1.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
2.
Greater Boston
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The region forms the northern arc of the US northeast megalopolis and as such, Greater Boston can be described as either a metropolitan statistical area, or as a broader combined statistical area. Some of Greater Bostons most well-known contributions to human civilization involve the higher education institutions. Greater Boston has been influential upon American history and industry, the region and the state of Massachusetts are global leaders in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade. Over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan region, the area has hosted many people and sites significant to American culture and history, particularly American literature, politics, and the American Revolution. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution, the Greater Boston region has played a powerful commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, the region was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in 2004, Massachusetts became the first US state to legally recognize same-sex marriage as a result of the decision of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in Boston. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the Boston region, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council, the MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the Massachusetts legislature to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions and these include most of the area within the regions outer circumferential highway, I-495. The eight subregions and their towns are, Inner Core, Minuteman, MetroWest, North Shore, North Suburban, South Shore, SouthWest. Northern Bristol County is part of the Greater Boston CSA, as part of the Providence MSA, the urbanized area surrounding Boston serves as the core of a definition used by the US Census Bureau known as the New England city and town area. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the area is defined as the Boston–Cambridge–Nashua. The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below, the Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941, the metropolitan statistical area had a total population of approximately 4,732,161 as of 2014 and is the tenth-largest in the United States. The components of the area with their estimated 2012 populations are listed below. This area consists of the areas of Manchester, Worcester, Providence, as well as Cape Cod. The total population as of 2014 for the region was estimated at 8,099,575
3.
Slogan
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The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising. A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and these attributes are necessary in a slogan, as it is only a short phrase. Therefore, it is necessary for slogans to be memorable, as well as concise in what the organisation or brand is trying to say, the word slogan is derived from slogorn which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic and Irish sluagh-ghairm. Slogans vary from the written and the visual to the chanted and their simple rhetorical nature usually leaves little room for detail and a chanted slogan may serve more as social expression of unified purpose than as communication to an intended audience. George E. Shankels research states that, English-speaking people began using the term by 1704, the term at that time meant the distinctive note, phrase or cry of any person or body of persons. Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the Middle Ages, crimmins research suggests that brands are an extremely valuable corporate asset, and can make up a lot of a businesss total value. With this in mind, if we take into consideration Kellers research and these include, name, logo and slogan. Brands names and logos both can be changed by the way the receiver interprets them, therefore, the slogan has a large job in portraying the brand. Therefore, the slogan should create a sense of likability in order for the name to be likable. Dass, Kumar, Kohli, & Thomas research suggests there are certain factors that make up the likability of a slogan. The clarity of the message the brand is trying to encode within the slogan, the slogan emphasizes the benefit of the product or service it is portraying. The creativity of a slogan is another factor that had an effect on the likability of a slogan. Lastly, leaving the name out of the slogan will have a positive effect on the likability of the brand itself. The original usage refers to the usage as a clan motto among Highland clans, marketing slogans are often called taglines in the United States or straplines in the United Kingdom. Europeans use the terms baselines, signatures, claims or pay-offs, sloganeering is a mostly derogatory term for activity which degrades discourse to the level of slogans. Slogans are used to convey a message about the product, service or cause that it is representing and it can have a musical tone to it or written as a song. Slogans are often used to capture the attention of the audience it is trying to reach, if the slogan is used for commercial purposes, often it is written to be memorable/catchy in order for a consumer to associate the slogan with the product it is representing. A slogan is part of the aspect that helps create an image for the product
4.
Frequency
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Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, for example, if a newborn babys heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as vibrations, audio signals, radio waves. For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, in physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, acoustics, and radio, frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter ν or ν. For a simple motion, the relation between the frequency and the period T is given by f =1 T. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz, named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a previous name for this unit was cycles per second. The SI unit for period is the second, a traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves, short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency instead of period. Spatial frequency is analogous to temporal frequency, but the axis is replaced by one or more spatial displacement axes. Y = sin = sin d θ d x = k Wavenumber, in the case of more than one spatial dimension, wavenumber is a vector quantity. For periodic waves in nondispersive media, frequency has a relationship to the wavelength. Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave. In the special case of electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and this expression becomes, f = c λ. When waves from a monochrome source travel from one medium to another, their remains the same—only their wavelength. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is, the latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1/, or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1/ where Tm is the timing interval. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small, an older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope
5.
HD Radio
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It was selected by the U. S. It is officially known as NRSC-5, with the latest version being NRSC-5-C, other digital radio systems include FMeXtra, Digital Audio Broadcasting, Digital Radio Mondiale, and Compatible AM-Digital. Although HD Radio broadcastings content is currently subscription-free, listeners must purchase new receivers in order to receive the portion of the signal. As of May 2009, there were stations in the world on the air with HD Radio technology than any other digital radio technology. More than 1,700 stations covering approximately 84% of the United States are broadcasting with this technology, according to iBiquitys website, the HD is simply a brand name and has no meaning. There is no connection with television, although like digital television the HD Radio specification provides enhanced capabilities over the analog format. Thus, there is no deadline by which consumers must buy an HD Radio receiver, in addition, there are many more analog AM/FM radio receivers than there were analog televisions, and many of these are car stereos or portable units that cannot be upgraded. Digital information is transmitted using OFDM with a compression algorithm called HDC. The cost of converting a radio station can run between $100,000 and $200,000, if the primary digital signal is lost the HD Radio receiver will revert to the analog signal, thereby providing seamless operation between the newer and older transmission methods. The extra HD-2 and HD-3 streams are not simulcast on analog, alternatively the HD Radio signal can revert to a more-robust 20 kilobit per second stream, though the sound is reduced to AM-like quality. Datacasting is also possible, with metadata providing song titles or artist information, by using spectral band replication the HDC+SBR codec is able to simulate the recreation of sounds up to 15,000 Hz, thus achieving moderate quality on the bandwidth-tight AM band. The HD Radio AM hybrid mode offers two options which can carry approximately 40 or 60 kbit/s of data, but most AM digital stations default to the more-robust 40 kbit/s mode which features redundancy. HD Radio also provides a digital mode, which lacks an analog signal for fallback. The pure digital mode transmissions will stay within the AM stations channel instead of spilling into the next to the station transmitting HD radio as the hybrid stations do. The AM version of HD Radio technology uses the 20 kHz channel, when operating in pure digital mode, the AM HD Radio signal fits inside a standard 20 kHz channel or an extended 30 kHz channel, at the discretion of the station manager. As AM radio stations are spaced at 9 kHz or 10 kHz intervals, some nighttime listeners have expressed concern this design harms reception of adjacent channels with one formal complaint filed regarding the matter, WYSL owner Bob Savage against WBZ in Boston. The HD Radio also provides several digital modes with up to 300 kbit/s bitrate. Like AM, pure digital FM provides a fallback condition where it reverts to a more robust 25 kbit/s signal, FM stations have the option to subdivide their datastream into sub-channels of varying audio quality
6.
Classic rock
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Classic rock is a radio format which developed from the album-oriented rock format in the early 1980s. In the United States, the rock format features music ranging generally from the late 1960s to the late 1980s. The radio format became popular with the baby boomer demographic by the end of the 1990s. The classic rock format evolved from AOR radio stations that were attempting to appeal to an audience by including familiar songs of the past with current hits. In 1980, AOR radio station M105 in Cleveland, Ohio began billing itself as Clevelands Classic Rock, similarly, WMET called itself Chicagos Classic Rock in 1981. In 1982, radio consultant Lee Abrams developed the Timeless Rock format which combined contemporary AOR with hits from the 1960s and 1970s, KRBE, Houston was another early classic rock radio station. In 1983 program director Paul Christy designed a format which played only early album rock, from the 1960s and early 1970s, KRBE was the first station to use the term classic rock on the air. Classic rock soon became the widely used descriptor for the format, in the mid-1980s, the formats widespread proliferation came on the heels of Jacobs Medias success at WCXR, Washington, D. C. and Edinborough Rands success at WZLX, Boston. Between Guthrie and Jacobs, they converted more than 40 major market stations to their individual brand of classic rock over the next several years. Billboard magazines Kim Freeman posits that while classic rocks origins can be traced back earlier,1986 is generally cited as the year of its birth, by 1986, the success of the format resulted in oldies accounting for 60–80% of the music played on album rock stations. Although it began as a niche format spun off from AOR, during the mid-1980s, the classic rock format was mainly tailored to the adult male demographic ages 25–34, which remained its largest demographic through the mid-1990s. As the formats audience aged, its demographics skewed toward older age groups, by 2006, the 35–44 age group was the formats largest audience and by 2014 the 45–54 year-old demographic was the largest. Typically, classic rock stations play songs from the mid-1960s through the 1980s. Unlike AOR radio stations, which played all tracks from albums, classic rock plays a more limited playlist of charting singles and popular album tracks from artists. Music scholar Jon Stratton traced classic rocks origins to the emergence of a classic-rock canon and this canon arose in part from music journalism and superlative lists ranking certain albums and songs that are consequently reinforced to the collective and public memory. Pepper era through the end of the 1970s as the focus of their playlists, though classic rock draws its inspiration and most of its heroes from the 60s, it is, of course, a construction of the 70s, he wrote in 1991 for Details magazine. It was invented by radio programmers who knew that before they could totally commodify 60s culture theyd have to rework it—that is. In the official rock pantheon the Doors and Led Zeppelin are Great Artists while Chuck Berry and Little Richard are Primitive Forefathers and James Brown, not for nothing did classic rock crown the Doors mystagogic middlebrow escapism and Led Zeps chest-thumping megalomaniac grandeur
7.
WRKO
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WRKO is a radio station based in Boston, Massachusetts, currently owned by Entercom Communications Corp. Its transmitter is located in Burlington, Massachusetts, next to the Burlington Mall, WRKO is Bostons second most powerful station. A50, 000-watt class B station, it provides at least secondary coverage to portions of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Maine during the day. Its signal is highly directional at night to protect a number of stations on adjacent frequencies. The previous month WEAN went on air in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1927, WNAC became one of the sixteen charter members of the CBS Radio Network, and remained a CBS affiliate for the next decade. In the 1920s, using a 100-foot antenna connected by a clothesline to the buildings roof, in 1929, WNAC moved to new studios inside the Hotel Buckminster, with the entrance on the Brookline Avenue side, which would become the stations home for the next four decades. Shepard also launched a network to serve radio stations throughout New England, called The Yankee Network. For many years, the Yankee Network was considered one of the best local/regional radio news operations in the country, Shepard also purchased a second Boston station, WAAB, which became an affiliate of the Mutual Radio Network in 1935, a year after MBS was formed. He also launched a regional network, The Colonial Network. Outside of Boston, Yankee and Colonial programming were usually heard on the station, additionally. Between them, Yankee and Colonial carried home games of the Boston Red Sox and Boston Braves baseball teams, the year 1935 also saw the hiring of Fred B. Cole, an announcer who would spend more than 50 years on the air. Cole left WNAC for network radio, and returned to Boston at WHDH in 1946, in 1937, WNAC became an NBC Red affiliate after losing CBS to WEEI. Four years later, WNACs frequency changed to 1260 kilocycles, in 1942, to comply with FCC anti-duopoly regulations, WAAB was moved to Worcester. At the same time, WNAC lost NBC Red to WBZ and with WAAB having been moved, the Colonial Network was also shut down, with Yankee picking-up many of its programs. In other parts of New England, however, the change for some former Colonial programming was in the time periods of such programming. In December,1942, announcement was made of the sale of Winter Street Corp. the holding company for Shepard family interests, to General Tire and Rubber for $1.24 million. Winter Street was the parent of the Yankee Network Inc. which owned the Colonial Network and four AM
8.
Effective radiated power
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Effective radiated power, synonymous with equivalent radiated power, is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency power transmitted from a theoretical half-wave dipole antenna. It is differentiated from effective isotropic radiated power mainly by use of antenna gain instead of absolute gain in the calculation. The term antenna gain is assumed to be absolute unless specifically stated to be relative, the gain is then multiplied by the power actually accepted by the antenna to result in the actual ERP value. Power losses which occur prior to the antenna, e. g. in the line or from inefficiency in the generator itself are therefore not included in the calculation of ERP or EIRP. Antenna gain is closely related to directivity and often used interchangeably. However, gain is less than directivity by a factor called radiation efficiency. Whereas directivity is entirely a function of wavelength and the geometry and type of antenna, specifically, accelerating charge causes electromagnetic radiation per Maxwells equations. Therefore, antennas use a current distribution on radiating elements to generate electromagnetic energy that propagates away from the antenna and this coupling is never 100% efficient, and therefore antenna gain will always be less than directivity by this efficiency factor. The receiver would not be able to determine a difference, maximum directivity of an ideal half-wave dipole is a constant, i. e.0 dBd =2.15 dBi. Therefore, ERP is always 2.15 dB less than EIRP, the ideal dipole antenna could be further replaced by an isotropic radiator, and the receiver cannot know the difference so long as the input power is increased by 2.15 dB. Unfortunately, the distinction between dBd and dBi is often left unstated and the reader is forced to infer which was used. For example, a Yagi-Uda antenna is constructed from several dipoles arranged at intervals to create better energy focusing than a simple dipole. Since it is constructed from dipoles, often its antenna gain is expressed in dBd, obviously this ambiguity is undesirable with respect to engineering specifications. A Yagi-Uda antennas maximum directivity is 8.77 dBd =10.92 dBi and its gain necessarily must be less than this by the factor η, which must be negative in units of dB. Neither ERP nor EIRP can be calculated without knowledge of the power accepted by the antenna, let us assume a 100 Watt transmitter with losses of 6 dB prior to the antenna. ERP <22. 77dBW and EIRP <24. 92dBW, polarization has not been taken into account so far, but properly it must be. When considering the dipole radiator previously we assumed that it was aligned with the receiver. Now assume, however, that the antenna is circularly polarized
9.
Height above average terrain
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Height above average terrain is a measure of how high an antenna site is above the surrounding landscape. HAAT is used extensively in FM radio and television, as it is more important than effective radiated power in determining the range of broadcasts. Stations that want to increase above a certain HAAT must reduce their power accordingly, the entire radial graph could be rotated to achieve the best effect for the station. The altitude of the site, minus the average altitude of all the specified points, was the HAAT. This can create some unusual cases, particularly in mountainous regions—it is possible to have a number for HAAT. The FCC has divided the Contiguous United States into three zones for the determination of spacing between FM and TV stations using the same frequencies, FM and TV stations are assigned maximum ERP and HAAT values, depending on their assigned zones, to prevent co-channel interference. The FCC regulations for ERP and HAAT are listed under Title 47, Maximum HAAT,150 meters Maximum ERP,50 kW Minimum co-channel separation,241 km Maximum HAAT,600 meters Maximum ERP,100 kW Minimum co-channel separation,290 km. In addition, Zone I-A consists of all of California south of 40° north latitude, Puerto Rico, zones I and I-A have the most grandfathered overpowered stations, which are allowed the same extended coverage areas that they had before the zones were established. One of the most powerful of these stations is WBCT in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Zone III consists of all of Florida and the areas of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas within approximately 241.4 kilometers of the Gulf of Mexico. Zone II is all the rest of the Continental United States, Alaska and Hawaii
10.
Metre
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The metre or meter, is the base unit of length in the International System of Units. The metre is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum in 1/299792458 seconds, the metre was originally defined in 1793 as one ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North Pole. In 1799, it was redefined in terms of a metre bar. In 1960, the metre was redefined in terms of a number of wavelengths of a certain emission line of krypton-86. In 1983, the current definition was adopted, the imperial inch is defined as 0.0254 metres. One metre is about 3 3⁄8 inches longer than a yard, Metre is the standard spelling of the metric unit for length in nearly all English-speaking nations except the United States and the Philippines, which use meter. Measuring devices are spelled -meter in all variants of English, the suffix -meter has the same Greek origin as the unit of length. This range of uses is found in Latin, French, English. Thus calls for measurement and moderation. In 1668 the English cleric and philosopher John Wilkins proposed in an essay a decimal-based unit of length, as a result of the French Revolution, the French Academy of Sciences charged a commission with determining a single scale for all measures. In 1668, Wilkins proposed using Christopher Wrens suggestion of defining the metre using a pendulum with a length which produced a half-period of one second, christiaan Huygens had observed that length to be 38 Rijnland inches or 39.26 English inches. This is the equivalent of what is now known to be 997 mm, no official action was taken regarding this suggestion. In the 18th century, there were two approaches to the definition of the unit of length. One favoured Wilkins approach, to define the metre in terms of the length of a pendulum which produced a half-period of one second. The other approach was to define the metre as one ten-millionth of the length of a quadrant along the Earths meridian, that is, the distance from the Equator to the North Pole. This means that the quadrant would have defined as exactly 10000000 metres at that time. To establish a universally accepted foundation for the definition of the metre, more measurements of this meridian were needed. This portion of the meridian, assumed to be the length as the Paris meridian, was to serve as the basis for the length of the half meridian connecting the North Pole with the Equator
11.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
12.
IHeartMedia
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IHeartMedia, Inc. is an American mass media corporation headquartered in San Antonio, Texas. As a result of this buyout, Clear Channel Communications, Inc. began to operate as an owned subsidiary of CC Media Holdings. Additionally, the company leases two channels on Sirius XM Satellite Radio, and has expanded its presence through the iHeartRadio platform. IHeartMedia, Inc. also specializes in advertising through subsidiary Clear Channel Outdoor Holdings. The name Clear Channel came from AM broadcasting, referring to a channel on which only one station transmits, in the U. S. clear-channel stations have exclusive rights to their frequencies throughout most of the continent at night, when AM signals travel far due to skywave. The companys new name is intended to reflect its growing digital business, Bob Pittman, Chairman and CEO of iHeartMedia, Inc. explained, We have a company thats doing progressive stuff, and yet were named after AM radio stations. Since 2008, iHeartMedia, Inc. has struggled to pay more than $20 billion in debt the company acquired from its leveraged buyout. The suspicions proved unfounded when quarterly earnings were announced in 2017, Clear Channel Communications purchased its first FM station in San Antonio in 1972. The company purchased the second clear channel AM station WOAI in 1975, in 1976, the company purchased its first stations outside of San Antonio. KXXO AM and KMOD FM in Tulsa were acquired under the name San Antonio Broadcasting, Stations were also added in Port Arthur, Texas and El Paso, Texas. In 1992, the U. S. Congress relaxed radio ownership rules slightly, by 1995, Clear Channel owned 43 radio stations and 16 television stations. When the Telecommunications Act of 1996 became law, the act deregulated media ownership, Clear Channel went on a subsequent buying spree, purchasing more than 70 other media companies and individual stations. In a few cases, following purchase of a competitor, Clear Channel was forced to divest some of its stations, in 1997 Clear Channel moved out of pure broadcasting when it purchased billboard firm Eller Media, which was led by Karl Eller. These included a 51% stake in Clear Media Ltd. in China, in 1999, the company acquired Jacor Communications, a radio corporation based in Cincinnati. R. Steven Hicks and Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst began Capstar Broadcasting in 1996 and a year later had become the largest owner of radio stations in the country, with 243 stations in all. Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst owned 59 percent of Capstar, with 355 stations in 83 markets, Chancellor Media later became AMFM Inc. which was acquired by Clear Channel in a deal announced October 3,1999, and valued at $17.4 billion. The resulting company would own 830 radio stations,19 television stations, in 2005 Clear Channel Communications split into three separate companies. Clear Channel Communications was a broadcaster, Clear Channel Outdoor was out-of-home advertising
13.
WBWL (FM)
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WBWL is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Lynn, Massachusetts. Established in 1963, WBWL is owned by iHeartMedia and serves the Boston metropolitan area, the station broadcasts a country music format. The stations studios are located in Medford and the site is on Murray Hill. For a more detailed history, see WFNX WBWL signed on August 5,1963 as WLYN-FM, at the outset, WLYN-FM largely simulcast its AM sister station during hours in which the AM was on the air. During the 1970s, the simulcast was cut to drive time, with WLYN-FM brokering the remaining time to programmers, by 1974. Although WLYN changed its letters to WNSR in 1977, WLYN-FM retained its call sign. In September 1982, Puritan announced that it would sell WLYN-FM to Stephen Mindich, publisher of the Boston Phoenix, the station eventually became part of the Phoenix Media/Communications Group. Mindich retained the rock format upon assuming control in March 1983, relaunching it on April 11 as Boston Phoenix Radio. WFNX would subsequently become one of the earliest alternative rock stations, WFNX broadened its focus to Greater Boston after the sale to Mindich, opening a sales office at the Phoenix offices in Boston, but its studios remained in the same building as WLYN in Lynn. WWRX-FM was sold to Entercom, eventually becoming WVEI-FM, in 2004, while WPHX-FM was sold to Aruba Capital Partners, becoming WXEX-FM, in 2011. Even with these expansions, WFNX broadcast at a power than other Boston market stations. Phoenix Media/Communications Group announced on May 16,2012 that it would sell WFNX to iHeartMedia, after finding it difficult to sustain its continued operation. WFEX was sold to Blount Communications, which would rename that station WDER-FM the next day.7 FM until 4,00 PM on July 24, when Clear Channel assumed control of the station. At that time, after playing Shake It Out by Florence, at approximately 4,28 PM, WFNX relaunched as WHBA, an adult hits station branded as 101.7 The Harbor. The first song on The Harbor was Sweet Emotion by locally founded band Aerosmith, the launch of WHBA marked the return of the adult hits format to the Boston market, a similar format aired on WMKK from March 2005 until it became WEEI-FM in September 2011. On December 20,2012, at 6 PM, the station flipped to dance, branded as Evolution 101.7, the final song on The Harbor was Sweet Caroline by Neil Diamond, while the first song on Evolution was Dont You Worry Child by Swedish House Mafia. As Evolution, the claimed to be the first real EDM station in the country. The call letters were changed to WEDX on January 2,2013, in December 2013, the station began simulcasting on WXKS-FMs HD2 channel, which previously broadcast an all-comedy format
14.
WBZ (AM)
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WBZ is a Class A radio station, owned and operated by CBS Radio and licensed to Boston, Massachusetts. WBZ additionally transmits using the HD Radio digital format, and its programming is carried on WBZ-FMs HD3 digital subchannel. The stations studios are in Allston, Boston, and its site is at Hull. WBZ is a designated Primary Entry Point for the Emergency Alert System, WBZ currently features an all-news format during the day and talk radio at night. Its nighttime signal covers most of eastern North America, WBZ was first licensed on September 15,1921, and was originally located in Springfield, Massachusetts, before moving to Boston in 1931. It is the oldest broadcasting station in New England, and one of the oldest stations in the United States, WBZ currently runs an all-news format during the day and a talk radio format at night. The station was the home of talk host David Brudnoy for 18 years and it was also the radio home for decades of pioneering Boston meteorologist Don Kent. WBZ has long been one of the stations in the Boston area. WBZ has also heavily involved in charitable work, with its annual Christmastime fund drive for Bostons Childrens Hospital being the most high-profile. WBZs inaugural program on September 19 was a remote broadcast originating from the Eastern States Exposition in West Springfield, by early 1922 WBZs studios were set up at the luxurious Hotel Kimball in Metro Center Springfield. Programs consisted of entertainment and information, including live music, sports, farm reports, special events. Because of its reach, the station often referred to itself as WBZ, New England. Even after increasing its power to 2,000 watts by April 1925. This led Westinghouse to inaugurate, on August 20,1925, for nearly a year while the technology was being perfected WBZA shifted between the two transmitting frequencies, before finally going to full-time synchronous operation in June 1926. The power of the WBZ transmitter in East Springfield continued to be boosted, on March 31,1926 it was granted permission to operate with 5,000 watts, and by 1927 it was operating with 15,000 watts. On November 11,1928, under the provisions of the Federal Radio Commissions General Order 40, WBZ, amidst the technical changes, WBZ also began engaging in network activities. This paved the way for the station to become an affiliate of the National Broadcasting Company on November 15,1926. With this change the station began running commercials for the first time
15.
WKAF
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WKAF is a radio station in the Boston, Massachusetts market licensed to Brockton, Massachusetts, airing an urban adult contemporary format branded as The New 97.7. It broadcasts on 97.7 MHz, and serves the Metro Boston, the stations studios are located in Bostons Allston district and the transmitter site is atop Great Blue Hill. WKAF first went on the air in 1948 as WBET-FM, the sister AM station of WBET/990 in Brockton, the two stations almost always simulcast programming for the next 28 years. On November 1,1976, WBET-FM went stereo and broke away from the AM to broadcast a Top-40 format, on January 1,1977, the call letters were changed to WCAV. In July 1982, the station switched to music and targeted the South Shore of Massachusetts. For some of time, WCAV was the only country-music station on the FM dial in the Boston area. In 1999, WCAV was purchased by Radio One, a company that owns, Radio One made many transmitter improvements and established new studios in Roxbury, a largely African American section of Boston. From the very beginning, WBET-FM/WCAV/WBOT had been plagued by a signal in Boston. However, after the relocation of the transmitter to Great Blue Hill in Milton, Massachusetts in summer 2005, on October 20,2005, Radio One moved the format and intellectual property of WILD to WBOTs FM signal. This move eliminated WBOT from the Boston radio dial, and created the new 97.7 WILD FM. WILD-FM had retained the Urban Adult Contemporary programming of the old WILD/1090 during the day, the station officially changed call letters to WILD-FM on October 26. There was speculation that the format of the old WBOT would be reborn if Radio One acquired a second FM station in the Boston area, but there was nothing to suggest that such a move would occur. The former Hot 97.7 format was now airing on 97.5, before moving to 87.7 as a radio station. The group now maintains a web-only presence. m. as the station began a stunt of a voice counting down to 5,30 p. m. the following day. At that time,97.7 began simulcasting WAAF, with the first song under the simulcast being For Those About To Rock by AC/DC, the station changed its calls to WKAF on August 30,2006, to reflect the new simulcast. The move has expanded the reach of WAAF to more of the urban areas of Boston. However, both WAAF and WKAF still have issues in the South Coast and Taunton areas. On January 5,2017, at 10,50 a. m. in the middle of playing Youve Got Another Thing Coming by Judas Priest, WKAF split from the simulcast and flipped back to Urban AC, branded as The New 97.7
16.
WXKS (AM)
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WXKS is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Newton, Massachusetts, and serving the Greater Boston area. The station carries financial news from Bloomberg Radio with some news, weather. WXKS operates with 50,000 watts around the clock, the maximum permitted by the Federal Communications Commission. But its signal is directional to protect Class A WOAI in San Antonio, Texas, another iHeartMedia-owned station. WXKSs studios are located in Medford and the transmitter is in Newton, WXKS can also be heard on the HD2 channel of sister station 94.5 WJMN. The station signed on April 21,1947 as WKOX, a station on 1190 kHz in Framingham. WKOX signed on an FM station at 105.7 in May 1960, Fairbanks Communications purchased the station in 1970. In 1985, WKOX moved to 1200 kHz to gain authorization to go 24 hours, for many years, WKOX functioned as a full service station, oriented towards the MetroWest region. Most of the programming during this time was ethnic, though for a time contemporary Christian music station WJLT leased WKOXs overnight hours to extend its programming. By this time, Fairbanks Communications was attempting to sell WKOX, a few months after the death of owner Richard M. Fairbanks in August 2000, the station was finally sold, to Clear Channel Communications. The brokered format was retained until 2004, when the station simulcasting a progressive talk format with the original WXKS. This was dropped at Noon on December 21,2006, in favor of a Spanish tropical format, as early as 1995, WKOX had been pursuing options to upgrade its power and serve the entire Boston area. Finally, in fall 2008, the station left Framingham and began broadcasting from a new tower array on the WUNR site, in April 2009, it was announced that WKOX is now 50,000 watts full-time. On September 4 of the year, WXKS broke from the WKOX simulcast and flipped to a Spanish adult hits format. Clear Channel announced in January 2010 that WKOX would once again change to a format in April. In preparation, the station swapped call letters with 1430 AM, Coast to Coast AM was the first talk program to air on the station, moving from WRKO in February 2010 — several weeks before the full format change. Rumba programming ceased on March 5, at time the station began stunting. On August 6,2012, it was revealed that the station had dropped local talk hosts Jeff Katz and Jay Severin and that the Rush Limbaugh and Coast to Coast programs would return to WRKO
17.
WXKS-FM
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WXKS-FM, better known as Kiss 108, is a radio station in Boston, Massachusetts, licensed to nearby Medford broadcasting a Top 40 format. Owned by iHeartMedia, the station operates on 107.9 FM, and is a station to rhythmic contemporary WJMN, once a major rival to Kiss. The stations studios are located in Medford and the site sits atop the Prudential Tower in downtown Boston. Morning DJ Matt Siegel has been a fixture on the Boston airwaves since 1981, the Sunday edition of Open House Party hosted by Kannon was broadcast shortly on Kiss 108, replacing the Saturday night show, until May 2008. The station first went on the air September 1,1960 as WHIL-FM, a simulcast of sister station WHIL, for much of the sixties, WHIL & WHIL-FM were country-music stations, but in late 1972, both stations switched to beautiful music as WWEL and FM. The calls refer to Wellington Square in Medford, where the studios were located. Despite moving the FM transmitter to the top of the Prudential Tower in 1972, in 1978, WWEL-FM broadcast the night games of the Boston Red Sox as their flagship station delivered a poor night signal in much of Metro Boston. The stations were sold to Heftel Communications, operated by U. S. Rep. Cecil Heftel in early 1979. Heftel changed the letters to WXKS, adopted Kiss 108 as an identity. The first song played under this new format was At Midnight by T-Connection, under Heftel, the station soared to near the top of the Arbitron ratings, and forced WBOS out of the format in early 1980. Sunny Joe White, a young programmer came aboard at Kiss-108 upon its shift to disco and had much to do with the early success. At the end of 1979, WXKS-AM dropped disco to adopt an adult standards format, the genre would later become the format now known as Rhythmic contemporary, which is now the current format of sister station WJMN. By 1988, WXKS began to shift out of the Rhythmic direction, on January 27,2006, WXKS-FM went live with an HD2 digital broadcast referred to by Clear Channel Communications, who by then had acquired the station, as the Artists Channel. The broadcast is available as an Internet radio station. It then went to a new CHR format before becoming a simulcast of WXKS in 2010, in August 2012, that station changed formats to all-comedy, with the HD2 channel following suit. When 1200 AM flipped to Bloomberg Radio in February 2013, the format was retained on the HD2. On January 14,2008 WSKX in York, Maine began simulcasting WXKS-FM, in August 2009, WSKX stopped simulcasting Kiss 108, but retained a Top 40 format. The Kiss 108 Top 30 Countdown is a locally produced program on Kiss 108, the countdown once aired solely on Saturday mornings from 7AM to 10AM, but now, is broadcast twice on the weekend, Saturday mornings from 9AM to 12PM and Sunday nights from 7PM to 10PM
18.
Webcast
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A webcast is a media presentation distributed over the Internet using streaming media technology to distribute a single content source to many simultaneous listeners/viewers. A webcast may either be distributed live or on demand, essentially, webcasting is broadcasting over the Internet. The largest webcasters include existing radio and TV stations, who simulcast their output through online TV or online radio streaming, Webcasting usually consists of providing non-interactive linear streams or events. Rights and licensing bodies offer specific webcasting licenses to those wishing to carry out Internet broadcasting using copyrighted material, Webcasting is used extensively in the commercial sector for investor relations presentations, in e-learning, and for related communications activities. However, webcasting does not bear much, if any, relationship to web conferencing, the ability to webcast using cheap/accessible technology has allowed independent media to flourish. There are many notable independent shows that broadcast regularly online, often produced by average citizens in their homes they cover many interests and topics. Webcasts relating to computers, technology, and news are particularly popular, Webcasting differs from podcasting in that webcasting refers to live streaming while podcasting simply refers to media files placed on the Internet. Webcasting is the distribution of media files through the internet, pakman from Apple, they launched the Macintosh New York Music Festival from July 17–22,1995. This event audio webcast concerts from more than 15 clubs in New York City, Apple later webcast a concert by Metallica on June 10,1996 live from Slims in San Francisco. In 1995, Benford E. Standley produced one of the first audio/video webcasts in history, on August 13,1998, it is generally believed the first webcast wedding took place, between Alan Knecht and Carrie Silverman in Toronto Canada. The live signal was broadcast via satellite to PA, then encoded and streamed via the BGEA website, the first teleconferenced/webcast wedding to date is believed to have occurred on December 31,1998. Dale Ficken and Lorrie Scarangella wed on this date as they stood in a church in Pennsylvania, on November 4,1994, Stef van der Ziel distributed the first live video images over the web from the Simplon venue in Groningen. On November 7,1994, WXYC, the radio station of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill became the first radio station in the world to broadcast its signal over the internet. Translated versions including Subtitling are now possible using SMIL Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language, a wedcast is a webcast of a wedding. It allows family and friends of the couple to watch the wedding in time on the Internet. Webcasting a funeral is also a service provided by funeral homes. Although it has been around for a decade, cheaper broadband, the strain of travel. International Webcasting Association Media clip Podcast Streaming media Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language Video blog Web radio Webisode Webinar PR Newswire
19.
IHeartRadio
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IHeartRadio is an Internet radio platform owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. Founded in April 2008 as the website iheartmusic, iHeartRadio is available online, via mobile devices, and on select video-game consoles. IHeartRadio was ranked No.4 on AdAges Entertainment A-List in 2010, since 2011, they hold the iHeartRadio Music Festival. In 2014, iHeartRadio started a show titled iHeartRadio Music Awards and regularly produces concerts in Los Angeles. Prior to 2008, Clear Channel Communications various audio products were decentralized, individual stations streamed from their own sites, and the Format Lab website provided feeds of between 40 and 80 networks that were used primarily on Clear Channels HD Radio subchannels. In 2009, iHeartRadio was made available to BlackBerry devices and the Android operating system, soon iHeartRadio offered video, artist interviews, live performance vignettes, etc. The iHeartRadio app was then expanded to other platforms, in 2010, iHeartRadio expanded to Sonos. In 2011, iHeartRadio expanded to the Xbox 360 and webOS, on April 20,2012, iHeartRadio launched on the iPad. On June 8,2012, iHeartRadio concluded a deal to power Yahoo, musics Radio service, previously powered by CBS Radio. Their looping programming is similar to that of NOAA Weather Radios, on March 1,2013, iHeartRadio was added to the Roku digital media receiver. On July 2013, iHeartRadio began adding stations from outside the United States like CHUM-FM and CFBT-FM in Canada, on July 14,2013, iHeartRadio launched in New Zealand and Australia. On July 24,2013, iHeartRadio launched a new talk radio feature and it features original programming from celebrities like Ryan Seacrest and allows users to upload their own content through Spreaker. On May 1,2014, iHeartRadio hosted the 1st iHeartRadio Music Awards at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, in September 2014, owing to the prominence of the service, Clear Channel changed its name to iHeartMedia. On October 12,2015, iHeartRadio introduced My Favorites Radio, a radio station based on a users favorite artists, liked songs. On November 10,2015, iHeartRadio launched an app designed for families with kids ages 4–11 named iHeartRadio Family. The Canadian service became available in early October 2016 with FM/AM Stations provided by Bell Media, No Custom Stations nor Podcasts or is Plus or All Access currently available on The Canadian service yet. During The 2016 iHeartRadio Music Festival, iHeartMedia announced subscription based services iHeartRadio Plus, All Access is powered by Napster. IHeartRadio Australia and New Zealand has announced that it will be available in those countries, iHeartRadio Canada is in the early stages of looking at the plus platform
20.
Brighton, Boston
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Brighton is a dissolved municipality and current neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States, and is located in the northwestern corner of the city. It is named after the town of Brighton in the English city of Brighton, for its first 160 years, Brighton was part of Cambridge, and was known as Little Cambridge. Throughout much of its history, it was a rural town with a significant commercial center at its eastern end. Brighton separated from Cambridge in 1807 after a dispute, and was annexed to Boston in 1874. The neighborhood of Allston was also part of the town of Brighton. In 1630, land comprising present-day Allston–Brighton and Newton was assigned to Watertown, in 1646, Reverend John Eliot established a Praying Indian village on the present Newton–Brighton boundary, where resided local natives converted to Christianity. The first permanent English settlement came as settlers crossed the Charles River from Cambridge, establishing Little Cambridge, before the American Revolutionary War, Little Cambridge became a small, prosperous farming community with fewer than 300 residents. Its inhabitants included wealthy Boston merchants such as Benjamin Faneuil, a key event in the history of Allston–Brighton was the establishment in 1775 of a cattle market to supply the Continental Army. Jonathan Winship I and Jonathan Winship II established the market, and in the period that followed. Legislative approval for separation was obtained in 1807, and Little Cambridge renamed itself Brighton, in 1820, the horticulture industry was introduced to the town. Over the next 20 years, Brighton blossomed as one of the most important gardening neighborhoods in the Boston area, the businessmen, however, did not neglect the cattle industry. In 1834, the Boston & Worcester Railroad was built, solidifying the communitys hold on the cattle trade, by 1866, the town contained 41 slaughterhouses, which later were consolidated into the Brighton Stock Yards and Brighton Abattoir. Allston–Brightons population grew tremendously in the half century, rising from 6,000 in 1875 to 47,000 by 1925. Brighton is accessible via the B Branch of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority s Green Line light rail service, cleveland Circle on the C Branch is located in the southern tip of Brighton, and the D Branch is nearby. The former A Branch, had served the community. Turnpike 503 Brighton Center – Copley Square via Oak Square & Mass, turnpike Forty-seven percent of the population of Brighton drive alone to work and 36% use mass transit, compared with 71% and 2% for the United States as a whole. On June 7,2012, MassDOT announced a plan to build a rail station at Everett Street in Brighton. The new station, Boston Landing, will be served by the Framingham/Worcester Line, Brighton is connected to the rest of the city by the Allston neighborhood
21.
Prudential Tower
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The Prudential Tower, also known as the Prudential Building or, colloquially, The Pru, is an International Style skyscraper in Boston, Massachusetts. The building, a part of the Prudential Center complex, currently stands as the 2nd-tallest building in Boston, the Prudential Tower was designed by Charles Luckman and Associates for Prudential Insurance. Completed in 1964, the building is 749 feet tall, with 52 floors and it contains 1,200,000 sq ft of commercial and retail space. Including its radio mast, the stands as the tallest building in Boston and is tied with others as the 77th-tallest in the United States. A restaurant, the Top of the Hub, occupies the 52nd floor, the Prudential Tower began construction in 1960 with steel erection work by Donovan Steel. Upon its completion in 1964, the Prudential was the tallest building in the world outside of New York City, surpassing the Terminal Tower in Cleveland and it dwarfed the 1947-John Hancock building. This spurred the insurance rival to build the 1975 John Hancock Tower, today, the Prudential is no longer among the fifty tallest buildings in the USA in architectural height. Within Boston, in addition to the nearby John Hancock tower, many tall buildings have since been built in the financial district. The Prudential and John Hancock towers dominate the Back Bay skyline, when it was built, the Prudential Tower received mostly positive architectural reviews. The New York Times called it the showcase of the New Boston the agony, but Ada Louise Huxtable called it a flashy 52-story glass and aluminum tower. Part of an over-scaled megalomaniac group shockingly unrelated to the size, standards. It is a slick developers model dropped into an urban renewal slot in Anycity, architect Donlyn Lyndon called it an energetically ugly, square shaft that offends the Boston skyline more than any other structure. In 1990, Boston Globe architecture critic Robert Campbell commented, The Prudential Center has been the symbol of bad design in Boston for so long that wed probably miss it if it disappeared, the Prudential Center is currently owned by Boston Properties. The building is one of several Prudential Centers built around the United States constructed as capital investments by Prudential Financial, the Gillette Company, now a unit of Procter & Gamble, once occupied 40 percent of the space in the structure but has since vacated many of these floors. Boston-based law firm Ropes & Gray moved into much of space, including the 37th through 49th. Other major tenants include Wall St investment firm Home State Corporation, Partners HealthCare, Club Monaco, Exeter Group, Boston Properties acquired the building in 1998. Signage rights in Boston are very limited, and Prudentials are grandfathered, the other notable backlit signs allowed above 100 feet include The Colonnade Hotel, Boston, State Street Bank sign, Sheraton sign, and Citgo Sign. Using similar negotiations, Prudential retains two notable signs in Times Square, the tradition of using the window lights to support local sports teams and events began in the mid-1980s
22.
Classical music
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Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical and secular music. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common-practice period, Western staff notation is used by composers to indicate to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This can leave less room for such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation. The term classical music did not appear until the early 19th century, the earliest reference to classical music recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, the written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them, J. S. The use of written notation also preserves a record of the works, Musical notation enables 2000s-era performers to sing a choral work from the 1300s Renaissance era or a 1700s Baroque concerto with many of the features of the music being reproduced. That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work, even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction, we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. Bach was particularly noted for his complex improvisations, during the Classical era, the composer-performer Mozart was noted for his ability to improvise melodies in different styles. During the Classical era, some virtuoso soloists would improvise the cadenza sections of a concerto, during the Romantic era, Beethoven would improvise at the piano. The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century and they consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments. The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for music and includes members of the string, woodwind, brass. The concert band consists of members of the woodwind, brass and it generally has a larger variety and number of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra but does not have a string section. However, many bands use a double bass. Many of the used to perform medieval music still exist. Medieval instruments included the flute, the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle, Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a drone note, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into haut, during the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the medieval era, becoming prevalent by the later 13th
23.
FM broadcasting
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FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation technology. Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio, FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than AM broadcasting, the chief competing radio broadcasting technology, so it is used for most music broadcasts. FM radio stations use the VHF frequencies, the term FM band describes the frequency band in a given country which is dedicated to FM broadcasting. Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF part of the radio spectrum. Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used, or some portion thereof, with few exceptions, In the former Soviet republics, and some former Eastern Bloc countries, assigned frequencies are at intervals of 30 kHz. This band, sometimes referred to as the OIRT band, is slowly being phased out in many countries, in those countries the 87. 5–108.0 MHz band is referred to as the CCIR band. In Japan, the band 76–95 MHz is used, the frequency of an FM broadcast station is usually an exact multiple of 100 kHz. In most of South Korea, the Americas, the Philippines, in some parts of Europe, Greenland and Africa, only even multiples are used. In the UK odd or even are used, in Italy, multiples of 50 kHz are used. There are other unusual and obsolete FM broadcasting standards in countries, including 1,10,30,74,500. Random noise has a triangular spectral distribution in an FM system and this can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known as pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, the amount of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used is defined by the time constant of a simple RC filter circuit. In most of the world a 50 µs time constant is used, in the Americas and South Korea,75 µs is used. This applies to both mono and stereo transmissions, for stereo, pre-emphasis is applied to the left and right channels before multiplexing. They cannot be pre-emphasized as much because it would cause excessive deviation of the FM carrier, systems more modern than FM broadcasting tend to use either programme-dependent variable pre-emphasis, e. g. dbx in the BTSC TV sound system, or none at all. Long before FM stereo transmission was considered, FM multiplexing of other types of audio level information was experimented with. Edwin Armstrong who invented FM was the first to experiment with multiplexing and these original FM multiplex subcarriers were amplitude modulated
24.
WWDJ
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WWDJ is a radio station broadcasting a Spanish Christian format. Licensed to Boston, Massachusetts, it serves the Boston metropolitan area, the station is currently owned by Salem Communications. WWDJ first signed on August 26,1935 as WCOP, originally a daytime station, WCOP got the go-ahead to expand to 24-hour-a-day broadcasting in 1941. A In June 1945, it became Bostons home of the ABC Radio Network, the station adopted a music format in 1956, and became one of the first stations in New England to utilize disk jockeys. In the late 1950s, one such DJ was Bob Wilson, after stints as Top-40, and middle-of-the-road, WCOP switched to a country music format, and was an affiliate of NBC Radio Network. In 1977, WCOP dropped NBC Radio, and flipped from country to top-40 under the call letters WACQ, the new format lasted only until the station was sold and new owners came in on January 1,1979. At that time, WACQ and then-sister station WTTK flipped to a partially simulcast beautiful music station as WHUE, stints as an all-news station and a soft adult contemporary format under the call letters of WSNY followed. In 1985, the became an oldies station under the well-known WMEX callsign. Although enjoying some success at first, WODS flipped to an oldies format in late 1987. By 1990, the format was replaced by business talk, this gave way in 1991 to a simulcast of WMJX. After a brief stint with the WROR callsign, the station became WNFT with the KidStar childrens radio network on October 17,1996. The network ceased operations in February 1997, at time the station simulcasted first WKLB-FM. During its time simulcasting WAAF, it was noticed one day that WNFT was airing the rhythmic top 40 sound of WJMN instead. After a period carrying the syndicated Touch urban adult contemporary service, the station became WAMG with a music format. In 2003, the station was sold to Salem Communications, and then swapped call letters with 890 AM and became WBPS, later in the year, the station adopted a talk format and the WTTT call sign. Originally, this consisted of conservative talk hosts from the Salem Radio Network. In 2007, the took on the moniker Bostons Conservative Talk. On January 28,2008, WTTT discontinued the talk format, the station launched a Spanish-language Christian teaching/talk format on February 4,2008
25.
NBC Red Network
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The NBC Red Network is a defunct American radio network. Launched in 1926, it, along with the NBC Blue Network, were the two radio networks of the National Broadcasting Company, and the first two commercial radio networks in the United States. CBS Radio was established a year later, in 1943, NBC was required to divest itself of its Blue Network, which would eventually become the American Broadcasting Company. The Red Network continued as the NBC Radio Network, the NBC Radio Network itself no longer exists under its original configuration, having been spun off and gradually dissolved into eventual corporate parent Westwood One. In 1923, the Radio Corporation of America acquired control of WJZ in Newark, New Jersey, from Westinghouse, as part of the purchase, RCA also gained the rights to rent AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, and the technology for operating a quality radio network. On September 13,1926, RCA chairman of the board Owen D, Young and president James G. Harbord announced the formation of the National Broadcasting Company, Inc. to begin broadcasting upon RCAs acquisition of WEAF on November 15. The purpose of the National Broadcasting Company will be to provide the best programs available for broadcasting in the United States and it is hoped that arrangements may be made so that every event of national importance may be broadcast widely throughout the United States, announced M. H. Aylesworth, the first president of NBC, in the press release, although RCA was identified as the creator of the network, NBC was actually owned 50% by RCA, 30% by General Electric, and 20% by Westinghouse. The network officially was launched at 8 p. m. ET on Monday, carl Schlagel of the Metropolitan Opera opened the inaugural broadcast, which also featured Will Rogers and Mary Garden. The broadcast was made simultaneously on WEAF and WJZ, some of NBCs programming was broadcast that evening on WEEI WLIT, WRC, WDAF, and WWJ. noted by the different background color. NBC Blue would utilize this logo until their 1942 sale, on January 1,1927, NBC formally divided its programming along two networks. The two NBC networks did not have distinct identities or formats, the NBC Red Network, with WEAF as its flagship station and a stronger line-up of affiliated stations, often carried the more popular, big budget sponsored programs. The Blue Network and WJZ carried a somewhat smaller line-up of often lower-powered stations, NBC Blue often carried newer, untried programs, lower cost programs and un-sponsored or sustaining programs. In many cities in addition to New York, the two NBC affiliated stations were operated as duopolies, having the same owners and sharing the same staff, at this time, most network programs were owned by the sponsors and produced by their advertising agencies. The networks did not control or program their own schedules as they do now, Networks rented studio facilities to produce shows and sold air-time to sponsors. The only network produced programs were unsponsored programs used to fill unsold time periods, a similar two-part/two-color strategy appeared in the recording industry, dividing the market between classical and popular offerings. NBC Red then extended its reach into the midwest by acquiring two 50,000 watt clear-channel signals, Cleveland station WTAM on October 16,1930, on October 18,1931, Blue Network programming was introduced along the NBC Gold Network, which broadcast from San Franciscos KPO. In 1936 the Orange Network name was dropped and affiliate stations became part of the Red Network, the Gold Network adopted the Blue Network name
26.
Monitor (NBC Radio)
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Monitor was an American weekend radio program broadcast from June 12,1955, until January 26,1975. Airing live and nationwide on the NBC Radio Network, it aired beginning Saturday morning at 8am. However, after the first few months, the weekend broadcast was shortened when the midnight-to-dawn hours were dropped since few NBC stations carried it. The program offered a mix of news, sports, comedy, variety, music, celebrity interviews. Monitor and the Sunday-afternoon TV documentary series Wide Wide World were Weavers last two contributions to NBC, as he left the network within a year of Monitors premiere. It was described by one source as a loop made from a sequence of 1950s AT&T telephone line switching tones generated by analog oscillators. The Beacon introduced the show and was used in transitions, for example, to station breaks, accompanied by the tag line, when Monitor began on June 12,1955 at 4pm, the first hour of the program was simulcast on NBC-TV. That initial June 12 broadcast lasted eight hours, from 4pm through 12 midnight, following the Monitor beacon, Morgan Beatty was the first voice ever heard on Monitor. It was the first of many jazz remotes in the weeks to come, on the following Saturday, June 18, Monitor began broadcasting 40 consecutive hours each weekend, from 8am on Saturday to midnight on Sunday. Monitor aired from a mammoth NBC studio called Radio Central, created especially for the program, built at a cost of $150,000 the glass-enclosed studios of Radio Central were described by Pat Weaver as a listening post of the world. From Radio Central, anchors and hosts, initially dubbed communicators, as well-known entertainment and broadcasting figures, they gave Monitor an impressive marquee. In later years Don Imus, Murray the K, Robert W. Morgan and Wolfman Jack helmed the Saturday evening segment until it was eliminated, the last hosts of Monitor in 1975 were Big Wilson and John Bartholomew Tucker. Behind the scenes, Monitors executive producers included Jim Fleming, Frank Papp, Al Capstaff, remote segments originating from locations around the country were a regular part of Monitor, setting it apart from studio-bound broadcasts and taking advantage of network radios reach. A weekend might include reports from a festival in Tucson, a championship in North Carolina, NBCs correspondent in Moscow, or on preparations for the Olympic Games in Melbourne. Regular segments included Celebrity Chef, Ring Around the World, on-the-spot live remote broadcasts from New York City jazz clubs on Saturday evenings included both jazz groups and vocalists, such as Al Hibbler. In the shows years, weather reports were delivered in a breathy. Fran Koltun, Sandy Koufax, Bill Mazer, Lindsey Nelson, Kyle Rote, Gene Shalit, Jim Simpson, Barbara Walters, Tony Zappone and many NBC News correspondents. Many comedy talents appeared through the years including Woody Allen, Bill Cosby, Selma Diamond, Phyllis Diller, Bob Hope, Ernie Kovacs, Bob Newhart, Jean Shepherd and Jonathan Winters
27.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
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Adolescence
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Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood. Adolescence is usually associated with the years, but its physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier. For example, puberty now typically begins during preadolescence, particularly in females, physical growth, and cognitive development can extend into the early twenties. Thus age provides only a marker of adolescence, and scholars have found it difficult to agree upon a precise definition of adolescence. A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives, including psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a period between childhood and adulthood, whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles. It is a period of transitions involving education, training, employment and unemployment. The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country, Adolescence is usually accompanied by an increased independence allowed by the parents or legal guardians, including less supervision as compared to preadolescence. Major pubertal and biological changes include changes to the sex organs, height, weight, cognitive advances encompass both increment in knowledge and in the ability to think abstractly and to reason more effectively. The study of adolescent development often involves interdisciplinary collaborations, for example, researchers in neuroscience or bio-behavioral health might focus on pubertal changes in brain structure and its effects on cognition or social relations. Sociologists interested in adolescence might focus on the acquisition of social roles, developmental psychologists might focus on changes in relations with parents and peers as a function of school structure and pubertal status. Some scientists have questioned the universality of adolescence as a developmental phase, puberty is a period of several years in which rapid physical growth and psychological changes occur, culminating in sexual maturity. The average age of onset of puberty is at 11 for girls and 12 for boys, every persons individual timetable for puberty is influenced primarily by heredity, although environmental factors, such as diet and exercise, also exert some influences. These factors can contribute to precocious and delayed puberty. Some of the most significant parts of pubertal development involve distinctive physiological changes in height, weight, body composition. These changes are largely influenced by hormonal activity, puberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production, which in turn causes a number of physical changes. It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of sex characteristics. This is triggered by the pituitary gland, which secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream, initiating a chain reaction to occur
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Heavy metal music
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Heavy metal is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and the United States. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are associated with aggression. The first heavy metal such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath. During the mid-1970s, Judas Priest helped spur the evolution by discarding much of its blues influence, Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility. Beginning in the late 1970s, bands in the new wave of British heavy metal such as Iron Maiden, before the end of the decade, heavy metal fans became known as metalheads or headbangers. During the 1980s, glam metal became popular with such as Mötley Crüe. Since the mid-1990s popular styles have further expanded the definition of the genre and these include groove metal and nu metal, the latter of which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip hop. Heavy metal is characterized by loud distorted guitars, emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound. Metal subgenres variously emphasize, alter, or omit one or more of these attributes, the typical band lineup includes a drummer, a bassist, a rhythm guitarist, a lead guitarist, and a singer, who may or may not be an instrumentalist. Keyboard instruments are used to enhance the fullness of the sound. Deep Purples Jon Lord played an overdriven Hammond organ, in 1970, John Paul Jones used a Moog synthesizer on Led Zeppelin III, by the 1990s, in. almost every subgenre of heavy metal synthesizers were used. The electric guitar and the power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. The heavy metal guitar sound comes from a use of high volumes. Guitar solos are an element of the heavy metal code. That underscores the significance of the guitar to the genre, most heavy metal songs featur at least one guitar solo, which is a primary means through which the heavy metal performer expresses virtuosity. One exception is nu metal bands, which tend to omit guitar solos, with rhythm guitar parts, the heavy crunch sound in heavy metal. Palm muting the strings with the hand and using distortion. Palm muting creates a tighter, more sound and it emphasizes the low end
30.
Barry Scott
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Barry Scott is an American DJ, author, record producer and voice artist. He was born in Newington, Connecticut, declaring he wanted to be a DJ at age 5, in fact, a radio show he performed at that age has survived and has been featured on his web site. Scott attended Emerson College in Boston, studying radio broadcasting, creative writing, since 1981, Barry Scott has hosted the radio show The Lost 45s, which features Top 40 charted records from the 1970s and 1980s. The weekly and daily shows are syndicated nationally via a deal with both Benztown and Compass Media Networks, the Lost 45s with Barry Scott plays charted records from the 1970s and 1980s that no longer receive much airplay. His goal is to keep these songs and artists alive in an era of tight playlists, the show has been in national syndication since 1993. Barry Scott has appeared as an expert on VH-1s Behind The Music, CNN. The Lost 45s with Barry Scott has broadcast interviews with over 900 recording artists, praise from many of these performers can be heard on his web site, including Aretha Franklin, Carole King and Barry Gibb. He has also raised millions of dollars for various causes over the years, including a five-year Boston radiothon and concert to fight AIDS. He has authored a book about music, We Had Joy, We Had Fun, The Lost Recording Artists of the Seventies, as a voiceover artist he has narrated video packages for TNA Wrestling and the NBA Finals
31.
Infinity Broadcasting Corporation
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Infinity Broadcasting Corporation was a radio company that existed from 1972 until 2005. It was founded by Michael A. Wiener and Gerald Carrus and it became associated with popular radio personalities like Opie and Anthony, Howard Stern, Don Imus and Mike Francesa. Infinity merged with CBS Corporation in 1997 and later part of Viacom in 2000. After the Viacom split in 2005, Infinity changed its name to CBS Radio, Infinity was founded in 1972 by two former Metromedia executives Michael A. In 1979, Infinity acquired WBCN in Boston, in 1981, Mel Karmazin was bought in as new president. Karmazin oversaw the operation of New Yorks WNEW-AM and WNEW-FM for Metromedia, soon after, the company acquired fellow New York stations WNEW-FM, WKTU, WZRC, and WFAN the following years, followed by WYSP-FM in Philadelphia. In 1983, Infinity absorbed KXYZ in Houston and WJMK-FM and WJJD in Chicago, Infinity became a publicly traded company in 1986. Within a year, it had purchased six more stations, KROQ-FM in Los Angeles, WJFK-FM in Washington, wQYK-AM/FM in Tampa, and KVIL-AM/FM in Dallas. The company reverted to a company in the late 1980s. In 1993, Infinity was expanded to 22 radio stations, in 1997, it was announced that Westinghouse Electric Corporation would acquire Infinity Broadcasting. Karmazin had attempted to acquire CBS, but Michael Jordan, CEO of Westinghouse, refused to sell the firm to Karmazin, the $4.9 billion deal was completed on December 31,1996. As a result of the Westinghouse purchase, Infinity was merged into the CBS Radio Group, Karmazin soon became chairman and CEO of CBS Radio, and took the control of the CBS television network. Shortly after, Westinghouse sold its assets and renamed itself as CBS Corporation. In 1998, CBS decided to spin off a portion of its radio, the stock offering was the largest in the media industry at the time and raised $2.87 billion. The most significant move during 1999, however, was the deal struck with Viacom in September, sumner Redstone, CEO of Viacom, shot down Karmazins offer to buy Viacom. Karmazin then offered CBS to Redstone, who made a $37 billion proposal to merge the two companies together. Viacom completed the CBS Corp. purchase in May 2000, at that same year, Infinity acquired Outdoor Systems and renamed it Infinity Outdoor. Under the new ownership by Viacom, Infinity acquired 18 radio stations from its competitor, Clear Channel Communications, the company also purchased Giraudy SA, an outdoor advertising company based in France
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CBS Radio
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CBS Radio is a radio broadcasting company owned by CBS Corporation. It is among the United States largest radio groups, operating 116 radio stations in 26 media markets. In 1999, Infinity became a division of Viacom, in 2005, Viacom spun CBS and Infinity Broadcasting back into a company. In 2016, CBS CEO Leslie Moonves stated that the company was exploring selling or spinning off CBS Radio. While the company announced its intent to perform a public offering. CBS Radio is one of the oldest units within CBS Corporation, however, the actual CBS Radio Network was launched in 1927, when CBS itself was known as United Independent Broadcasters. Columbia Records later joined in and that company was renamed the Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System, in September 1927, Columbia Records sold the company to William S. Paley and in 1928, Paley streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. It became a traded company twice, in 1986. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, which acquired CBS, Inc. in 1995, Westinghouse acquired American Radio Systems in 1997. In 1999, CBS Corporation was merged into Viacom, in August 2006, CBS Radio announced the sale of its 15 radio stations in Cincinnati, Ohio, Memphis, Tennessee, Austin, Texas, and Rochester, New York to Entercom Communications. This group deal was granted FCC approval in mid-November 2007 after it faced regulatory review and numerous challenges for over a year, several other stations, most in smaller markets, have also been sold to companies like Border Media Partners and Peak Media Corporation. On April 30,2008, CBS Radio and AOL entered a partnership and these stations were folded into the AOL Radio mobile app. On July 31,2008, CBS Radio announced that it would sell 50 more radio stations in 12 mid-size markets, on December 15,2008, CBS Radio and Clear Channel Communications reached an agreement to swap seven stations. The deal closed on April 1,2009, on December 20,2008, CBS Radio announced that it would sell the entire Denver cluster to Wilks Broadcasting for $19.5 Million, including KIMN, KWOF, and KXKL. On August 10,2009, CBS Radio announced that it would sell the entire Portland cluster to Alpha Broadcasting for $40 Million, the stations included in the sale are KCMD, KINK, KUFO, and KUPL. On February 4,2010, all CBS Radio stations, as well as AOL Radio, music Radio have restricted all non U. S. listeners from streaming online content. CBS Radio redirects to sister property Last. fm,2011 saw the biggest AC format removal of the company dropping AC for hot adult contemporary on Washington, D. C. s WIAD in March, followed by New York Citys WWFS on October 12. On August 1, WCFS-FM Chicago removed its AC format for all-news to simulcast WBBM, by November 2011, WLTE in Minneapolis/St
33.
George Taylor Morris
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George Taylor Morris was an American disc jockey and radio personality who grew up with and on the radio. Initially working on AM Radio, then switching to the FM Radio format, Morris career evolved to where he became a father of satellite radio at Sirius XM. Morris was the morning host of the Deep Tracks classic rock channel on XM Satellite Radio and was a host on its interview show XM Artist Confidential. Born in King City, California, Morris had his first job in radio at KRKC while a school sophomore. He worked as a radio host in Lake Tahoe, Nevada and Santa Barbara, Morris moved to New Yorks Long Island, where he was news director at WHLI and was an on-air personality at other area radio stations. He later worked at WHCN Hartford and WCOZ Boston and he worked at The Source radio network, starting as a news anchor in 1979, covering major news events and eventually becoming the networks entertainment director in 1981. From 1984 to 1999 he produced and hosted Reelin in the Years, from 1999 to 2000 George worked as an internet DJ and program manager for the defunct Discjockey. com an internet radio station that was closely aligned to Broadcast. com, the forerunner to Yahoo radio. Morris played the two simultaneously and found the first few minutes kind of interesting, but saw a series of cosmic coincidences once Dorothy enters the house. Morris also served as director and morning host of XMs classic rock channel Deep Tracks. Morris died at age 62 on August 1,2009, at his home in Reston and he was survived by Gail Markens Morris, his second wife, and their son, Evan Markens Morris. His first marriage had ended in divorce
34.
Pink Floyd
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Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London. They achieved international acclaim with their progressive and psychedelic music, Pink Floyd were founded in 1965 by students Syd Barrett on guitar and lead vocals, Nick Mason on drums, Roger Waters on bass and vocals, and Richard Wright on keyboards and vocals. Guitarist David Gilmour joined in December 1967, Barrett left in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health. Waters became the primary lyricist and conceptual leader, devising the concepts behind their albums The Dark Side of the Moon, Wish You Were Here, Animals, The Wall. The Dark Side of the Moon and The Wall became two of the albums of all time. Following creative tensions, Wright left Pink Floyd in 1979, followed by Waters in 1985, Gilmour and Mason continued as Pink Floyd, Wright rejoined them as a session musician and, later, a band member. The three produced two more albums—A Momentary Lapse of Reason and The Division Bell —and toured through 1994, Barrett died in 2006, and Wright in 2008. The final Pink Floyd studio album, The Endless River, was recorded without Waters, Pink Floyd were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. By 2013, the band had more than 250 million records worldwide. Roger Waters met Nick Mason while they were both studying architecture at the London Polytechnic at Regent Street and they first played music together in a group formed by Keith Noble and Clive Metcalfe with Nobles sister Sheilagh. Richard Wright, an architecture student, joined later that year. Waters played lead guitar, Mason drums, and Wright rhythm guitar, the band performed at private functions and rehearsed in a tearoom in the basement of the Regent Street Polytechnic. They performed songs by the Searchers and material written by their manager and songwriter, Mason moved out after the 1964 academic year, and guitarist Bob Klose moved in during September 1964, prompting Waters switch to bass. Sigma 6 went through several names, including the Meggadeaths, the Abdabs and the Screaming Abdabs, Leonards Lodgers, in 1964, as Metcalfe and Noble left to form their own band, guitarist Syd Barrett joined Klose and Waters at Stanhope Gardens. Barrett, two younger, had moved to London in 1962 to study at the Camberwell College of Arts. Waters and Barrett were childhood friends, Waters had often visited Barrett, Noble and Metcalfe left the Tea Set in late 1963, and Klose introduced the band to singer Chris Dennis, a technician with the Royal Air Force. In December 1964, they secured their first recording time, at a studio in West Hampstead, through one of Wrights friends, Wright, who was taking a break from his studies, did not participate in the session. When the RAF assigned Dennis a post in Bahrain in early 1965, later that year, they became the resident band at the Countdown Club near Kensington High Street in London, where from late night until early morning they played three sets of 90 minutes each
35.
The Dark Side of the Moon
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The Dark Side of the Moon is the eighth album by English rock band Pink Floyd, released on 1 March 1973 by Harvest Records. It thematically explores conflict, greed, the passage of time, and mental illness, developed during live performances, an early version was premiered several months before recording began, new material was recorded in two sessions in 1972 and 1973 at Abbey Road in London. The group used some advanced recording techniques at the time, including multitrack recording, analogue synthesizers were prominent in several tracks, and snippets from recorded interviews with Pink Floyds road crew and others provided philosophical quotations throughout. Engineer Alan Parsons was responsible for many distinctively notable sonic aspects, the album was an immediate commercial and critical success, it topped the Billboard Top LPs & Tapes chart for a week and remained in the chart for 741 weeks from 1973 to 1988. With an estimated 45 million copies sold, it is Pink Floyds most commercially successful album and it has been remastered and re-released twice, and covered in its entirety by several other acts. It produced two singles, Money and Us and Them, and is the bands most popular album among fans and critics, following Meddle in 1971, Pink Floyd assembled for an upcoming tour of Britain, Japan and the United States in December of that year. Rehearsing in Broadhurst Gardens in London, there was the prospect of a new album. In a band meeting at drummer Nick Masons home in Camden, the band had explored a similar idea with 1969s The Man and The Journey. In an interview for Rolling Stone, guitarist David Gilmour said, I think we all thought –, There was definitely a feeling that the words were going to be very clear and specific. Generally, all four members agreed that Waters album concept unified by a theme was a good idea. The band rehearsed at a warehouse in London owned by The Rolling Stones and they also purchased extra equipment, which included new speakers, a PA system, a 28-track mixing desk with four quadraphonic outputs, and a custom-built lighting rig. However, after discovering that that title had already used by another band, Medicine Head. The new material premièred at The Dome in Brighton, on 20 January 1972, michael Wale of The Times described the piece as. It was so understanding and musically questioning. Derek Jewell of The Sunday Times wrote The ambition of the Floyds artistic intention is now vast. Melody Maker was, however, less enthusiastic, Musically, there were great ideas. However, the tour was praised by the public. The bands lengthy tour through Europe and North America gave them the opportunity to make improvements to the scale
36.
The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)
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The film stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale. Notable for its use of Technicolor, fantasy storytelling, musical score and it was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture, but lost to Gone with the Wind. It did win in two categories, including Best Original Song for Over the Rainbow and Best Original Score by Herbert Stothart. However, the film was a box office disappointment on its release, earning only $3,017,000 on a $2,777,000 budget. It was MGMs most expensive production at that time, and did not completely recoup the studios investment and turn a profit until theatrical re-releases starting in 1949. The film was named the most-viewed motion picture on television syndication by the Library of Congress, designation on the registry calls for efforts to preserve it for being culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant. It is also one of the few films on UNESCOs Memory of the World Register, the Wizard of Oz is often ranked on best-movie lists in critics and public polls. It is the source of many quotes referenced in popular culture. It was directed primarily by Victor Fleming, noel Langley, Florence Ryerson, and Edgar Allan Woolf received credit for the screenplay, but uncredited contributions were made by others. The songs were written by Edgar Yip Harburg and Harold Arlen, the musical score and the incidental music were composed by Stothart. The film begins in Kansas, which is depicted in a sepia tone, Dorothy Gale lives with her dog Toto on the farm of her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry. Dorothys dog gets in trouble with a neighbor, Miss Almira Gulch. However, Dorothys family and the farmhands are all too busy to pay attention to her, Miss Gulch arrives with permission from the sheriff to have Toto euthanized. She takes him away, but he escapes and returns to Dorothy and they meet Professor Marvel, a phony but kindly fortune teller, who realizes Dorothy has run away and tricks her via his crystal ball into believing that Aunt Em is ill so that she must return home. She races home just as a tornado strikes. Unable to get into her familys storm cellar, she seeks safety in her bedroom, a wind-blown window sash hits her in the head, knocking her out. The house is picked up and sent spinning in the air by the twister, the farmhouse crashes in Munchkinland in the Land of Oz, where the film changes to Technicolor. Glinda the Good Witch of the North and the Munchkins welcome her as their heroine, as the house has landed on and killed the Wicked Witch of the East, leaving only her stocking feet exposed
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WBFB
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WBFB is a radio station licensed to and operating from studios in Bangor, Maine. The station is owned by Blueberry Broadcasting and is a country formatted radio station simulcasting on co-owned WMCM, the 97.1 frequency has a long history in Bangor, signing on March 15,1961 as WABI-FM, owned by the Community Broadcasting Service along with WABI and WABI-TV. Initially a simulcast of WABI, on March 1,1973 the station became WBGW, the call letters were changed to WYOU-FM in 1986. Two years later, the adopted a modern rock format under the WWBX calls. The station eventually changed to a hot adult contemporary format, WWBX and WABI were sold to Gopher Hill Broadcasting in 1997. WWBX was instrumental in storm coverage during the North American ice storm of 1998 and it was Michael W. Hale who made the decision to suspend the music format and allow open phones and dialogue to help those with no power and to provide home-based entertainment. The station allowed listeners from all central and eastern Maine to call in and share stories of prior storms, survival tips. Michael W. Hale was so inundated with calls, the station became a talk station for a time. The announcers, Les Newsome, Cindy Michaels, Ted Wallace, Dave Glidden and Rob On The Radio Rosewall kept people all over eastern, inbound calls for help and assistance were so many, volunteers came to the station to take calls and nearby states. The station than returned to its format after the power was restored. In September 1998, the format was changed to top 40. The station was an success, giving cross-town rival WBZN the competition needed to spice the small market. Although the ratings were often close, jocks from both stations demonstrated the skills to provide Bangor with large market sounds, Clear Channel Communications signed a local marketing agreement with Gopher Hill in early 2001, a few weeks later, it bought WWBX and WABI. The company announced on November 16,2006 that it would sell its Bangor stations after being bought by private equity firms, resulting in a sale to Blueberry Broadcasting to 2008. On September 1,2008, WWBX dropped the top 40 format in favor of sports talk provided by Bostons WEEI, in a simulcast with WABI, the call letters were modified to WAEI-FM in February 2009 in order to install the WAEI call letters on WABI. Though WAEI carried WEEIs talk shows, most game broadcasts were not aired on the station, however, it was the flagship of the Maine Black Bears from 2008 until 2011, when it was replaced by sister station WKSQ. Blueberry Broadcasting ended WAEIs affiliation with WEEI on January 11,2010, replacing it with Fox Sports Radio, Imus in the Morning, and The Jim Rome Show, Blueberry cited a breach of contract. The station swapped formats and call letters with 104.7 FM on September 1,2011 and became country music station WBFB, in effect returning the format to the frequency after a sixteen year absence
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