Warsaw Citadel is a 19th-century fortress in Warsaw, Poland. It was built by order of Tsar Nicholas I after the suppression of the 1830 November Uprising in order to bolster imperial Russian control o
Aerial view of Citadel in 2024 with Polish Army Museum (on the left) and Museum of Polish History.
Romuald Traugutt's cell in the Tenth Pavilion
Crosses near execution site
Walls and Russian artillery (view from inside)
Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky, nicknamed Iron Felix, was a Bolshevik revolutionary and politician of Polish origin. From 1917 until his death in 1926, he led the first three Soviet secret police organ
Warsaw Citadel
…and father of Joseph Conrad; Romuald Traugutt, leader of the 1863 January Uprising; Jarosław Dąbrowski, later military chief of the 1871 Paris Commune; Feliks Dzierżyński, a leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and founder of the Cheka secret police; the Marxist theoretician and revolutionary, Róża Luksemburg; the…
Portrait by Moisey Nappelbaum [ru], 1919
Dzerzhinsky (left) with his fiancée Julia Goldman and her brother Mikhail Liber, 1904
Dzerzhinsky pictured with wife Sofia and son Janek in Lugano (Switzerland), October 1918
Dzerzhinsky at Oryol Prison, 1914