1.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
2.
New Britain, Connecticut
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New Britain is a city in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. It is located approximately 9 miles southwest of Hartford, according to 2010 Census, the population of the city is 73,206. The citys official nickname is the Hardware City because of its history as a manufacturing center, because of its large Polish population, the city is often playfully referred to as New Britski. New Britain was settled in 1687 and then was incorporated as a new parish under the name New Britain Society in 1754, chartered in 1850 as a township and in 1871 as a city, New Britain had separated from the nearby town of Farmington, Connecticut. A consolidation charter was adopted in 1905, during the early part of the 20th century, New Britain was known as the Hardware Capital of the World, as well as Hardware City. Major manufacturers, such as The Stanley Works, the P&F Corbin Company, in 1843 Frederick Trent Stanley established Stanleys Bolt Manufactory in New Britain to make door bolts and other wrought-iron hardware. In 1857 his cousin Henry Stanley founded The Stanley Rule and Level Company in the city, the two companies merged in 1920, and the Stanley Rule and Level Company became the Hand Tools Division of Stanley Works. The wire coat hanger was invented in 1869 by O. A, in 1895, the basketball technique of dribbling was developed at the New Britain YMCA. In 1938, New Britain High School competed in the school football national championship game in Baton Rouge. 1954 saw the development of racquetball, also at the YMCA, New Britains motto, Industria implet alveare et melle fruitur – translated from Latin – means Industry fills the hive and enjoys the honey. This phrase was coined by Elihu Burritt, a 19th-century New Britain resident, diplomat, philanthropist and social activist. In 2007 it was reported that the Latin word for honey in the motto had been a typo for decades, it should be melle, but it had long been misspelled as mele. Former mayor William McNamara, who tried to fix it during his term. As controversy arose from the matter, the word was superseded with the correct spelling, melle. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 13.4 square miles. New Britains terrain is made up of soft, rolling hills. The many parks are populated with trees, and in small, undeveloped areas, New Britains streets also have many trees lining the sides of the roads. Many front yards in the half of the city have at least one tree
3.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
4.
Yale Bulldogs football
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The Yale Bulldogs football program represents Yale University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision. Yales football program is one of the oldest in the world, with 890 wins, Yale ranks second in wins in college football history, trailing only the University of Michigan. The Bulldogs were the dominant team in the days of intercollegiate football, winning 27 college football national championships. Walter Camp, known as the Father of Football, graduated from Hopkins Grammar School in 1876 and he later served as the head football coach at Yale from 1888 to 1892. The team made the down and went on to win the game in one of Yales greatest victories in its history, laRoche went on to spearhead the creation of the National Football Foundation and Hall of Fame. When the Ivy League athletic conference was formed in 1955, conference rules prohibited post-season play in football. While Yale had always abstained from post-season play, other schools had participated in bowls before, and the new policy further insulated Yale. The NCAA decided to split Division I into two subdivisions in 1978, then called I-A for larger schools, and I-AA for the smaller ones. In 1982, the NCAA created a rule that stated an average attendance must be at least 15,000 to qualify for I-A membership. This forced the hand, as only some of the member schools met the attendance qualification. Choosing to stay rather than stand their ground separately in the increasingly competitive I-A subdivision. Since the formation of the Ivy League in 1956, Yale has won 14 Ivy League championships,1956,1960,1967,1968,1969,1974,1976,1977,1979,1980,1981,1989,1999,2006. Harvard and Yale have been competing against each other in football since 1875, the annual rivalry game between the two schools, known as The Game, is played in November at the end of the football season. As of 2016, Yale leads the series 66–59–8, the Game is the second oldest continuing rivalry and also the third most-played rivalry game in college football history, after the Lehigh–Lafayette Rivalry and the Princeton–Yale game. Sports Illustrated On Campus rated the Harvard–Yale rivalry the sixth-best in college athletics in 2003, Harvard had been unbeaten versus Yale from 2007 to 2015. The nine game winning streak was the longest during the rivalry, Yales 2016 victory over Harvard in Cambridge, 21-14, ended the streak. The Game is significant for historical reasons as the rules of The Game soon were adopted by other schools. Footballs rules, conventions, and equipment, as well as elements of such as the mascot and fight song, include many elements pioneered or nurtured at Harvard
5.
Halfback (American football)
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A halfback is an offensive position in American football, whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays, i. e. a running back. The halfback position is one of the more glamorous positions on the field, sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as he is an eligible receiver. Occasionally, they line up as wide receivers. When not running or catching the ball, the responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking. Before the emergence of the T-formation in the 1940s, all members of the backfield were legitimate threats to run or pass the ball. Most teams used four offensive backs on every play, a quarterback, the quarterback began each play a quarter of the way back, the halfbacks began each play side by side and halfway back, and the fullback began each play the farthest back. Historically, from the 1870s through the 1950s, the position was both an offensive and defensive position. There has also been a shift in most offense’s dependence on halfbacks, however, the average output of the halfback has not changed. Older systems require the halfback be proficient at throwing the ball downfield as well, many of the “scat backs” in the modern era produce more total yards and touchdowns than their ancestor “power backs” by breaking off big plays on outside runs and receptions. The spread offense and the hurry-up offense change the halfback’s role, the spread, the hurry-up, and the pro-style offenses dominate American football but the “smash-mouth” style of play is far from extinct. A power-running scheme is often utilized to counter an effective Spread attack, as it allows a team to control the clock and this strategy is utilized in NFL, college, and all other forms of American football. The need for “power backs is very prevalent, alongside the need for “scat backs”, in the past few decades the role of the halfback has gone through a great shift as most offensive game plans are now fueled by creativity and finesse instead of raw force. Stamina and durability is more important than ever in the hurry-up offense, on the other hand, speed is often valued over strength, and pass-catching ability is sometimes valued over blocking proficiency. Power was once the most desired trait in a halfback, but has been taken by the need for a diverse skill set. In the last few decades the running back’s individual share of output has declined as quarterbacks are generally treated as the cornerstone of the offense. The demands of an up-tempo offense also favor a multiple running back system, from the dawn of American football through the 1880s most offensive schemes focused on the running game. In a running based game plan the halfback was typically the cornerstone of the offense and this system focused on a physical run attack concentrated in the inside of the field, and therefore depended on a skilled “power back”. There were no forward passes, and pure speed took a backseat to tackle-breaking and bucking ability, there was a focus on physicality over finesse, as this type of playing style earned the moniker of “smash mouth” football
6.
Stanford Cardinal football
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The Stanford Cardinal football program represents Stanford University in college football at the NCAA Division I FBS level and is a member of the Pac-12 Conferences North Division. Stanford, the academic institution with a FBS program, has a highly successful football tradition. The team is known as the Cardinal, adopted prior to the 1982 season. Stanford was known as the Indians from 1930 to January 1972, a student vote in December 1975 to change the nickname to Robber Barons was not approved by administrators. Stanford has fielded football teams every year since 1892 with a few exceptions, like a number of other teams from the era concerned with violence in the sport, the school dropped football in favor of rugby from 1906 to 1917. The school also did not field a team in 1918 or in 1943,1944, the school participated in the first-ever Rose Bowl against Michigan in 1902, in which they were routed 49-0. Its annual Big Game against California is the oldest and most storied rivalry in the Pac-12, the Cardinal also compete for the Legends Trophy against independent rival Notre Dame. Stanford claimed National Championships in 1926 and 1940, in 1926, led by legendary coach Glenn Pop Warner, who still has the most wins in Cardinal history, the team was undefeated in the regular season and tied Alabama in the 1927 Rose Bowl. The 1940 team went unbeaten and untied after defeating Nebraska 21–13 in the 1941 Rose Bowl, quarterback Jim Plunkett is the only Stanford player to win the Heisman Trophy, doing so in 1970. Stanford first fielded a team in 1891. The team was without a coach and only played a few games, early football pioneer Walter Camp served as Stanfords head coach in 1892 and from 1894–1895. Football on the Pacific Coast had been on the rise since the late 1910s, early in 1922, Warner signed a contract with Stanford University in which he would begin coaching in 1924. Health concerns, a significant pay raise and the status of Pacific Coast football made Warner make the big change. Years later, he wrote, I felt my health would be better on the Pacific coast, weather conditions at Pittsburgh during the football season are rather disagreeable, and much of the late season work had to be done upon a field which was ankle deep in mud. At the close of every season I would be in physical condition. Doctors advised me that the climate of the Pacific coast would be better for a man of my age. In 1924, Warner began his tenure at Stanford. When he began coaching, Stanford was one of nine teams in the Pacific Coast Conference, Warner inherited a notable squad from the previous year, including Ernie Nevers and All-American ends Ted Shipkey and Jim Lawson
7.
College Football Hall of Fame
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The College Football Hall of Fame is a hall of fame and museum devoted to college football. The National Football Foundation launched the Hall in 1951 to immortalize the players, from 1995 to 2012, the Hall was located in South Bend, Indiana. It was connected to a center and situated in the citys renovated downtown district,2 miles south of the University of Notre Dame campus. In August 2014, the College Football Hall of Fame and Chick-fil-A Fan Experience opened in downtown Atlanta, rutgers donated land near its football stadium, office space, and administrative support. In response, the Foundation moved its operations to New York City, when the New York Attorney Generals office began its own investigation, the foundation moved to Kings Mills, Ohio, where a building finally was constructed adjacent to Kings Island in 1978. The Hall opened with good attendance figures early on, but visitation dwindled dramatically as time went on, nearby Galbreath Field remained open as the home of Moeller High School football until 2003. A new building was opened in South Bend, Indiana on August 25,1995. Despite estimates that the South Bend location would more than 150,000 visitors a year, the Hall of Fame drew about 115,000 people the first year. In 2009, the National Football Foundation decided to move the College Football Hall of Fame to Atlanta, the possibility of moving the museum has been brought up in other cities, including Dallas, which had the financial backing of billionaire T. Boone Pickens. However, the National Football Foundation ultimately decided on Atlanta for the next site, the new $68.5 million museum opened on August 23,2014. It is located next to Centennial Olympic Park, which is near other attractions such as the Georgia Aquarium, the World of Coca-Cola, CNN Center, and the National Center for Civil and Human Rights. The Hall of Fame is located near the Georgia Institute of Technology of the ACC, the new building broke ground on January 28,2013. Sections of the architecture are reminiscent of a football in shape, the facility is 94,256 square feet and contains approximately 50,000 square feet of exhibit and event space, interactive displays and a 45-yard indoor football field. Atlanta Hall Management operates the College Football Hall of Fame, as of 2017, there are 987 players and 214 coaches enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame, representing 306 schools. The National Football Foundation outlines specific criteria that may be used for evaluating a candidate for induction into the Hall of Fame. A player must have received major first team All-America recognition, a player becomes eligible for consideration 10 years after his last year of intercollegiate football played. Football achievements are considered first, but the record as a citizen is also weighed. Players must have played their last year of football within the last 50 years
8.
Sports journalism
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Sports journalism is a form of writing that reports on sporting topics and competitions. Sports journalism is an element of many news media organizations. com, Foxsports. com. Major League Baseball gave print journalists a special role in its games and they were named official scorers and kept statistics that were considered part of the official record of the league. Active sportswriters were removed from this role in 1980, Sports stories occasionally transcend the games themselves and take on socio-political significance, Jackie Robinson breaking the color barrier in baseball is an example of this. Sportswriters regularly face more deadline pressure than other reporters because sporting events tend to occur late in the day, yet they are expected to use the same tools as news journalists, and to uphold the same professional and ethical standards. They must take care not to show bias for any team, andrew Warwick has suggested that The Boat Race provided the first mass spectator event for journalistic coverage. The Race, a rowing event between the University of Cambridge and University of Oxford, has been held annually from 1856. Cricket, possibly because of its place in society, has regularly attracted the most elegant of writers. The Manchester Guardian, in the first half of the 20th century, Cardus was later knighted for his services to journalism. One of his successors, John Arlott, who became a favorite because of his radio commentaries on the BBC, was also known for his poetry. The first London Olympic Games in 1908 attracted such public interest that many newspapers assigned their very best-known writers to the event. The Daily Mail even had Sir Arthur Conan Doyle at the White City Stadium to cover the finish of the Marathon, the rise of the radio made sports journalism more focused on the live coverage of the sporting events. The Tour de France was born, and sports journalisms role in its foundation is still reflected today in the leading rider wearing a yellow jersey - the color of the paper on which LAuto was published. Some such ghosted columns, however, did little to further the reputation of sports journalism and these agencies included Pardons, or the Cricket Reporting Agency, which routinely provided the editors of the Wisden cricket almanac, and Hayters. Sportswriting in Britain has attracted some of the finest journalistic talents, mcIlvanney and Wooldridge, who died in March 2007, aged 75, both enjoyed careers that saw them frequently work in television. Glanville wrote several books, including novels, as well as scripting the memorable official film to the 1966 World Cup staged in England, one of the reasons cited was that the BBC had been too critical of the performances of the England football team. Increasingly, sports journalists have turned to writing, producing popular books on a range of sporting topics, including biographies, history. Dan Topolski was the first recipient of the William Hill Sports Book of the Year award in 1989, most countries have their own national association of sports journalists
9.
Line of scrimmage
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In American and Canadian football, a line of scrimmage is an imaginary transverse line beyond which a team cannot cross until the next play has begun. Its location is based on the spot where the ball is placed after the end of the most recent play, a line of scrimmage is parallel to the goal lines and touches one edge of the ball where it sits on the ground prior to the snap. Under NFL, NCAA, and NFHS rules, there are two lines of scrimmage at the outset of each play, one restricts the offense. The area between the two lines is called the neutral zone, only the center, the offensive player who snaps the ball, is allowed to have any part of his body in the neutral zone. In Canadian football, the team on defense must line up no nearer than a yard to the line of scrimmage, in American football, they must only be beyond the line. Many fans and commentators refer colloquially to the neutral zone as the line of scrimmage. Others use the term to refer specifically to the defensive line of scrimmage. Referees, when explaining a penalty, will refer to the spot instead of the line of scrimmage in order to avoid confusion. Modern video techniques enable broadcasts of American football to display a visible line on the screen representing the line of scrimmage, the line is tapered according to camera angle and gets occluded by players and other objects as if the line were painted on the field. The line may represent the line of scrimmage or the distance that the ball must be moved for the offensive team to achieve a first down. Scrummage Glossary of American football Walter Camp, formal creator of the line of scrimmage in 1880 Comparison of Canadian and American football
10.
Down (gridiron football)
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A down is a period in which a play transpires in American and Canadian football. The down is a characteristic of the game compared to other codes of football. The team in possession of the football has a number of downs to advance ten yards or more towards their opponents goal line. If they fail to advance far, possession of the ball is turned over to the other team. The player with possession of the ball after he has been tackled or is unable to advance the ball further on account of the play having ended is down. Down may also refer to the ball after it is dead in one manner or another. The line of scrimmage for the play will be determined by the position of the ball when it is down. Each possession begins with first down, the line to gain is marked 10 yards downfield from the start of this possession, and the situation is described as 1st and 10. If the offensive team moves the ball past the line to gain, if a penalty against the defensive team moves the ball past the line to gain, the offensive team gets a new first down. Some defensive penalties give the offense an automatic first down regardless of the distance, downing the player with possession of the ball is one way to end a play. Usually a player is made down when he is tackled by the defense, in the NFL, if the offensive player is touching the ground with some part of his body other than his hands or feet, then he is down if any defensive player touches him. In the NCAA, a player touching the ground in the same manner is down. If recovering the ball in ones opponents end zone, a player may down the ball by dropping to one knee, a player in possession of the ball will down the ball if he fumbles it out of bounds. In the NFL, the quarterback is the player for whom falling down in this way automatically stops play. 1st &10, First down with 10 yards to go for a new first down and this is the usual starting point for a possession. On occasion the yards to go may be an other than 10, due to a penalty. If 1st and 10 would result in a line to gain at or beyond the goal line, the referee signals a first down by facing the goal the team in possession of the ball is advancing toward and extending his forearm toward the goal with palm usually open. Sometimes a referee will indicate a first down when the offensive team recovers its own fumble
11.
John Heisman
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John William Heisman was a player and coach of American football, basketball, and baseball, as well as a sportswriter and actor. His 1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado were recognized as the national champion and he served as the athletic director at Georgia Tech from 1904 to 1919 and at Rice from 1924 to 1927. While at Georgia Tech, he also was president of the Atlanta Crackers baseball team, fuzzy Woodruff dubbed Heisman the pioneer of Southern football. Heisman was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1954 and his entry there notes that Heisman stands only behind Amos Alonzo Stagg, Pop Warner, and Walter Camp as a master innovator of the brand of football of his day. One writer says Heisman, Stagg, and Warner constitute the Football Trinity, the Heisman Trophy, awarded annually to the seasons most outstanding college football player, is named after him. Heisman was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Bavarian German immigrants Sara and he grew up in northwestern Pennsylvania near Titusville, where he played varsity football for Titusville High School from 1884 to 1886, and was salutatorian of his graduating class. Although he was a student, he confessed he was football mad. Heismans father refused to him play at Titusville, calling football bestial. He went on to football as a lineman at Brown University and at the University of Pennsylvania. In constant dread that his immediate teammates—guards weighing 212 and 243—would fall on him and he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1892. In his book Principles of Football, Heisman described his strategy, The coach should be masterful and commanding. He has no time to say please or mister, at times he must be severe, arbitrary, and little short of a czar. Heisman always used a megaphone at practice, Heisman first coached at Oberlin College in 1892. Wrote The Oberlin Review in 1892, Mr. Heisman has entirely remade our football and he has taught us scientific football. Influenced by Yale and Pudge Heffelfinger, Heisman implemented seven-man interference and his best lineman at Oberlin was the half German, half Hawaiian John Henry Wise. Heisman also used a pass and a double pass. Heisman returned to Oberlin in 1894, in 1893 he moved to Buchtel College, where he helped make the first of many permanent alterations to the sport of football. It was then customary for the center to begin a play by rolling the ball backwards, under Heisman, the center began tossing the ball to Clark, a practice that evolved into the snap that today begins every play
12.
Amos Alonzo Stagg
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Amos Alonzo Stagg was an American athlete and pioneering college coach in multiple sports, primarily American football. His Chicago Maroons teams of 1905 and 1913 have been recognized as national champions and he was also the head basketball coach for one season at the University of Chicago, and the head baseball coach there for 19 seasons. At the University of Chicago, Stagg also instituted an annual basketball tournament. Both drew the top school teams and athletes from around the United States. Stagg played football as an end at Yale University and was selected to the first College Football All-America Team in 1889. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as both a player and a coach in the class of 1951 and was the only individual honored in both roles until the 1990s. Influential in other sports, Stagg developed basketball as a five-player sport and this 5 man concept allowed his 10 man football team the ability to compete with each other and to stay in shape over the winter. Stagg was elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame in its first group of inductees in 1959, Stagg also forged a bond between sports and religious faith early on in his career that remained important to him for the rest of his life. Stagg was born in a poor Irish neighborhood of West Orange, New Jersey, Stagg attended Yale College, where he was a divinity student, and a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity and Skull and Bones society. He played as a pitcher on his baseball team, he declined an opportunity to play for six different professional baseball teams. He nonetheless influenced the game through his invention of the batting cage, Stagg played on the 1888 team. He was an end on the first All-America team, selected in 1889 and he went on to earn an MPE from the Young Mens Christian Training School, now known as Springfield College. On March 11,1892, Stagg, still an instructor at the YMCA School, a crowd of 200 watched as the student team beat the faculty, 5–1. Stagg scored the basket for the losing side. He popularized basketball teams having five players and he later abandoned the theology career and received a MPE from Young Mens Christian Training School in 1891. Stagg became the first paid coach at Williston Seminary, a secondary school. This was also Staggs first time receiving pay to coach football and he would coach there one day a week while also coaching full-time at Springfield College. Stagg then coached at the University of Chicago from 1892 to 1932, University president Robert Maynard Hutchins forced out the septuagenarian Stagg, who he felt was too old to continue coaching
13.
Pop Warner
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Glenn Scobey Warner, most commonly known as Pop Warner, was an American football coach at various institutions who is responsible for several key aspects of the modern game. Included among his innovations are the single and double wing formations, fellow pioneer coach Amos Alonzo Stagg called Warner one of the excellent creators. He was inducted as a coach into the College Football Hall of Fame as part of its class in 1951. He also contributed to a football program which became known as Pop Warner Little Scholars. In the early 1900s, he created a football program at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School—a federally-funded. He also coached teams to four championships, Pittsburgh in 1915,1916. Predating Bear Bryant and Bobby Bowden, he once had the most wins of any coach in football history. Warner was born April 5,1871 on a farm in Springville and he was the son of William Warner, a cavalry officer in the American Civil War, and schoolteacher Adaline Scobey. In 1878 a railroad came to Springville, and four years later the moved to a house on East Main Street. Plump as a child, Warner was sometimes known as Butter and he began playing baseball at an early age, and was a skilled pitcher. Nobody in town owned a football, his exposure to the new sport at a young age was with an inflated cows bladder, and as few knew the rules. Warners East Main Street house attracted a number of friends, when a neighbor told his mother that the play would damage her lawn, she replied, Im raising boys. Aside from ranching, Warner got a job assisting a tinsmith and he was already interested in art as a kid — learning how to paint watercolor landscapes, and as a tinsmith he learned how to use tools to make cups, teapots, baking pans as well as lanterns. In 1892, Warner returned to Springville and began to use his experience to gamble on horse races. Although he had no interest in college, soon after coming back he was forced to attend Cornell Universitys law school. Later Warner wrote I dare not write to my father and tell him I was broke — he felt that the way to get funds was to inform his father that he decided to study law. His father, who had wanted him to be a lawyer. Eventually, Warner became known as Pop because he was one of the oldest students at Cornell, at the end of 1894, Warner left Cornell and began working as an attorney in Buffalo, New York
14.
Fielding H. Yost
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Fielding Harris Yost was an American football player and coach and college athletics administrator. During his 25 seasons as the football coach in Ann Arbor, Yosts Michigan Wolverines won six national championships, captured ten Big Ten Conference titles. From 1901 to 1905, his Point-a-Minute squads went 55–1–1, outscoring their opponents by a margin of 2,821 to 42, the 1901 team beat Stanford, 49–0, in the 1902 Rose Bowl, the first college football bowl game ever played. Under Yost, Michigan won four national championships from 1901 to 1904. In 1921, Yost became Michigans athletic director and served in capacity until 1940. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1951, Yost was also a successful business person, lawyer, and author, but he is best known as a leading figure in pioneering the development of college football into a national phenomenon. Yost was born in Fairview, West Virginia, in April 1871, Yosts family had settled in West Virginia, in 1925. He was the oldest of four children of Parmenus Wesley Yost and Elzena Jane Yost and his father was a farmer and Confederate veteran. His family had been in Fairview since 1825 when his great, great grandfather, David Yost, settled there, Yost was educated in the local schools and became a deputy marshal in Fairview as a teenager. At seventeen, he got a teaching certificate. Yost began his education at Fairmont Normal School in Fairmont. He then taught school at Patterson Creek, West Virginia, during the 1889–90 school year, Yost next enrolled at Ohio Normal School. Yost played for the Ohio Normal baseball team, after three years at Ohio Normal, Yost returned to West Virginia to work in the oil fields. In 1895, Yost enrolled at West Virginia University where he studied law and he also played football for West Virginia University football team. A 6-foot,200 pounder, Yost was a standout at tackle at West Virginia into the 1896 season and he transferred in mid-season to join Coach Parke H. Daviss national championship team at Lafayette. Just a week playing against Davis in West Virginia, Yost was playing for Davis in Lafayettes historic 6–4 win over the Penn Quakers. The fortuitous timing of Yosts appearance on the Lafayette roster did not go unnoticed by Penn officials and they called it the Yost affair. The Philadelphia Ledger quoted Yost as saying that he came to Lafayette only to play football, the fact that Yost appeared in a Lafayette uniform only once, in the Penn game, and that he returned to West Virginia within two weeks of the contest did not help appearances
15.
George Halas
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George Stanley Halas Sr. nicknamed Papa Bear and Mr. Everything, was a player, coach, and owner involved with professional American football. He was the founder and owner of the National Football Leagues Chicago Bears and he was also lesser known as an inventor, jurist, radio producer, philanthropist, philatelist, and Major League Baseball player. He was one of the co-founders of the National Football League in 1920, Halas was born in Chicago, Illinois, into a family of Czech-Bohemian immigrants. His parents were migrants from Pilsen, Austria-Hungary, George had a varied career in sports. In 1915, Halas worked temporarily for Western Electric, and was planning on being on the SS Eastland and he was running late, however, as he was attempting to gain weight to play Big Ten football and missed the capsizing. He also became a member of Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity and he helped Illinois win the 1918 Big Ten Conference football title. Serving as an ensign in the Navy during World War I, he played for a team at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station, and was named the MVP of the 1919 Rose Bowl. Afterward, Halas played minor league baseball, eventually earning a promotion to the New York Yankees, however, a hip injury effectively ended his baseball career. The popular myth was that Halas was succeeded as the Yankees right fielder by Babe Ruth, later that year, Halas played for the Hammond Pros and received about $75 per game. After one year with the Pros, Halas moved to Decatur, Illinois to take a position with the A. E. Staley Company, a starch manufacturer. He served as a sales representative, an outfielder on the company-sponsored baseball team. Halas selected his alma maters colors—orange and navy blue—for the teams uniforms, in 1920, Halas represented the Staleys at the meeting which formed the American Professional Football Association in Canton, Ohio. After suffering financial losses despite a 10–1–2 record, company founder, Halas moved the team to Chicago and took on teammate Dutch Sternaman as a partner. Halas was given a $5,000 bonus for the move to Chicago provided that he keep the Staleys franchise name for the 1921 season, the newly minted Chicago Staleys maneuvered their schedule to win the NFL championship that year. They took the name Bears in 1922 as a tribute to baseballs Chicago Cubs, Halas was not only the teams coach, but also played end and handled ticket sales and the business of running the club. However, severe financial difficulties brought on by the Great Depression put the Bears in dire financial straits even though Jones led them to the NFL title in 1932, Halas returned as coach in 1933 to eliminate the additional cost of paying a head coachs salary. He coached the Bears for another ten seasons and his 1934 team was undefeated until a loss in the championship game to the New York Giants. Every other team in the league immediately began trying to imitate the format, the Bears repeated as NFL champions in 1941, and the 1940s would be remembered as the era of the Monsters of the Midway
16.
Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
17.
College football
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It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States. No minor league farm organizations exist in American football and it is in college football where a players performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football. The best collegiate players will declare for the professional draft after 3 to 4 years of collegiate competition. Those not selected can still attempt to land an NFL roster spot as a free agent. Even after the emergence of the professional National Football League, college football remained extremely popular throughout the U. S, in many cases, college stadiums employ bench-style seating, as opposed to individual seats with backs and arm rests. This allows them to more fans in a given amount of space than the typical professional stadium. College athletes, unlike players in the NFL, are not permitted by the NCAA to be paid salaries, colleges are only allowed to provide non-monetary compensation such as athletic scholarships that provide for tuition, housing, and books. Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as football, by the 1840s, students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it, a sport later known as Rugby football. The game was taken to Canada by British soldiers stationed there and was soon being played at Canadian colleges, the first documented gridiron football match was a game played at University College, a college of the University of Toronto, November 9,1861. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. In 1864, at Trinity College, also a college of the University of Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, early games appear to have had much in common with the traditional mob football played in England. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football, Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as Bloody Monday began in 1827, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes, in 1860, both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go. The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a figure called Football Fightum. The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was again played at Harvard. Dartmouth played its own version called Old division football, the rules of which were first published in 1871, all of these games, and others, shared certain commonalities
18.
College Football All-America Team
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The College Football All-America Team is an honor given annually to the best American college football players at their respective positions. Camp took over the responsibility for picking the All-America team and was recognized as the selector in the early years of the 20th century. com. As of 2009, the National Collegiate Athletic Association recognizes the All-America teams selected by the AP, AFCA, FWAA, Sporting News, if three of these organizations select a player to their first team, he automatically receives the consensus honor. If a player is named an All-American by all five organizations, depending upon the distribution of first team honors at any given position, it is possible to be consensus with fewer than three first-team selections. The University of Notre Dame has produced the most unanimous All Americans of any program, there have been 2,868 players from 156 colleges and universities since 1889 who were selected to at least one All-American first team. It has selected an All-America team since 1925, the American Football Coaches Association has selected an All-America team every year since 1945. It is often referred to as the Coaches All-America Team, the Coaches’ All-America Team has been sponsored by various entities throughout the years but it is now under its own banner, the AFCA. These are the sponsors/publishers of the team throughout the years and it is sometimes referred to as the Writers All-America Team. The FWAA has selected an All-America team with the help of its members, the All-America team is selected by a committee of writers representing all conferences and regions of the NCAA. The Writers Team has been highlighted in various media forums, from 1946-70, Look published the FWAA team and brought players and selected writers to New York City for a celebration. During that 25-year period, the FWAA team was introduced on television shows by Bob Hope, Steve Allen, Perry Como. After Look folded, the FWAA started an association with NCAA Films. The team was part of ABC Televisions 1981 College Football Series, from 1983-90, the team was either on ABC or ESPN, and since 1991 has returned to the national spotlight on ABC. The corporate sponsor for the Writers team is AT&T, after years of Cingular being the sponsor. Walter Camp, The Father of American Football, first selected an All-America team in 1889, the WCF claims an 80% participation rate in the voting for its All-America team. Sporting News, formerly known as The Sporting News and known colloquially as TSN, have teams college football editors and staff select teams, from that year through the 1962 season TSNs All-America team was picked by a poll of sportswriters. Beginning in 1964 the team was selected by professional scouts and observers, the Sporting News cited the advent of two-platoon football as the need to go to that system. United Press International is a organization that selected players in a national poll of sportswriters
19.
History of American football
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The history of American football can be traced to early versions of rugby football and association football. Among these important changes were the introduction of the line of scrimmage, of down-and-distance rules, the popularity of college football grew as it became the dominant version of the sport in the United States for the first half of the 20th century. Bowl games, a football tradition, attracted a national audience for college teams. Boosted by fierce rivalries and colorful traditions, college football still holds widespread appeal in the United States, in 1920 the American Professional Football Association was formed. This league changed its name to the National Football League two years later, and eventually became the league of American football. Primarily a sport of Midwestern industrial towns in the United States, American footballs explosion in popularity during the second half of the 20th century can be traced to the 1958 NFL Championship Game, a contest that has been dubbed the Greatest Game Ever Played. Forms of traditional football have been played throughout Europe and beyond since antiquity, many of these involved handling of the ball, and scrummage-like formations. Several of the oldest examples of games include the Greek game of Episkyros. Over time many countries across the world have developed their own national football-like games. By some accounts, in such events any means could be used to move the ball towards the goal. Sometimes instead of markers, the teams would attempt to kick the bladder into the balcony of the opponents church, a legend that these games in England evolved from a more ancient and bloody ritual of kicking the Danes head is unlikely to be true. These antiquated games went into decline in the 19th century when the Highway Act 1835 was passed banning the playing of football on public highways. Early games appear to have had much in common with the mob football played in England. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football, Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as Bloody Monday began in 1827, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes, in 1860, both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go. The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a figure called Football Fightum. The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was again played at Harvard
20.
1874 Harvard vs. McGill football game
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The 1874 Harvard vs. McGill football game was a college football game between the Harvard Crimson and the McGill Redmen played on May 15,1874. The game used three period or games and ended in a scoreless tie and it was the first rugby-style football game played in the United States. A Princeton vs. Rutgers football game was played five years earlier in 1869, on October 20,1873, representatives from Yale, Columbia, Princeton, and Rutgers met at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City to codify the first set of intercollegiate football rules. Before this meeting, each school had its own set of rules and games were played using the home teams own particular code. At this meeting, a list of rules, based more on association football than on rugby football, was drawn up for football games. Harvard, which played the Boston game, a version of football that allowed carrying, refused to attend this rules conference, the McGill team traveled to Cambridge to meet Harvard. On May 13,1874, the first game, played under Boston rules, was won by Harvard with a score of 3–0, the next day, the two teams played under McGill rugby rules to a scoreless tie. The first game featured a round instead of a rugby-style oblong ball. McGill used simply a covered by leather instead of a rubber ball as did Harvard. This series of games represents an important milestone in the development of the game of American football. Harvard quickly took a liking to the game, and its use of the try which. The try would later evolve into the known as the touchdown. In late 1874, the Harvard team traveled to Montreal to play McGill in rugby, and won by three tries in front of 2,000 spectators
21.
William Heffelfinger
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William Walter Pudge Heffelfinger was an American football player and coach. He is considered the first athlete to play professionally, having been paid to play in 1892. William Heffelfinger was born in 1867 in the city of Minneapolis. Williams father was Major Christopher B, Heffelfinger, his mother was Mary Ellen Totton. Both his parents were born in Pennsylvania, during Williams lifetime, the Heffelfinger family rose to prominence in Minneapolis. As a boy, William Heffelfinger was nicknamed Pudge and he played baseball and football in high school. Occasionally, during his junior and senior years of school he also played baseball, as a catcher. Heffelfinger, a three-time All-American, played for Walter Camp at Yale College in 1888,1889,1890, and 1891. On Heffelfingers first day of practice in 1888, the captain of the varsity team, Pa Corbin, spotted him on the field. His usual posture was head bowed, shoulders stopped, eyes to the ground, with no idea whatever of his marvelous power and nature-given ability to strike terror in his opponents. Knapp did everything possible by word and deed to arouse Heff so that he would give all he had in him for the good of the Yale team. Finally, at his wits end, Howard decided he would try the sight of blood to stir up Heffs dormant bellicose spirit. Heff, not knowing the nature of the gore, certainly must have been stirred, Heff found himself that day and from then on was a terror to his opponents. The 1888 Yale team was not only undefeated and untied, but unscored upon, during Heffelfingers four years playing for Yale under Camp, the team only lost two games. His teammates included, besides Pa Corbin, Alonzo Stagg, Charley Gill, Billy Rhodes, Lee “Bum” McClung and George Washington Woodruff. Heffelfinger felt that the greatest of these teams was the undefeated 1891 team he played on his senior year, Heffelfingers athletic activities at Yale were not limited to football, he lettered in three other sports, rowing, baseball and track, and won the university heavyweight boxing championship. It would be more than half a century before college graduate Heffelfinger would be recognized for being secretly paid $500 to play a game in 1892. In the 1960s a man only as Nelson Ross walked into the office of Art Rooney
22.
National Football League
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The National Football League is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. The NFL is one of the four professional sports leagues in North America. The NFLs 17-week regular season runs from the week after Labor Day to the week after Christmas, with each team playing 16 games, the NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season, the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. S. The NFLs executive officer is the commissioner, who has authority in governing the league. The team with the most NFL championships is the Green Bay Packers with thirteen, the current NFL champions are the New England Patriots, who defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34–28 in Super Bowl LI. Another meeting held on September 17,1920 resulted in the renaming of the league to the American Professional Football Association, the league hired Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys and the Chicago Cardinals, remain, the first event occurred on September 26,1920 when the Rock Island Independents defeated the non-league St. Paul Ideals 48–0 at Douglas Park. On October 3,1920, the first full week of league play occurred, the following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. In 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League, in 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans tied for first in the league standings. This method had used since the leagues creation in 1920. The league quickly determined that a game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the leagues champion. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the playing field, the Bears won the game 9–0. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, the 1934 season also marked the first of 12 seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure, the NFL was always the foremost professional football league in the United States, it nevertheless faced a large number of rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference, on top of regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these leagues, including the Los Angeles Rams
23.
Medieval football
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Medieval football is a modern term sometimes used for a wide variety of localised football games which were invented and played in Europe during the Middle Ages. Alternative names include folk football, mob football and Shrovetide football and these games may be regarded as the ancestors of modern codes of football, and by comparison with later forms of football, the medieval matches were chaotic and had few rules. The Middle Ages saw a rise in popularity of games played annually at Shrovetide throughout Europe, the games played in England at this time may have arrived with the Roman occupation but there is little evidence to indicate this. Certainly the Romans played ball games, in particular Harpastum, there is also one reference to ball games being played in southern Britain prior to the Norman Conquest. In the ninth century Nenniuss Historia Britonum tells that a group of boys were playing at ball, the origin of this account is either Southern England or Wales. References to a game played in northern France known as La Soule or Choule, in which the ball was propelled by hands, feet. By some accounts, in such events any means could be used to move the ball towards the goal. Sometimes instead of markers, the teams would attempt to kick the bladder into the balcony of the opponents church, a legend that these games in England evolved from a more ancient and bloody ritual of kicking the Danes head is unlikely to be true. These antiquated games went into decline in the 19th century when the Highway Act 1835 was passed banning the playing of football on public highways. Few images of medieval football survive, one engraving from the early fourteenth century at Gloucester Cathedral, England, clearly shows two young men running vigorously towards each other with a ball in mid-air between them. There is a hint that the players may be using their hands to strike the ball, a second medieval image in the British Museum, London clearly shows a group of men with a large ball on the ground. The ball clearly has a seam where leather has been sewn together and it is unclear exactly what is happening in this set of three images, although the last image appears to show a man with a broken arm. It is likely that this highlights the dangers of some medieval football games. Most of the early references to the game speak simply of ball play or playing at ball. This reinforces the idea that the games played at the time did not necessarily involve a ball being kicked, the earliest account of ball games being played in Europe comes from the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, attributed to Nennius. The text, composed in what is now northern Wales, mentions a group of playing at ball. The earliest reference from France which provides evidence of the playing of ball games comes in 1147 and this refers to the handing over of seven balloons of greatest dimension. An early description of games that are likely to be football in England was given by William FitzStephen
24.
Old division football
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Old division football was a mob football game played from the 1820s to around 1890 by students at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, USA. Dartmouth students published the rules of what is now called Old Division Football in 1871, every year a special match sometimes called the Usual Game of Foot Ball occurred early in the fall in which the sophomores took on the freshmen. The game was more about bragging rights, and by the nineteenth century involved little more than a mob fight over possession of the round ball. The event became known as the Usual Football Rush and then simply the Football Rush, five umpires, one from each class in the Academical, and one from the Scientific Department, shall be elected annually by the college. The senior umpire present shall settle all disputes which arise concerning the game, the ball shall be warned from the second base of the college grounds and towards the buildings. No warn shall be valid both parties are ready. Until the ball is kicked the warning party shall stand behind the ball and their opponents in front and these positions, and the warn as well, shall be changed each game. No player shall kick, trip, strike, or hold another for any cause during the game, the game shall be won when the ball is kicked past the east or west fence. Football Rules, Editorial Department, The Dartmouth 5, No, Football Rules, Editorial Department, The Dartmouth 8, No. 7,264, reprinted in Aegis 1926,486. )Old Division Football, the Indigenous Mob Soccer of Dartmouth College Good Morning Class, from NCAA FB FANS blog History of Football by HistoryofSports. net
25.
Rugby football
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Rugby is a type of football developed at Rugby School in Rugby, Warwickshire, one of many versions of football played at English public schools in the 19th century. The two main types of rugby are rugby league and rugby union, although rugby league initially used rugby union rules, they are now wholly separate sports. Following the 1895 split in rugby football, the two rugby league and rugby union differed in administration only. Soon the rules of rugby league were modified, resulting in two different forms of rugby. After 100 years, in 1995 rugby union joined rugby league, the Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games, some of which involved the use of the feet. These games appear to have resembled rugby football, the Roman politician Cicero describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a barbers shop. Roman ball games already knew the air-filled ball, the follis, episkyros is recognised as an early form of football by FIFA. In 1871, English clubs met to form the Rugby Football Union, in 1892, after charges of professionalism were made against some clubs for paying players for missing work, the Northern Rugby Football Union, usually called the Northern Union, was formed. The existing rugby union authorities responded by issuing sanctions against the clubs, players, after the schism, the separate clubs were named rugby league and rugby union. Rugby union is both a professional and amateur game, and is dominated by the first tier unions, Argentina, Australia, England, France, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa and Wales. Rugby Union is administered by World Rugby, whose headquarters are located in Dublin and it is the national sport in New Zealand, Wales, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Madagascar, and is the most popular form of rugby globally. The Olympic Games have admitted the seven-a-side version of the game, known as Rugby sevens, there was a possibility sevens would be a demonstration sport at the 2012 London Olympics but many sports including sevens were dropped. In Canada and the United States, rugby union evolved into gridiron football, during the late 1800s, the two forms of the game were very similar, but numerous rule changes have differentiated the gridiron-based game from its rugby counterpart. Rugby league is also both a professional and amateur game, administered on a level by the Rugby League International Federation. International Rugby League is dominated by Australia, England and New Zealand, in Papua New Guinea it is the national sport. Other nations from the South Pacific and Europe also play in the Pacific Cup, distinctive features common to both rugby codes include the oval ball and throwing the ball forward is not allowed, so that players can gain ground only by running with the ball or by kicking it. As the sport of rugby league moved further away from its counterpart, rule changes were implemented with the aim of making a faster-paced. League players may not contest possession after making a tackle, play is continued with a play-the-ball, in league, if the team in possession fails to score before a set of six tackles, it surrenders possession
26.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
27.
Canadian football
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In Canada, the term football may refer to Canadian football and American football collectively, or to either sport specifically, depending on context. The two sports have shared origins and are related but have significant differences. Rugby football in Canada originated in the early 1860s, and over time, active teams such as the Toronto Argonauts and Hamilton Tiger-Cats have similar longevity. The CFL is the most popular and only major professional Canadian football league and its championship game, the Grey Cup, is one of Canadas largest sporting events, attracting a broad television audience, though it has been shrinking in recent years. In 2009, about 40% of Canadas population watched part of the game, in 2014, it was closer to 33%, great achievements in Canadian football are enshrined in the Canadian Football Hall of Fame located in Hamilton, Ontario. Other organizations across Canada perform senior league Canadian football during the summer, the first documented football match was a practice game played on November 9,1861, at University College, University of Toronto. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was Sir William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. The first written account of a game played was on October 15,1862 and it was between the First Battalion Grenadier Guards and the Second Battalion Scots Fusilier Guards resulting in a win by the Grenadier Guards 3 goals,2 rouges to nothing. In 1864, at Trinity College, Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, Frederick A. Bethune, the game gradually gained a following, with the Hamilton Football Club formed on November 3,1869. Montreal formed a team April 8,1872, Toronto was formed on October 4,1873, and this rugby-football soon became popular at Montreals McGill University. McGill challenged Harvard University to a game, in 1874 using a game of English rugby devised by the University of McGill. Later both the Ontario and Quebec Rugby Football Union were formed, and then the Interprovincial and Western Interprovincial Football Union, the CRFU reorganized into an umbrella organization forming the Canadian Rugby Union in 1891. The original forerunners to the current Canadian Football League, was established in 1956 when the IRFU and WIFU formed an umbrella organization, and then in 1958 the CFC left The CRFU to become the CFL. The Burnside rules closely resembling American football that were incorporated in 1903 by The ORFU, was an effort to distinguish it from a more rugby-oriented game, the rules were an attempt to standardize the rules throughout the country. The CIRFU, QRFU and CRU refused to adopt the new rules at first, the primary differences between the Canadian and American games stem from rule changes that the American side of the border adopted but the Canadian side did not. The Canadian field width was one rule that was not based on American rules, as the Canadian game was played in wider fields, initially an amateur competition, it eventually became dominated by professional teams in the 1940s and early 1950s. The Ontario Rugby Football Union, the last amateur organization to compete for the trophy, the move ushered in the modern era of Canadian professional football. Canadian football has mostly been confined to Canada, with the United States being the other country to have hosted high-level Canadian football games
28.
Homosexuality in American football
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Few American football players have come out as gay. Six former National Football League players have come out publicly after they retired, there has never been anyone who has been publicly out while playing in the NFL. Michael Sam was selected by the St. Louis Rams in 2014 NFL Draft, and became the first publicly gay player drafted in the league and he became the first publicly gay player to play in the Canadian Football League in August 2015. In college football, Division III player Conner Mertens came out as bisexual in January 2014, in August 2014, Arizona State player Chip Sarafin became the first publicly out active Division I player. The macho environment that exists in football along with the hypermasculinity promoted by sportscasters make it difficult for a player to come out, heterosexuality is flaunted in NFL locker rooms with the passing of pornographic magazines and videos, and visits to strip clubs. Gay slurs are sometimes used in the locker room, former NFL player Mark Schlereth said the slurs were not necessarily gay bashing, believing they were more out of ignorance than anything else. It doesnt excuse it, its just the way it is, while Green Bay Packers head coach Vince Lombardi was known to treat his players roughly in practices and during games, he insisted on unconditional respect for gay players and front office staff. Demanding Nothing But Acceptance from players and coaches toward all people, in Washington, Lombardis assistant general manager, David Slatterly, was gay, as was PR director Joe Blair, who was described as Lombardis right-hand man. According to son Vince Lombardi, Jr, and if you do have an issue, the problem will be yours because my locker room will tolerate nothing but acceptance. Upon his arrival in Washington, Lombardi was aware of tight end Jerry Smiths sexual orientation, “Lombardi protected and loved Jerry, ” said former teammate Dave Kopay. Lombardi invited other gay players to training camp, and would hope they would prove they could earn a spot on the team. Cant be with that sweet stuff and he also opined that any gay players should wait 10 years after retiring before coming out. Culliver received backlash for his comments, culliver later apologized for his ugly comments that were not what I feel in my heart. In 2013, the NFL Rookie Symposium planned for the first time to have speakers on the issue of sexual orientation and that same year, NFL player Chris Kluwe was released by the Minnesota Vikings, which he believed was due to his being outspoken in support of same-sex marriage. He said that special teams coach Mike Priefer in 2012 made homophobic remarks and criticized the player for his views on same-sex marriage, Kluwe also alleged that head coach Leslie Frazier told him to stop speaking out on same-sex marriage. In December, former teammates on the 1993 Houston Oilers said that at least two key players on the roster were generally known by the team to be gay, and were accepted by the team. Teammate Bubba McDowell said showering with the gay teammates was “no big deal. ”Division II college football player Brian Sims came out to his team in 2000 while playing for Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, and publicly told his story in 2009. Alan Gendreau was open to his Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football team from 2008 through 2011, otherwise, he could have been the first publicly out gay active player in Division I college football
29.
Comparison of American football and rugby union
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A comparison of American football and rugby union is possible because of the games shared origins, despite their dissimilarities. In the event of a tackle in rugby the player may pass the ball behind him provided he is not on the ground. If the tackled player is on the ground, the ball must be released, allowing any player to pick up the ball. In rugby union, it is against the rules to throw the ball in a forward direction, a player can attempt a forward pass if he has already received a backwards pass, provided he stays behind the line of scrimmage. That is to say that in professional American football, the majority of play in only one specialization – however. In rugby the teams are divided into eight forwards and seven backs, both groups of players partake in attacking and defensive plays and are on the pitch at the same time. Only the eight forwards take part in the set pieces, which are ways to contest ball possession when there is a minor rule infringement or the ball out of bounds. These set pieces are scrums, tests of strength, and line outs, a persons build and skill set determines which group they can play in. All forwards must be heavy and strong to scrummage well but not so heavy that they are too slow to partake in attacking plays, the backs are lighter and faster and include the expert kickers. The forwards numbered 1 to 8 are the players that need to have good all-round rugby skills as well as speed, in professional rugby there are very few players who can play equally well in a variety of positions and most will play in the same position from youth. In most club and schoolhouse American Football, the majority of play both offense and defense, only being substituted for injury. Substitutes in American football can return to the game at any stoppage in play, in rugby union, any player substituted off for any reason, except for a blood injury, is prohibited from returning to the field of play. Rugby teams may make up to seven substitutions, each team must field 15 players at the start of each match. Players who are bleeding may receive medical treatment off pitch and are replaced until they have stopped bleeding, if the bleeding has not stopped after 15 minutes of real time, the player will be permanently substituted. This can be down to officials discretion, depending at which level the sport is played, ejected players in American football can be replaced with a substitute. In rugby union there are two different punishments, a yellow card can be shown for lesser infringements, which leads to the player being off the pitch for 10 minutes whilst the team will play with one less player for that duration. Players who are red carded automatically face a hearing. Also, in a match, rugby union players can be cited for an act of foul play for which the referee did not send the player off
30.
Comparison of American football and rugby league
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A comparison of American football and rugby league football can be made because of their shared origins, resulting in similarities and shared concepts in terms of scoring and advancing the ball. Aside from Canadian football, rugby league is the sport most similar to American football, both sports involve the concept of a limited number of tackles/downs, and in both sports scoring touchdowns/tries takes a clear precedence over goal-kicking. Generally, American football games last much longer than 80-minute rugby league matches, another major difference is that only the player with possession of the ball may be interfered with in rugby league. Defending players interfering with any attacking player will incur a penalty. To advance the ball downfield, a player may kick, if the player is in front of the kicker then he is considered offside but may continue forward providing he is not within 10m from the point where the ball lands. Once a player takes the ball and moves forward 10m the off-side player may tackle the ball-carrying player. Ironically, in American footbal the try is called touchdown, which is the way a try is scored in rugby, another obvious difference is the players attire, with helmets, gloves and large amounts of padding around the body being normal for American football. Comparatively little padding is used in league, with a small fraction of players opting for light headgear as hard helmets are not allowed. But as can be seen by the methods of tackling and aggressive nature of American Football the practice of wearing padding is needed, British colonists and the British military in Canada brought football to North America. It became popular in American and Canadian universities and prep schools, at the time association football and rugby football were not as differentiated as they are now and teams would negotiate the rules before playing a game. The sports of American football and Canadian football evolved from these intercollegiate games, meanwhile, in England a schism developed in rugby football between those who favoured strict amateurism and those who felt that players should be compensated for time taken off work to play rugby. In 1895 this resulted in the formation of a sport, rugby league. American football is played on a rectangular field 120 yards long by 53 1⁄3 yards wide, near each end of the field is a goal line, they are 100 yards apart. A scoring area called an end zone extends 10 yards beyond each goal line, yard lines cross the field every 5 yards, two rows of hash marks run parallel to the side lines near the middle of the field. At the back of end zone, there are two goal posts that are 18.5 feet apart. The posts are connected by a crossbar 10 feet from the ground, a rugby league field is very similar, it is 120 metres long and about half that in width, there is a line across the field every ten metres. An in-goal area extends six to twelve metres beyond each goal-line, at the goal line are a set of goal posts in the shape of the letter H, used for other forms of point scoring, drop goal, penalty goal and conversion. As four replacements in a league team, with only twelve interchanges of players allowed to be made throughout the game
31.
Comparison of American and Canadian football
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American and Canadian football are gridiron codes of football that are very similar. Both have their origins in rugby football, there are, however, some key differences. Football was introduced to North America in Canada by the British Army garrison in Montreal, in 1874, USAs Harvard University hosted Canadas McGill University to play the new game derived from rugby football in a home-and-home series. When the Canadians arrived several days early, to advantage of the trip to see Boston. During this time, the Americans were surprised to see the Canadians kick, chase, when the American asked which game the Canadians played, David replied rugby. After some negotiation, it was decided to play a game with half and half Canadian/US rules, thus, many of the similarities and differences between the Canadian and American games indeed came out of this original series where each home team set the rules. For instance, Harvard, because of a lack of campus space and their pitch was only 100 yd long by 50 yd wide with undersized endzones. Because of the field, the Harvard team opted for 11 players per side. To generate more offense, Harvard also increased the number of downs from three, as set by McGill, to four, furthermore, the Harvard players so enjoyed running with the ball, this rule was wholly adopted into all Harvard play following the two games with McGill. While the American team bested the Canadian, both countries flavours of football were changed and linked to one another. Many, perhaps most, of the differences have arisen because of rules changes in American football in the early 20th century which have not been copied by Canadian football. The major Canadian codes never abolished the onside scrimmage kick or restricted backfield motion, Canadian football was later in adopting the hand snap and the forward pass, although one would not suspect the latter from play today. Additionally, Canadian football was slower in removing restrictions on blocking, similarly, differences in scoring opened up from the late 19th century, but were erased by the 1950s. An area in which American football has been more conservative is the retention of the fair catch, in some regions along the Canada-USA border, especially western areas, some high schools from opposite sides of the border regularly play games against one another. By agreement between the bodies involved, the field of the home team is considered a legal field. In all but a few cases, the rules of the team are followed throughout the game. For individuals who played both American and Canadian football professionally, their career totals are considered to be their combined totals from their careers in both the CFL and NFL. Warren Moon, for example, was the professional football leader in passing yards after an illustrious career in both leagues
32.
Pro Football Hall of Fame
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The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame for professional American football. As of 2017, there are a total of 310 members of the Hall of Fame, groundbreaking for the building was held on August 11,1962. The original building contained just two rooms, and 19,000 square feet of interior space, in April 1970, ground was broken for the first of many expansions. This first expansion cost $620,000, and was completed in May 1971, the size was increased to 34,000 square feet by adding another room. The pro shop opened with this expansion and this was also an important milestone for the Pro Football Hall of Fame, as yearly attendance passed the 200,000 mark for the first time. In November 1977, work began on another project, costing US$1,200,000. It was completed in November 1978, enlarging the shop and research library. The total size of the hall was now 50,500 square feet, the building remained largely unchanged until July 1993. The Hall then announced yet another expansion, costing US$9,200,000 and this expansion was completed in October 1995. The buildings size was increased to 82,307 square feet, the most notable addition was the GameDay Stadium, which shows an NFL Films production on a 20-foot by 42-foot Cinemascope screen. Through 2017, all inductees except one, played part of their professional career in the NFL. For CFL stars, there is a parallel Canadian Football Hall of Fame, only one player, the Chicago Bears have the most Hall of Famers among the leagues franchises with 32 enshrinees. Enshrinees are selected by a 46-person committee, largely made up of media members, each city that has a current NFL team sends one representative from the local media to the committee. A city with more than one franchise sends a representative for each franchise, there are also 13 at-large delegates, and one representative from the Pro Football Writers Association. Except for the PFWA representative, who is appointed to a term, all other appointments are open-ended and terminated only by death, incapacitation, retirement. To be eligible for the process, a player or coach must have been retired for at least five years. Any other contributor such as an owner or executive can be voted in at any time. Fans may nominate any player, coach or contributor by simply writing to the Pro Football Hall of Fame via letter or email
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Glossary of American football
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The following terms are used in American football, both conventional and indoor. Some of these terms are also in use in Canadian football, for a list of unique to that code. 2-4-5 defense A type of formation with two linemen, four linebackers, and five defensive backs. More common among teams with 3-4 base defenses than the 3-3-5 and this maximizes versatility for the defense against three- and four-WR offensive sets. A safety will often cover the fourth receiver, and a linebacker will cover the end or halfback. The 2-4-5 is most often used against the offense, when substituting players may be difficult. 3–3–5 defense A variation of the formation with three linemen, three linebackers, and five defensive backs. 3–4 defense A defensive formation with three linemen and four linebackers, a professional derivative in the 1970s of the earlier Oklahoma or 50 defense, which had five linemen and two linebackers. The 3-4 outside linebackers resemble stand-up ends in the older defense and it is sometimes pronounced thirty-four defense. 4–3 defense A defensive formation with four linemen and three linebackers, first used by coaches Joe Kuharich and Tom Landry. It is sometimes pronounced forty-three defense,46 defense Usually pronounced forty-six defense, a formation of the 4-3 defense featuring several dramatic shifts of personnel. The remaining safety, which is the safety, stays in the backfield. It was invented by Buddy Ryan during his tenure as defensive coordinator for the Chicago Bears and was popularized by the Bears during their Super Bowl XX championship season,50 defense or 5-2 defense A once popular college defense with five defensive linemen and two linebackers. Also known as the Oklahoma defense, it is very similar to the 3-4. In the 50 defense, the uses a nose tackle. It maximizes size along the line of scrimmage and is used in high school against teams that run the ball a lot. 53-man roster The most players a National Football League team can carry on its roster at the start of the regular season. To reach the deadline, teams can cut players, add players to their practice squad, 7-box or 7-2-2 defense A defensive formation with seven linemen, two linebackers, and two defensive backs
34.
Hopkins School
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Hopkins School is a private, college-preparatory, coeducational, day school located in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1660, Hopkins School is the third-oldest independent secondary school in the United States, younger than the Collegiate School and Roxbury Latin School. Hopkins was founded for the breeding up of youths with funds from Edward Hopkins estate to fulfill John Davenports wishes to bring a grammar school to New Haven. First established on the green, the school moved to its current campus on a hill overlooking New Haven in 1926. Hopkins has been coeducational since merging with Day Prospect Hill School in 1972, Hopkins is divided into three separate schools. The Junior school consists of the 7th and 8th grades, the high school is divided into the Middle and Upper schools. Most new students enter Hopkins in either the 7th or 9th grade, tuition is set at $39,200 for the 2015–16 school year. Hopkins allocates more than $3 million in need based financial assistance to 19. 4% of students, on January 8,2014, Head of School Barbara Masters Riley announced her plans to retire at the end of the 2015-2016 academic year. John Davenport, a founder of the New Haven Colony, was a proponent of education in the colony. Grammar schools of the time generally prepared young men for college, parents of the time were generally more concerned with spending their money on essentials such as food, and viewed formal education as an extravagance most could not afford. Davenport enlisted the help of a friend, Edward Hopkins, governor of the Connecticut Colony, to found a grammar school that would teach Latin, Greek. The schools first home was a building on the New Haven Green. Hopkins died in 1657 and bequeathed money to found a dedicated to the breeding up of hopeful youths for the public service of the country in future times. Colonial officials wanted Hopkinss bequest to remain in Connecticut and appointed three men, Davenport and two others, as executors of Hopkinss will and they created the Hopkins Fund, from which Hopkins Grammar School was established in 1660. The exact date of Hopkins Schools founding is a matter of definition, the historical record of the executors report implies the trust was created on May 4,1660, but since the Julian calendar was in use then, the date corresponds to May 14 on modern calendars. The papers which created the fund were presented and accepted on May 30, finally, on June 4 Davenport transferred control of the bequest to the colony, on the condition that the colony accept responsibility for the support of the school. The Fallow Years is a term coined by Thomas B. Davis in his history, Chronicles of Hopkins Grammar School, during this time the school had difficulty finding qualified schoolmasters, and the Hopkins Fund often fell short in paying them. This forced the school to take up collections to meet its payroll, consequently, there was great turnover in schoolmasters, some staying for no more than a year
35.
New Haven, Connecticut
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New Haven, in the U. S. state of Connecticut, is the principal municipality in Greater New Haven, which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut. It is the second-largest city in Connecticut, with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census, according to a census of 1 July 2012, by the Census Bureau, the city had a population of 130,741. New Haven was founded in 1638 by English Puritans, and a year later eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four grid, the central common block is the New Haven Green, a 16-acre square, and the center of Downtown New Haven. The Green is now a National Historic Landmark and the Nine Square Plan is recognized by the American Planning Association as a National Planning Landmark, New Haven is the home of Yale University. The university is an part of the citys economy, being New Havens biggest taxpayer and employer. Health care, professional services, financial services, and retail trade also help to form a base for the city. The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873, New Haven has since billed itself as the Cultural Capital of Connecticut for its supply of established theaters, museums, and music venues. New Haven is also the birthplace of George W. Bush, New Haven had the first public tree planting program in America, producing a canopy of mature trees that gave New Haven the nickname The Elm City. The area was visited by Dutch explorer Adriaen Block in 1614. Dutch traders set up a trading system of beaver pelts with the local inhabitants, but trade was sporadic. In 1637 a small party of Puritans reconnoitered the New Haven harbor area, the Quinnipiacs, who were under attack by neighboring Pequots, sold their land to the settlers in return for protection. By 1640, the theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place. However, the north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678. The settlement became the headquarters of the New Haven Colony, at the time, the New Haven Colony was separate from the Connecticut Colony, which had been established to the north centering on Hartford. Economic disaster struck the colony in 1646, however, when the town sent its first fully loaded ship of goods back to England. This ship never reached the Old World, and its disappearance stymied New Havens development in the face of the rising power of Boston. In 1660, founder John Davenports wishes were fulfilled, and Hopkins School was founded in New Haven with money from the estate of Edward Hopkins, in 1661, the judges who had signed the death warrant of Charles I of England were pursued by Charles II
36.
Delta Kappa Epsilon
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Delta Kappa Epsilon is one of the oldest North American fraternities, with 71 active chapters across the United States and Canada. The fraternity was founded at Yale College in 1844 by 15 sophomores that were disaffected by the houses on campus. They established a fellowship where the candidate most favored was he who combined in the most equal proportions the gentleman, the scholar, and the jolly good fellow. The private gentlemans club the DKE Club of New York was founded in 1885 and is currently in residence at the Yale Club of New York City. The fraternity was founded June 22,1844, in room number 12 Old South Hall, Yale College, New Haven, at this meeting, the Fraternitys secret and open Greek mottos were devised, as were the pin and secret handshake. The open motto is Kerothen Philoi Aei and this first chapter was denoted Phi chapter. Delta Kappa Epsilon administers an organization called the Rampant Lion Foundation. The pin of Delta Kappa Epsilon shows the Greek letters ΔΚΕ on a scroll upon a black diamond with gold rope trim. DKEs heraldic colours are azure, or, and gules and its flag is a triband of those colours with a dexter rampant lion in the middle. Within three years of the founding at Yale, chapters were founded at Bowdoin, Princeton University, Colby College, DKE has grown to 54 chapters and has initiated over 85,000 members across North America. Traditionally an Eastern Seaboard fraternity, DKEs Yale chapter had a reputation as a Southerners fraternity. Two of the founders were from the South and 13 out of 38 members of 1845 and 1846 were from the South. Although Vanderbilt University claims DKEs first chapter in the South, Vanderbilt University was not founded until 1873, Psi chapter at the University of Alabama was founded in 1847. Syracuse Universitys chapter house was used as a safe harbor by Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, Delta Kappa Epsilons first West Coast chapter was founded at the University of California, Berkeley on Halloween night,1876. The DKE chapter at Colgate University is one of the only DKE chapters having a Temple building, the Lambda Chapter at Kenyon College in 1854 built the first fraternity lodge in America. The Delta Kappa Epsilon Club of New York was founded in 1885 and is currently in residence at the Yale Club of New York City, Delta Kappa Epsilon became an international fraternity with the addition of the Alpha Phi chapter in 1898 at the University of Toronto, Canada. Delta Kappa Epsilon members have included five of forty-four Presidents of the United States, Hayes, Theodore Roosevelt, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush, and George W. Bush. Vice President of the United States, Dan Quayle, became a DKE brother at DePauw University, in the election of 1876, the Republican Party chose between two DKE members, nominating Hayes rather than rival and fellow DKE James G. Blaine
37.
Linonian Society
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Linonia is a literary and debating society founded in 1753 at Yale University. It is one of the universitys oldest secret societies, Linonia was founded in 1753 as Yale Colleges second literary and debating society. By the late century, all incoming freshmen at Yale College became members either of Linonia or its rival society, Brothers in Unity. Other debating societies arose throughout the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, notably Crotonia in 1738 and Calliope in 1819, following this shift, the Linonian Society was reconstituted in the mold of Yales other collegiate secret societies. However, instead of tapping only rising seniors, it draws from the Yale Law School, Yale Graduate School and Yale School of Management, according to tradition, Linonia participates in Yales tap night during the second week of April. In contrast to other biography oriented societies, meetings often involve debate on intellectual and political topics, at the time of the formation of Yales central library in 1871, Linonia and Brothers donated their respective literary collections to the university. Both societies had kept substantial collections of works not deemed suitable by the Yale faculty, the donation is commemorated in the Linonia and Brothers Reading Room at Yales Sterling Memorial Library. The reading room contains the Linonia and Brothers collection, a collection, a collection devoted to medieval history. The Linonian Society, Brothers in Unity, and Calliope are all commemorated with their own courtyards in Branford College, timothy Dwight IV - Class of 1767 - An American academic and educator, a Congregationalist minister, theologian, and author. He was the president of Yale College Abraham Baldwin - Class of 1772 - An American politician, Patriot. Baldwin was a Georgia representative in the Continental Congress and served in the United States House of Representatives, Baldwin was the founding father of the University of Georgia, first state-charted public institution of higher education in the United States and served as its first president. He represented Connecticut in both the U. S. John C. S, patent Office, where he encouraged innovation by inventors Samuel F. B. Roger Sherman Baldwin- Class of 1811 - An American lawyer involved in the Amistad case, who became the 32nd Governor of Connecticut. Asa Thurston - Class of 1818 - First American Christian Missionary to the Hawaiian Islands, nathaniel Parker Willis - Class of 1827 - An American author, poet and editor who worked with several notable American writers including Edgar Allan Poe and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. He was the president of Columbia University in New York City. Ebenezer Kingsbury Hunt - Class of 1833 - a prominent physician in Hartford, the E. K. Hunt Chair of Anatomy at Yale University is named after Ebenezer Kingsbury Hunt. William M. Evarts - Class of 1837 - An American lawyer and statesman who served as U. S. Secretary of State, U. S. Attorney General and U. S. Josiah Whitney - Class of 1839 - An American geologist, professor of geology at Harvard University, and chief of the California Geological Survey
38.
Skull and Bones
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Skull and Bones is an undergraduate senior secret society at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. It is the oldest senior class landed society at Yale, the societys alumni organization, the Russell Trust Association, owns the societys real estate and oversees the organization. The society is known informally as Bones, and members are known as Bonesmen, Skull and Bones was founded in 1832 after a dispute among Yale debating societies Linonia, Brothers in Unity, and the Calliopean Society over that seasons Phi Beta Kappa awards. William Huntington Russell and Alphonso Taft co-founded the Order of the Scull, the societys assets are managed by the societys alumni organization, the Russell Trust Association, incorporated in 1856 and named after the Bones co-founder. The association was founded by Russell and Daniel Coit Gilman, a Skull, Skull and Bones selects new members among students every spring as part of Yale Universitys Tap Day, and has done so since 1879. Since the societys inclusion of women in the early 1990s, Skull, Skull and Bones taps those that it views as campus leaders and other notable figures for its membership. The Skull and Bones Hall is otherwise known as the Tomb, the building was built in three phases, the first wing was built in 1856, the second wing in 1903, and Davis-designed Neo-Gothic towers were added to the rear garden in 1912. The front and side facades are of Portland brownstone in an Egypto-Doric style, the 1912 tower additions created a small enclosed courtyard in the rear of the building, designed by Evarts Tracy and Edgerton Swartwout of Tracy and Swartwout, New York. Evarts Tracy was a 1890 Bonesman, and his grandmother, Martha Sherman Evarts, and maternal grandmother, Mary Evarts, were the sisters of William Maxwell Evarts. The architect was possibly Alexander Jackson Davis or Henry Austin, architectural historian Patrick Pinnell includes an in-depth discussion of the dispute over the identity of the original architect in his 1999 Yale campus history. Pinnell also discusses the Tombs aesthetic place in relation to its neighbors, in the late 1990s, New Hampshire landscape architects Saucier and Flynn designed the wrought iron fence that surrounds a portion of the complex. The society owns and manages Deer Island, a retreat on the St. Lawrence River. Alexandra Robbins, author of a book on Yale secret societies, wrote, The forty-acre retreat is intended to give Bonesmen an opportunity to get together, a century ago the island sported tennis courts and its softball fields were surrounded by rhubarb plants and gooseberry bushes. But although each new Skull and Bones member still visits Deer Island, now it is just a bunch of burned-out stone buildings, a patriarch sighs. Another Bonesman says that to call the island rustic would be to glorify it and its a dump, but its beautiful. Skull and Boness membership developed a reputation in association with the Power Elite, like other Yale senior societies, Skull and Bones membership was almost exclusively limited to white Protestant males for much of its history. While Yale itself had exclusionary policies directed at particular ethnic and religious groups, while some Catholics were able to join such groups, Jews were more often not. Some of these groups eventually entered Skull and Bones by means of sports
39.
Yale School of Medicine
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The Yale School of Medicine is the graduate medical school at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. It was founded in 1810 as The Medical Institution of Yale College, the primary teaching hospital for the school is Yale-New Haven Hospital. The school is home to the Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, one of the largest modern medical libraries, the faculty includes 62 National Academy of Sciences members,40 Institute of Medicine investigators, and 16 Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigators. U. S. News and World Report currently ranks the Yale School of Medicine 7th in the country for research, entrance is highly selective, for the class of 2018, the school received 4,374 applications to fill its class of 104 students. The average GPA for Class of 2018 was a 3.81, the School of Medicine offers the Doctor of Medicine degree and a Master of Medical Science degree through the Yale Physician Associate Program for prospective physician assistants. Public health degrees are administered through the Yale School of Public Health, students pursuing a tuition-free fifth year of research are eligible for the Master of Health Science degree. The M. D. program is notable for its assessment of student achievement, in particular, the school employs the so-called Yale System established by Dean Winternitz in the 1920s, wherein first- and second-year students are not graded or ranked among their classmates. In addition, course examinations are anonymous, and are intended only for students self-evaluation, student performance is thus based on seminar participation, qualifying examinations, clinical clerkship evaluations, and the United States Medical Licensing Examination. Prior to graduation, students are required to submit a thesis based on original research, in 18th century United States, credentials were not needed to practice medicine. Prior to the founding of the school, Yale graduates would train through an apprenticeship in order to become physicians. Yale President Ezra Stiles conceived the idea of training physicians at Yale and ultimately, the school was chartered in 1810 and opened in New Haven in 1813. Nathan Smith and Benjamin Silliman were the first faculty members, Silliman was a professor of chemistry and taught at both Yale College and the Medical School. The other two founding faculty were Jonathan Knight, anatomy, physiology and surgery and Eli Ives, pediatrics, one of Yales earliest medical graduates was Dr. Asaph Leavitt Bissell of Hanover, New Hampshire, who graduated in 1815, a member of the schools second graduating class. Following his graduation, Dr. Bissell moved to Suffield, Connecticut, a community where his parents came from. The saddlebags that Dr. Bissell carried in his practice, packed with paper packets, the original building later became Sheffield Hall, part of the Sheffield Scientific School. In 1860, the moved to Medical Hall on York Street. In 1925, the moved to its current campus, neighboring the hospital. This campus includes the Sterling Hall of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Anlyan Center, before 1845, there was no dean
