1.
Cinema of Spain
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The art of motion-picture making within the Kingdom of Spain or by Spanish filmmakers abroad is collectively known as Spanish Cinema. In recent years, Spanish cinema has achieved high marks of recognition, in the long history of Spanish cinema, the great filmmaker Luis Buñuel was the first to achieve universal recognition, followed by Pedro Almodóvar in the 1980s. I hope that Europeans will continue to lead the way in film making because at the moment not much is coming from the United States, only a small portion of box office sales in Spain are generated by domestic films. All of these films were produced by Spanish firms, the first Spanish film exhibition took place on May 5,1895, in Barcelona. Exhibitions of Lumière films were screened in Madrid and Barcelona in May and December of 1896, the matter of which Spanish film came first is in doubt. It is also possible that the first film was Riña en un café by the prolific filmmaker Fructuós Gelabert and these films were all released in 1897. In 1914, Barcelona was the center of the film industry. The españoladas predominated until the 1960s, prominent among these were the films of Florián Rey, starring Imperio Argentina, and the first version of Nobleza Baturra. Even the Nobel Prize-winning playwright Jacinto Benavente, who said that in film they pay me the scraps, in 1928, Ernesto Giménez Caballero and Luis Buñuel founded the first cine-club, in Madrid. By that point, Madrid was already the center of the industry,44 of the 58 films released up until that point had been produced there. The rural drama La aldea maldita was a hit in Paris, Un chien andalou has become one of the most well-known avant-garde films of that era. By 1931, the introduction of foreign productions had hurt the Spanish film industry to the point where only a single title was released that year. In 1935, Manuel Casanova founded the Compañía Industrial Film Española S. A. CIFESA would grow to become the biggest production company to ever exist in Spain. Sometimes criticized as an instrument of the wing, it nevertheless supported young filmmakers such as Luis Buñuel and his pseudo-documentary Las Hurdes. In 1933 it was responsible for filming 17 motion pictures and in 1934,21, by 1935 production had risen to 37 films. The Civil War devastated the silent film era, only 10% of all silent films made before 1936 survived the war, films were also destroyed for their celluloid content and made into goods. Around 1936, both sides of the Civil War began to use cinema as a means of propaganda and censorship, a typical example of this is Luis Buñuels España 1936, which also contains much rare newsreel footage. The pro-Franco side founded the National Department of Cinematography, causing many actors to go into exile
2.
Hidalgo (nobility)
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A hidalgo or a fidalgo is a member of the Spanish or Portuguese nobility, the feminine forms of the terms are hidalga, in Spanish, and fidalga, in Portuguese and Galician. In popular usage, the term identifies a nobleman without a hereditary title. In practice, hidalgos were exempted from paying taxes, yet owned little real property, since the twelfth century, the phrase fijo dalgo and its contraction, fidalgo, were used in the Kingdom of Castile and in the Kingdom of Portugal to identify a type of nobility. In Portugal, the cognate remained fidalgo, which identified nobles of a status to a hidalgo in Spain. In the Kingdom of Aragón, the infanzón was the counterpart of the Castilian hidalgo. The pronunciation changes in Spanish occurred during the late Middle Ages, the sounding was lost. In the Spanish language of that period, in the phrase Hijo de algo, in time, the term included the lower-ranking gentry, the untitled, lower stratum of the nobility who were exempted from taxation. The Siete Partidas, suggests that the word derives from itálico. There is no evidence for another popular false etymology that hidalgo is a corruption for hijo de godo, every noble was called Godo in the Kingdoms of Leon, Galicia, Portugal and Castile, as descendants of those from the Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo. The godo usage became common in the 11th century, when titles of nobility became common, the Goths used the terms hidalgo and Vesi to mean the good men. In Old Castile, the byname hidalgo was used alternatively with the toponymical term Vesi, the hidalguía has its origins in fighting men of the Reconquista. By the tenth century the term appears in Asturian-Leonese documents as a synonym for the Spanish and Medieval Latin terms caballero. These infanzones were vassals of the magnates and prelates and ran their estates for them as petty nobility. In these first centuries it was possible to become a miles simply by being able to provide. Only by the century did the ranks of the knights begin to be—in theory—closed by lineage. From their ranks were also drawn the representatives of the towns and it was in the twelfth century that this class, along with the upper nobility, began to be referred to as hidalgos. In this case, the legal document that verifies his nobility is called a carta ejecutoria de hidalguia. To qualify as an hidalgo solariego, one had to prove that all four of ones grandparents were hidalgos, Hidalgos solariegos were regarded as the most noble and treated with the most respect
3.
Marshall Plan
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The plan was in operation for four years beginning April 8,1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, make Europe prosperous once more, the Marshall Plan aid was divided amongst the participant states roughly on a per capita basis. A larger amount was given to the industrial powers, as the prevailing opinion was that their resuscitation was essential for general European revival. Somewhat more aid per capita was also directed towards the Allied nations, the largest recipient of Marshall Plan money was the United Kingdom, followed by France and West Germany. Some 18 European countries received Plan benefits, although offered participation, the Soviet Union refused Plan benefits, and also blocked benefits to Eastern Bloc countries, such as East Germany and Poland. The United States provided similar aid programs in Asia, but they were not called Marshall Plan, the initiative is named after Secretary of State George Marshall, who also served as the United States Army Chief of staff during WWII. The plan had bipartisan support in Washington, where the Republicans controlled Congress, Marshall spoke of an urgent need to help the European recovery in his address at Harvard University in June 1947. The purpose of the Marshall Plan was to aid in the recovery of nations after WWII as well as to antagonize the Soviet Union. In order to combat the effects of the Marshall Plan, the USSR developed its own economic plan and it was not as effective as the Marshall Plan, and in some ways contradictory to eastern block countries that served alongside the axis powers in WWII. The phrase equivalent of the Marshall Plan is often used to describe a proposed large-scale economic rescue program, the reconstruction plan, developed at a meeting of the participating European states, was drafted on June 5,1947. It offered the aid to the Soviet Union and its allies. In fact, the Soviet Union prevented its satellite states from accepting, Secretary Marshall became convinced Stalin had no interest in helping restore economic health in Western Europe. President Harry Truman signed the Marshall Plan on April 3,1948, the Marshall Plan was replaced by the Mutual Security Plan at the end of 1951, that new plan gave away about $7 billion annually until 1961 when it was replaced by another program. The ERP addressed each of the obstacles to postwar recovery, the plan looked to the future, and did not focus on the destruction caused by the war. By 1952, as the funding ended, the economy of every participant state had surpassed pre-war levels, for all Marshall Plan recipients, by the end of World War II, much of Europe was devastated. Sustained aerial bombardment during the war had badly damaged most major cities, the regions trade flows had been thoroughly disrupted, millions were in refugee camps living on aid from United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and other agencies. Food shortages were severe, especially in the winter of 1946–47. From July 1945 through June 1946, the United States shipped 16.5 million tons of food, primarily wheat, to Europe and Japan
4.
Andalusia
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Andalusia is an autonomous community in southern Spain. It is the most populated and the second largest in area of the communities in the country. The Andalusian autonomous community is recognised as historical nationality. The territory is divided into eight provinces, Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga and its capital is the city of Seville. Andalusia is the only European region with both Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines, the small British overseas territory of Gibraltar shares a three-quarter-mile land border with the Andalusian province of Cádiz at the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar. The main mountain ranges of Andalusia are the Sierra Morena and the Baetic System, consisting of the Subbaetic and Penibaetic Mountains, in the north, the Sierra Morena separates Andalusia from the plains of Extremadura and Castile–La Mancha on Spains Meseta Central. To the south the geographic subregion of Upper Andalusia lies mostly within the Baetic System, the name Andalusia is derived from the Arabic word Al-Andalus. Including an intense relationship with Naples, Italy, Andalusia has been a traditionally agricultural region, compared to the rest of Spain and the rest of Europe. However, the growth of the community especially in the sectors of industry and services was above average in Spain, the region has, however, a rich culture and a strong cultural identity. Many cultural phenomena that are seen internationally as distinctively Spanish are largely or entirely Andalusian in origin and these include flamenco and, to a lesser extent, bullfighting and Hispano-Moorish architectural styles. Andalusias hinterland is the hottest area of Europe, with cities like Córdoba, Late evening temperatures can sometimes stay around 35 °C until close to midnight, with daytime highs of over 40 °C common. Seville also has the highest average temperature in mainland Spain and mainland Europe. Its present form is derived from the Arabic name for Muslim Iberia. However, the etymology of the name Al-Andalus is disputed, the Spanish place name Andalucía was introduced into the Spanish languages in the 13th century under the form el Andalucía. This was a Castilianization of Al-Andalusiya, the form of the Arabic language al-Andalus. The etymology of al-Andalus is itself somewhat debated, but in fact it entered the Arabic language before this came under Muslim rule. Like the Arabic term al-Andalus, in historical contexts the Spanish term Andalucía or the English term Andalusia do not necessarily refer to the territory designated by these terms today. To designate the territories the Christians had regained by that time in the Guadalquivir valley and in the Kingdoms of Granada, in a document from 1253, Alfonso X styled himself Rey de Castilla, León y de toda Andalucía
5.
Western (genre)
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Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, mounted cavalry, settlers, Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting a. mythic vision of the plains, specific settings include ranches, small frontier towns, saloons, railways and isolated military forts of the Wild West. Many Westerns use a plot of depicting a crime, then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer, ending in revenge and retribution. The Western was the most popular Hollywood genre, from the early 20th century to the 1960s, Western films first became well-attended in the 1930s. John Fords landmark Western adventure Stagecoach became one of the biggest hits in 1939, Westerns were very popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Many of the most acclaimed Westerns were released during this time – including High Noon, Shane, The Searchers, the Western depicts a society organized around codes of honor and personal, direct or private justice–frontier justice–dispensed by gunfights. These honor codes are played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal revenge or retribution against someone who has wronged them. The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer, a showdown or duel at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns. In some ways, such protagonists may be considered the descendants of the knight errant which stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the Arthurian Romances. And like knights errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress, similarly, the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many characteristics with the ronin in modern Japanese culture. The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, Westerns often stress the harshness and isolation of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape. Apart from the wilderness, it is usually the saloon that emphasizes that this is the Wild West, it is the place to go for music, women, gambling, drinking, brawling and shooting. The American Film Institute defines western films as those set in the American West that embodies the spirit, the struggle, the term Western, used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World Magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th century popular Western fiction and were firmly in place before film became an art form. Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds, Western films were enormously popular in the silent film era. With the advent of sound in 1927-28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns, leaving the genre to smaller studios and these smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream star in the wake of a decade of headlining B westerns
6.
Conquistador
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Conquistadors /kɒŋˈkɪstəˌdɔːrz/ is a term used to refer to the soldiers and explorers of the Spanish Empire or the Portuguese Empire in a general sense. During the Age of Discovery, conquistadors sailed beyond Europe to the Americas, Oceania, Africa and Asia, conquering territory and they colonized much of the world for Spain and Portugal in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. Portugal established a route to China in the early 16th century, sending ships via the southern coast of Africa, human infections gained worldwide transmission vectors for the first time, from Africa and Eurasia to the Americas and vice versa. The spread of diseases, including smallpox, flu and typhus. In the 16th century perhaps 240,000 Europeans entered American ports, by the late 16th century silver imports from America provided one-fifth of Spains total budget. The conquistadors were professional warriors, using European tactics, firearms and their units would often specialize in forms of combat that required long periods of training that were too costly for informal groups. Their armies were composed of Iberian and other European soldiers. Native allied troops were largely equipped with armament and armour that varied geographically. Some groups consisted of men without military experience, Catholic clergy which helped with administrative duties. These native forces often included African slaves and Native Americans and they not only fought in the battlefield but served as interpreters, informants, servants, teachers, physicians, and scribes. India Catalina and Malintzin were Native American women slaves who worked for the Spaniards, Castilian law prohibited foreigners and non-Catholics from settling in the New World. However, not all conquistadors were Castilian, many foreigners Hispanicised their names and/or converted to Catholicism to serve the Castilian Crown. For example, Ioánnis Fokás was a Castilian of Greek origin who discovered the strait that bears his name between Vancouver Island and Washington State in 1592, german-born Nikolaus Federmann, Hispanicised as Nicolás de Federmán, was a conquistador in Venezuela and Colombia. The origin of people in mixed expeditions was not always distinguished. Castilian law banned Spanish women from travelling to America unless they were married and accompanied by a husband, women who travelled thus include María de Escobar, María Estrada, Marina Vélez de Ortega, Marina de la Caballería, Francisca de Valenzuela, Catalina de Salazar. Some conquistadors married Native American women or had illegitimate children, European young men enlisted in the army because it was one way out of poverty. Catholic priests instructed the soldiers in mathematics, writing, theology, Latin, Greek, and history, Kings army officers taught military arts. An uneducated young recruit could become a leader, elected by their fellow professional soldiers
7.
New World
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The New World is one of the names used for the Earths Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas. The term was coined by Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci, the Americas were also referred to as the fourth part of the world. New World are meaningful in historical context and for the purpose of distinguishing the worlds major ecozones, and to classify plant and animal species that originated therein. One can speak of the New World in a context, e. g. when discussing the voyages of Christopher Columbus. For lack of alternatives, the term is still useful to those discussing issues that concern the Americas. The term New World is used in a context, when one speaks of Old World. Biological taxonomists often attach the New World label to groups of species that are exclusively in the Americas, to distinguish them from their counterparts in the Old World. New World monkeys, New World vultures, New World warblers, the label is also often used in agriculture. Common Old World crops, and domesticated animals did not exist in the Americas until they were introduced by contact in the 1490s. Other famous New World crops include the cashew, cocoa, rubber, sunflower, tobacco, and vanilla, there are rare instances of overlap, e. g. In wine terminology, New World has a different definition, Vespucci was finally convinced when he proceeded on his mapping expedition through 1501-02, covering the huge stretch of coast of eastern Brazil. But this opinion is false, and entirely opposed to the truth, Vespuccis letter was a publishing sensation in Europe, immediately reprinted in several other countries. The Venetian explorer Alvise Cadamosto had used the term un altro mundo to refer to sub-Saharan Africa, however, this was merely a literary flourish, not a suggestion of a new fourth part of the world. Cadamosto was quite aware sub-Saharan Africa was firmly part of the African continent, the Italian-born Spanish chronicler Peter Martyr dAnghiera often shares credit with Vespucci for designating the Americas as a new world. Peter Martyr used the term Orbe Novo in the title of his history of the discovery of the Americas as a whole, a year later, Peter Martyr again refers to the marvels of the New Globe and the Western hemisphere. Christopher Columbus touched the continent of South America in his 1498 third voyage, in another letter, Columbus refers to having reached a new heavens and world and that he had placed another world under the dominion of the Kings of Spain. The Vespucci passage above applied the New World label to merely the continental landmass of South America, although the proceedings of the Toro-Burgos conferences are missing, it is almost certain that Vespucci articulated his recent New World thesis to his fellow navigators there. In English usage the term New World was problematic and only accepted relatively late, while it became generally accepted after Vespucci that Columbuss discoveries were not Asia but a New World, the geographic relationship between the two continents was still unclear
8.
Holy Week
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Holy Week in Christianity is the week just before Easter. In the West, it is also the last week of Lent, and includes Palm Sunday, Holy Wednesday, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday. It does not include Easter Sunday, although traditions observing the Easter Triduum may overlap or displace part of Holy Week or Easter itself within that additional liturgical period, Holy Week in the Christian year is the week immediately before Easter. In this text, abstinence from flesh is commanded for all the days, dionysius Alexandrinus in his canonical epistle, refers to the 91 fasting days implying that the observance of them had already become an established usage in his time. The Codex Theodosianus, however, is explicit in ordering that all actions at law should cease, of the particular days of the great week the earliest to emerge into special prominence was naturally Good Friday. Next came the Sabbatum Magnum with its vigil, which in the church was associated with an expectation that the second advent would occur on an Easter Sunday. Other writings that refer to related traditions of the early Church include, most notably, The Pilgrimage of Etheria, today, in the Western Christian Church, among Lutherans, Anglicans, Methodists, Presbyterians and Roman Catholics, the liturgies used for Holy Week are nearly identical. Holy Week begins with Palm Sunday, which may also be known as Passion Sunday in some denominations, traditionally, Palm Sunday commemorates the Triumphal entry into Jerusalem, one of the few events described in all four canonical gospels. As described in the accounts, Jesuss entry into Jerusalem was noted by the present who shouted praises. In the Roman Rite, before 1955 it was simply as Palm Sunday. From 1955 to 1971 it was called Second Sunday in Passiontide or Palm Sunday, among Lutherans and Anglicans, the day is known as the Sunday of the Passion, Palm Sunday. In many liturgical denominations, to commemorate the Messiahs entry into Jerusalem to accomplish his paschal mystery, immediately following this great time of celebration over the entrance of Jesus into Jerusalem, he begins his journey to the cross. The blessing is followed by a procession or solemn entrance into the church. The Mass or service of worship includes a reading of the Passion. The palms were then blessed with five prayers, and a procession went out of the church and on its return included a ceremony for the reopening of the doors, after this the normal Mass was celebrated. The days between Palm Sunday and Holy Thursday are known as Holy Monday, Holy Tuesday, and Holy Wednesday. Among them On Monday, some observe the anointing of Jesus at Bethany, other events which the Gospels tell of which may have occurred on this day include cursing the fig tree and the Cleansing of the Temple. On Tuesday, some observe Jesus predictions of his own death, as described in, on Wednesday, some observe the story of Judas arranging his betrayal of Jesus with the high priests
9.
Ku Klux Klan
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Historically the KKK used terrorism, both physical assault and murder, against groups or individuals whom they opposed. All three movements have called for the purification of American society, and all are considered right-wing extremist organizations, the first Klan flourished in the Southern United States in the late 1860s, then died out by the early 1870s. It sought to overthrow the Republican state governments in the South during the Reconstruction Era, with numerous chapters across the South, it was suppressed around 1871, through federal law enforcement. Members made their own, often colorful, costumes, robes, masks, and conical hats, designed to be terrifying, the second group was founded in 1915, and it flourished nationwide in the early and mid-1920s, particularly in urban areas of the Midwest and West. This second organization adopted a white costume and used code words which were similar to those used by the first Klan, while adding cross burnings. The third and current manifestation of the KKK emerged after 1950, in the form of small, local and they have focused on opposition to the Civil Rights Movement, often using violence and murder to suppress activists. It is classified as a group by the Anti-Defamation League. As of 2016, the Anti-Defamation League puts total Klan membership nationwide at around 3,000, the second and third incarnations of the Ku Klux Klan made frequent references to Americas Anglo-Saxon blood, hearkening back to 19th-century nativism. Although members of the KKK swear to uphold Christian morality, virtually every Christian denomination has officially denounced the KKK, the manual of rituals was printed by Laps D. McCord of Pulaski. According to The Cyclopædia of Fraternities, Beginning in April,1867, the members had conjured up a veritable Frankenstein. Although there was little organizational structure above the level, similar groups rose across the South and adopted the same name. Klan groups spread throughout the South as an insurgent movement promoting resistance, for example, Confederate veteran John W. Morton founded a chapter in Nashville, Tennessee. As a secret vigilante group, the Klan targeted freedmen and their allies, it sought to restore white supremacy by threats and violence, including murder, against black and white Republicans. In 1870 and 1871, the government passed the Enforcement Acts. The first Klan had mixed results in terms of achieving its objectives and it seriously weakened the black political establishment through its use of assassinations and threats of violence, it drove some people out of politics. Rable argues that the Klan was a failure and therefore was discarded by the Democratic leaders of the South. He says, the Klan declined in strength in part because of weaknesses, its lack of central organization. More fundamentally, it declined because it failed to achieve its central objective – the overthrow of Republican state governments in the South, for instance, the Red Shirts are credited with helping elect Wade Hampton as governor in South Carolina
10.
Committee on Un-American Activities
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The House Un-American Activities Committee was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. The HUAC was created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of citizens, public employees. In 1969, the House changed the name to House Committee on Internal Security. When the House abolished the committee in 1975, its functions were transferred to the House Judiciary Committee, the committees anti-communist investigations are often associated with those of Joseph McCarthy who, as a U. S. Senator, had no direct involvement with this House committee. McCarthy was the chairman of the Government Operations Committee and its Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the U. S. Senate, not the House. The Overman Committee was a subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary chaired by North Carolina Democratic Senator Lee Slater Overman that operated from September 1918 to June 1919, the subcommittee investigated German as well as Bolshevik elements in the United States. This committee was concerned with investigating pro-German sentiments in the American liquor industry. Among the committees targets were the American Civil Liberties Union and communist presidential candidate William Z. Foster, the committee was widely known as the McCormack-Dickstein committee. Its records are held by the National Archives and Records Administration as records related to HUAC, the committee investigated allegations of a fascist plot to seize the White House, known as the business plot. Although the plot was reported as a hoax, the committee confirmed some details of the accusations. It is unclear whether he passed on any information. It was chaired by Martin Dies, Jr. and therefore known as the Dies Committee, in 1938, Hallie Flanagan, the head of the Federal Theatre Project, was subpoenaed to appear before the committee to answer the charge the project was overrun with communists. Flanagan was called to testify for only a part of one day, in 1939, the committee investigated leaders of the American Youth Congress, a Communist International affiliate organization. The committee also put together an argument for the internment of Japanese Americans known as the Yellow Report, a number of anti-WRA arguments were presented in subsequent hearings, but Director Dillon Myer debunked the more inflammatory claims. Twenty years later, in 1965–1966, however, the committee did conduct an investigation into Klan activities under chairman Edwin Willis, the House Committee on Un-American Activities became a standing committee in 1945. Democratic Representative Edward J. Hart of New Jersey became the committees first chairman, under this mandate, the committee focused its investigations on real and suspected communists in positions of actual or supposed influence in the United States society. A significant step for HUAC was its investigation of the charges of espionage brought against Alger Hiss in 1948 and this investigation ultimately resulted in Hisss trial and conviction for perjury, and convinced many of the usefulness of congressional committees for uncovering communist subversion. In 1947, the committee held nine days of hearings into alleged communist propaganda, after conviction on contempt of Congress charges for refusal to answer some questions posed by committee members, The Hollywood Ten were blacklisted by the industry
11.
Biblical Magi
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They are regular figures in traditional accounts of the nativity celebrations of Christmas and are an important part of Christian tradition. According to Matthew, the one of the four Canonical gospels to mention the Magi. Although the account does not mention the number of Magi, the three gifts has led to the assumption that there were three men. In Eastern Christianity, especially the Syriac churches, the Magi often number twelve and their identification as kings in later Christian writings is probably linked to Psalms 72,11, May all kings fall down before him. For we observed his star at its rising, and have come to pay him homage. When King Herod heard this, he was frightened and all Jerusalem with him, then Herod secretly called for the wise men and learned from them the exact time when the star had appeared. Then he sent them to Bethlehem, saying, Go and search diligently for the child, and when you have found him, bring me word so that I may also go and pay him homage. When they had heard the king, they set out, and there, ahead of them, went the star that they had seen at its rising, when they saw that the star had stopped, they were overwhelmed with joy. On entering the house, they saw the child with Mary his mother, then, opening their treasure chests, they offered him gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. And having been warned in a not to return to Herod. This maximum interval explained Herods command at Matthew 2, 16–18 that the Massacre of the Innocents included boys up to two years old, more recent commentators, not tied to the traditional feast days, may suggest a variety of intervals. The wise men are mentioned twice shortly thereafter in verse 16, in reference to their avoidance of Herod after seeing Jesus, the star which they followed has traditionally become known as the Star of Bethlehem. The Magi are popularly referred to as wise men and kings, the word magi is the plural of Latin magus, borrowed from Greek μάγος magos, as used in the original Greek text of the Gospel of Matthew. Greek magos itself is derived from Old Persian maguŝ from the Avestan magâunô, the term refers to the Persian priestly caste of Zoroastrianism. As part of their religion, these priests paid particular attention to the stars and gained a reputation for astrology. The King James Version translates the term as wise men, the translation is applied to the wise men led by Daniel of earlier Hebrew Scriptures. The same word is given as sorcerer and sorcery when describing Elymas the sorcerer in Acts 13, 6–11, although the Magi are commonly referred to as kings, there is nothing in the account from the Gospel of Matthew that implies that they were rulers of any kind. Early readers reinterpreted Matthew in light of these prophecies and elevated the Magi to kings, by AD500 all commentators adopted the prevalent tradition that the three were kings
12.
Fernando Rey
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Fernando Casado Arambillet, best known as Fernando Rey, was a Spanish film, theatre, and television actor, who worked in both Europe and the United States. The debonair Rey was described by French Connection producer Philip DAntoni as the last of the Continental guys and he achieved his greatest notoriety after he turned 50, Perhaps it is a pity that my success came so late in life, he told the Los Angeles Times. It might have been better to have been successful while young, then your life is all before you to enjoy it. Rey was born in A Coruña, Spain, the son of Captain Casado Veiga and he studied architecture, but the Spanish Civil War interrupted his university studies which led him to his success. In 1936, Rey began his career in movies as an extra and it was then that he chose his stage name, Fernando Rey. He kept his first name, but took his mothers surname, Rey. In 1944, his first speaking role was the Duke of Alba in José López Rubios Eugenia de Montijo, four years later, he acted the part of Felipe I el Hermoso, King of Spain, in the Spanish cinema blockbuster Locura de amor. This was the start of a career in film, radio, theatre. Rey was also a dubbing actor in Spanish television. In fact, Rey acted in four different film versions of Don Quixote in different roles, if one counts the Welles version. However, in the term, Buñuels disconcerting public remark on Reys performance in other Bardems film, Sonatas, I love how this actor plays a corpse. Nevertheless, eventually Rey became Buñuels preferred actor and closest friend, Reys first international performance was in The Night Heaven Fell a 1958 French-Italian film directed by Roger Vadim, where he acted alongside Stephen Boyd, Marina Vlady and Brigitte Bardot. Previously he had played in an American TV series, It happens in Spain, the story of the exploits of a detective, operating out in Spain. In 1959, Rey co-starred with Steve Reeves and Christine Kaufmann in the Italian sword and it was his work with Orson Welles and Luis Buñuel during the 1960s and 1970s that made Rey internationally prominent, becoming the first international Spanish actor. Rey starred in Buñuels Viridiana, Tristana, The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie, for Welles, Rey performed in two completed films, Chimes at Midnight and The Immortal Story. Rey played memorably the French villain Alain Charnier in William Friedkins The French Connection, Rey was hired after he flew to New York to be met by a surprised Friedkin. Reys English and French were not perfect, but Friedkin discovered that Rabal spoke neither of them, and opted to keep Rey, along 1970s and 1980s Rey played in many international co-productions, some of his appearances being cameos. One of Reys greater successes in years was Elisa, vida mía
13.
Alberto Romea
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Alberto Romea was a Spanish actor. Romea appeared in more than fifty films during his career including Lola, doña Clarines, by Hermanos Álvarez Quintero. No somos nadie, by Carlos Fernández Shaw, la losa de los sueños, by Jacinto Benavente. Puebla de las Mujeres, by Hermanos Álvarez Quintero, la propia estimación, by Jacinto Benavente. La campana, by Luis Fernández Ardavín, el abuelo, by Benito Pérez Galdós. Los chatos, by Pedro Muñoz Seca, canción de cuna, by Gregorio Martínez Sierra. Celos del aire, de José López Rubio, the Cinema of Spain and Portugal. Alberto Romea at the Internet Movie Database
14.
Sheldon Adelson
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Sheldon Gary Adelson is an American business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. He also owns the Israeli daily newspaper Israel Hayom, and the Las Vegas Review-Journal, Adelson, a lifelong donor and philanthropist to a variety of causes, founded with his wifes initiative the Adelson Foundation. As of August 2016, Adelson was listed by Forbes as having a fortune of US$32.2 billion and he is a major contributor to Republican Party candidates. He has been one of the largest donors, of any party and he was the largest donor to Donald Trumps 2016 presidential campaign with a total of $125 million. Sheldon Gary Adelson was born into a family and grew up in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. His family was of Ukrainian and Lithuanian Jewish ancestry and his mother immigrated from England, and one of his grandfathers was a Welsh coalminer. His father drove a taxi, and his mother ran a knitting shop and he started his business career at the age of 12, when he borrowed $200 from his uncle and purchased a license to sell newspapers in Boston. At age 16 in 1948, he then borrowed $10,000 from his uncle to start a candy-vending-machine business and he attended trade school to become a court reporter and subsequently joined the army. Adelson attended City College of New York, but decided to out to dedicate his full time to entrepreneurship. He established a business selling toiletry kits after being discharged from the army then started another business named De-Ice-It, in the 1960s, he started a charter tours business. He had soon become a millionaire, although by his 30s he had built, over the course of his business career, Adelson has created almost 50 of his own businesses. In the late 1970s, Adelson and his partners developed the trade shows COMDEX, for the computer industry. It was the computer trade show through much of the 1980s and 1990s. In 1995, Adelson and his partners sold the Interface Group Show Division, including the COMDEX shows, to SoftBank Corporation of Japan for $862 million, Adelsons share was over $500 million. In 1988, Adelson and his partners purchased the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, the hangout of Frank Sinatra. The following year, Adelson and his partners constructed the Sands Expo and Convention Center, in 1991, while honeymooning in Venice with his second wife, Miriam, Adelson found the inspiration for a mega-resort hotel. He razed the Sands and spent $1.5 billion to construct The Venetian, the Venetian opened May 3,1999. In 2003, The Venetian added the 1, 013-suite Venezia tower – giving the hotel 4,049 suites,18 restaurants, Adelson said that he planned to open more hotels under brands such as Four Seasons, Sheraton and St. Regis
15.
El Mundo (Spain)
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El Mundo is the second largest printed daily newspaper in Spain. The paper is considered one of the newspapers of record along with El País. El Mundo was first published on 23 October 1989, perhaps the best known of its founders was Pedro J. Ramírez, who served as editor until 2014. Ramirez had risen to prominence as a journalist during the Spanish transition to democracy, the other founders, Alfonso de Salas, Balbino Fraga and Juan González, shared with Ramírez a background in Grupo 16, the publishers of the newspaper Diario 16. Alfonso de Salas, Juan Gonzales and Gregorio Pena also launched El Economista in 2006, El Mundo, along with Marca and Expansión, is controlled by the Italian publishing company RCS MediaGroup through its Spanish subsidiary company Unidad Editorial S. L. Its former owner was Unedisa which merged with Grupo Recoletos in 2007 to form Unidad Editorial, the paper has its headquarters in Madrid, but maintains several news bureaus in other cities. The daily has an edition and ten different regional editions, including those for Andalusia, Valencia, Castile and León. It is published in tabloid format, in 2005 El Mundo started a supplement for women, Yo Donna, which was modelled on IO Donna, a supplement of the Italian daily Corriere della Sera. In January 2014 Pedro J. Ramírez, editor of the paper, was fired from his post and he argued that reporting on corruption scandals involving Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy led to his sacking. Casimiro García-Abadillo served as editor until April 2015, when he was replaced in turn by David Jiménez, editorially, El Mundo often expresses the mainstream views of the centre-right with independent and liberal overtones. Other Spanish media, such as El País, ABC and the Cadena SER radio network, accused El Mundo, the bombings and the results of the subsequent judicial inquiry are still debated in Spain today. The circulation of El Mundo rose in the 1990s and it was 209,992 copies in 1993268,748 copies in 1994 In 2001 El Mundo had a circulation of 291,000 copies and it was 312,366 copies next year. The paper had a circulation of 300,000 copies in 2003, based on the findings of the European Business Readership Survey El Mundo had 11,591 readers per issue in 2006. Its circulation between June 2006 and July 2007 was 337,172 copies, the 2007 circulation of the paper was 337,000 copies. It was 338,286 copies in 2008 and had 200,000 readers for the edition in 2009. The circulation of the paper was 266,294 copies in 2011, El Mundo is currently the second digital newspaper in Spanish. It was previously in the lead after El País introduced a payment system for access to the contents of its electronic version and it had 24 million unique web visitors per month in 2009. Many online readers are in Latin America, and the website has an edition for the Americas, however, digital expansion has done little to offset the decline in revenues from Spanish advertisers since 2008
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IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
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Boyfriend in Sight
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Novio a la vista, or Boyfriend in Sight is a 1954 Spanish comedy film directed by Luis García Berlanga. It is based on an idea by Spanish filmmaker Edgar Neville, in 1914 a young Spanish woman is taken to a coastal resort by her parents to find her a suitable husband. Novio a la vista at the Internet Movie Database
18.
The Executioner (1963 film)
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The Executioner is a 1963 Spanish black comedy film directed by Luis García Berlanga. It is widely considered one of the masterpieces of Spanish cinema, the story starts with the main character approaching retirement age. As his profession is rare, he begins to worry about who might take his place when he retires. He has a daughter, but, unfortunately, she seems doomed to perpetual spinsterhood, as soon as any prospective groom learns about her dad and her dads trade, he runs away from her, scared. However, a new character enters, the undertaker, a young handsome man who has exactly the same problem. No girl wants him given his profession, so, you have the woman whom almost nobody would marry and the man whom almost nobody would marry. Obviously, they are meant for other and soon get married. The Executioner was the feature film written and directed by Luis García Berlanga in collaboration with his longtime associate. The story pivots upon the fate of a pleasant, if somewhat timid, young undertaker whose dream is to go to Germany and this dream is thwarted when he happens to meet the executioner in a prison where both of them are plying their trade. In spite of the aversion that the man feels for the executioner, he not only ends up marrying the executioners daughter. The Executioner is a farce or domestic comedy filled with macabre touches and scenes of black humor in which the associated with death are transgressed. Even the actual mode of execution is the subject of jokes as the executioner. The film is punctuated with these bits of humor as well as with comic reversals that take the audience by surprise. A fine example of this occurs at the end of the movie when the executioner is carried kicking and screaming like the victim into the prison where he will perform his first execution. Berlangas irreverent treatment of death is symptomatic of a found in all of his movies, to send up pomposity and pretensions. In one sense, the film is about two outcasts, the undertaker and the daughter, both of whom are avoided by everyone. When they join together, it is with the hope of having a life, but as Berlanga demonstrates. Like other protagonists in Berlangas film, the undertaker becomes caught up in a destiny which he did not choose and he is a victim of innocent concessions made along the way that ultimately lead him to be sentenced to his fate of becoming the executioner
19.
The Heifer
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La vaquilla is a 1985 Spanish comedy film written and directed by Luis García Berlanga. It was the first comedy made about the Spanish Civil War, during the Spanish Civil War on the Aragón frontline the speakers of the Nationalist troops announce a Fiesta in a nearby village which includes a bull run and religious procession. A group of Republican soldiers infiltrate the Nationalist side to steal the animal for two reasons, to ruin the holiday for the Nationalists and because their food stores are low, brigada Castro, a professional Republican soldier. Mariano, a Republican soldier coming from a village across the frontline, limeño, a Republican soldier who was a bullfighter before the war. Chosen to kill the heifer, he is afraid of bulls. Lieutenat Broseta, a Republican officer who was a hairdresser before the war and he longs for his profession and threatens to punish failure with a complete head shave. Priest, a Republican soldier who almost became Catholic priest, Republican Colonel Guadalupe, daughter of a Republican and girlfriend of the absent Republican Mariano, she is dating a nationalist Alférez. Nationalist Commander, has to deal with his troops and the local aristocrats, juana, mother of Guadalupe, has to hide her Republican husband. Alférez, a Nationalist officer courting Guadalupe, the marquis is the local aristocrat. He tries to convince the commander to push the front so that all his enormous estate and his inherited gout forbids him to walk. The film was mainly in Sos del Rey Católico with many locals as extras. In 2009 the village homaged the surviving artists, la vaquilla at the Internet Movie Database
