio. C. C. Paul, Minnesota On Air with Ryan Seacrest, KIIS /Los Angeles, the show is now on Sirius Satellite Radio Channel 100. WOR in New York City was the station of the syndicated programs of Jay Severin, Bob Grant, The Dolans. WGN in Chicago was considered the station for Paul Harveys News and Comment. KABC in Los Angeles was the base of Larry Elder until the show ended its run in 2009. WABC had been the flagship of The Rush Limbaugh Show before Limbaugh moved to West Palm Beach, Florida
21.
WGBY-TV
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WGBY-TV, virtual channel 57, is a PBS member television station located in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States. The station is owned by the WGBH Educational Foundation, based in Boston, Massachusetts, WGBY can also be received in Windham County, Vermont on Comcast on channel 2. The station was first signed on the air on September 26,1971, in October 2006, WGBY became the first television station in New England to produce all of its local programming content in high definition. Unlike its Boston counterpart, WGBY does not operate a radio station, the area is instead served by WFCR in Amherst. Some Spanish language programming is also broadcast for Springfields Hispanic & Latino community, the petition cited the need to replace the current analog antenna with the post transition digital 22 antenna. On January 5,2013, WGBY held its first kick off event and major fundraiser, on January 16,2017, the station launched the PBS Kids Channel network on its third subchannel. Official website Query the FCCs TV station database for WGBY BIAfns Media Web Database -- Information on WGBY-TV
22.
Springfield, Massachusetts
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Springfield is a city in western New England, and the seat of Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. Springfield sits on the bank of the Connecticut River near its confluence with three rivers, the western Westfield River, the eastern Chicopee River, and the eastern Mill River. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 153,060. Metropolitan Springfield, as one of two areas in Massachusetts, had an estimated population of 698,903 as of 2009. The first Springfield in the New World, it is the largest city in Western New England, and the urban, economic and it is the third-largest city in Massachusetts and fourth-largest in New England after Boston, Worcester, and Providence. Hartford, the capital of Connecticut, lies 23.9 miles south of Springfield, bradley International Airport, which sits 12 miles south of Metro Center Springfield, is Hartford-Springfields airport. Springfield was founded in 1636 by English Puritan William Pynchon as Agawam Plantation under the administration of the Connecticut Colony, in 1641 it was renamed after Pynchons hometown of Springfield, Essex, England, following incidents that precipitated the settlement joining the Massachusetts Bay Colony. From 1777 until its closing during the Vietnam War, the Springfield Armory attracted skilled laborers to Springfield, arsenal at Springfield during Shays Rebellion of 1787 led directly to the formation of the U. S. Springfield is located at 42°6′45″N 72°32′51″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 33.2 square miles, of which 32.1 square miles is land and 1.1 square miles is water. Once nicknamed The City in a Forest, Springfield features over 4, aside from its rivers, Springfields 2nd most prominent topographical feature is the citys 735 acres Forest Park, designed by renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted. Forest Park also borders Western Massachusetts most affluent town, Longmeadow, Springfield shares borders with other well-heeled suburbs such as East Longmeadow, Wilbraham, Ludlow and the de-industrializing city of Chicopee. The small cities of Agawam and West Springfield, Massachusetts lie less than a mile from Springfields Metro Center, across the Connecticut River. The City of Springfield also owns the Springfield Country Club, which is located in the city of West Springfield, Massachusetts. Springfield, like other cities in southern New England, has a continental climate with four distinct seasons. Winters are cold with a average in January of around 26 °F. During winter, noreaster storms can drop significant snowfalls on Springfield, Springfields summers are very warm and sometimes humid. During summer, several times per month, on hot days afternoon thunderstorms will develop when unstable warm air collides with approaching cold fronts, the daily average in July is around 74 °F. Usually several days during the summer exceed 90 °F, constituting a heat wave, Spring and fall temperatures are usually pleasant, with mild days and crisp, cool nights
23.
Public broadcasting
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Public broadcasting includes radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. In much of the world, funding comes from the government, the great majority are operated as private not-for-profit corporations. Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated, depending on the country, in some countries, public broadcasting is run by a single organization. Other countries have multiple public broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages, historically, public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries. Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of countries, the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century. The primary mission of public broadcasting that of service, speaking to. The British model has been accepted as a universal definition. In the context of a national identity, the role of public broadcasting may be unclear. Likewise, the nature of good programming may raise the question of individual or public taste. Within public broadcasting there are two different views regarding commercial activity, one is that public broadcasting is incompatible with commercial objectives. The other is that public broadcasting can and should compete in the marketplace with commercial broadcasters and this dichotomy is highlighted by the public service aspects of traditional commercial broadcasters. Public broadcasters in each jurisdiction may or may not be synonymous with government controlled broadcasters, in some countries like the UK public broadcasters are not sanctioned by government departments and have independent means of funding, and thus enjoy editorial independence. Public broadcasters may receive their funding from a television licence fee, individual contributions. One of the principles of broadcasting is to provide coverage of interests for which there are missing or small markets. Public broadcasting attempts to supply topics of social benefit that are not provided by commercial broadcasters. Typically, such underprovision is argued to exist when the benefits to viewers are relatively high in comparison to the benefits to advertisers from contacting viewers and this frequently is the case in undeveloped countries that normally have low benefits to advertising. Additionally, public broadcasting may facilitate the implementation of a cultural policy, examples include, The Canadian government is committed to official bilingualism. As a result, the broadcaster, the CBC employs translators
24.
Cape Cod
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Cape Cod is a geographic cape extending into the Atlantic Ocean from the southeastern corner of mainland Massachusetts, in the northeastern United States. Its historic, maritime character and ample beaches attract heavy tourism during the summer months, as defined by the Cape Cod Commissions enabling legislation, Cape Cod is conterminous with Barnstable County, Massachusetts. It extends from Provincetown in the northeast to Woods Hole in the southwest, since 1914, Cape Cod has been separated from the mainland by the Cape Cod Canal. The canal cuts 17.5 miles roughly across the base of the peninsula, though portions of the Cape Cod towns of Bourne. Two highway bridges cross the Cape Cod Canal, the Sagamore Bridge, in addition, the Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge carries railway freight and limited passenger services onto the Cape. Cape territory is divided into fifteen towns with many villages, like Cape Cod itself, the islands south of the Cape have evolved from whaling and trading areas to become resort destinations, attracting wealthy families, celebrities, and other tourists. Both islands are also famous summer tourist destinations, commonly accessed by ferry from several locations on the cape, the phrases Cape Cod and the Islands and the Cape and Islands are often used to describe the whole region of Barnstable County, Dukes County, and Nantucket County. Several small islands right off Cape Cod, including Monomoy Island, Monomoscoy Island, Popponesset Island, the Forbes family-owned Naushon Island was first purchased by John Murray Forbes. Naushon is one of the Elizabeth Islands, many of which are privately owned, one of the publicly accessible Elizabeths is the southernmost island in the chain, Cuttyhunk, with a year-round population of 52 people. Cape Cod in particular is a retirement area,27. 8% of the population of Barnstable County is 65 years old or older. And the average age of residents is the highest of any area in New England, by voter registration numbers, Democrats outnumber Republicans by less in the three counties than in the whole of Massachusetts, to varying degrees. The name Cape Cod, as it was first used in 1602 and it remained that way for 125 years, until the Precinct of Cape Cod was incorporated as the Town of Provincetown. No longer in use over the ensuing decades, the name came to mean all of the land east of the Manomet and Scusset rivers – essentially along the line that became the Cape Cod Canal. The creation of the canal separated the majority of the peninsula from the mainland, most agencies, including the Cape Cod Commission and the Federal Emergency Management Agency, treat the Cape as an island with regard to disaster preparedness, groundwater management, and the like. Cape Cod Bay lies in between Cape Cod and the mainland – bounded on the north by a line between Provincetown and Marshfield. North of Cape Cod Bay is Massachusetts Bay, which contains the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, the Atlantic Ocean is to the east of Cape Cod, and to the southwest of the Cape is Buzzards Bay. The Cape Cod Canal, completed in 1916, connects Buzzards Bay to Cape Cod Bay, Cape Cod extends 65 miles into the Atlantic Ocean, with a breadth of between 1–20 miles, and covers more than 400 miles of shoreline. Its elevation ranges from 306 feet at its highest point, at the top of Pine Hill, in the Bourne portion of Joint Base Cape Cod, one of the biggest barrier islands in the world, Cape Cod shields much of the Massachusetts coastline from North Atlantic storm waves
25.
WNET
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WNET, channel 13, is a non-commercial educational, public television station licensed to Newark, New Jersey, United States. With its signal covering the New York metropolitan area, WNET is a station of, and program provider to. WNETs main studios and offices are located in Midtown Manhattan with an auxiliary studio in the Lincoln Center complex on the Upper West Side. The stations transmitter is on the Empire State Building, the license-holder is WNET. org, formerly known as the Educational Broadcasting Corporation. WNET is also the parent of the Long Island-based PBS station WLIW, WNET commenced broadcasting on May 15,1948, as WATV, a commercial television station owned by Atlantic Television, a subsidiary of Bremer Broadcasting Corporation. Frank V. Bremer, the CEO, also owned two northern New Jersey radio stations, WAAT and WAAT-FM, the three stations were based in the Mosque Theatre at 1020 Broad Street in Newark. WATV was the first of three new stations in the New York City television market to sign on the air during 1948, another early series by the station was Stairway to Stardom, one of the first TV series with an African-American host. On October 6,1957, Bremer Broadcasting announced it had sold its stations for $4.5 million to National Telefilm Associates, an early distributor of motion pictures for television. On May 7,1958, channel 13s callsign was changed to WNTA-TV to reflect the new ownership, nTAs cash resources enabled WNTA-TV to produce a schedule of programming with greater emphasis on the people and events of New Jersey, in comparison to the other commercial television stations. But WNTA-TV continued to lag behind New Yorks other independent stations – WNEW-TV, WOR-TV, and WPIX – in terms of audience size, National Telefilm Associates put the WNTA stations up for sale in February 1961. At least three prospective purchasers expressed interest in WNTA-TV, even for those who could access UHF stations, reception was marginal even under the best conditions. ETMAs initial bid of $4 million was rejected by NTA, the pendulum quickly shifted in favor of channel 13 going non-commercial, and the private firms withdrew their interest. On June 29,1961, ETMA agreed to purchase WNTA-TV for $6.2 million, about $2 million of that amount came from five of the six remaining commercial VHF stations, all of whom were pleased to see a competitor eliminated. In addition, CBS later donated a facility in Manhattan to ETMA, the FCC approved the transfer in October, and converted channel 13s commercial license to non-commercial. The outgoing New Jersey governor, Robert B, the court ruled in the states favor two months later. But faced with either consummating the transaction or seeing it cancelled, after a few last-minute issues arose to cause further delays, the transfer became final on December 22. Later that evening, WNTA-TV signed off for the final time, ETMA and NET then went to work converting the station, which they said would return with its new format within three months. Ten months later, channel 13 was ready to be reborn, with legendary CBS reporter Edward R. Murrow at the helm on the maiden broadcast, ETMA – now the non-profit Educational Broadcasting Corporation – flipped the switch to WNDT on September 16,1962
26.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
27.
Interstate 95 in Massachusetts
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Interstate 95 is a major highway on the East Coast of the United States, paralleling the Atlantic Ocean from Florida to Maine. The Massachusetts portion of the highway enters from the state of Rhode Island in Attleboro, as the original plans for I-95 were canceled, the highway follows the Route 128 loop around the Greater Boston area to Peabody. From there, I-95 splits from Route 128 and turns north towards the Merrimack River, I-95 enters New Hampshire from Salisbury. Exits 3–5 also serve the Attleboro area, with Exit 4 at the terminus of Interstate 295. Exits 6A and 6B in Mansfield provide access to Interstate 495, the two venues are located near I-95s interchanges with Route 140. I-95 continues northward into Foxborough, home of Gillette Stadium, located on US-1, the interstate continues through Sharon, it then enters the metro Boston area and the towns of Walpole, and Norwood, before entering Canton, where it meets Interstate 93 at its southern terminus. Upon interchanging with I-93, I-95 loops around to the west, taking over the roadbed from I-93, Route 128 begins here as well. The highway enters Westwood next, with US-1 leaving the freeway near the Dedham town line to parallel I-95 back to the south, then the highway passes through Newton, then enters Weston and has a large interchange with the Massachusetts Turnpike that provides connections to nearby Route 30. There is a lane after the interchange with Rt 9. Exits 23,24, and 25 are one combined exit northbound, I-95 and Route 128 are due west of Boston at this point and begin to turn to the northeast, serving the city of Waltham and the town of Lexington along the way. The freeway has an interchange with Route 2 at Exit 29, upon entering the town of Burlington, I-95 and Route 128 have an interchange with U. S. Route 3, the Northwestern Expressway, at Exit 32A. US-3 provides a freeway connection with the Lowell and Nashua. Access to the Middlesex Turnpike and Burlington retail district is facilitated at this interchange as well, uS-3 south briefly joins the freeway in another wrong-way multiplex in order to connect with its old alignment, leaving at Exit 33A. I-95 and Route 128 continue northeast through the city of Woburn, in Reading, I-95 and Route 128 once again have an interchange with I-93. At this interchange, six lanes of traffic are designated for Route 128 while four lanes split off as I-95. The freeway serves the communities of Danvers, Boxford, Georgetown, Rowley, Newbury, West Newbury, Newburyport, Amesbury, traffic density is generally low on this 25-mile stretch of freeway. After Exit 57, the narrows to six lanes until the I-495 interchange expands it back to eight lanes. I-495 has its terminus at I-95 Exit 59 just south of the New Hampshire state line
28.
Needham, Massachusetts
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Needham is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. A suburb of Boston, its population was 28,886 at the 2010 census and it is home to the Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering, an engineering school. Needham was first settled in 1680 with the purchase of a tract of land measuring 4 miles by 5 miles from Chief Nehoiden for the sum of 10 pounds,40 acres of land and it was officially incorporated in 1711. Originally part of the Dedham Grant, Needham split from Dedham and was named after the town of Needham Market in Suffolk, England, a neighbor of the English town of Dedham. By the 1770s settlers in the part of the town who had to travel a long distance to the meeting house on what is now Central Avenue sought to form a second parish in the town. Opposition to this desire created conflict, and in 1774 a mysterious fire destroyed the extant meeting house, some time afterwards the West Parish was formed. In 1857 the City of Boston began a project to fill in the Back Bay with landfill by filling the tidewater flats of the Charles River, the fill to reclaim the bay from the water was obtained from Needham, Massachusetts from the area of present-day Route 128. The firm of Goss and Munson, railroad contractors, built 6 miles of railroad from Needham, the filling of present-day Back Bay was completed by 1882, filling reached Kenmore Square in 1890, and finished in the Fens in 1900. The project was the largest of a number of reclamation projects, beginning in 1820. In 1865, William Carter established a knitting company in Needham Heights that would eventually become a major manufacturer. The site of Mill #1 currently houses the Avery Manor assisted living center, by the 1960s, the company owned seven mills in Massachusetts and the south. The Carter family sold the business in 1990, after which Carters, Inc. moved its headquarters to Atlanta, in the late 1860s William Emerson Baker moved to Needham. A notably wealthy man due to his having improved the mechanical sewing machine, Baker assembled a parcel of land exceeding 800 acres and he built two man made lakes on his property, including Sabrina lake near present-day Locust Lane. Baker turned part of his property into an amusement park with exotic animals, subterranean tunnels, in 1888 he built a sizable hotel, near the intersection of present-day Whitman Road and Charles River Street, called the Hotel Wellesley which had a capacity of over 300 guests. The hotel burned to the ground on December 19,1891 and this plant was located in the Charles River Village section of Needham with another large facility in New Jersey. The scientific dairy production facilities of the Walker-Gordon Dairy Farm were widely advertised and utilized modern advancements in the handling of milk products, in 1881 the West Parish was separately incorporated as the town of Wellesley. The following year, Needham and Wellesley high schools playing a annual football game on Thanksgiving. Also the longest running high school rivalry
29.
WBZ-TV
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WBZ-TV, channel 4, is a CBS-owned-and-operated television station located in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. The station is owned by the CBS Television Stations subsidiary of CBS Corporation, WBZ-TV is also one of six local Boston television stations seen in Canada by subscribers to satellite provider Bell TV, and is also seen on most cable systems in Atlantic Canada. The station was from its associated with the NBC television network. At its sign-on, WBZ-TV became the first commercial station to begin operations in the New England region. The WBZ stations would not move into what was known as the Westinghouse Broadcasting Center until June 17,1948. The station was knocked off the air on August 31,1954, a temporary transmitter was installed using a short, makeshift tower at the studio site and later on the original tower of WEEI-FM in Malden. In 1957, WBZ-TV began broadcasting from a 1200-foot tower in Needham, the tower site is now known as the CBS Digital Television Broadcasting Facility, and is used by several Boston-area television stations, including WGBH-TV and WCVB-TV. In response, NBC threatened to pull its programming from both WBZ-TV and WPTZ unless Westinghouse agreed to the trade, the swap was made in February 1956, but Westinghouse immediately complained to the Federal Communications Commission and the U. S. Department of Justice about NBCs extortion. Approval of the RKO-NBC deal would have potentially made WBZ-TV an ABC affiliate, but in 1964 the FCC nullified the NBC-RKO trade and ordered the NBC-Westinghouse swap reversed without NBC realizing any profit on the deal. WBZ-TV was a pioneer in Boston television, in 1948, it began live broadcasts of Bostons two Major League Baseball teams, the Red Sox and the Braves, broadcasts that at first were split with WNAC-TV. It was also the first Boston station to have daily newscasts, as an NBC affiliate, the station was known to preempt several hours of network programming per day – a common practice among Group W television stations affiliated with NBC and CBS. This was significant, since WBZ-TV was NBCs third-largest affiliate, and it primarily preempted several of the networks morning programs, with most preempted programs appearing on independent stations WSBK-TV and WQTV. NBC has traditionally been less tolerant of preemptions than the networks and had to find alternate independent stations to air whatever programs that WBZ did not air. Despite this, NBC was generally satisfied with WBZ-TV, which was one of NBCs strongest affiliates, as a sidebar, Philadelphia sister station KYW-TV also heavily preempted NBC programming, but it spent most of the 1980s and 1990s as NBCs weakest major-market affiliate. Westinghouse felt betrayed by ABCs decision, and as a safeguard began shopping for affiliation deals for the entire Group W television unit, Group W eventually struck an agreement to switch WBZ-TV, KYW-TV and WJZ-TV to CBS. The Boston markets third network affiliation switch took place on January 2,1995, after a 47-year relationship with NBC, channel 4 became the third station in Boston to align with CBS. The network had originally affiliated with WNAC-TV in 1948, then moved to channel 5 in 1961, it returned to WNAC-TV in 1972. As a CBS affiliate, WBZ-TV airs the entire CBS schedule with no preemptions except for extended breaking news coverage, when Westinghouse merged with CBS outright on November 24,1995, WBZ-TV became a CBS-owned-and-operated station
30.
WCVB-TV
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WCVB-TV, channel 5, is an ABC-affiliated television station located in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It is one of three television stations of Hearst Television along with WBAL-TV and WTAE-TV, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Hearst Corporation. WCVB-TV maintains studio and transmitter located separately in Needham, Massachusetts. Nearby Manchester, New Hampshire is considered part of the Boston media market, WMUR-TV, WCVB is also one of six Boston television stations that are carried by satellite provider Bell TV and fiber optic television provider Bell Fibe TV in Canada. The channel 5 allocation in Boston was first occupied by WHDH-TV, the station was owned by the Boston Herald-Traveler Corporation, along with WHDH radio. It was originally an ABC affiliate, but switched to CBS in 1961, however, almost as soon as it signed on, the Federal Communications Commission began investigating allegations of impropriety in the granting of the television stations construction permit. This touched off a struggle that lasted 15 years, as a result, WHDH-TV never had a license renewal period lasting more than six months at a time. It was also critical of the combination of the Herald-Traveler and WHDH-AM-FM-TV, Herald-Traveler Corporation fought the decision in court, but lost in 1972 and Boston Broadcasters was awarded a full license. The local group was led by acoustic expert Leo Beranek, WHDH-TV signed off for the last time on March 18,1972, and was replaced by the new WCVB-TV early the next morning. m. So that WCVB-TV could test its equipment, WCVB used an old International Harvester dealership in Needham to serve as its studio facility, which the station continues to operate from to this day. Although WCVB operates under a different license, it claims the history of the former WHDH-TV as its own and it also inherited all of WHDH-TVs personnel, including anchorman Jack Hynes and sportscaster Don Gillis. It refused to have anything to do with WCVB, and moved its programming back to WNAC-TV, more or less by default, WCVB signed up with ABC. Making good on its promise, WCVB aired more local programming than any other station in the nation throughout the 1970s and 1980s. One of its programs, Good Day. Which first premiered in 1973 as Good Morning, broke ground by taking its entire production on the road and broadcasting from locations outside of the Boston area and around the world. Along with The Morning Exchange on Clevelands WEWS-TV, served as a basis for the format of ABCs Good Morning America, during the 1970s, WCVB-TV was the first television station in southern New England to run a 24-hour program schedule. The station ran a block from 1,00 to 5,00 a. m. branded as 5 All Night, which featured a library of older black-and-white movies. During station breaks, announcer George Fennel would make live announcements and read fan mail from the viewing audience and his actual first on-air portrait was displayed as part of a donation pledge drive for the Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon
31.
WHDH (TV)
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WHDH, channel 7, is an independent television station located in Boston, Massachusetts. WHDH is owned by Sunbeam Television, and operates as part of a duopoly with CW affiliate WLVI, the two stations share studio facilities located at Bulfinch Place, near Government Center in downtown Boston, WHDHs transmitter is located in Newton, Massachusetts. From 1982 to 1995, WHDH was Bostons CBS affiliate, inheriting the affiliation from its predecessor on channel 7, on January 2,1995, WHDH switched to NBC, after CBS moved to WBZ-TV by virtue of a group-wide affiliation deal with its owner, Westinghouse Broadcasting. On January 1,2017, WHDH lost NBC to a newly-formed owned-and-operated station, WBTS-LD, the original occupant of the channel 7 allocation in Boston was WNAC-TV, which commenced operations on June 21,1948, as Bostons first CBS affiliate. The station switched to ABC in 1961, but rejoined CBS in 1972, by 1965, WNAC-TVs owner, RKO General, faced numerous investigations into its business and financial practices. S. However, in the FCC hearings, RKO General had withheld evidence of General Tires misconduct, in light of RKOs dishonesty, the FCC stripped RKO of the Boston license and the licenses for KHJ-TV in Los Angeles and WOR-TV in New York City. The FCC had previously conditioned renewal of the two stations licenses on WNAC-TVs renewal. An appeals court reversed the ruling, finding that RKOs dishonesty alone merited having the WNAC-TV license removed. However, it held that the FCC had overreached in tying the other two license renewals to WNAC-TVs renewal, and ordered new hearings. Though RKO continued to appeal the decision, in late February 1982 the FCC granted the New England Television Corporation a construction permit to build a new station on channel 7. Two months later in April, the U. S. Supreme Court declined to hear RKOs appeal, leaving the firm with no recourse but to accept the Commissions decision. RKO then sold the stations non-license physical assets, including its downtown Boston studio facility and transmitter/tower site in suburban Newton, on May 21,1982, at midnight, RKO signed off WNAC-TV for the final time. However, WNEV inherited most of the former WNAC-TV staff and channel 7s CBS affiliation, notable productions that premiered early on were Look, which began as a two-hour late afternoon talk and lifestyle show that led into WNEVs 6 p. m. newscast. Nancy Merrill, former host of WBZ-TVs People Are Talking, headlined two shows on WNEV, the weekend late night entry Merrill at Midnight and the weekday morning program Nancy Merrill. NETV also made it a purpose to further diversify the stations workforce. Within WNEVs first couple of years, there was an increase of news reporters and anchors of color joining the station. The commitment to diversity extended itself to a series of new public affairs shows that targeted a specific ethnic group, Urban Update, Revista Hispana, Asian Focus. In 1987, another of WNEVs ambitious efforts premiered, the live childrens variety show Ready to Go
32.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
33.
Owned-and-operated station
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In the broadcasting industry, an owned-and-operated station usually refers to a television or radio station that is owned by the network with which it is associated. This distinguishes such a station from an affiliate, which is independently owned, the concept of an O&O is clearly defined in the United States and Canada, where network-owned stations had historically been the exception rather than the rule. In the broadcasting industry, the term owned-and-operated station refers exclusively to stations that are owned by television, on the other hand, the term affiliate only applies to stations that are not owned by networks, but instead are contracted to air programming from one of the major networks. The term station correctly applies to the ownership of the station, for example, a station that is owned and operated by the American Broadcasting Company is referred to as an ABC station or an ABC O&O, but normally should not be referred to as an affiliate. Likewise, a station not owned by ABC but contracted to air the networks programming is referred to as an ABC affiliate, that is. A correct formal phrasing could be, ABC affiliate WFAA is a Gannett station, some stations that are owned by companies that operate a network, but air another networks programming are referred to as an affiliate of the network that they carry. For example, WBFS-TV in Miami is owned by the CBS networks parent company CBS Corporation, prior to the September 2006 shutdown of the CBS-owned UPN television network, WBFS aired that networks programming, therefore, WBFS was a UPN O&O. The stations carrying The WB Television Network were another exception, the controlling shares in the network were held by Time Warner, with minority interests from the Tribune Company and, for a portion of networks existence, the now-defunct ACME Communications. While Tribune-owned stations such as WGN-TV in Chicago, WPIX in New York City and KTLA in Los Angeles aired programming from The WB, a similar exception existed when UPN launched in January 1995 by co-owners Chris-Craft and Viacom. Each of the owned a number of stations that aired the network. However, the stations were not considered O&Os under the initial standard definition. This ambiguity ended with Viacoms buyout of Chris-Crafts share of the network in 2000, the stations were referred to informally as UPN O&Os. Following the shutdowns of UPN and The WB, CBS Corporation, Entertainment became co-owners of the new CW Television Network, which largely merged the programming from both networks onto the scheduling model used by The WB. The network launched in September 2006 on 11 UPN stations owned by CBS Corporation, certain UPN and WB affiliates in markets where Tribune and CBS both owned stations carrying those networks either picked up a MyNetworkTV affiliation or became independent stations. The standard definition of an O&O again does not apply to The CW, in Australia, Seven Network, Nine Network and Network Ten each own and operate stations in the five largest metropolitan areas. These television markets together account for two thirds of the countrys population, in addition, Seven also owns and operates its local station in regional Queensland, and Nine owns and operates its station in Darwin. Nine also owns and operates NBN Television, based in Newcastle, the two national public broadcasters, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Special Broadcasting Service, own and operate all of their local stations. In Japan, commercial terrestrial television is focused on five organizations, the four largest of these – Nippon TV, Tokyo Broadcasting System, Fuji Television, and TV Asahi – each own and operate stations in the Tokyo, Keihanshin, Chukyo and Fukuoka metropolitan areas
34.
American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
35.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
36.
WBTS-LD
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WBTS-LD, virtual channel 8, is an NBC owned-and-operated low-powered television station located in Boston, Massachusetts. The two stations share facilities with sister regional cable news channel New England Cable News on Wells Avenue in Newton. The station first signed on the air in April 1995 as W32AY, in September 2000, the station began to simulcast its programming on WWDP, giving it a chance to better compete with Univision affiliate WUNI, the established Spanish-language station in the area. Telemundo sold W32AY to ZGS Communications in 2001, in February 2002, W32AY changed its call letters to WTMU-LP, and on July 1, WWDP discontinued its relay of the stations programming. In December 2002, NBC purchased WPXB, WNEU began to carry Telemundo programming as a satellite of WTMU in April 2003, today, WBTS-LD operates as a translator of WNEU, while WBTS has aired the Telemundo programming on its DT2 signal since November 2016. WTMU resumed broadcasting operations in December 2006, it reduced its effective radiated power, a move was necessary, as the spectrum that channel 67 is located within had been auctioned off and was being removed from the television bandplan as a result of the transition. In the meantime, WTMU was unable to get a signal on the air before being forced to terminate the analog signal on April 9,2010. It again suspended operations on April 9, but returned to the air on March 14,2012, in August 2015, Broadcasting & Cable reported that NBCUniversal was considering the possibility of purchasing former NBC affiliate WHDH, whose affiliation was set to expire at the end of 2016. The Boston Herald reported two days later that the station would prospectively be branded as NBC Boston, and that WNEUs existing Telemundo programming could be moved to a different subchannel. Sunbeam argued that WNEUs signal served 4 million fewer viewers than WHDH because it is located in Merrimack, New Hampshire, WNEUs signal only has overlap with the northwest portion of WHDHs signal. The station is led by NECN and Telemundo Bostons general manager Mike St. Peter, on May 18,2016, the Boston Herald reported that NBCUniversal was considering acquiring Ion Television station WBPX-TV. The Ion Media Networks-owned station covers a similar area to WHDH. WFXTs general manager, WHDHs general manager, and NBC denied that any of these ideas were being considered, on August 31,2016, ZGS Communications agreed to sell WTMU-LP to NBCUniversals Station Venture Operations subsidiary for $100,000. Concurrently, ZGS entered into a programming and marketing agreement with another NBCUniversal subsidiary, WBTS Television, LLC. The sale was approved by the FCC on October 28 and completed on November 4. On September 14,2016, ZGS filed for a license to cover WTMUs digital construction permit, that is, to upgrade the station to a digital signal, on November 10,2016, WBTS-LD and WNEU-DT2 began to carry a transitional programming service branded as Countdown NBC Boston. The NBC Boston website and social media outlets were also launched at this time, on December 12,2016, NBC announced that it would lease a digital subchannel on WMFP in Lawrence to further expand WBTS-LDs coverage in Greater Boston. The WMFP subchannel uses virtual channel 60.5, the change in affiliation officially took effect at 3,00 a. m. ET on January 1,2017
37.
Fox Broadcasting Company
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The Fox Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. It is the third largest major network in the world based on total revenues, assets. Launched on October 9,1986 as a competitor to the Big Three television networks, Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets, although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U. S. network. Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U. S, the network is named after sister company 20th Century Fox, and indirectly for producer William Fox, who founded one of the movie studios predecessors, Fox Film. Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters, 20th Century Fox had been involved in television production as early as the 1950s, producing several syndicated programs. Following the demise of the DuMont Television Network in August of that year after it became mired in financial problems. 20th Century Fox would also produce original content for the NTA network, KTTV in Los Angeles, KRIV in Houston, WFLD-TV in Chicago, and KRLD-TV in Dallas. In October 1985, 20th Century Fox announced its intentions to form a television network that would compete with ABC, CBS. The plans were to use the combination of the Fox studios, organizational plans for the network were held off until the Metromedia acquisitions cleared regulatory hurdles. Then, in December 1985, Rupert Murdoch agreed to pay $325 million to acquire the remaining equity in TCF Holdings from his original partner, Marvin Davis. These first six stations, then broadcasting to a reach of 22% of the nations households. Except for KDAF, all of the original owned-and-operated stations are part of the Fox network today. Like the core O&O group, Foxs affiliate body consisted of independent stations. The Fox Broadcasting Company launched at 11,00 p. m. Eastern and its inaugural program was a late-night talk show, The Late Show, which was hosted by comedian Joan Rivers. By early 1987, Rivers quit The Late Show after disagreements with the network over the creative direction. The network expanded its programming into prime time on April 5,1987, with Children and the sketch comedy series The Tracey Ullman Show. Fox added one new show per week over the several weeks, with the drama 21 Jump Street. On July 11, the network rolled out its Saturday night schedule with the premiere of the drama series Werewolf
38.
WFXT
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WFXT, virtual channel 25, is a Fox-affiliated television station located in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. The station is owned by the Cox Media Group subsidiary of Cox Enterprises, WFXT maintains studio facilities located on Fox Drive in Dedham, and its transmitter is located on Cabot Street in Needham. WFXT is one of six Boston television stations that are available in Canada through satellite provider Bell TV, WFXT is the largest Fox affiliate by market size that is not owned and operated by the network. The station first signed on the air on October 10,1977 as WXNE-TV, Originally operating as an independent station, the stations early programming format was targeted at a family audience, consisting of older syndicated reruns and a decent amount of religious programming. Religious programs ran for six hours a day during the week. The station also carried the daily and Sunday Mass from the Boston Catholic Television Center, secular programming consisted of westerns, older movies, family-oriented drama series, old film shorts, and classic television series. By 1980, religious programs had been reduced on Sundays to 6,00 to 11,00 a. m. and 7,00 p. m. to midnight, and to about four to five hours a day during the week. For several years under CBN ownership, Tim Robertson served as the program director, appointed by his father. The station began adding more cartoons, made-for-TV movies, and off-network sitcoms, most notably, in 1980, WXNE took over production of the weekday bowling program Candlepins For Cash, which had just been canceled by CBS affiliate WNAC-TV after seven seasons. With new host Rico Petrocelli, the show moved production from WNACs studios, in bowling lanes that were built in the basement of the facility, to the now-defunct Wal-Lex Lanes in Waltham. After only a few months as host, Petrocelli was ousted in favor of the original host when it aired on WNAC, Bob Gamere. During this time, the station rebranded itself as Boston 25, the station also implemented two significant advertising campaigns, in a bid to compete with the other independents, Boston turn, New England turn, Everybody turn 25 today/tonight. From 1983 to 1985, followed by You Should See Us Now, in 1986, WXNE and several other CBN stations were put up for sale. That October, WXNE was purchased by News Corporation, with plans to make it a station of its new network, Fox. The outgoing CBN ownership believed that the program did not fit its strict content guidelines, Fox instead contracted Boston radio station WMRE to carry the audio portion of the Late Show in the interim. Besides adding The Late Show to the schedule, airings of The 700 Club were cut to once a day, the station also began airing the syndicated, Fox-produced tabloid magazine A Current Affair on weeknights. The stations schedule, however, was unchanged at the outset. In addition to Fox programming, most of the added to WFXTs schedule were low-budget, first-run syndicated programs
39.
Cable television
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This contrasts with broadcast television, in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone services, and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables, analog television was standard in the 20th century, but since the 2000s, cable systems have been upgraded to digital cable operation. A cable channel is a television network available via cable television, alternative terms include non-broadcast channel or programming service, the latter being mainly used in legal contexts. Examples of cable/satellite channels/cable networks available in many countries are HBO, MTV, Cartoon Network, E. Eurosport, the abbreviation CATV is often used for cable television. It originally stood for Community Access Television or Community Antenna Television, in areas where over-the-air TV reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain, large community antennas were constructed, and cable was run from them to individual homes. The origins of cable broadcasting for radio are even older as radio programming was distributed by cable in some European cities as far back as 1924, Cable television has gone through a series of steps of evolution in the United States and Canada. Particularly in Canada, communities with their own signals were fertile cable markets, as viewers wanted to receive American signals. Early systems carried only a maximum of seven channels, using 2,4,5 or 6,7,9,11 and 13, as the equipment was unable to confine the signal discreetly within the assigned channel bandwidth. The reason 4 and 5 along with 6 and 7 could be used together was because of the 4 MHz gap between 4 and 5 and the nearly 90 MHz gap between 6 and 7. Even though eight channels are listed, in systems that maximized 7 channels. As equipment improved, all channels could be utilized, except where a local VHF television station broadcast. Local broadcast channels were not usable for signals deemed to be priority, later, the cable operators began to carry FM radio stations, and encouraged subscribers to connect their FM stereo sets to cable. Before stereo and bilingual TV sound became common, Pay-TV channel sound was added to the FM stereo cable line-ups, about this time, operators expanded beyond the 12-channel dial to use the midband and superband VHF channels adjacent to the high band 7-13 of North American television frequencies. Some operators as in Cornwall, Ontario, used a dual distribution network with Channels 2-13 on each of the two cables, during the 1980s, United States regulations not unlike public, educational, and government access created the beginning of cable-originated live television programming. These stations evolved partially into todays over-the-air digital subchannels, where a main broadcast TV station e. g, many live local programs with local interests were subsequently created all over the United States in most major television markets in the early 1980s. This evolved into todays many cable-only broadcasts of diverse programming, including cable-only produced television movies and miniseries, Cable specialty channels, starting with channels oriented to show movies and large sporting or performance events, diversified further, and narrowcasting became common. By the late 1980s, cable-only signals outnumbered broadcast signals on cable systems, by the mid-1980s in Canada, cable operators were allowed by the regulator to enter into distribution contracts with cable networks on their own. By the 1990s, tiers became common, with customers able to subscribe to different tiers to obtain different selections of additional channels above the basic selection, by subscribing to additional tiers, customers could get specialty channels, movie channels, and foreign channels
40.
Satellite television
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A direct-broadcast satellite is a type of artificial satellite which usually broadcasts satellite television signals for home reception. The type of satellite television which uses direct-broadcast satellites is known as direct-broadcast satellite television or direct-to-home television and these services were to use the D-Mac and D2-Mac format and BSS frequencies with circular polarization from orbital positions allocated to each country. Before these DBS satellites, home satellite television in Europe was limited to a few channels, really intended for cable distribution, in 1977, the ITU adopted an international BSS Plan under which each country was allocated specific frequencies at specific orbital locations for domestic service. Over the years, this plan has been modified to, for example, accommodate new countries, increase coverage areas, at present, numerous countries have brought into use their BSS Plan allocations. By contrast, the term DTH can apply to similar services transmitted over a range of frequencies transmitted from satellites that are not part of any internationally planned band. The term DBS is often used interchangeably with DTH to cover both analog and digital video and audio services received by relatively small dishes, a DBS service usually refers to either a commercial service, or a group of free channels available from one orbital position targeting one country. In certain regions of the world, especially in North America, DBS is used to refer to providers of subscription satellite packages, the second commercial DBS service, Sky Television plc, was launched in 1989. Sky TV started as a four-channel free-to-air analogue service on the Astra 1A satellite, by 1991, Sky had changed to a conditional access pay model, and it launched a digital service, Sky Digital, in 1998, with analogue transmission ceasing in 2001. Since the DBS nomenclature is used in the UK or Ireland. News Corporation has a 32% stake in BSkyB, PrimeStar began transmitting an analog service to North America in 1991, and was joined by DirecTV, in 1994. At the time, DirecTVs introduction was the most successful consumer electronics debut in American history, although PrimeStar transitioned to a digital system in 1994, it was ultimately unable to compete with DirecTV, which required a smaller satellite dish and could deliver more programming. DirecTV purchased PrimeStar in 1999 and moved all of that subscribers to DirecTV equipment. In 2008, Liberty Media Corporation purchased News Corporations controlling interest in DirecTV, in 1996, EchoStars Dish Network went online in the United States and, as DirecTVs primary competitor, achieved similar success. AlphaStar also started but soon went under, astro was also started, using a direct broadcast satellite system. Dominion Video Satellite Inc. s Sky Angel launched on a platform in the United States in 1996, with its DBS service geared toward the faith. It grew from six to 36 television and radio channels of entertainment, Christian-inspirational programming. Dominion, under its corporate name Video Satellite Systems Inc. Sky Angel, although a separate and independent DBS service, used the satellites, transmission facilities
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Atlantic Canada
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The population of the four Atlantic provinces in 2016 was about 2,300,000 on half a million km2. The provinces combined had an approximate GDP of $110.308 billion in 2011, the first Premier of Newfoundland, Joey Smallwood, coined the term Atlantic Canada when Newfoundland joined the Dominion of Canada in 1949. Today Atlantic Canada is a distinct region of Canada, with the original founding cultures of Celtic, English and French remaining strong. Although Quebec has physical Atlantic coasts on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Ungava Bay,2016 census figures for Metropolitan Areas and Population Centres in Atlantic Canada. The list includes communities above 15,000, by Metropolitan Area population, or 10,000 by Population Centre population
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MyNetworkTV
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Despite concerns about UPNs future that came up after Fox purchased the Chris-Craft stations, UPN signed three-year affiliation renewals with the networks Fox-owned affiliates in 2003. The CWs initial affiliation agreements did not include any of the UPN stations owned by Fox Television Stations. In fact, as part of an affiliation deal with The WBs part-owner, Tribune Broadcasting. In response to the announcement, Fox promptly removed all references from logos and promotional materials on its UPN affiliates. However, in all three cases, the WB affiliate was the station, CW executives were on record as preferring the strongest WB. Fox chose the route, and announced the launch of MyNetworkTV on February 22,2006, less than a month after CBS. MyNetworkTV began operations on September 5,2006, with the premieres of its two initial series, some affiliates unofficially began branding their stations on September 4,2006 – Labor Day – with supplied preview specials. Initially, programming aired Monday through Saturdays from 8,00 to 10,00 p. m, with the services switch to an all-rerun schedule in 2009, this effectively allows stations to pre-empt repeat programming at will to fit in sporting events without much consequence. During the telenovela era, affiliates often scheduled contractual make goods of the daily schedule between 3,00 and 6,00 a. m. local time. Not only are these light viewing hours, but they air after Nielsen processes its preliminary morning network ratings. WPWR-TV in Gary, Indiana/Chicago moved MyNetworkTV to an after primetime 10,00 p. m. -midnight timeslot on September 1,2016, and became the CW affiliate for Chicago, replacing WGN-TV. KRON-TV/San Francisco airs MyNetworkTV programming on a delay from 9,00 to 11,00 p. m. which is bookended by local evening newscasts. KPDX/Portland, Oregon airs MyNetworkTV programs from 10, 00PM to 12,00 AM, newscast that is produced by NBC-affiliated sister station KCRA-TV. KQCA then presented MyNetworkTV programming in pattern, with the 7,00 PM hour being filled by syndicated reruns until the 2014–15 television season. At that point KQCA started filling the 8,00 to 10,00 PM block with syndicated comedies, KQCA airs MyNetworkTV programming in late night. During its time as a MyNetworkTV affiliate, KJZZ-TV/Salt Lake City, the service had originally aired from 11,00 PM to 1,00 AM. at the networks launch. St. George independent station KCSG replaced KJZZ as Utahs MyNetworkTV affiliate on August 18,2008. KUSG, a former KUTV satellite, added MyNetworkTV to its schedule on September 20,2010, however, kEVU-CD/Eugene, Oregon airs the MyNetworkTV schedule from 9,00 to 11,00 PM Pacific Time, following a two-hour block of syndicated talk shows
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