1.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
2.
Greater Boston
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The region forms the northern arc of the US northeast megalopolis and as such, Greater Boston can be described as either a metropolitan statistical area, or as a broader combined statistical area. Some of Greater Bostons most well-known contributions to human civilization involve the higher education institutions. Greater Boston has been influential upon American history and industry, the region and the state of Massachusetts are global leaders in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade. Over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan region, the area has hosted many people and sites significant to American culture and history, particularly American literature, politics, and the American Revolution. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution, the Greater Boston region has played a powerful commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, the region was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in 2004, Massachusetts became the first US state to legally recognize same-sex marriage as a result of the decision of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in Boston. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the Boston region, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council, the MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the Massachusetts legislature to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions and these include most of the area within the regions outer circumferential highway, I-495. The eight subregions and their towns are, Inner Core, Minuteman, MetroWest, North Shore, North Suburban, South Shore, SouthWest. Northern Bristol County is part of the Greater Boston CSA, as part of the Providence MSA, the urbanized area surrounding Boston serves as the core of a definition used by the US Census Bureau known as the New England city and town area. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the area is defined as the Boston–Cambridge–Nashua. The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below, the Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941, the metropolitan statistical area had a total population of approximately 4,732,161 as of 2014 and is the tenth-largest in the United States. The components of the area with their estimated 2012 populations are listed below. This area consists of the areas of Manchester, Worcester, Providence, as well as Cape Cod. The total population as of 2014 for the region was estimated at 8,099,575
3.
Slogan
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The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising. A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and these attributes are necessary in a slogan, as it is only a short phrase. Therefore, it is necessary for slogans to be memorable, as well as concise in what the organisation or brand is trying to say, the word slogan is derived from slogorn which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic and Irish sluagh-ghairm. Slogans vary from the written and the visual to the chanted and their simple rhetorical nature usually leaves little room for detail and a chanted slogan may serve more as social expression of unified purpose than as communication to an intended audience. George E. Shankels research states that, English-speaking people began using the term by 1704, the term at that time meant the distinctive note, phrase or cry of any person or body of persons. Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the Middle Ages, crimmins research suggests that brands are an extremely valuable corporate asset, and can make up a lot of a businesss total value. With this in mind, if we take into consideration Kellers research and these include, name, logo and slogan. Brands names and logos both can be changed by the way the receiver interprets them, therefore, the slogan has a large job in portraying the brand. Therefore, the slogan should create a sense of likability in order for the name to be likable. Dass, Kumar, Kohli, & Thomas research suggests there are certain factors that make up the likability of a slogan. The clarity of the message the brand is trying to encode within the slogan, the slogan emphasizes the benefit of the product or service it is portraying. The creativity of a slogan is another factor that had an effect on the likability of a slogan. Lastly, leaving the name out of the slogan will have a positive effect on the likability of the brand itself. The original usage refers to the usage as a clan motto among Highland clans, marketing slogans are often called taglines in the United States or straplines in the United Kingdom. Europeans use the terms baselines, signatures, claims or pay-offs, sloganeering is a mostly derogatory term for activity which degrades discourse to the level of slogans. Slogans are used to convey a message about the product, service or cause that it is representing and it can have a musical tone to it or written as a song. Slogans are often used to capture the attention of the audience it is trying to reach, if the slogan is used for commercial purposes, often it is written to be memorable/catchy in order for a consumer to associate the slogan with the product it is representing. A slogan is part of the aspect that helps create an image for the product
4.
Frequency
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Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, for example, if a newborn babys heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as vibrations, audio signals, radio waves. For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, in physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, acoustics, and radio, frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter ν or ν. For a simple motion, the relation between the frequency and the period T is given by f =1 T. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz, named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a previous name for this unit was cycles per second. The SI unit for period is the second, a traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves, short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency instead of period. Spatial frequency is analogous to temporal frequency, but the axis is replaced by one or more spatial displacement axes. Y = sin = sin d θ d x = k Wavenumber, in the case of more than one spatial dimension, wavenumber is a vector quantity. For periodic waves in nondispersive media, frequency has a relationship to the wavelength. Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave. In the special case of electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and this expression becomes, f = c λ. When waves from a monochrome source travel from one medium to another, their remains the same—only their wavelength. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is, the latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1/, or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1/ where Tm is the timing interval. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small, an older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope
5.
HD Radio
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It was selected by the U. S. It is officially known as NRSC-5, with the latest version being NRSC-5-C, other digital radio systems include FMeXtra, Digital Audio Broadcasting, Digital Radio Mondiale, and Compatible AM-Digital. Although HD Radio broadcastings content is currently subscription-free, listeners must purchase new receivers in order to receive the portion of the signal. As of May 2009, there were stations in the world on the air with HD Radio technology than any other digital radio technology. More than 1,700 stations covering approximately 84% of the United States are broadcasting with this technology, according to iBiquitys website, the HD is simply a brand name and has no meaning. There is no connection with television, although like digital television the HD Radio specification provides enhanced capabilities over the analog format. Thus, there is no deadline by which consumers must buy an HD Radio receiver, in addition, there are many more analog AM/FM radio receivers than there were analog televisions, and many of these are car stereos or portable units that cannot be upgraded. Digital information is transmitted using OFDM with a compression algorithm called HDC. The cost of converting a radio station can run between $100,000 and $200,000, if the primary digital signal is lost the HD Radio receiver will revert to the analog signal, thereby providing seamless operation between the newer and older transmission methods. The extra HD-2 and HD-3 streams are not simulcast on analog, alternatively the HD Radio signal can revert to a more-robust 20 kilobit per second stream, though the sound is reduced to AM-like quality. Datacasting is also possible, with metadata providing song titles or artist information, by using spectral band replication the HDC+SBR codec is able to simulate the recreation of sounds up to 15,000 Hz, thus achieving moderate quality on the bandwidth-tight AM band. The HD Radio AM hybrid mode offers two options which can carry approximately 40 or 60 kbit/s of data, but most AM digital stations default to the more-robust 40 kbit/s mode which features redundancy. HD Radio also provides a digital mode, which lacks an analog signal for fallback. The pure digital mode transmissions will stay within the AM stations channel instead of spilling into the next to the station transmitting HD radio as the hybrid stations do. The AM version of HD Radio technology uses the 20 kHz channel, when operating in pure digital mode, the AM HD Radio signal fits inside a standard 20 kHz channel or an extended 30 kHz channel, at the discretion of the station manager. As AM radio stations are spaced at 9 kHz or 10 kHz intervals, some nighttime listeners have expressed concern this design harms reception of adjacent channels with one formal complaint filed regarding the matter, WYSL owner Bob Savage against WBZ in Boston. The HD Radio also provides several digital modes with up to 300 kbit/s bitrate. Like AM, pure digital FM provides a fallback condition where it reverts to a more robust 25 kbit/s signal, FM stations have the option to subdivide their datastream into sub-channels of varying audio quality
6.
Classic rock
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Classic rock is a radio format which developed from the album-oriented rock format in the early 1980s. In the United States, the rock format features music ranging generally from the late 1960s to the late 1980s. The radio format became popular with the baby boomer demographic by the end of the 1990s. The classic rock format evolved from AOR radio stations that were attempting to appeal to an audience by including familiar songs of the past with current hits. In 1980, AOR radio station M105 in Cleveland, Ohio began billing itself as Clevelands Classic Rock, similarly, WMET called itself Chicagos Classic Rock in 1981. In 1982, radio consultant Lee Abrams developed the Timeless Rock format which combined contemporary AOR with hits from the 1960s and 1970s, KRBE, Houston was another early classic rock radio station. In 1983 program director Paul Christy designed a format which played only early album rock, from the 1960s and early 1970s, KRBE was the first station to use the term classic rock on the air. Classic rock soon became the widely used descriptor for the format, in the mid-1980s, the formats widespread proliferation came on the heels of Jacobs Medias success at WCXR, Washington, D. C. and Edinborough Rands success at WZLX, Boston. Between Guthrie and Jacobs, they converted more than 40 major market stations to their individual brand of classic rock over the next several years. Billboard magazines Kim Freeman posits that while classic rocks origins can be traced back earlier,1986 is generally cited as the year of its birth, by 1986, the success of the format resulted in oldies accounting for 60–80% of the music played on album rock stations. Although it began as a niche format spun off from AOR, during the mid-1980s, the classic rock format was mainly tailored to the adult male demographic ages 25–34, which remained its largest demographic through the mid-1990s. As the formats audience aged, its demographics skewed toward older age groups, by 2006, the 35–44 age group was the formats largest audience and by 2014 the 45–54 year-old demographic was the largest. Typically, classic rock stations play songs from the mid-1960s through the 1980s. Unlike AOR radio stations, which played all tracks from albums, classic rock plays a more limited playlist of charting singles and popular album tracks from artists. Music scholar Jon Stratton traced classic rocks origins to the emergence of a classic-rock canon and this canon arose in part from music journalism and superlative lists ranking certain albums and songs that are consequently reinforced to the collective and public memory. Pepper era through the end of the 1970s as the focus of their playlists, though classic rock draws its inspiration and most of its heroes from the 60s, it is, of course, a construction of the 70s, he wrote in 1991 for Details magazine. It was invented by radio programmers who knew that before they could totally commodify 60s culture theyd have to rework it—that is. In the official rock pantheon the Doors and Led Zeppelin are Great Artists while Chuck Berry and Little Richard are Primitive Forefathers and James Brown, not for nothing did classic rock crown the Doors mystagogic middlebrow escapism and Led Zeps chest-thumping megalomaniac grandeur
7.
WRKO
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WRKO is a radio station based in Boston, Massachusetts, currently owned by Entercom Communications Corp. Its transmitter is located in Burlington, Massachusetts, next to the Burlington Mall, WRKO is Bostons second most powerful station. A50, 000-watt class B station, it provides at least secondary coverage to portions of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Maine during the day. Its signal is highly directional at night to protect a number of stations on adjacent frequencies. The previous month WEAN went on air in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1927, WNAC became one of the sixteen charter members of the CBS Radio Network, and remained a CBS affiliate for the next decade. In the 1920s, using a 100-foot antenna connected by a clothesline to the buildings roof, in 1929, WNAC moved to new studios inside the Hotel Buckminster, with the entrance on the Brookline Avenue side, which would become the stations home for the next four decades. Shepard also launched a network to serve radio stations throughout New England, called The Yankee Network. For many years, the Yankee Network was considered one of the best local/regional radio news operations in the country, Shepard also purchased a second Boston station, WAAB, which became an affiliate of the Mutual Radio Network in 1935, a year after MBS was formed. He also launched a regional network, The Colonial Network. Outside of Boston, Yankee and Colonial programming were usually heard on the station, additionally. Between them, Yankee and Colonial carried home games of the Boston Red Sox and Boston Braves baseball teams, the year 1935 also saw the hiring of Fred B. Cole, an announcer who would spend more than 50 years on the air. Cole left WNAC for network radio, and returned to Boston at WHDH in 1946, in 1937, WNAC became an NBC Red affiliate after losing CBS to WEEI. Four years later, WNACs frequency changed to 1260 kilocycles, in 1942, to comply with FCC anti-duopoly regulations, WAAB was moved to Worcester. At the same time, WNAC lost NBC Red to WBZ and with WAAB having been moved, the Colonial Network was also shut down, with Yankee picking-up many of its programs. In other parts of New England, however, the change for some former Colonial programming was in the time periods of such programming. In December,1942, announcement was made of the sale of Winter Street Corp. the holding company for Shepard family interests, to General Tire and Rubber for $1.24 million. Winter Street was the parent of the Yankee Network Inc. which owned the Colonial Network and four AM
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