1.
Charles Mallet
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Sir Charles Edward Mallet, was a British historian and Liberal politician. He first stood for parliament at the 1900 General Election when he was the unsuccessful Liberal candidate for the Conservative seat of Salford West, Mallet was returned to Parliament for Plymouth in 1906. In 1908 he was appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Walter Runciman who was President of the Board of Education. In March 1910 Prime Minister H. H. Asquith appointed him Financial Secretary to the War Office and he sought a return to parliament at the Salford North by-election,1917 as a Coalition Liberal candidate but was defeated by an Independent Labour candidate. He did not contest the 1918 General Election and he was Honorary Secretary of the Free Trade Union. He became a supporter of the official Liberal party that opposed the Coalition Government and he sought to make a return to parliament standing as Liberal candidate for South Aberdeen, in 1922 without success. He tried again in 1923 without success and he had published two works on Liberal politicians, Mr Lloyd George, a Study and Herbert Gladstone, a Memoir. His book on Lloyd George was entirely devoted to the shortcomings of the Liberal Leader, leigh Rayments Historical List of MPs Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Charles Mallet
2.
Aneurin Williams
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Aneurin Williams was a British Liberal Party politician. He was the born in Dowlais, Glamorganshire, the son of Edward Williams, CE, JP, ironmaster, of Cleveland Lodge. He was the great-grandson of Iolo Morgannwg, founder of the Gorsedd and he was educated privately before attending St John’s College, Cambridge where he received a Bachelor of Arts in Classical Tripos in 1880 and a Master of Arts in 1883. He married, in 1888, Helen Elizabeth Pattinson, of Shipcote House and they had one son Iolo Aneurin Williams and one daughter, Helen Ursula Williams. His wife Helen died in 1922 and he was Called to Bar, Inner Temple in 1884. He was one of the partners at Linthorpe Ironworks, in Middlesbrough from 1886–90. He was firstly the unsuccessful Liberal candidate for the safe Conservative Medway Division of Kent at the 1906 General Election and he was one of the successful Liberal candidates for the dual member Plymouth Division of Devon at the January 1910 General Election. He was defeated at the Plymouth in the December 1910 General Election and he was the successful Liberal candidate for the North West Durham Division at the North West Durham by-election,1914. In September 1915, Williams, along with Lord Bryce, attempted to publicize the Armenian genocide, in a public letter published in The New York Times, Bryce wrote that he agreed with Williams that the civilized world. Ought to know about the Ottoman Turks plan of extirpating Christianity by killing off the Christians of the Armenian race and this letter estimated that 250,000 Armenians had escaped from the Ottoman Empire, while perhaps 500,00 have been slaughtered or deported. A series of speeches in Parliament by Williams, Lord Robert Cecil and he served as a Justice of the peace in Surrey. He was Director of the First Garden City Ltd and he was Chairman of the executive committee of the Land Nationalisation Society. He was Chairman of the Executive of the International Co-operative Alliance and he was a Director of the Welsh National House Trust Ltd. He was the successful Liberal candidate for the Consett Division of Durham at the 1918 General Election, denotes candidate who was endorsed by the Coalition Government. He was Joint Honorary Secretary of the Labour Co-partnership Association and he was Chairman of the British Armenia Committee. He was Treasurer of the Proportional Representation Society and he was Chairman of the House of Commons Committee on Public Accounts, from 1921-1922. He was a Member of the Executive of the League of Nations Union, at the next General Election he was finally defeated, Both his children also stood as Liberal Party candidates. His son Iolo contested Chelsea in 1924 and 1929 and his daughter Ursula came close to re-gaining her fathers seat of Consett at the 1923 General Election
3.
Plymouth Sutton (UK Parliament constituency)
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Plymouth, Sutton was, from 1918 until 2010, a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election, Plymouth Sutton covered parts of the city of Plymouth, in South West England, and was first contested at the 1918 general election. In a by-election in 1919, it became the constituency in the UK to elect a female MP. Three of its MPs have been members of the Astor family, a more recent prominent MP was the flamboyant Conservative Alan Clark, who represented Plymouth Sutton from 1974 until 1992. 1918-1950, The County Borough of Plymouth wards of Charles, Compton, Friary, Laira, St Andrew, Sutton, and Vintry. 1955-1974, The County Borough of Plymouth wards of Charles, Compton, Crownhill, Efford, Friary, Mount Gould, Peverell, Sutton, Tamerton, and Trelawney. 1974-1983, The County Borough of Plymouth wards of Crownhill, Efford, Mount Gould, Plympton Erle, Plympton St Mary, Plymstock Dunstone, Plymstock Radford, and Sutton. 1983-1997, The City of Plymouth wards of Efford, Eggbuckland, Mount Gould, Plympton Erle, Plympton St Mary, Plymstock Dunstone, 1997-2010, The City of Plymouth wards of Compton, Drake, Efford, Mount Gould, St Peter, Stoke, Sutton, and Trelawny. The 1997 boundary changes were superficially helpful to Labour in this constituency, as such the seat from 1997 until 2010 was closer in its wards to the defunct marginal seat of Plymouth Drake. Endorsed by the Coalition Government General Election 1939/40, Another General Election was required to place before the end of 1940. List of Parliamentary constituencies in Devon Craig, F. W. S
4.
Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor
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Nancy Witcher Langhorne Astor, Viscountess Astor, CH was the first female Member of Parliament to take her seat. She was an American-born English socialite who made a marriage to Waldorf Astor as a young woman in England. Her first husband was an American, Robert Gould Shaw II and she served in Parliament as a member of the Conservative Party for Plymouth Sutton until 1945, when she was persuaded to step down. Nancy Witcher Langhorne was born at the Langhorne House in Danville and she was the eighth of eleven children born to railroad businessman Chiswell Dabney Langhorne and his wife Nancy Witcher Keene. After her birth, her father gained a job as an auctioneer in Danville, the center of bright leaf tobacco. In 1874, he won a contract with the Chespeake and Ohio Railroad. By 1892, when Nancy was thirteen years old, her father had re-established his wealth, Chiswell Langhorne later moved his family to an estate, known as Mirador, in Albemarle County, Virginia. Nancy Langhorne had four sisters and three brothers who survived childhood, all of the sisters were known for their beauty, Nancy and her sister Irene both attended a finishing school in New York City. They married in New York City on 27 October 1897, when she was 18, shaws friends said Nancy became puritanical and rigid after marriage, her friends said that Shaw was an abusive alcoholic. During their four-year marriage, they had one son, Robert Gould Shaw III, Nancy left Shaw numerous times during their marriage, the first during their honeymoon. In 1903, Nancys mother died, at time, Nancy Shaw gained a divorce and moved back to Mirador to try to run her fathers household. Nancy Shaw took a tour of England and fell in love with the country, since she had been so happy there, her father suggested that she move to England. Seeing she was reluctant, her father said this was also her mothers wish, Nancy and Phyllis moved together to England in 1905. Their older sister Irene had married the artist Charles Dana Gibson, Nancy Shaw had already become known in English society as an interesting and witty American, at a time when numerous wealthy young American women had married into the aristocracy. Her tendency to be saucy in conversation, yet religiously devout and almost prudish in behavior, confused many of the English men, Nancy also began to show her skill at winning over critics. She was once asked by an English woman, Have you come to get our husbands and her unexpected response, If you knew the trouble I had getting rid of mine. Charmed her listeners and displayed the wit for which she became known, the couple were well matched, as they were both American expatriates with similar temperaments. They were of the age, born the same day,19 May 1879
5.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
6.
Taplow
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Taplow is a village and civil parish in the South Bucks district of Buckinghamshire, England. It sits on the bank of the River Thames, facing Maidenhead in the neighbouring county of Berkshire. Taplow railway station is near the A4 south of the part of the village and provides access to and from Oxford, Reading. There are two areas in the parish, the Taplow Village Conservation Area and the Taplow Riverside Conservation Area. Footpaths connect all parts of the parish to Maidenhead Bridge and to Burnham Beeches, the village has a geological Site of Special Scientific Interest, South Lodge Pit, dating to the late Cretaceous. Taplow was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Thapeslau, Taplow Court nearby is also the site of an early Iron Age hill fort and was the site of the manor house. William Grenfell, 1st Baron Desborough lived at Taplow Court, neighbouring is Cliveden, former home and parkland of Nancy Astor in the parish. Both aspects of Cliveden are today open under the National Trust scheme though part of the building is used as a hotel for visiting dignitaries to the UK. In 1883 a number of important Anglo-Saxon royal grave goods were discovered, reflecting similar discoveries in Prittlewell, Broomfiled, though the overall collection is less than that from the ship-burial in Mound 1 at Sutton Hoo, many individual objects are closely comparable and of similar quality. The church was built in 1911 but includes one of the earliest surviving brass memorials to a civilian in England, at the 2001 UK census, the Taplow electoral ward had a population of 1,584. The ethnicity was 96. 1% white, 1% mixed race,2. 3% Asian, the place of birth of residents was 85. 1% United Kingdom, 1% Republic of Ireland,4. 6% other Western European countries, and 9. 3% elsewhere. Religion was recorded as 73. 4% Christian,0. 9% Buddhist,0. 8% Hindu,0. 8% Sikh,0. 3% Jewish, and 0. 4% Muslim. 17. 1% were recorded as having no religion, 0% had a religion and 6. 4% did not state their religion. Compared with national figures, the ward had a high proportion of workers in agriculture. Of the wards residents aged 16–74,37. 2% had a higher education qualification or the equivalent, hitcham and Taplow Society Taplow Parish Council
7.
Buckinghamshire
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Development in this region is restricted by the Metropolitan Green Belt. Other large settlements include the county town of Aylesbury, Marlow in the south near the Thames and Princes Risborough in the west near Oxford. Some areas without rail links to London, such as around the old county town of Buckingham. The largest town is Milton Keynes in the northeast, which with the area is administered as a unitary authority separately to the rest of Buckinghamshire. The remainder of the county is administered by Buckinghamshire County Council as a non-metropolitan county, in national elections, Buckinghamshire is considered a reliable supporter of the Conservative Party. A large part of the Chiltern Hills, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, runs through the south of the county and attracts many walkers, in this area older buildings are often made from local flint and red brick. Chequers, an estate owned by the government, is the country retreat of the incumbent Prime Minister. To the north of the county lies rolling countryside in the Vale of Aylesbury, the Thames forms part of the county’s southwestern boundary. Notable service amenities in the county are Pinewood Film Studios, Dorney rowing lake, many national companies have offices in Milton Keynes. Heavy industry and quarrying is limited, with agriculture predominating after service industries, the name Buckinghamshire is Anglo-Saxon in origin and means The district of Buccas home. Buccas home refers to Buckingham in the north of the county, the county has been so named since about the 12th century, however, the county has existed since it was a subdivision of the kingdom of Mercia. Historically, the biggest change to the county came in the 19th century, Buckinghamshire is a popular home for London commuters, leading to greater local affluence, however, some pockets of relative deprivation remain. As a result, most county institutions are now based in the south of the county or Milton Keynes, the county can be split into two sections geographically. The county includes parts of two of the four longest rivers in England, the River Thames forms the southern boundary with Berkshire, which has crept over the border at Eton and Slough so that the river is no longer the sole boundary between the two counties. The River Great Ouse rises just outside the county in Northamptonshire and flows east through Buckingham, Milton Keynes, the main branch of the Grand Union Canal passes through the county as do its arms to Slough, Aylesbury, Wendover and Buckingham. The canal has been incorporated into the landscaping of Milton Keynes, the southern part of the county is dominated by the Chiltern Hills. The two highest points in Buckinghamshire are Haddington Hill in Wendover Woods at 267 metres above sea level, quarrying has taken place for chalk, clay for brickmaking and gravel and sand in the river valleys. Flint, also extracted from quarries, was used to build older local buildings
8.
Conservative Party (UK)
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The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival. The Conservative Partys platform involves support for market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives main rivals, Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Thatchers tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation, the Conservative Partys domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world. The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament, with twenty MEPs, the party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe Europarty and the International Democrat Union. The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly, the party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The Conservative Party traces its origins to a faction, rooted in the 18th century Whig Party and they were known as Independent Whigs, Friends of Mr Pitt, or Pittites. After Pitts death the term Tory came into use and this was an allusion to the Tories, a political grouping that had existed from 1678, but which had no organisational continuity with the Pittite party. From about 1812 on the name Tory was commonly used for the newer party, the term Conservative was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto, the term Conservative Party rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845. In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party, in Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged anti-Home Rule Unionists into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during World War I, keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses
9.
Astor family
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The Astor family achieved prominence in business, society, and politics in the United States and the United Kingdom during the 19th and 20th centuries. With ancestral roots in the Italian Alps, the Astors settled in Germany, first appearing in North America during the century with John Jacob Astor. John Jacob Astor was the youngest of four born to butcher Johann Jacob Astor. John and his eldest brother George, known as George & John Astor, were flute makers, while working in England, he learned to speak English and anglicized his name. In 1783, John Jacob left for Baltimore, Maryland, and was active first as a dealer in woodwind instruments, then in New York as a merchant in furs, pianos, after moving to New York, John met and married Sarah Cox Todd. Sarah was the daughter of Scottish immigrants Adam Todd and Sarah Cox and she worked along side her husband as a consultant, and was accused of witchcraft after her success with the company in 1817. The accusations never led to legal action and he financed the overland Astor Expedition in 1810–1812 to reach the outpost, which was in the then-disputed Oregon Country. Control of Fort Astoria played a key role in English and American territorial claims on the region, John and Georges brother Henry also emigrated to America. He was a racing enthusiast, and purchased a thoroughbred named Messenger. The horse became the sire of all Standardbred horses in the United States today. The third brother Melchior remained in Germany, during the 19th century, the Astors became one of the wealthiest families in the United States. Toward the end of century, some of the family moved to England. During the 20th century, the number of American Astors began to decline, English descendants of the Astors hold two hereditary peerages, Viscount and Baron. While many of Astor members had joined to the Episcopal Church, for many years, the members of the Astor family were known as the landlords of New York. Their New York City namesakes are the famous Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, an Astor Row, Astor Court, Astor Place, and Astor Avenue in the Bronx, the neighborhood of Astoria, Queens, is named after the family as well. Beyond New York City, the Astor family name is imprinted in a deal of United States history. There are towns of Astor in the states of Florida, Georgia, Iowa, there is a neighborhood called Astor Park just south of downtown Green Bay, Wisconsin. At the heart of neighborhood is a park, the Astor family donated this land for the building of a trade school
10.
William Astor, 3rd Viscount Astor
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William Waldorf Astor II, 3rd Viscount Astor was an English businessman and Conservative Party politician. He was also a member of the Astor family, william was the eldest son of Waldorf Astor and Nancy Witcher Langhorne. He was educated at Eton and at New College, Oxford, in 1932, Astor was appointed secretary to The 2nd Earl of Lytton, League of Nations Committee of Enquiry in what was then known as Manchuria. First elected to the House of Commons in 1935, he served as a Conservative Member of Parliament for Fulham East until 1945, Astor left Parliament for a time, but returned as the Conservative MP for Wycombe in the 1951 general election, serving for ten months. On his fathers death in 1952, he inherited his title, lord Astor took his seat in the House of Lords, forcing a by-election in Wycombe, which was won by the Conservative candidate John Hall. During the 1963 Profumo Affair Astor was accused of having an affair with Mandy Rice-Davies, in response to being told during one of the trials arising out of the scandal that Astor had denied having an affair with her, Rice-Davies famously replied He would, wouldnt he. Astor then took over the familys Cliveden estate in Buckinghamshire, where he, active in thoroughbred horse racing, he inherited Cliveden Stud, a horse farm and breeding operation in the village of Taplow near Maidenhead. Viscount Astor married three times, Firstly, on 14 June 1945 he married Hon Sarah Kathleen Elinor Norton, daughter of Richard and they had one daughter before divorce in 1960, Hon Emily Mary Astor Finally, on 14 October 1960 Astor married Janet Bronwen Alun Pugh. His son succeeded him in the viscountcy, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Viscount Astor
11.
William Waldorf Astor
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William Waldorf Willy Astor, 1st Viscount Astor was a wealthy American-born attorney, politician, businessman, and newspaper publisher. He moved with his family to England in 1891, became a British subject in 1899 and he was a prominent member of the Astor family. William Waldorf Astor was born in New York City and he was the only child of financier and philanthropist John Jacob Astor III and Charlotte Augusta Gibbes. His childhood was spent in Germany and in Italy under the care of private tutors and he grew up in a cold and distant household. In his early years, Astor returned to the United States. He was called to the United States Bar in 1875 and he worked for a short time in law practice and in the management of his fathers estate of financial and real estate holdings. Astor married Mary Dahlgren Paul on 6 June 1878 and she is buried in Trinity Church Cemetery. They had five children, Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor Hon Pauline Astor, John Rudolph Astor, buried in Trinity Church Cemetery. Lt Col John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron Astor of Hever Gwendolyn Enid Astor, no issue, after some time practising law, Astor thought he had found his true calling and an opportunity to make a name for himself outside of his familys fortune by entering the political realm. In 1877, with his eyes set on the United States Congress and he was elected as a member of the New York State Assembly in 1878, and of the New York State Senate in 1880 and 1881. Astor was likely supported by the boss of the New York State Republican machine, in 1881, Astor was defeated by Roswell P. Flower as a candidate for the United States Congress, a second attempt at the seat also resulted in defeat. He could not compete with his Democratic opponent, Flower, and this was the end of his political career. The press used his political failures as fodder for more harsh criticisms, the press had already publicized his vast inheritance. The coverage of his political defeats weakened his desire to remain in the United States, in 1882, President Chester A. Arthur appointed Astor Minister to Italy, a post he held until 1885. He told Astor, Go and enjoy yourself, my dear boy, while living in Rome, Astor developed a lifelong passion for art and sculpture. Upon the death of his father in February 1890, Astor inherited a fortune that made him the richest man in America. That year, he initiated construction of the luxurious Waldorf Hotel and his cousin and rival Colonel John Jacob Jack Astor IV built the adjoining Astoria Hotel in 1897, and the complex became the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel
12.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
13.
Eton College
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Eton College /iːtən/ is an English independent boarding school for boys in Eton, Berkshire, near Windsor. It educates more than 1,300 pupils, aged 13 to 18 years and it was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI as The Kings College of Our Lady of Eton besides Wyndsor, making it the 18th oldest Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference school. Eton is one of the seven public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. Eton has educated 19 British prime ministers and generations of the aristocracy and has referred to as the chief nurse of Englands statesmen. The school is headed by a Provost and Fellows, who appoint the Head Master and it contains 25 boys houses, each headed by a housemaster, selected from the more senior members of the teaching staff, which numbers some 155. Almost all of the pupils go on to universities, about a third of them to Oxford or Cambridge. The Head Master is a member of the Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference, Eton has a long list of distinguished former pupils. David Cameron was the 19th British prime minister to have attended the school, about 20% of pupils at Eton receive financial support, through a range of bursaries and scholarships. In early 2014, this figure had risen to 263 pupils receiving the equivalent of around 60% of school fee assistance, Eton has been described as the most famous public school in the world, and been referred to as the chief nurse of Englands statesmen. The Good Schools Guide called the school the number one public school, adding that The teaching. The school is a member of the G20 Schools Group, Eton today is a larger school than it has been for much of its history. In 1678, there were 207 boys, in the late 18th century, there were about 300, while today, the total has risen to over 1,300. Eton College was founded by King Henry VI as a charity school to free education to 70 poor boys who would then go on to Kings College, Cambridge. Henry took Winchester College as his model, visiting on many occasions, borrowing its Statutes and removing its Headmaster, when Henry VI founded the school, he granted it a large number of endowments, including much valuable land. He persuaded the then Pope, Eugene IV, to grant him a privilege unparalleled anywhere in England, the school also came into possession of one of Englands Apocalypse manuscripts. Legend has it that Edwards mistress, Jane Shore, intervened on the schools behalf and she was able to save a good part of the school, although the royal bequest and the number of staff were much reduced. Construction of the chapel, originally intended to be slightly over twice as long, only the Quire of the intended building was completed. Etons first Headmaster, William Waynflete, founder of Magdalen College, Oxford and previously Head Master of Winchester College, as the school suffered reduced income while still under construction, the completion and further development of the school has since depended to some extent on wealthy benefactors
14.
New College, Oxford
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New College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1379 by William of Wykeham, the name of the college is The Warden. The name New College, however, soon came to be used following its completion in 1386 to distinguish it from the existing college of St. Mary. In 2013, the college ranked second in the Norrington Table, having been ranked third in the 2011-12 tables, maintaining its place from 2010 to 2011, New College jumped to 1st after the 2012-13 academic year. The college is between Holywell Street and New College Lane, next to All Souls College, Harris Manchester College, Hertford College, The Queens College, the colleges sister college is Kings College, Cambridge. The college is one of the main foundations of the University of Oxford. The college choir is regarded as one of the choirs of the world. New College is one of the wealthiest colleges in Oxford University, as of June 2015, it had a financial endowment in excess of £190 million, and net assets of over £220 million. In 1379 William of Wykeham had purchased land in Oxford and was able to apply to King Richard II for a charter to allow the foundation of a de novo. In his own charter of foundation, Wykeham declared the college to consist of a warden, the site on which the college would be built was acquired from several sources, including the City of Oxford, Merton College and Queens College. This land had been the City Ditch, a haunt of thieves, on 5 March 1380, the first stone of New College was laid. By 14 April 1386, the college entered formal possession of the buildings, Wykeham set to drawing up the statutes of the college, with a first draft presented in 1390. The statutes were not completed until the year before Wykeham died, the coat of arms of the college is one adopted by William Wykeham. It features two black chevrons, one said to have been added when he became a bishop and the other representing his skill with architecture, Winchester College uses the same arms. The grand collection of buildings is a testament to Williams experience in administering both ecclesiastical and civil institutions as the Bishop of Winchester and High Chancellor of England. Both Winchester College and New College were originally established for the education of priests, William of Wykeham ordained that there were to be ten chaplains, three clerks and 16 choristers on the foundation of the college. The original choristers were accommodated within the walls of the college under one schoolmaster, since then the school has expanded and in 1903 moved to New College School in Savile Road. In August 1651, New College was fortified by the Parliamentarian forces, in 1685, Monmouths rebellion involved Robert Sewster, a fellow of the college, who commanded a company of university volunteers
15.
John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron Astor of Hever
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Lieutenant-Colonel John Jacob Astor V, 1st Baron Astor of Hever, DL was an American-born English newspaper proprietor, politician, sportsman, military officer, and a member of the Astor family. Astor was born in Manhattan, New York City in 1886, the child of William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor. He was five years old when his family left New York to live in England and he was raised on an estate purchased by his father at Cliveden-on-Thames in Buckinghamshire and was educated at Eton College and at New College, Oxford. Upon his fathers death in 1919, John Jacob V inherited Hever Castle near Edenbridge, Kent, Astor had been the British Public Schools rackets champion in 1904–05, and in the same year as his Olympic competition he played singles and doubles in the British Army rackets championships. Despite a later loss of leg, he was able to play and he served in the 1st Life Guards, which he joined in 1906 after a year at Oxford, and was Aide-de-Camp to Baron Hardinge, Viceroy of India between 1911 and 1914. Within his regiment he was promoted Captain in 1913 and Major in 1920, in World War I, he was wounded serving with his regiment at Messines in October 1914. In September 1918, near Cambrai, his leg was shattered by a shell. He was Honorary Colonel of the Kent and Sussex Royal Artillery, in World War II he was Lieutenant-Colonel of the 5th Battalion, City of London Home Guard, a unit drawn from newspaper employees, between 1940 and 1944. Astor married Lady Violet Mary Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound on 28 August 1916 and she was the third daughter of Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto and his wife Lady Mary Caroline Grey. From her previous marriage to Major Lord Charles George Francis Mercer Nairne Petty-Fitzmaurice, lt Col Hon Hugh Waldorf Astor, married Emily Lucy Kinloch, a niece of Diana Vreeland, and had five children. Hon John Astor, married Diana Kathleen Drummond, a grandniece of Herbert Samuel Holt and he was a director of the Great Western Railway between 1929 and 1946. He held the office of Lieutenant of the City of London in 1926 and he held the offices of Justice of the Peace from 1929 and Deputy Lieutenant of Kent from 1936 until 1962. He was a director of Hambros Bank between 1934 and 1960 and he was Vice-Chairman of Phoenix Insurance between 1941 and 1952 and Chairman of between 1952 and 1958. He was a director of Barclays Bank between 1942 and 1952, in 1922, he purchased The Times newspaper following the death of its owner, Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe. During his tenure as head of The Times, Lord Astor had the newspaper sponsor Edmund Hillarys expedition that made the first successful climb to the summit of Mount Everest, Astor remained chairman of the paper until 1959 when his son Gavin took over. In 1966, The Times was sold to Canadian newspaper tycoon, on 21 January 1956 he was created Baron Astor of Hever, of Hever Castle, in the County of Kent. In 1962, he moved from England to France and he died on 19 July 1971 in Cannes, France. Selected artworks from the familys vast collection were bequeathed to the National Gallery including the prized Thames below Westminster by Claude Monet
16.
Polo
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Polo is a team sport played on horseback. The objective is to score goals against an opposing team, players score by driving a small white plastic or wooden ball into the opposing teams goal using a long-handled mallet. The traditional sport of polo is played on a grass field up to 300 by 160 yards, each polo team consists of four riders and their mounts. Field polo is played with a plastic ball which has replaced the wooden version of the ball in much of the sport. In arena polo, only three players are required per team and the game involves more maneuvering and shorter plays at lower speeds due to space limitations of arenas. Arena polo is played with a small air-filled ball, similar to a small football, the modern game lasts roughly two hours and is divided into periods called chukkas. Polo is played professionally in 16 countries and it was formerly an Olympic sport. Its invention is dated variously from the 6th century BC to the 1st century AD, Persian Emperor Shapur II learnt to play polo when he was seven years old in 316 AD. The game was learnt by the neighbouring Byzantine Empire at an early date, a tzykanisterion was built by emperor Theodosius II inside the Great Palace of Constantinople. Emperor Basil I excelled at it, Emperor Alexander died from exhaustion while playing, naqsh-i Jahan Square in Isfahan is a polo field which was built by king Abbas I in the 17th century. Qutubuddin Aibak, the Turkic slave from Central Asia who later became the Sultan of Delhi in Northern India, ruled as a Sultan for only four years, from 1206 to 1210, but died accidentally in 1210. While he was playing a game of polo on horseback, his horse fell and he was buried near the Anarkali bazaar in Lahore. Aibaks son Aram died in 1211 CE, so Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, another ex-slave of Turkic ancestry who was married to Aibaks daughter, after the Muslim conquests to the Ayyubid and Mameluke dynasties of Egypt and the Levant, their elites favoured it above all other sports. Notable sultans such as Saladin and Baybars were known to play it, Polo sticks were features on the Mameluke precursor to modern day playing cards. Valuable for training cavalry, the game was played from Constantinople to Japan by the Middle Ages. It is known in the East as the Game of Kings, the name polo is said to have been derived from the Balti word pulu, meaning ball. The modern game of polo is derived from Manipur, India and it was the anglicised form of the last, referring to the wooden ball that was used, which was adopted by the sport in its slow spread to the west. The first polo club was established in the town of Silchar in Assam, India, the origins of the game in Manipur are traced to early precursors of Sagol Kangjei. This was one of three forms of hockey in Manipur, the ones being field hockey and wrestling-hockey
17.
Devereux Milburn
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Devereux Milburn was an American champion polo player in the early to mid twentieth century. He was one of what was known as the Big Four in international polo and his given name has also been alternatively spelled Devereaux in some publications. Milburn was born September 19,1881 in Buffalo, New York and he was the son of New York lawyer and politician John George Milburn and Mary Patty Stocking. His father was notably the chairman of the Pan-American Exposition in 1901 when President William McKinley was assassinated, McKinley later died of his injuries in Devereux Milburns childhood home, but Milburn was not present during the incident. Milburn started at Oxford University in 1903 where he gained a rowing Blue and he was also on the university swimming team, and guided the Oxford University Polo team to victory in successive Varsity matches, winning by a margin of 14 goals on both occasions. Even swimming and playing polo against the university on one day was no problem for him. Milburn served during World War I as a major in the artillery in France. He served as an Aide-de-camp for Major-General James H. McRae at Chatel-Chéhéry in 1917 and he later practiced law at his fathers firm Carter Ledyard & Milburn. Milburn was featured on the cover of TIME Magazine on September 5,1927 and was referenced in an article on the upcoming season in that edition. Milburn married Nancy Gordon Steele, the daughter of Charles Steele a partner in J. P. Morgan and Company and they had two daughters, Katharyn and Nancy, and two sons, Devereux Jr. and John. John was a pilot who died in an airplane crash four months after his father on December 2,1942. He had a residence in Old Westbury, NY called Sunridge Hall that was built near his in-laws estate, Milburn also maintained a residence at 627 Magnolia St. in Aiken, SC in the gilded age Aiken Winter Colony. The Aiken Winter Colony was at the nexus of the start of polo in the United States and was a center for polo in the early 1900s. Milburn died on August 15,1942 at the age of 60 of an attack while playing golf at the Meadowbrook Polo Club in Westbury. A visit by Milburns son John and two air force colleagues to the home on Long Island features in Paul Austers true story collection. The story first featured on NPRs National Story Project on All Things Considered
18.
Robert Gould Shaw III
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Robert Gould Shaw III was an American-born English socialite. Shaws birth father had a role in his life while he had a close, if occasionally difficult. Shaw was educated at Shrewsbury School and he briefly served in the Life Guards but his increasing alcoholism caused difficulty. He had long had suicidal tendencies and his life mostly went adrift from an early point, in 1931, he was imprisoned for six months for homosexual offences. His alcoholism, the Profumo affair, his mothers death, on July 10,1970 he committed suicide, aged 71. He is buried in the chapel at Cliveden. John Singer Sargent did a 1923 charcoal portrait of Shaw in his military uniform, Nancy gave the portrait to Alfred Edward Goodey, art collector and Shaws partner, and it was later sold in England in 2011 for £23,000. Robert Gould Shaw, III, Find a Grave,5 May 2008, marlowe, Derek, Nancy Astor, The Lady from Virginia, Dell Publishing, ISBN 978-0440162650
19.
Cliveden House
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Cliveden is an Italianate mansion and estate in Buckinghamshire, on the border with Berkshire. It crowns an outlying ridge of the Chiltern Hills by the village of Taplow. Set on banks 40 metres above the River Thames, its grounds slope down to the river, the site has been home to an earl, three countesses, two dukes, a Prince of Wales and the Viscounts Astor. As home of Nancy Astor, the house was the place of the Cliveden set of the 1920s and 1930s — a group of political intellectuals. Later, during the 1960s, it became the setting for key events of the notorious Profumo Affair, during the 1970s, it was occupied by Stanford University, which used it as an overseas campus. Today owned by the National Trust, the house is leased as a hotel run by London & Regional Properties. Cliveden means valley among cliffs and refers to the dene which cuts through part of the estate, Cliveden has been spelled differently over the centuries, some of the variations being Cliffden, Clifden, Cliefden and Clyveden. The 375 acres gardens and woodlands are open to the public, there have been three houses on this site, the first, built in 1666, burned down in 1795 and the second house was also destroyed by fire, in 1849. The present Grade I listed house was built in 1851 by the architect Charles Barry for George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, designed by Sir Charles Barry in 1851 to replace a house previously destroyed by fire, the present house is a blend of the English Palladian style and the Roman Cinquecento. The Victorian three-storey mansion sits on a 400-foot long, 20-foot high brick terrace or viewing platform which dates from the mid-17th century, the exterior of the house is rendered in Roman cement, with terracotta additions such as balusters, capitals, keystones and finials. The roof of the mansion is meant for walking on, and there is a view, above the tree-line. Below the balustraded roofline is a Latin inscription which continues around the four sides of the house and recalls its history, it was composed by the then prime minister William Ewart Gladstone. On the west front it reads, POSITA INGENIO OPERA CONSILIO CAROLI BARRY ARCHIT A MDCCCLI, the main contractor for the work was Lucas Brothers. In 1984–86 the exterior of the mansion was overhauled and a new roof installed by the National Trust. In 2013, restoration work on the house was carried out including the restoration of 300 sash windows and 20 timber doors. The interior of the house today is different from its original appearance in 1851–52. This is mainly due to the 1st Lord Astor, who altered the interior layout. His aim was to make the interior as much like an Italian palazzo as possible, the ceiling and walls were panelled in English oak, with Corinthian columns and swags of carved flowers for decoration, all by architect Frank Pearson
20.
Major
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Major is a military rank of commissioned officer status, with corresponding ranks existing in many military forces throughout the world. When used unhyphenated, in conjunction with no other indicators, major is one rank senior to that of an army captain and it is considered the most junior of the field officer ranks. Majors are typically assigned as specialised executive or operations officers for battalion-sized units of 300 to 1,200 soldiers, in some militaries, notably France and Ireland, the rank of major is referred to as commandant, while in others it is known as captain-major. The rank of major is used in some police forces and other paramilitary rank structures, such as the Pennsylvania State Police, New York State Police, New Jersey State Police. As a police rank, major roughly corresponds to the UK rank of superintendent, the term major can also be used with a hyphen to denote the leader of a military band such as in pipe-major or drum-major. Historically, the rank designation develops in English in the 1640s, taken from French majeur, in turn a shortening of sergent-majeur, which at the time designated a higher rank than at present
21.
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
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The House of Commons of the United Kingdom is the lower house of the countrys parliament. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. The House is a body consisting of 650 members known as Members of Parliament. Members are elected to represent constituencies by first-past-the-post and hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved, under the Parliament Act 1911, the Lords power to reject legislation was reduced to a delaying power. The Government is primarily responsible to the House of Commons and the prime minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support of a majority of its members. Although it does not formally elect the prime minister, the position of the parties in the House of Commons is of overriding importance, by convention, the prime minister is answerable to, and must maintain the support of, the House of Commons. Since 1963, by convention, the minister is always a member of the House of Commons. The Commons may indicate its lack of support for the Government by rejecting a motion of confidence or by passing a motion of no confidence, confidence and no confidence motions are sometimes phrased explicitly, for instance, That this House has no confidence in Her Majestys Government. Many other motions were considered confidence issues, even though not explicitly phrased as such, in particular, important bills that form a part of the Governments agenda were formerly considered matters of confidence, as is the annual Budget. Parliament normally sits for a term of five years. Subject to that limit, the minister could formerly choose the timing of the dissolution of parliament. By this second mechanism, the government of the United Kingdom can change without a general election. In such circumstances there may not even have been a party leadership election, as the new leader may be chosen by acclaim. A prime minister may resign if he or she is not defeated at the polls. In such a case, the premiership goes to whoever can command a majority in the House of Commons, in practice this is usually the new leader of the outgoing prime ministers party. Until 1965, the Conservative Party had no mechanism for electing a new leader, when Anthony Eden resigned as PM in 1957 without recommending a successor and it fell to the Queen to appoint Harold Macmillan as the new prime minister, after taking the advice of ministers. By convention, all ministers must be members of the House of Commons or of the House of Lords, a handful have been appointed who were outside Parliament, but in most cases they then entered Parliament either in a by-election or by receiving a peerage. Since 1902, all ministers have been members of the Commons
22.
United Kingdom general election, January 1910
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The United Kingdom general election of January 1910 was held from 15 January to 10 February 1910. The government called the election in the midst of a crisis caused by the rejection of the Peoples Budget by the House of Lords. Asquith formed a government with the support of the Irish Parliamentary Party, a second election was soon held in December. The Labour Party, led by Arthur Henderson, continued to gain strength, the Peers, the Parties and the People, The General Elections of 1910 Clarke, P. F. The electoral position of the Liberal and Labour parties, 1910-1914, F. W. S. Craig, British Electoral Facts, 1832-1987 O’Brien, Phillips Payson. The 1910 Elections and the Primacy of Foreign Policy, in William Mulligan and Brendan Simms, eds. The Primacy of Foreign Policy in British History, 1660–2000 pp. 249-259, social Geography of British Elections 1885–1910 Sykes, Alan. Tariff Reform in British Politics, 1903-1913 Sykes, Alan, the Confederacy and the purge of the Unionist free traders, 1906–1910. Class and the vote before the first world war, British Journal of Political Science 8#4, 441-457. Online Spartacus, Political Parties and Election Results United Kingdom election results - summary results 1885-1979
23.
People's Budget
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The 1909/1910 Peoples Budget was a project of the Liberal government that introduced unprecedented taxes on the lands and high incomes of Britains rich to fund new social welfare programmes. It passed the Commons in 1909 but was blocked by the House of Lords for a year and it was a key issue of contention between the Liberal government and the Conservative-dominated House of Lords, leading to two general elections in 1910 and the enactment of the Parliament Act 1911. The Budget was introduced in the British Parliament by David Lloyd George on 29 April 1909, Lloyd George argued that the Peoples Budget would eliminate poverty, and commended it thus, This is a war Budget. It is for raising money to wage implacable warfare against poverty, the budget included several proposed tax increases to fund the Liberal welfare reforms. An increase was proposed in death duties and naval rearmament. More controversially, the Budget also included a proposal for the introduction of complete land valuation, Land taxes were based on the ideas of the American tax reformer Henry George. The Northcliffe Press urged rejection of the budget to give tariff reform a chance, there were many public meetings, some of them organised by dukes, which portrayed the budget as the thin end of the socialist wedge. Lloyd George gave a speech at Limehouse in which he said that a fully-equipped duke cost as much to keep up as two dreadnoughts – but was less easy to scrap. The Conservatives wanted to force an election by rejecting the budget, the Lords were entitled by convention to reject, but not to amend, a money bill, but had not rejected a budget for two centuries. Originally the budget had included only annual renewals of existing taxes – any amendment to taxes was part of a separate Act. From then on, all taxes were included in the Finance Bill, the Liberals countered by proposing to reduce the power of the Lords. This was the issue of the general election in January 1910, setting the stage for a tremendous showdown. Despite the heated rhetoric, opinion in the country was divided, the Unionists with 47% of the votes were outpolled by the Liberals and their Labour allies. The outcome was a parliament, with the Liberals relying on Labour. As the price for their support, the Irish nationalist MPs demanded measures to remove the Lords veto so that they could no longer block Irish Home Rule. They even threatened to vote down the Budget in the House of Commons until Asquith pledged to introduce such measures, the result was another hung parliament, with the Liberals again relying on Labour and the Irish Party. First Asquith Ministry Liberal welfare reforms Cross, Colin, the Liberals in Power, 1905-1914 pp 101-111. David Lloyd George, Land, The Budget, and Social Reform, the Peoples Budget, An Edwardian Tragedy
24.
National Insurance Act 1911
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The National Insurance Act 1911 created a system of health insurance for industrial workers in Great Britain based on contributions from employers, the government, and the workers themselves. It was one of the foundations of the welfare state and it also provided unemployment insurance for designated cyclical industries. It formed part of the social welfare reforms of the Liberal Government of 1906–1915. David Lloyd George, the Liberal Chancellor of the Exchequer, was the moving force behind its design, negotiations with doctors and other interest groups. Lloyd George followed the example of Germany, which under conservative Chancellor Otto von Bismarck had provided compulsory national insurance against sickness from 1884 and his measure gave the British working classes the first contributory system of insurance against illness and unemployment. The Act only applied to wage earners—about seventy percent of the work force—their families, after first praising the proposal, the Conservatives split and most voted against it. When returned to office they did not change it, some trade unions who operated their own insurance schemes and friendly societies who had their own schemes were at first opposed, but Lloyd George convinced most of them to support the proposal. The friendly societies and trade unions were given a role in administering health insurance. Covered workers outside those agencies dealt with the local post office, the government picked up basic benefits that the unions and societies had promised, thus greatly helping their financial reserves. The Act was psychologically important as it removed the need for unemployed workers to rely on the social welfare provisions of the Poor Law. Key figures in the implementation of the Act included Robert Laurie Morant, the medical profession was angry with the law, despite support from some prominent leaders such as Victor Horsley. Some critics on the such as Hilaire Belloc considered the Insurance Act to be a manifestation of The Servile State. The National Insurance Act Part I provided for a National Insurance scheme with provision of medical benefits, all workers who earned under £160 a year had to pay 4 pence a week to the scheme, the employer paid 3 pence, and general taxation paid 2 pence. As a result, workers could take leave and be paid 10 shillings a week for the first 13 weeks and 5 shillings a week for the next 13 weeks. Workers also gained access to treatment for tuberculosis, and the sick were eligible for treatment by a panel doctor. Due to pressure from the Co-operative Womens Guild, the National Insurance Act provided maternity benefits, in parts of Scotland which were still largely subsistence farming the collection of cash contributions was impractical. The Highlands and Islands Medical Service was established in the counties on a non-contributory basis in 1913. The scheme was based on principles and it was planned that it would be funded by a predetermined amount each from workers, employers
25.
James Louis Garvin
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James Louis Garvin was an influential British journalist, editor, and author. The youngest of two children, Garvin was born in Birkenhead and his father, Michael Garvin, was an impoverished Irish labourer who died at sea when Garvin was two, leaving him to be raised by his mother Catherine. Though a voracious reader, he left school at the age of thirteen and worked first as a messenger, then as a clerk. His elder brother, Michael, became a teacher, his status as the primary source of income led them to move, first in 1884 to Hull. Despite undergoing examination to join the service, from an early age Garvin yearned to become an editor. As a teenager he contributed letters and articles to the Eastern Morning News, in 1891, Garvin applied to Joseph Cowen for a position at the Newcastle Evening Chronicle. Given a position as a proof-reader and occasional contributor, Garvin spent the eight years honing his skills as a journalist, with Cowen serving as his mentor. Yet Garvin yearned for a stage, and by the end of the decade he became a regular contributor to the Fortnightly Review. Garvins ambition extended beyond Newcastle, however, through his association with Courtney, Garvin gained a position as a leader-writer for the Daily Telegraph in 1899. Moving to London, his writings on politics and literature soon earned him renown, by now his politics had changed, as he became a unionist and a follower of Joseph Chamberlain. In 1904, Garvin accepted the editorship of The Outlook, a publication which was being turned into a platform for the promotion of Chamberlains scheme of tariff reform. Though The Outlook quickly saw a rise in circulation and influence, its failure to turn a profit led to the papers sale, soon after his departure from The Outlook, Garvin was approached by newspaper magnate Lord Northcliffe. First published in 1791, the paper had recently faced financial troubles led to its acquisition by Northcliffe. Within eighteen months, Garvin had reshaped The Observer, revolutionising Sunday journalism, with the Unionist Party still recovering from its massive defeat in the general election of 1906, Garvin soon emerged as a dominant figure in Unionist politics. Using The Observer as a platform, he denounced the budget introduced by Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George in 1909, as the question of Home Rule for Ireland increasingly overshadowed British politics, Garvin advocated a federalist solution to the problem. By 1911, a rift had emerged between Garvin and Northcliffe over the issue of tariff reform. Despite being an admirer of German culture, Garvin was alarmed by the challenge the country posed to Britain in international politics. When war broke out in 1914, Garvin embraced Britains involvement in the conflict and he was close to many people in power, most notably Fisher, Lloyd George, and Winston Churchill, and he enjoyed considerable influence during this period
26.
The Observer
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The Observer is a British newspaper, published on Sundays. First published in 1791, it is the worlds oldest Sunday newspaper, the first issue, published on 4 December 1791 by W. S. Bourne, was the worlds first Sunday newspaper. Believing that the paper would be a means of wealth, Bourne instead soon found himself facing debts of nearly £1,600, though early editions purported editorial independence, Bourne attempted to cut his losses and sell the title to the government. When this failed, Bournes brother made an offer to the government, as a result, the paper soon took a strong line against radicals such as Thomas Paine, Francis Burdett and Joseph Priestley. In 1807, the decided to relinquish editorial control, naming Lewis Doxat as the new editor. Seven years later, the brothers sold The Observer to William Innell Clement, the woodcut pictures published of the stable and hayloft where the conspirators were arrested reflected a new stage of illustrated journalism that the newspaper pioneered during this time. Clement maintained ownership of The Observer until his death in 1852, during that time, the paper supported parliamentary reform, but opposed a broader franchise and the Chartist leadership. After Doxat retired in 1857, Clements heirs sold the paper to Joseph Snowe, under Snowe, the paper adopted a more liberal political stance, supporting the North during the American Civil War and endorsing universal manhood suffrage in 1866. These positions contributed to a decline in circulation during this time, in 1870, wealthy businessman Julius Beer bought the paper and appointed Edward Dicey as editor, whose efforts succeeded in reviving circulation. Though Beers son Frederick became the owner upon Juliuss death in 1880, henry Duff Traill took over the editorship after Diceys departure, only to be replaced in 1891 by Fredericks wife, Rachel Beer, of the Sassoon family. Though circulation declined during her tenure, she remained as editor for thirteen years, combining it in 1893 with the editorship of The Sunday Times, upon Fredericks death in 1901, the paper was purchased by the newspaper magnate Lord Northcliffe. After maintaining the editorial leadership for a couple of years. Garvin quickly turned the paper into an organ of political influence, yet the revival in the papers fortunes masked growing political disagreements between Garvin and Northcliffe. These disagreements ultimately led Northcliffe to sell the paper to William Waldorf Astor in 1911, during this period, the Astors were content to leave the control of the paper in Garvins hands. Under his editorship circulation reached 200,000 during the interwar years, politically the paper pursued an independent Tory stance, which eventually brought Garvin into conflict with Waldorfs more liberal son, David. Their conflict contributed to Garvins departure as editor in 1942, after which the paper took the step of declaring itself non-partisan. Ownership passed to Waldorfs sons in 1948, with David taking over as editor and he remained in the position for 27 years, during which time he turned it into a trust-owned newspaper employing, among others, George Orwell, Paul Jennings and C. A. Lejeune. Under Astors editorship The Observer became the first national newspaper to oppose the governments 1956 invasion of Suez, in 1977, the Astors sold the ailing newspaper to US oil giant Atlantic Richfield who sold it to Lonrho plc in 1981
27.
Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe
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Alfred Charles William Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe was a British newspaper and publishing magnate. As owner of the Daily Mail and the Daily Mirror, he was a pioneer of popular journalism, Lord Beaverbrook said he was the greatest figure who ever strode down Fleet Street. The turn of the saw the rise of popular journalism aimed at the working class. P. P. Catterall and Colin Seymour-Ure conclude that, More than anyone, Northcliffe played a powerful role in the First World War, especially in attacking the government in the Shell Crisis of 1915. He headed the mission to the new ally, the United States, in 1917, although born in Chapelizod, County Dublin, Harmsworth was educated at Stamford School in Lincolnshire, England, from 1876 and at Henley House School in Kilburn, London from 1878. He was the brother of Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere, Cecil Harmsworth, 1st Baron Harmsworth, Sir Leicester Harmsworth, 1st Baronet and Sir Hildebrand Harmsworth. Beginning as a freelance journalist, he founded his first newspaper, Answers, and was assisted by his brother Harold. Harmsworth had a sense for what the reading public wanted to buy, and began a series of cheap but successful periodicals, such as Comic Cuts. From these periodicals, he built what was then the largest periodical publishing empire in the world, Harmsworth was an early pioneer of popular journalism. He bought several failing newspapers and made them into an enormously profitable chain and he began with The Evening News in 1894, and then merged two Edinburgh papers to form the Edinburgh Daily Record. That same year he fitted out an expedition to Franz Joseph Land in the Arctic with the aim of making attempts on the North Pole, prime Minister Robert Cecil, Lord Salisbury, said it was written by office boys for office boys. Harmsworth then transformed a Sunday newspaper, the Weekly Dispatch, into the Sunday Dispatch and he also founded the Harmsworth Magazine, utilizing one of Britains best editors, Beckles Willson, who had been editor of many successful publications, including The Graphic. Harmsworth also founded The Daily Mirror in 1903, and rescued the financially desperate Observer and The Times in 1905 and 1908, in 1908, he also acquired The Sunday Times. Amalgamated Press subsidiary the Educational Book Company published the Harmsworth Self-Educator, The Childrens Encyclopædia, Harmsworth was created a Baronet, of Elmwood, in the parish of St Peters in the County of Kent in 1904. Alfred Harmsworth married Mary Elizabeth Milner on 11 April 1888 and she would be styled Baroness Northcliffe from 27 December 1905 and Viscountess Northcliffe from 14 January 1918. She was appointed Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire and Dame of Grace, Alfred Harmsworth had four acknowledged children by two different women. The first, Alfred Benjamin Smith, was born when Harmsworth was seventeen, Smith died in 1930, allegedly in a mental home. By 1900, Harmsworth had acquired a new mistress, an Irishwoman named Kathleen Wrohan, about whom little is known but her name, she bore him two further sons and a daughter, and died in 1923
28.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
29.
David Lloyd George
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David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, OM, PC was a British Liberal politician and statesman. As Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lloyd George was a key figure in the introduction of reforms which laid the foundations of the modern welfare state. His most important role came as the highly energetic Prime Minister of the Wartime Coalition Government, during and he was a major player at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 that reordered Europe after the defeat of the Central Powers. He made an impact on British public life than any other 20th-century leader. Furthermore, in foreign affairs he played a role in winning the First World War, redrawing the map of Europe at the peace conference. His main political problem was that he was not loyal to his Liberal party—he was always a political maverick, while he was Prime Minister he favoured the Conservatives in his coalition in the 1918 elections, leaving the Liberal party as a hopeless minority. He became leader of the Liberal Party in the late 1920s, by the 1930s he was a marginalised and widely mistrusted figure. He gave weak support to the Second World War amidst fears that he was favourable toward Germany, Lloyd George was born on 17 January 1863 in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester, to Welsh parents, and was brought up as a Welsh-speaker. He is so far the only British Prime Minister to have been Welsh and his father, William George, had been a teacher in both London and Liverpool. He also taught in the Hope Street Sunday Schools, which were administered by the Unitarians, in March of the same year, on account of his failing health, William George returned with his family to his native Pembrokeshire. He took up farming but died in June 1864 of pneumonia, Lloyd George was educated at the local Anglican school Llanystumdwy National School and later under tutors. He added his uncles surname to become Lloyd George and his surname is usually given as Lloyd George and sometimes as George. The influence of his childhood showed through in his entire career, brought up a devout evangelical, as a young man he suddenly lost his religious faith. Biographer Don Cregier says he became a Deist and perhaps an agnostic, though he remained a chapel-goer and he kept quiet about that, however, and was hailed as one of the foremost fighting leaders of a fanatical Welsh Nonconformity. It was also during this period of his life that Lloyd George first became interested in the issue of land ownership, by the age of twenty-one, he had already read and taken notes on Henry Georges Progress and Poverty. This strongly influenced Lloyd Georges politics later in life through the Peoples Budget which heavily drew on the georgist tax reform ideas, the practice flourished, and he established branch offices in surrounding towns, taking his brother William into partnership in 1887. Although many Prime Ministers have been barristers, Lloyd George is to date the only solicitor to have held that office, by then he was politically active, having campaigned for the Liberal Party in the 1885 election, attracted by Joseph Chamberlains unauthorised programme of reforms. The election resulted firstly in a stalemate with neither the Liberals nor the Conservatives having a majority, William Gladstones proposal to bring about Irish Home Rule split the party, with Chamberlain eventually leading the breakaway Liberal Unionists
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Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
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The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of Her Majestys Government in the United Kingdom. The prime minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to Parliament, to their political party, the office is one of the Great Offices of State. The current prime minister, Theresa May, leader of the Conservative Party, was appointed by the Queen on 13 July 2016. The position of Prime Minister was not created, it evolved slowly and erratically over three hundred years due to acts of Parliament, political developments, and accidents of history. The office is therefore best understood from a historical perspective, the origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement and the resulting shift of political power from the Sovereign to Parliament. The political position of Prime Minister was enhanced by the development of political parties, the introduction of mass communication. By the start of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged, prior to 1902, the prime minister sometimes came from the House of Lords, provided that his government could form a majority in the Commons. However as the power of the aristocracy waned during the 19th century the convention developed that the Prime Minister should always sit in the lower house. As leader of the House of Commons, the Prime Ministers authority was further enhanced by the Parliament Act of 1911 which marginalised the influence of the House of Lords in the law-making process. The Prime Minister is ex officio also First Lord of the Treasury, certain privileges, such as residency of 10 Downing Street, are accorded to Prime Ministers by virtue of their position as First Lord of the Treasury. As the Head of Her Majestys Government the modern Prime Minister leads the Cabinet, in addition the Prime Minister leads a major political party and generally commands a majority in the House of Commons. As such the incumbent wields both legislative and executive powers, under the British system there is a unity of powers rather than separation. In the House of Commons, the Prime Minister guides the process with the goal of enacting the legislative agenda of their political party. The Prime Minister also acts as the face and voice of Her Majestys Government. The British system of government is based on an uncodified constitution, in 1928, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith described this characteristic of the British constitution in his memoirs, In this country we live. Our constitutional practices do not derive their validity and sanction from any Bill which has received the assent of the King, Lords. They rest on usage, custom, convention, often of slow growth in their early stages, not always uniform, the relationships between the Prime Minister and the Sovereign, Parliament and Cabinet are defined largely by these unwritten conventions of the constitution. Many of the Prime Ministers executive and legislative powers are actually royal prerogatives which are still vested in the Sovereign
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Lloyd George ministry
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The Lloyd George ministry, was a coalition government led by Liberal David Lloyd George, which came to power in the United Kingdom in December 1916. It replaced the wartime coalition under H. H. Asquith. Those Liberals who continued to support Asquith served as the Official Opposition, the government continued in power after the end of the war in 1918, though Lloyd George was increasingly reliant on the Conservatives for support. After several scandals including allegations of the sale of honours, the Conservatives withdrew their support after a meeting at the Carlton Club in 1922, and Andrew Bonar Law formed a government. Historian George H. Cassar has evaluated Lloyd Georges record as a war leader, After all that has been said and done, on the home front he achieved varied results in tackling difficult, and in some instances, unprecedented problems. In the vital area of national morale, while he did not have the advantages of Churchill. To sum up, while Lord Georges contributions outweighed his mistakes, january 1918 – Carson resigns and is not replaced April 1918 – Austen Chamberlain succeeds Lord Milner as Minister without Portfolio. January 1919 – Law becomes Lord Privy Seal, remaining Leader of the House of Commons, smuts is succeeded by Sir Eric Geddes as Minister without Portfolio. The War Cabinet was formally maintained for much of 1919, in October 1919 a formal Cabinet was reinstated. Sir Eric Geddes becomes Minister of Transport, October 1919 – Lord Curzon of Kedleston succeeds Balfour as Foreign Secretary. Balfour succeeds Curzon as Lord President, the Local Government Board is abolished. Christopher Addison becomes Minister of Health, the Board of Agriculture is abolished. Lord Lee of Fareham becomes Minister of Agriculture, Sir Eric Geddes becomes Minister of Transport. January 1920 – George Barnes leaves the cabinet, march 1920 – Sir Robert Horne succeeds Sir Auckland Geddes as President of the Board of Trade. Thomas James McNamara succeeds Horne as Minister of Labour, April 1920 – Sir Hamar Greenwood succeeds Ian Macpherson as Chief Secretary for Ireland. Sir Laming Worthington-Evans joins the Cabinet as Minister without Portfolio, february 1921 – Winston Churchill succeeds Lord Milner as Colonial Secretary. Sir Laming Worthington-Evans succeeds Churchill as War Secretary, Lord Lee of Fareham succeeds Walter Long at the Admiralty. Sir Arthur Griffith-Boscawen succeeds Lee as Minister of Agriculture, march 1921 – Austen Chamberlain succeeds Bonar Law as Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the Commons
32.
Parliamentary private secretary
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A Parliamentary Private Secretary is a United Kingdom or New Zealand Member of Parliament designated by a senior minister in government or shadow minister to act as the ministers contact with MPs. This role is junior to that of Parliamentary Under-Secretary, which is a ministerial post, although not paid other than their salary as an MP, PPSs help the government to track backbench opinion in Parliament. In particular, the PPS in the Department for Communities and Local Government may not participate in planning decisions or in the consideration of planning cases, PPSs are not members of the government, and all efforts are made to avoid these positions being referred to as such. They are instead considered more simply as normal Members, however, their close confidence with ministers does impose obligations on every PPS. The guidelines surrounding the divulging of information to PPSs are rigid, Ministers choose their own PPSs, but must seek the written approval for each candidate from the Prime Minister, and it is traditional procedure to consult the Chief Whip. Similarly, a PPS must not appear as a representative for any special policies, when on official Departmental business, a PPS receives travel and subsistence allowance paid out of government funds, as with formal members of the government. This makes the PPS the only type of unpaid advisor who receives reimbursement in the course of duty, a PPS may stand in for the minister at an event as a last resort when the minister cannot appear. This can only happen in exceptional circumstances and must be justified by the minister, if this event is overseas, the substitution also requires the Prime Ministers consent. While not technically part of the government, a PPS is still bound to Collective Ministerial Responsibility, the role of PPS is seen as a starting point for many MPs who are looking to become ministers themselves. According to Philip W. Buck, a professor of science at Stanford University. Recruitment to the front bench clearly begins with two offices. Despite having risen to the rank of MP, those with Governmental ambitions will need to pay their dues once more - as a bag carrier, brendan Bracken, To Winston S. Churchill, 1940-41. Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister BBC, A-Z of Politics TheyWorkForYou, List of MPs and the posts that they hold Ministerial code related to PPSs
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Viscount Astor
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Viscount Astor, of Hever Castle in the County of Kent, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1917 for the financier and statesman William Waldorf Astor and he had already been created Baron Astor, of Hever Castle in the County of Kent, in 1916, also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. His eldest son, the second Viscount, was the husband of Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor, as of 2016 the titles are held by their grandson, the fourth Viscount, who succeeded his father in 1966. He is one of the ninety-two elected hereditary peers that remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, john Jacob Astor, 1st Baron Astor of Hever, was the second son of the first Viscount. This peerage, Baron Astor of Hever, was a creation in 1956 and not to be confused with the Viscounts subsidiary title of Baron Astor. The Hon. David Astor, the Hon. Michael Astor, the family seat is Ginge Manor, near Wantage, Oxfordshire. The first three Viscounts Astor are buried within the chapel of the Cliveden estate, also known as the Octagon Temple, at Taplow, the heir apparents heir apparent is his son, William Waldorf Astor V. Baron Astor of Hever Astor family
34.
Viscount
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A viscount or viscountess is a title used in certain European countries for a noble of varying status, but historically deemed to convey a lower-middling rank. In many countries a viscount, and its equivalents, was a non-hereditary, administrative or judicial position. In the case of French viscounts, it is customary to leave the title untranslated as vicomte, the word viscount comes from Old French visconte, itself from Medieval Latin vicecomitem, accusative of vicecomes, from Late Latin vice- deputy + Latin comes. During the Carolingian Empire, the kings appointed counts to administer provinces and other regions, as governors. Viscounts were appointed to assist the counts in their running of the province, the kings strictly prevented the offices of their counts and viscounts from becoming hereditary, in order to consolidate their position and limit chance of rebellion. The title was in use in Normandy by at least the eleventh century. Similar to the Carolingian use of the title, the Norman viscounts were local administrators and their role was to administer justice and to collect taxes and revenues, often being castellan of the local castle. Under the Normans, the position developed into a hereditary one, the viscount was eventually replaced by bailiffs, and provosts. As a rank in British peerage, it was first recorded in 1440, the word viscount corresponds in the UK to the Anglo-Saxon shire reeve. A viscount is the rank in the British peerage system, standing below an earl. There are approximately 270 viscountcies currently extant in the peerages of the British Isles, an exception exists for Viscounts in the peerage of Scotland, who were traditionally styled The Viscount of, such as the Viscount of Arbuthnott. In practice, however, very few maintain this style, instead using the common version The Viscount in general parlance. A British viscount is addressed in speech as Lord, while his wife is Lady, the children of a viscount are known as The Honourable. A specifically British custom is the use of viscount as a title for the heir of an earl or marquess. The peers heir apparent will sometimes be referred to as a viscount, for example, the eldest son of the Earl Howe is Viscount Curzon, because this is the second most senior title held by the Earl. However, the son of a marquess or an earl can be referred to as a viscount when the title of viscount is not the second most senior if those above it share their name with the substantive title. For example, the second most senior title of the Marquess of Salisbury is the Earl of Salisbury, sometimes the son of a peer can be referred to as a viscount even when he could use a more senior courtesy title which differs in name from the substantive title. Family tradition plays a role in this, for example, the eldest son of the Marquess of Londonderry is Viscount Castlereagh, even though the Marquess is also the Earl Vane
35.
House of Lords
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The House of Lords of the United Kingdom, referred to ceremonially as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. Unlike the elected House of Commons, all members of the House of Lords are appointed, the membership of the House of Lords is drawn from the peerage and is made up of Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal. The Lords Spiritual are 26 bishops in the established Church of England, of the Lords Temporal, the majority are life peers who are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister, or on the advice of the House of Lords Appointments Commission. However, they include some hereditary peers including four dukes. Very few of these are female since most hereditary peerages can only be inherited by men, while the House of Commons has a defined 650-seat membership, the number of members in the House of Lords is not fixed. There are currently 805 sitting Lords, the House of Lords is the only upper house of any bicameral parliament to be larger than its respective lower house. The House of Lords scrutinises bills that have approved by the House of Commons. It regularly reviews and amends Bills from the Commons, while it is unable to prevent Bills passing into law, except in certain limited circumstances, it can delay Bills and force the Commons to reconsider their decisions. In this capacity, the House of Lords acts as a check on the House of Commons that is independent from the electoral process, Bills can be introduced into either the House of Lords or the House of Commons. Members of the Lords may also take on roles as government ministers, the House of Lords has its own support services, separate from the Commons, including the House of Lords Library. The Queens Speech is delivered in the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament, the House also has a Church of England role, in that Church Measures must be tabled within the House by the Lords Spiritual. This new parliament was, in effect, the continuation of the Parliament of England with the addition of 45 MPs and 16 Peers to represent Scotland, the Parliament of England developed from the Magnum Concilium, the Great Council that advised the King during medieval times. This royal council came to be composed of ecclesiastics, noblemen, the first English Parliament is often considered to be the Model Parliament, which included archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and representatives of the shires and boroughs of it. The power of Parliament grew slowly, fluctuating as the strength of the monarchy grew or declined, for example, during much of the reign of Edward II, the nobility was supreme, the Crown weak, and the shire and borough representatives entirely powerless. In 1569, the authority of Parliament was for the first time recognised not simply by custom or royal charter, further developments occurred during the reign of Edward IIs successor, Edward III. It was during this Kings reign that Parliament clearly separated into two chambers, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The authority of Parliament continued to grow, and, during the fifteenth century
36.
Constance Markievicz
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Constance Georgine Markievicz, known as Countess Markievicz was an Irish Sinn Féin and Fianna Fáil politician, revolutionary nationalist, suffragette and socialist. In December 1918, she was the first woman elected to the British House of Commons, though she did not take her seat and, along with the other Sinn Féin TDs and she was also the second woman to hold a cabinet position in the world. During the famine of 1879–80, Sir Henry provided free food for the tenants on his estate at Lissadell House in the north of County Sligo in the north-west of Ireland. Their fathers example inspired in Gore-Booth and her sister, Eva Gore-Booth, a deep concern for working people. The sisters were friends of the poet W. B. Yeats, who visited the family home Lissadell House, and were influenced by his artistic. Yeats wrote a poem, In Memory of Eva Gore-Booth and Con Markiewicz, Eva later became involved in the labour movement and womens suffrage in England, although initially Constance did not share her sisters ideals. Gore-Booth decided to train as a painter, but, at the time, in 1892, she went to study at the Slade School of Art in London. It was at time that Gore-Booth first became politically active. Later she moved to Paris and enrolled at the prestigious Académie Julian where she met her husband, Casimir Markievicz. Markievicz was known in Paris as Count Markievicz, however, the Department of Genealogy in Saint Petersburg said that he was entitled to claim to be a member of the nobility. Markievicz was married, though separated, at the time that they met and she was afterwards known as Countess Markievicz. She gave birth to their daughter, Maeve, at Lissadell in November 1901, the child was raised by her Gore-Booth grandparents and eventually became estranged from her mother. She undertook the role of mother to Stanislas, Casimirs son from his first marriage, the Markieviczes settled in Dublin in 1903 and moved in artistic and literary circles, with Constance gaining a reputation as a landscape painter. This group included the figures of the Gaelic League founded by the future first President of Ireland. Although formally apolitical and concerned with the preservation of the Irish language and culture, at Pursers house, Markievicz met revolutionary patriots Michael Davitt, John OLeary and Maud Gonne. In 1906, Markievicz rented a cottage in the countryside near Dublin, the previous tenant, the poet Padraic Colum, had left behind copies of The Peasant and Sinn Féin. These revolutionary journals promoted independence from British rule, Markievicz read these publications and was propelled into action
"Astor, William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount". Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). 1922. This article is mostly about Waldorf Astor.
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