1.
University of Maine at Farmington
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The school is also at times referred to as UMaine Farmington or UMF for short. In March 1863, a Normal School Act passed into law, founded in 1864 as the states first publicly-funded normal school, the first class graduated from the Western State Normal School in 1866. The school merged into the University of Maine System in 1968 to become the University of Maine at Farmington, many early graduates attended the school for its liberal arts offerings alone. Among these were the Stanley brothers, famous for building the Stanley Steamer automobile, another famous graduate from the university is comedian Bob Marley, who graduated with a degree in community health. Interest in the arts continued unabated, and the college offered its first degree programs in the liberal arts in 1971. By the 1974–75 school year, nearly 300 students were enrolled in liberal arts majors, on April 26,2016 Maines governor Paul LePage abruptly walked out of a dedication ceremony for the Theodora J. Kalikow Education Center. Kalikow was UMFs president for 18 years and retired in 2012, at the ceremony two students held signs that criticized the government on environmental issues. During LePages speech he saw the signs and after 45 seconds of speaking, he said, Im sorry, Im done, on his way LePage stated Thank you, you idiots out back there with the signs. The 44,500 square foot building is home to UMFs College of Education, Health, the building features a geothermal heating and cooling system as well as recycled and sustainable construction materials. The university has a 15,1 student/faculty ratio and a class size of 19. With the approval of the Arts and Sciences Committee, students may choose to design their own academic program through interdisciplinary studies or an individualized major and it also offers a unique certificate program in Ski Industries. UMF programs in education are accredited by the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education. In January 2008, the university announced they plan to offer a Masters of Science in Education graduate degree program and it will allow students to focus in one of four concentrations, Educational Technology, Literature and Literacy, School Administration or one designed by the participant. The University started to accept applications as it awaited approval by New England Association of Schools, NEASC approved the initial degree offering on June 4,2008. Her alternately funny and sad collection of essays, Slippery Men, recounts the tough, quirky lives of Mainers — and folks from other places — in calm, exacting, poetic detail. The book, which garnered her the Stonecoast Book Prize, lifted her into the short list of great Maine writers, in addition to her book, her essays have appeared in numerous literary magazines, and have been heard on both Maine Public Radio and National Public Radio. The University of Maine at Farmington arts program was responsible for a flag display that involved placing American flag-like pieces on the floor of the student center. There was an uproar on campus concerning the event and the administrations support of the artists First Amendment rights to use the flag in any manner of expression she chose to
2.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
3.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
4.
Edward B. Montgomery
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Montgomery is an American economist, academic, and politician. As of April 2009, he is a member of the Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry and Director of Recovery for Auto Communities, on August 15,2010, Montgomery became the Dean of the Georgetown Public Policy Institute at Georgetown University. Montgomery graduated from Taylor Allderdice High School in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and he earned his bachelors degree magna cum laude from Pennsylvania State University in 1976 and his masters and doctoral degrees in economics from Harvard University in 1980 and 1982, respectively. His doctoral dissertation was titled Tests of Alternative Hypotheses on the Decline in the Personal Saving Rate, from 1981 to 1990, Montgomery served as an assistant/associate professor in the Department of Economics at Michigan State University. In 1990, he was appointed at the rank of professor in the Department of Economics at the University of Maryland, College Park. From 1997 to 1999 Montgomery served as chief economist of the United States Department of Labor in the administration of President Bill Clinton, from 2000 to 2001, he served as Deputy Secretary of Labor, the second highest position in that department. From 2003 to 2009, he served as dean of the College of Behavioral and Social Sciences at the University of Maryland, College Park. In late 2008, after the election of Barack Obama as President of the United States, in February 2009, he was named by Obama to the Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry. On March 30,2009, Obama appointed Montgomery as Director of Recovery for Auto Communities and this position oversees the health of the struggling United States automobile industry as a result of the Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2009. Montgomery married in 1994 and has three children and his father was pioneering labor historian David Montgomery
5.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
6.
Kalamazoo, Michigan
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Kalamazoo /ˌkæləməˈzuː/ is a city in the southwest region of the U. S. state of Michigan. It is the county seat of Kalamazoo County, as of the 2010 census, Kalamazoo had a total population of 74,262. Kalamazoo is the city of the Kalamazoo-Portage Metropolitan Statistical Area. Kalamazoo is equidistant from the major American cities of Chicago and Detroit, one of Kalamazoos most notable features is the Kalamazoo Mall, an outdoor pedestrian shopping mall. The city created the mall in 1959 by closing part of Burdick Street to auto traffic, Kalamazoo is home to Western Michigan University, a large public university, Kalamazoo College, a liberal arts school, and Kalamazoo Valley Community College, a two-year community college. Originally known as Bronson in the township of Arcadia, the names of both the city and the township were changed to Kalamazoo in 1836 and 1837, respectively, the Kalamazoo name comes from a Potawatomi word, first found in a British report in 1772. However, the Kalamazoo River, which passes through the city of Kalamazoo, was located on the route between Detroit and Fort Saint-Joseph. French-Canadian traders, missionaries, and military personnel were quite familiar with this area during the French era, the name for the Kalamazoo River was then known by Canadians and French as La rivière Kikanamaso. The name Kikanamaso was also recorded by Father Pierre Potier, a Jesuit missionary for the Huron-Wendats at the Assumption mission, while en route to Fort Saint-Joseph during the fall of 1760. Legend has it that Ki-ka-ma-sung, meaning boiling water, referring to a footrace held each fall by local Native Americans, still another theory is that it means the mirage or reflecting river. Another legend is that the image of boiling water referred to fog on the river as seen from the hills above the current downtown, the name was also given to the river that flows almost all the way across the state. The name Kalamazoo, which sounds unusual to English-speaking ears, has become a metonym for exotic places, today, T-shirts are sold in Kalamazoo with the phrase Yes, there really is a Kalamazoo. The area on which the city of Kalamazoo stands was once home to Native Americans of the Hopewell culture. Evidence of their early residency remains in the form of a mound in downtowns Bronson Park. The Hopewell civilization began to decline after the 8th century and was replaced by other groups, the Potawatomi culture lived in the area when the first European explorers arrived. René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, passed just southeast of the present city of Kalamazoo in late March 1680, the first Europeans to reside in the area were itinerant fur traders in the late 18th and early 19th century. There are records of several traders wintering in the area, during the War of 1812, the British established a smithy and a prison camp in the area. The 1821 Treaty of Chicago ceded the territory south of the Grand River to the United States federal government, however, the area around present-day Kalamazoo was reserved as the village of Potawatomi Chief Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish
7.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
8.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
9.
Western Michigan Broncos
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The Western Michigan Broncos are a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Football Bowl Subdivision team representing Western Michigan University. The mens ice hockey competes in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference. The Broncos also have a team, the SkyBroncos, who have won the National Intercollegiate Flying Association National Championship award five times. The Broncos have won two NCAA national championships, the mens cross country team won the NCAA title in 1964 and 1965. WMU finished as runners up in 1955 for baseball and 1958 for mens cross country. The facilities include Waldo Stadium, University Arena, Lawson Arena, Hyames Field, Ebert Field, Sorensen Courts/West Hills Athletic Club, the soccer teams compete at the WMU Soccer Complex located near the Parkview Campus. The schools primary rival is Central Michigan University, John Gill, an assistant coach on the football team who later served as head coach, coined the new athletic nickname after approval for the name change was granted by the schools athletic board. In 2011, WMU commissioned artist Revere La Noue to create a 6, WMU president John Dunn has said that the work, Epic Broncos, captures the history and pride of being a Bronco. A member of the West Division of the Mid-American Conference, Western Michigan sponsors teams in 6 mens and 10 womens NCAA sanctioned sports, notes The baseball team has represented WMU since its first season in 1911, compiling an overall record of 1, 822–1349–23 through 2012. They have appeared in the College World Series six times, most recently in 1963, in the 1955 College World Series, WMU finished as the NCAA runner-up, losing to Wake Forest 7–6 in the championship game. WMU has won 15 Mid-American Conference championships, including 13 of 19 from 1949 to 1967 and most recently, the Broncos are coached by Billy Gernon. The mens soccer won the MAC tournament championship in 2003. They are coached by Chad Wiseman, a famous former player is Rob Friend, who transferred to the University of California, Santa Barbaras Mens Soccer program. He plays in Major League Soccer for the LA Galaxy, as well as the Canadian National Team, on November 9,2013, Western Michigan womens soccer team won the Mid-American Conference tournament championship and a trip to the NCAA tournament. The MAC Championship is the second for the program, coming 10 years from the first one in 2003, the Bronco softball team has appeared in three Womens College World Series, in 1980,1981 and 1982. The volleyball team has been competing at Western Michigan University since 1965, in that span, the team has won 7 MAC regular season championships and 4 MAC tournament championships. WMUs all-time overall record is 705-482-9 and all-time conference record is 261-122, the Broncos are coached by Colleen Munson. In her two years at WMU, she has compiled a 41-24 record, the mens cross country team won the NCAA Division I championship in 1964 and 1965, and finished as national runners up in 1958
10.
NCAA Division I
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Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 2006, Division I-A and I-AA were renamed Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, respectively. FCS teams are allowed to award scholarships, a practice technically allowed. FBS teams also have to meet attendance requirements, while FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. Another difference is post season play, starting with the 2014 postseason, a four-team playoff called the College Football Playoff, replaced the previous one game championship format. Even so, Division I FBS football is still the only NCAA sport in which a champion is not determined by an NCAA-sanctioned championship event. All D-I schools must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, Several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III. Each playing season has to be represented by each gender as well, there are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria. Mens and womens teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams, for men, they must play one-third of all their contests in the home arena. The NCAA has limits on the financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. Equivalency sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport, the term counter is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a counter as an individual who is receiving financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport. The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in sport is listed below. In this table, scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a point, for equivalency sports, they are listed with a decimal point. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport, participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football
11.
Mid-American Conference
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Nine of the twelve full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan, with single members located in Illinois, Indiana, and New York. For football, the MAC participates in the NCAAs Football Bowl Subdivision, the MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, and has two members in the nearby Akron area. The MAC has been referred to as the Conference of Quarterbacks because of the accomplishments of former players in the National Football League. The conference also ranks highest among all eleven NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates, Wayne University left after the first year. Miami University and Western Michigan University took the place of those charter members for the 1948 season, the MAC added the University of Toledo, Kent State University, and Bowling Green State University. The University of Cincinnati resigned its membership February 18,1953, the membership was steady for the next two decades except for the addition of Marshall University in 1954 and the departure of Western Reserve in 1955. Marshall was expelled from the conference in 1969 due to NCAA violations, NIU left after the 1985–86 season. The University of Akron joined the conference in 1992, the conference became the largest in Division I-A with the re-admittance of Marshall and NIU and addition of the State University of New York at Buffalos Bulls in 1997 and 1998, respectively. The University of Central Florida joined for football only in 2002, Marshall and Central Florida would leave after the 2004–05 academic year, both joining Conference USA in all sports. In May 2005, the Temple Owls in Philadelphia signed a contract with the MAC as a football-only school. The Missouri State Bears, Evansville Purple Aces, and Southern Illinois Salukis participate in the MAC for mens swimming and diving, in 2012, the West Virginia Mountaineers joined the Florida Atlantic Owls and Hartwick College Hawks as mens soccer affiliates. Missouri, Northern Iowa, and Old Dominion are wrestling affiliates, the Missouri State Bears are also an affiliate for field hockey. The UMass Minutemen joined the MAC as a member in July 2012. Meanwhile, Temple ended its affiliation with the MAC in football, the Chicago State Cougars were an affiliate for mens tennis until joining the Western Athletic Conference, which sponsors that sport, in July 2013. There are twelve schools with membership, Ten schools have MAC affiliate membership status. On July 1,2012, Temple joined the Big East Conference for football only, on September 19,2012, the MAC announced Missouri, Northern Iowa and Old Dominion would join as wrestling affiliates, as the Southeastern and Missouri Valley Conferences do not sponsor wrestling. Missouri and Northern Iowa participated only in the tournament in the 2012–13 school year. Old Dominion did not begin MAC competition until 2013–14, when it left the Colonial Athletic Association for Conference USA, the 2014–15 school year saw one affiliate member leave for another conference and two new affiliates join
12.
National Collegiate Hockey Conference
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The National Collegiate Hockey Conference is an NCAA mens division I hockey conference formed on July 9,2011. The league began playing for the 2013–2014 season, the season that the Big Ten Conference began competition, as a combination of six previous members of the WCHA. The league is headquartered in Colorado Springs, Colorado, josh Fenton has served as conference commissioner since July 1,2013. Some of the teams of the WCHA and CCHA began talks to form a league that would ensure their survival as financially strong. On September 22,2011, St. Cloud State University, on March 7,2013 the NCHC unveiled the logo for the inaugural season. It features a design with the colors red, white. Inside the shield are eight stars, presumably representing the eight members. At the conclusion of regular season schedule the coaches of each NCHC team vote which players they choose to be on the three All-Conference Teams, first team, second team and rookie team. Additionally they vote to award the 10 individual trophies to a player at the same time. The CCHA also awards Most Valuable Player in Tournament which is voted on at the conclusion of the conference tournament, all of the awards were created for the inaugural season. Western Collegiate Hockey Association Central Collegiate Hockey Association Big Ten Conference Battle for the Gold Pan, a famous rivalry between Colorados two NCHC schools NCHC Hockey Homepage
13.
Buster Bronco (Western Michigan)
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Buster Bronco is the official Mascot of Western Michigan University athletic teams. Born in 1988, Buster is a member of the WMU Cheer Team. Along with cheering at Bronco athletic events, Buster also makes appearances at community school, hospitals, initially Buster was a student dressed in a horses head. After a few changes, the current Buster Bronco took the form seen today in 1991, List of U. S. college mascots List of colleges by mascot
14.
Research university
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Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names. From the late 20th century to the present, U. S. research universities have dominated most international college and university rankings
15.
Dwight B. Waldo
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Dr. Dwight Bryant Waldo was the first President of Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Waldo was born in Arcade, N. Y. but spent his childhood in Plainwell, Waldo was elected principal of WMU on April 1,1904. He served as president from 1904 through 1936, when Western Michigan first opened, it was known as the Western State Normal School and later as the Western State Teachers College. One of Waldos first moves, creating a school department. It was the first such department in the nation and prepared teachers to educate students in rural parts of America. Waldo also firmly believed in diversity on campus, and during his tenure many females and minorities were given the opportunity to attend the college, in the beginning Western Michigan served as a two-year normal school, but under Waldos guidance it was soon structured into a four-year teachers college. He also served as one of the first instructors at WMU, Waldo is credited with keeping WMU open when many government officials wanted to shut it during the Great Depression. The schools football stadium and library are named in his honor, in 1912, Kalamazoo College awarded Waldo a Doctor of Laws as an honorary degree for his accomplishments at WMU. In 1932, Michigan State University awarded Waldo an honorary Doctor of Letters, Waldo was born in Arcade, New York, son of Simeon Smith Waldo and Martha Ann Bryant Waldo, during the final year of the Civil War. He and his moved to Plainwell, Michigan in about 1874. Waldo graduated from Plainwell High School and Albion College and he married first Minnie Strong and after Minnies death, he married Eliza Lilian Trudgeon on September 14,1904. Waldo was noted for his interest and research into the life of Abraham Lincoln and his personal collection of Lincoln memorabilia is one of many displays at Waldo Library. A WMU librarian and Dwight Waldo Historian stated, Waldos vision, tough love leadership style and unique combination of pragmatism and idealism are legendary around campus, Waldo had a pet parrot named Jimmy Boy. Despite claims that he walked around campus with the parrot, there is no evidence of this, Waldo was also a history and economics teacher at Albion College before becoming principal at Northern State
16.
International Congress on Medieval Studies
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The International Congress on Medieval Studies is an annual academic conference held for scholars specializing in, or with an interest in, medieval studies. It is sponsored by Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo, Michigan and is held during the first half of May, the Congress is the largest annual gathering in the field, regularly attracting over three thousand registered participants. The 50th annual conference took place in 2015, in 1962, the newly established Institute for Medieval Studies at Western Michigan University organized a biennial gathering known as the Conference on Medieval Studies. By 1970, participation had grown significantly and the gathering was made an annual affair, unusual for the time, the organizers issued calls for papers which were open to all in the field who were interested, including graduate students. In the program of the 50th Congress, John Sommerfeldt reminisces about the inception of the conference as a place where bright young scholars could be heard. The directors, following John Sommerfeldt, include Otto Gründler, Paul E. Szarmach, James M. Murray, the Medieval Academy of America has held its annual meetings at the Congress in 1974 and 1982. The Academy began sponsoring a plenary session in 1992 and maintains a committee for this purpose, the Congress is typically held during the first or second week of May, and runs from Thursday morning through Sunday afternoon. Most events are held on the West Campus of Western Michigan University, an excerpt from the schedule of the 42nd International Congress on Medieval studies, held in May 2007, illustrates the structure and events of the Congress as described below. Sessions form the bulk of the activity at the Congress, there are three main types of sessions, The vast majority of sessions are presentations of research. These sessions typically consist of two and four presentations given by scholars in the field who present papers or other updates on the findings of their current research. Each of these sessions is organized around a theme under which the constituent presentations fit, a minority of sessions are organized as roundtable discussions, in which a discussion on a predetermined topic takes place in at least a partially spontaneous manner. Short, prepared presentations are given as part of the roundtable. A few sessions are organized as workshops, in which attendees are active participants and these focus on the teaching and practice of new skills. Many sessions have a group, although individuals or the Congress may organize sessions. Many of the sessions are sponsored by academic associations, universities, or publishers, approximately six hundred sessions are held across twelve different time slots during the four days. Each session is scheduled to last ninety minutes, two plenary lectures are given during the conference, at the beginning of the day on Friday and Saturday. The exhibits hall is open during the length of the Congress, a minority of the hall also features handcrafts, music, and foodstuffs for sale. In 2007, approximately seventy exhibitors participated, the Congress serves as a rare chance for international societies of medieval specialists to gather in person, and dozens of business meetings are conducted during breaks between sessions
17.
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School
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Western Michigan University Cooley Law School is an American Bar Association accredited law school. Its main campus is in Lansing, Michigan and its campuses are in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Auburn Hills, Michigan. First year courses may be taken at Western Michigan Universitys Kalamazoo campus, an affiliation between Cooley and Western Michigan University went into effect on August 13,2014. According to Cooleys ABA required disclosures, only 27. 4% of graduates from the class of 2015 obtained full time, long term,23. 8% of graduates were unemployed 9 months after graduation. Only 51. 86% of graduates managed to pass a bar exam in 2015. The law school is named in honor of Thomas McIntyre Cooley, Cooley was also a dean of the University of Michigan Law School and visiting faculty at Johns Hopkins University. Thomas E. Brennan, also a former Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court, led a group of lawyers, on July 28,2014, the ABA and The Higher Learning Commission gave their approval to the affiliation between Cooley and Western Michigan University. On August 13,2014, the affiliation became official and included Cooley changing its name from Thomas M. Cooley Law School to Western Michigan University Cooley Law School, Cooley prepares its graduates for entry into the legal profession. While most students work toward a Juris Doctor degree, Cooley also offers the Master of Laws degree as well as joint degrees in Master of Business Administration, Cooley awards the following types of degrees, J. D. J. D. /M. P. A. - Corporate Law and Finance LL. M, - Homeland and National Security Law LL. M. Legal Studies for Foreign Attorneys J. D, Cooley has been accredited by the American Bar Association since 1975 and by The Higher Learning Commission since 2001. Cooley offers clinical programs at each campus, Cooley also offers an elder law clinic, Sixty Plus, Inc. The Access to Justice Clinic provides a civil practice, focusing on family. Free legal help in family law and domestic violence matters is offered at the Family Legal Assistance Project, Cooley offers externships throughout the United States at over 2600 approved externship sites. Student externs work under the supervision of experienced attorneys, with the guidance of full-time faculty, Cooley is currently the Executive Office of Scribes, The American Society of Legal Writers. Cooley has a library at each of its five campuses, Legal research can be conducted at the libraries through a variety of media, including print, electronic, and multimedia sources. Reference librarians are present at each campus, the libraries have a total of about 60 staff. CoolCat is the library catalog
18.
National Collegiate Athletic Association
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The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals. It also organizes the programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2014, the NCAA generated almost a billion dollars in revenue. 80 to 90% of this revenue was due to the Division I Mens Basketball Tournament and this revenue is then distributed back into various organizations and institutions across the United States. In August 1973, the current three-division setup of Division I, Division II, under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships, generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all, in 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision. Inter-collegiate sports began in the US in 1852 when crews from Harvard University, as other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, the IAAUS was officially established on March 31,1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910. For several years, the NCAA was a group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, a series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The Sanity Code – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance. The complexity of problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, previously an executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951. Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, as college athletics grew, the scope of the nations athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III, five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in football. Until the 1980s, the association did not offer womens athletics, instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, with nearly 1000 member schools, governed womens collegiate sports in the United States
19.
U.S. News & World Report
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U. S. News & World Report is an American media company that publishes news, opinion, consumer advice, rankings, and analysis. Founded as a magazine in 1933, U. S. News transitioned to primarily web-based publishing in 2010. The rankings are popular in North America but have drawn criticism from colleges, administrations, and students for their dubious, disparate. The ranking system by U. S. News is usually contrasted with the Washington Monthly, United States News was founded in 1933 by David Lawrence, who also started World Report in 1946. The two magazines covered national and international news separately, but Lawrence merged them into U. S. News & World Report in 1948 and subsequently sold the magazine to his employees. Historically, the magazine tended to be more conservative than its two primary competitors, Time and Newsweek, and focused more on economic, health. It also eschewed sports, entertainment, and celebrity news, important milestones in the early history of the magazine include the introduction of the Washington Whispers column in 1934 and the News You Can Use column in 1952. In 1958, the magazines circulation passed one million and reached two million by 1973. Since 1983, it has become known primarily for its influential ranking and annual reports of colleges and graduate schools, spanning across most fields and its print edition was consistently included in national bestseller lists, augmented by online subscriptions. Additional rankings published by U. S. News & World Report include hospitals, in October 1984, publisher and real estate developer Mortimer B. Zuckerman purchased U. S. News & World Report. Zuckerman is also the owner of the New York Daily News, in 1993, U. S. News & World Report entered the digital world by providing content to CompuServe and in 1995, the website usnews. com was launched. In 2001, the won the National Magazine Award for General Excellence Online. In 2007, U. S. News & World Report published its first list of the nations best high schools and its ranking methodology includes state test scores and the success of poor and minority students on these exams, and schools performance in Advanced Placement exams. Starting in June 2008, the magazine reduced its frequency in three steps. It switched in June 2008 from weekly to biweekly, in November 2008 it decreased to monthly. In November 2010, it was reported that U. S, moving forward, the publication expressed its plans to focus mainly on research and the provision of relevant information to students pursuing higher education. Its rankings and university guide books are available in print at the majority of bookstores and magazine vendors in the United States, selling millions of copies on an annual basis. In June 2008, citing the overall magazine circulation and advertising, U. S. News & World Report announced that it would become a biweekly publication
20.
Aaron T. Bliss
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Aaron Thomas Bliss was a U. S. Representative from and the 25th Governor of the US state of Michigan, Bliss Township was named after him. Bliss was born to Lyman and Anna M. Bliss in Peterboro, New York and attended the common schools. He was employed as a clerk in a store in Morrisville, New York, in 1853 and 1854 and with the $100 he made there he attended a school in Munnsville, New York. The following year, Bliss moved to Bouckville, a town in Madison County, New York. During the American Civil War, Bliss enlisted as a private in the Peterman Guards of the Tenth New York Volunteer Cavalry, October 1,1861 and reported for duty at Elmira, New York. After a quick advancement to lieutenant, his regiment formed a part of Kilpatrick’s Brigade and was ordered to the front and he commanded a squadron from Washington, D. C. during the Second Battle of Bull Run and his rank advanced to captain. He also fought in the battle of Fredericksburg, the Wilderness, Petersburg, Ground Squirrel Church, Stony Creek, South Mountain, Falls Church, then he was captured on General Wilson’s raid near Richmond. Pingree, Bliss escaped from a Confederate prison and he walked near three weeks until he reached General Sherman’s army at Savannah, Georgia just two days before its evacuation. Bliss soon rejoined his own command at Petersburg, Virginia, where he remained until the war ended, in December 1865, he moved to Saginaw, Michigan and found employment at a shingle mill. With his brother, Lyman W. Bliss, and J. H. Jerome, Bliss & Company and engaged in the manufacture of lumber and the exploitation of lands along the Tobacco River. On March 31,1868, he married Allaseba Morey Phelps of Solsville and that same spring the brothers bought the Jerome mill at Zilwaukee, and it became A. T. In 1882, Bliss was elected member of the Michigan Senate from Saginaw County, in 1888, Bliss was elected as a Republican from Michigans 8th congressional district to the 51st Congress, serving from March 4,1889 to March 3,1891. Among notable bills he introduced were for appropriating $100,000 for a building in Saginaw. He was a candidate for re-election in 1890 to the 52nd Congress. After leaving Congress, Bliss resumed the business and also engaged in banking. He was department commander of the Grand Army of the Republic in Michigan in 1897, in 1900, Bliss was elected Governor of Michigan, defeating mayor of Detroit William C. Maybury, and was re-elected in 1902, serving from 1901 through 1904, during his four years in office, the Michigan Employment Institution for the Adult Blind was established in Saginaw, a state highway department was formed, and railroad taxation was sanctioned
21.
Normal school
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A normal school is a school created to train high school graduates to be teachers. Most such schools are now denominated teachers colleges, the first public normal school in the United States was founded in Concord, Vermont, by Samuel Read Hall in 1823 to train teachers. In 1839, another school was established in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It operates today as Framingham State University, in the United States teacher colleges or normal schools began to evolve from their initial mission of training teachers to add programs in the sciences, engineering, technology, health, and business. They started to become universities in the 1940s. For instance, Southern Illinois University was formerly Southern Illinois Normal College, the University is now a system of two campuses of more than 34,000 students, but still issues most of its baccalaureate degrees in education. Further, the town of Normal, Illinois was named from the name of Illinois State University. Many famous state universities, such as the University of California, such a list includes Emporia State University in Emporia, Kansas, which was established as Kansas State Normal School in 1863, and which by 1889 had become the largest normal school in the Nation. In Canada, such institutions were typically assimilated by a university as the latters Faculty of Education and it requires at least three, but usually four, years of prior undergraduate study. The term normal school originated in the early 16th century from the French école normale, the French concept of an école normale was to provide a model school with model classrooms to teach model teaching practices to its student teachers. The children being taught, their teachers, and the teachers of the teachers were often together in the same building, although a laboratory school, it was the official school for the children—primary or secondary. In Finland, normal schools are under national university administration, whereas most schools are administered by the local municipality, Teacher aspirants do most of their compulsory trainee period in normal schools and teach while being supervised by a senior teacher. In France, a system developed since the Revolution, primary school teachers were educated at départemental écoles normales. Nowadays all teachers are educated in École supérieure du professorat et de léducation, the Écoles Normales Supérieures in France and the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa in Italy no longer specialize in teacher training. In the United Kingdom, teacher training colleges were once separate institutions, the University of Chester traces its roots back to 1839 as the earliest training college in the United Kingdom. Others were established by religious institutions and were single-sex until World War II, since then, they have either become multi-discipline universities in their own right or merged with another university to become its faculty of education. The latter was one of the last institutions to retain the word Normal in its name, in Lithuania, Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, former Vilnius Pedagogical University is the main teachers training institution, established in 1935. The terminology is still preserved in the translations of such schools in China since the early 20th century
22.
Eastern Michigan University
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Eastern Michigan University is a comprehensive, co-educational public university located in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Ypsilanti is 35 miles west of Detroit and eight miles east of Ann Arbor, the university was founded in 1849 as Michigan State Normal School. Today, the university is governed by an eight-member Board of Regents whose members are appointed by the Governor of Michigan for eight-year terms, the school belongs to the Mid-American Conference and is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Since 1991 EMU athletics has gone by the name Eagles, then in 1994, Swoop was officially adopted by the university as the schools mascot. The universitys site is composed of an academic and athletic campus spread across 800 acres, EMU has a total enrollment of more than 23,000 students. The university was founded in 1849 and opened its doors in 1853 as Michigan State Normal School, Michigan State Normal School was the first in Michigan and the first normal school created outside the original 13 colonies. One hundred and twenty-two students started classes March 29,1853, adonijah Welch served as Michigan State Normal Schools first principal. Michigan created an educational system modeled on that of Germany. The normal schools were to train teachers for schools, which were being established rapidly in new towns in the state. In 1899, the became the Michigan State Normal College when it created the first four-year curriculum for a normal college in the nation. Normal began the 20th century as Michigans premier teacher-preparatory school and had become the first teacher-training school in the United States to have a degree program. Just like many universities during World War I, the Great Depression and World War II. With the additions of departments and the large educational enrollment after WWII, in 1959 the school became a university gaining the title Eastern Michigan University after establishing the Graduate School. In the early 1970s, international student exchange schemes were organised, in 2005, the Honors Program became the Eastern Michigan University Honors College. More recently, extended programs were added such as Continuing Education, the Centers for Corporate Training, today the universitys total student population averages about 23,000, of whom roughly 5,000 are graduate students. Most programs are undergraduate or masters level, although the university has programs in Educational Leadership, Technology. EMU former-President Susan W. Martin, Ph. D, other institutions of higher education established by law having authority to grant baccalaureate degrees shall each be governed by a board of control which shall be a body corporate. The board shall have general supervision of the institution and the control and it shall, as often as necessary, elect a president of the institution under its supervision
23.
Central Michigan University
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Central Michigan University is a public research university located in Mount Pleasant in the U. S. state of Michigan. Established in 1892, Central Michigan University is one of the largest universities in the state of Michigan and it has more than 20,000 students on its Mount Pleasant campus and 7,000 students enrolled online at more than 60 locations worldwide. The universitys neuroscience program was ranked first in the nation by the Society for Neuroscience and CMU has also established a College of Medicine, CMU competes in the NCAA Division I Mid-American Conference in six mens and ten womens sports. Central Michigan University is governed by a Board of Trustees, whose eight members are appointed by the Governor of Michigan, the Board of Trustees appoints and reviews the President of Central Michigan University, currently George E. Ross. The president administers the policies set by the board and serves ex officio on the board as a non-voting member and it names facilities and groups and accepts gifts from large donors, among several other duties and powers it possesses. Members of the Board of Trustees serve without compensation, but are reimbursed by the university for expenses related to their official capacity, such as travel. CMU has eight divisions, The College of Business Administration The College of Communication and Fine Arts The College of Education and Human Services The Herbert H. Park Library which holds one million books and can seat up to 2,655 patrons at a time, the school owns and operates the Brooks Astronomical Observatory. The Central Michigan University College of Graduate Studies provides over 70 graduate degree programs at the Masters, Specialist, Harold Abel Endowed Lecture Series in the Study of Dictatorship, Democracy and Genocide. Focuses on the impact of events such as the Holocaust and mass murders in Africa, Southeast Asia. Named in honor of former CMU President Harold Abel, Philip A. Hart and William G. Milliken Endowed Speaker Series for Integrity in Politics. Senator Philip Hart and Michigan Governor William Milliken, focuses on intellectual discussions for future leaders both in the military and across the campus and community. Named in honor of Army Colonel William Nolde, the last official casualty of the Vietnam War. Focuses on bringing world-class mathematicians to campus, speakers include Fields Medal winners Terrence Tao, Sir Timothy Gowers, and Cédric Villani and Abel Prize winners S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan and Louis Nirenberg. Named in honor of mathematics professor Richard Fleming, the schools athletics programs are affiliated with NCAA Division I. For football, the school is in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision, almost all Central Michigan teams compete in the Mid-American Conference, the one exception is the womens lacrosse team, newly elevated from club to full varsity status for the 2016 season. CMUs football team won the second NCAA Division II national championship in 1974 by defeating the University of Delaware 54 to 14, the team was voted national champion in the Associated Press College Division poll. The Chips have also been national runner-up twice, in 1958 the mens swimming and diving team was runner-up to North Central College at the second annual NAIA national meet, which was held in Muncie, Ind
24.
Northern Michigan University
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Northern Michigan University is a four-year college public university established in 1899 and located in Marquette, in the Upper Peninsula of the U. S. state of Michigan. With enrollment of about 9,000 undergraduate and graduate students, when it opened in 1899, NMU enrolled thirty-two students who were taught by six faculty members in rented rooms in Marquette city hall. Throughout the schools first half-century, education and teacher training was schools primary focus, during this time, the school built the native sandstone buildings Kaye and Peter White Halls, as well as a manual training school next to the campus buildings, J. D. Pierce School. During this time, enrollment grew, due in part to the 1957 opening of the Mackinac Bridge that links the Upper and Lower Peninsulas. Accredited undergraduate and graduate programs are offered by the College of Arts and Sciences, the College of Business. Graduate education began in 1928 when courses at the degree level were offered in cooperation with the University of Michigan. NMU has four divisions, College of Arts and Sciences Walker L. Cisler College of Business. 112 of these rooms seat at least 30 students, there are 63 general use classrooms which can be scheduled for multiple disciplines. All but 4 general-purpose rooms are smart classrooms fitted with technology for projecting images, there are 14 tiered classrooms,10 of which are considered lecture halls with a seat-count of at least 90. The largest lecture hall, Jamrich 102, seats 501, there are 58 labs covering the gamut of arts and sciences. There are 28 departmental classrooms,16 of which are smart, there are 3 distance learning facilities, the largest of which is Mead Auditorium which seats 100. The DeVos Art Museum displays 10–12 exhibitions per year of international, national, regional. At over 4,000 square feet it is the largest art gallery on campus, the 60, 000-square-foot facility contains an Olympic-size ice sheet and seats over 4,000 for hockey events. The Berry Events Center was built on the site of the former Memorial Stadium, Cohodas Hall The tallest building on campus, Cohodas Hall houses administrative offices and the College of Business. Completed in 1975, the stands on the site of Northerns original campus. It is named after U. P. banker and philanthropist Sam M. Cohodas, Forest Roberts Theatre The 500-seat Forest Roberts Theatre is named after a former head of the Speech department. The theatre has a lighting system and modern sound system. Performances of up to five major productions per year are held in this facility
25.
Allegan, Michigan
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Allegan is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 4,998 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Allegan County. The city lies within Allegan Township, but is administratively autonomous, Allegan was named in a neologism by Michigan historian Henry Rowe Schoolcraft in 1837 to sound like a Native American word. Land was purchased from government to form the business district. Allegan is located in the portion of the county. To the west and northwest is the nearly 50,000 acre forest Allegan State Game Area for which the city is considered a gateway, Lake Allegan in Valley Township is also a great tourist destination for boating, fishing, and swimming activities. Allegans dense forests, lakes, and river geography served as a source of power, trade routes for steamboats. Once cleared, Allegan became a center for business, industry, the men after whom Allegans downtown streets were named – Elisha Ely, Samuel Hubbard, Charles Christopher Trowbridge, Pliny Cutler, and Edmund Monroe – patented land in the area in 1833. They considered the site a location for industry, due to its potential for water power and water bound transportation. By 1835, a dam and sawmill had been established, in 1886, a one-lane bridge was built over the Kalamazoo River to connect limited highway M-89 to the downtown area. The bridge fell into disrepair and was going to be removed until a group of activists raised the money to restore the bridge in 1983, now a highlight of Allegan, the one-lane bridge is used in the city logo and is considered an important part of the city. In 1914, Allegan entered the industry as the manufacturing site of Howard E. Blood and Louis Chevrolets unique chain-drive Cornelian automobile, the venture was short-lived, however, with fewer than 100 Cornelians actually produced. Easter/Passover Weekend 1967, some scenes from the movie Ciao, manhattan were filmed at the old Allegan County Jail, now the Allegan County Jail Museum. Ironically, Paul America, one of the actors in the film, was jailed the following year in upstate Michigan. Allegan County is the 18th largest physical county in Michigan and enjoys 25 miles of Lake Michigan coastline, the City of Allegan, as the other towns and the county itself, enjoys numerous parks, natural areas and access to multiple opportunities for lake activities and water sports. Allegans largest annual celebration, widely reputed as the largest county fair in Michigan, is the Allegan County Fair each September, Allegans local newspaper, locally owned and in publication since 1858, is the Allegan County News. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city is located at 42. 53°N,85. 85°W
26.
Muskegon, Michigan
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Muskegon /ˌmʌsˈkiːɡən/ is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan, and is the largest populated city on the eastern shores of Lake Michigan. At the 2010 census the city population was 38,401, the city is the county seat of Muskegon County. It is located at the southwest corner of Muskegon Township, but is administratively autonomous, the Muskegon Metro area had a population of 172,188 in 2010. It is also part of the larger Grand Rapids-Wyoming-Muskegon-Combined Statistical Area with a population of 1,321,557, human occupation of the Muskegon area goes back seven or eight thousand years to the nomadic Paleo-Indian hunters who occupied the area following the retreat of the Wisconsonian glaciations. During historic times, the Muskegon area was inhabited by bands of the Ottawa. In 1830 Muskegon was solely an Ottawa village, perhaps the best remembered of the Indian inhabitants of the area was Ottawa Indian Chief, Pendalouan. The name Muskegon is derived from the Ottawa tribe term Masquigon, the Masquigon River was identified on French maps dating from the late seventeenth century, suggesting that French explorers had reached Michigans western coast by that time. Sometime between 1790 and 1800, a French-Canadian trader named Joseph La Framboise established a fur trading post at the mouth of Duck Lake. Between 1810 and 1820, several French Canadian fur traders, including Lamar Andie, Jean Baptiste Recollect, euro-American settlement of Muskegon began in earnest in 1837, which coincided with the beginning of the exploitation of the areas extensive timber resources. The commencement of the industry in 1837 inaugurated what some regard as the most romantic era in the history of the region. Lumbering in the century brought many settlers, especially ones from Germany, Ireland. Some neighborhoods of Muskegon began as separate villages, bluffton was founded as a lumbering village in 1862 in Laketon Township. It had its own post office from 1868 until 1892 and it was annexed by Muskegon in 1889. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 18.12 square miles. The city is adjacent to Lake Michigan to the west and Muskegon Lake to the north, the Muskegon River empties into Muskegon Lake at the citys northeast end. Bear Lake Muskegon Lake Mona Lake Lake Michigan Muskegon River As of the census of 2010, there were 38,401 people,13,967 households, the population density was 2,702.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 16,105 housing units at a density of 1,133.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 57. 0% White,34. 5% African American,0. 9% Native American,0. 4% Asian,2. 6% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 8. 2% of the population
27.
Grand Rapids, Michigan
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Grand Rapids is the second-largest city in Michigan, and the largest city in West Michigan. It is on the Grand River about 30 miles east of Lake Michigan, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 188,040. In 2010, the Grand Rapids metropolitan area had a population of 1,005,648, Grand Rapids is the county seat of Kent County, Michigan. A historic furniture-manufacturing center, Grand Rapids is home to five of the leading office furniture companies. Its more common nickname of River City refers to the landmark river for which it was named. The city and surrounding communities are diverse, based in the health care, information technology, automotive, aviation. Grand Rapids is the hometown of U. S. President Gerald Ford, for thousands of years, succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples occupied the area. Over 2000 years ago, people associated with the Hopewell culture occupied the Grand River Valley, later, a tribe from the Ottawa River traveled to the Grand River valley, fighting three battles with the Prairie Indians who were established in the area. The tribe later split, with the Chippewas settling in the lower peninsula, the Pottawatomies staying south of the Kalamazoo River. In 1740, an Ottawa man who would later be known as Chief Noonday, between 1761 and 1763, Chief Pontiac visited the area annually, gathering over 3,000 natives and asking them to volunteer to fight the British in Detroit, which would culminate into Pontiacs War. The Potawatomi attacked the Ottawa in 1765, attempting to take the Grand River territory but were defeated, by the end of the 1700s, there were an estimated 1,000 Ottawa in the Kent County area. After the French established territories in Michigan, Jesuit missionaries and traders traveled down Lake Michigan, at the start of the 19th century, European fur traders and missionaries established posts in the area among the Ottawa. They generally lived in peace, trading European metal and textile goods for fur pelts and they were French-speaking and Roman Catholic. They likely both spoke Ottawa, Madelines maternal ancestral language, La Framboise, whose mother was Ottawa and father French, later merged her successful operations with the American Fur Company. By 1810, Chief Noonday established a village on the west side of the river with about 500 Ottawa, madeline La Framboise retired the trading post to Rix Robinson in 1821 and returned to Mackinac. The first permanent European-American settler in the Grand Rapids area was Isaac McCoy, general Lewis Cass, who commissioned Charles Christopher Trowbridge to establish missions for Native Americans in Michigan, ordered McCoy to establish a mission in Grand Rapids for the Ottawa. In 1824, Baptist missionary Rev. L. Slater traveled with two settlers to Grand Rapids to perform work, the winter of 1824 proved to be difficult, with Slaters group having to resupply and return before the spring. Slater then erected the first settler structures in Grand Rapids, a log cabin for himself, in 1825, McCoy returned and established a missionary station
28.
Decatur, Michigan
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Decatur is a village in Van Buren County in the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,819 at the 2010 census, the village is located within Decatur Township. Decatur Township and the Village of Decatur are named after Stephen Decatur, Decatur was founded in 1847 and incorporated as a village in 1859.43 square miles, of which 1.35 square miles is land and 0.08 square miles is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,819 people,701 households, the population density was 1,347.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 781 housing units at a density of 578.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 87. 6% White,2. 7% African American,1. 2% Native American,0. 3% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,4. 1% from other races, and 4. 0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9. 4% of the population,30. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 12% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the family size was 3.10. The median age in the village was 34.6 years. 28. 1% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24,26. 9% were from 25 to 44,23. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 13. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47. 6% male and 52. 4% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,838 people,725 households, and 458 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,599.1 per square mile, there were 792 housing units at an average density of 689.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 87. 65% White,5. 82% African American,1. 41% Native American,0. 27% Asian,1. 85% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 08% of the population. 31. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.09. In the village, the population was out with 28. 6% under the age of 18,8. 8% from 18 to 24,28. 9% from 25 to 44,18. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.9 males, the median income for a household in the village was $30,550, and the median income for a family was $36,417. Males had an income of $27,566 versus $20,703 for females
29.
Three Oaks, Michigan
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Three Oaks is a village in Three Oaks Township, Berrien County in the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,622 at the 2010 census, the village of Three Oaks is located in the southwest corner of Michigan, just 5 miles from the shores of Lake Michigan and within 2 miles of the Indiana border along US12. The village was first settled by Henry Chamberlain in 1850 and became a village in 1867, the village was originally called Chamberlains Siding but was changed to Three Oaks. These oak trees were a guidepoint for train engineers, none of the original three oak trees remain today, the last was cut down nearly 100 years ago. Three Oaks hometown pride is evident during its Flag Day Celebration in June, the celebration and Flag Day Parade is the largest in the country. Apple Cider Century is a ride of 15,25,37,50,62,75 or 100 miles around Three Oaks. It was started by the Three Oaks Spokes Bicycle Club in 1974, more than 6,000 riders take part annually. It is held on the last Sunday of September, Three Oaks celebrated the centennial of receiving the Dewey Cannon at the villages Flag Day Festival. This was the largest contribution, per capita, of any community in the nation, Three Oaks Against the World, a local paper proudly boasted. This park was dedicated October 17,1899, by President William McKinley, presentation of the cannon took place on June 28,1900. Guest of honor was Helen Miller Gould, called the Spanish-American Wars Florence Nightingale, thousands of people were in attendance on each occasion. The Dewey Cannon, which remains on display in the park of the same name, the Christmas movie Prancer, released in 1989, was filmed on location largely in the village of Three Oaks. A sequel, Prancer Returns, was made in 2001, in which a boy comes to Three Oaks to learn about the Prancer incident and this replacement for the whalebone material was welcomed by the garment industry of the late 19th century. The factory still stands today and houses the Journeyman Distillery, Acorn Theater, a financial crisis occurred in 2008, after the village proceeded with a $350,000 five block street project. This and other expenses over the four years left Three Oaks a deficit of about $600,000 by April 2008. The Village President, the Clerk, and a councilman resigned while two councilmen did not seek re-election, on November 4,2008, a new slate of village councilors were voted into office. The village faced bankruptcy in early December 2008 due to fiscal mismanagement, on April 29,2009, the EFM laid off every officer except the chief of police. The laid off officers were brought back around 2 weeks later, the village was given a recommendation to disband its Downtown Development Authority, after an audit showed receipt of excess funds that should have gone to the school district
30.
Hastings, Michigan
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Hastings is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the county seat of Barry County as well as the countys only city. The population was 7,350 at the 2010 census, the city borders Hastings Charter Township on the north, east, and south, and Rutland Charter Township on the west. Hastings is part of the Grand Rapids-Wyoming metropolitan area, in 1836 three entrepreneurs named Dibble, Kingsbury and Kendall bought 480 acres along the Thornapple River from Detroit banker Eurotas P. Hastings. The three platted the area into lots, and soon a small community arose, in 1843, the state legislature designated Hastings as the County Seat of Barry County. The first paper, the Barry County Pioneer, began publishing in 1851, and a second paper, the latter publication, a weekly paper published on Thursdays, continues to be published as the Hastings Banner. Hastings was incorporated as a village in 1855, with a population of around 300, the Barry County Courthouse, which is still in use today, was built in 1893. The city grew slowly, reaching 6,500 people in 1960, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.28 square miles, of which 5.20 square miles is land and 0.08 square miles is water. The Thornapple River passes through the city from east to west, the Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Dfb. As of the census of 2010, there were 7,350 people,2,910 households, the population density was 1,413.5 inhabitants per square mile. There were 3,231 housing units at a density of 621.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 9% White,0. 5% African American,0. 6% Native American,0. 3% Asian,0. 5% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 7% of the population. 31. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.07. The median age in the city was 36.2 years. 26. 6% of residents were under the age of 18, 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24,24. 7% were from 25 to 44,24. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 15. 4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46. 9% male and 53. 1% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 7,095 people,2,759 households, and 1,826 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,353.3 per square mile, there were 2,898 housing units at an average density of 552. 8/sq mi. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 31% White,0. 14% African American,0. 47% Native American,0. 32% Asian,0. 58% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 14% of the population. 28. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.08
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G. Mennen Williams
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Gerhard Mennen Soapy Williams was the 41st Governor of Michigan, elected in 1948 and serving six two-year terms in office. He later served as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs under President John F. Kennedy and Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court. As assistant secretary of state, his remark that what we want for the Africans is what they want for themselves, reported in the press as Africa for the Africans, Gerhard Mennen Williams was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Henry P. Williams and Elma Mennen. His mother came from a prominent family, her father, Gerhard Heinrich Mennen, was the founder of the Mennen brand of personal care products. Because of this, Williams acquired the popular nickname Soapy, Williams attended the Salisbury School in Connecticut, an exclusive Episcopal preparatory school. He graduated from Princeton University in 1933 and received a law degree from the University of Michigan Law School, while at law school, Williams became affiliated with the Democratic Party, departing from his familys strong ties to the Republican Party. Williams met Nancy Quirk on a date while attending the university. She was the daughter of D. L. Quirk and Julia Quirk and her brother, Daniel Quirk, was later mayor of Ypsilanti. The couple married in 1937 and had three children, a son, G. Mennen Williams Jr. and two daughters, Nancy Ketterer III and Wendy Stock Williams and he worked with the law firm Griffiths, Williams and Griffiths from 1936 to 1941. Law firm partners included Hicks Griffiths and Martha Griffiths, later elected a Member of Congress, during World War II, he served four years in the United States Navy as an air combat intelligence officer in the South Pacific. He achieved the rank of lieutenant commander and earned ten battle stars and he later served as the deputy director of the Office of Price Administration from 1946 to 1947, and was named to the Michigan Liquor Control Commission in 1947. On November 2,1948, Williams was elected Governor of Michigan, defeating Governor Kim Sigler with the support of labor unions and he was subsequently elected to a record six two-year terms in that post. Among his accomplishments was the construction of the Mackinac Bridge and he appeared on the cover of Times September 15,1952, issue, sporting his signature green bow tie with white polka dots. Williams gained prominence for his refusal in 1950 to extradite Haywood Patterson, one of the Scottsboro Boys, Williams named the first woman judge in the states history as well as the first black. As a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1956, he sought the vice-presidential nomination. At the 1952,1956 and 1960 conventions he fought for insertion of a civil rights plank in the party platform. He strongly opposed the selection of Lyndon Baines Johnson as vice president in 1960, Williams made public his opposition, shouting No when a call was made for Johnsons nomination to be made unanimous. He was the delegate to publicly oppose Johnsons nomination
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East Campus (Western Michigan University)
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East Campus is a collection of buildings and facilities situated on the 60-acre hilltop campus that is the original site of Western Michigan University. It includes some of WMUs athletic facilities including Waldo Stadium, Hyames Field, Ebert Field, the campus sits on the top of Prospect Hill, which overlooks the city of Kalamazoo, Michigan. Most of the academic and administrative functions of the university have moved to West Campus, walwood Union was renovated in 1992 and converted into administrative offices. WMU has found limited uses for East Hall and the rest of historic East Campus, the original tract of land on which the Western State Normal School was built was donated by the City of Kalamazoo. It consisted of 20 acres on Prospect Hill, overlooking the city, the first building, the Administration Building, was completed and occupied on September 1,1905. John Charles Olmsted of the renowned Olmsted Brothers landscape firm had devised a landscape, the plan was well received, but financial considerations prevented it from being implemented. By 1909 two wings had been added to the first building, further buildings were erected on the Prospect Hill until the university began to construct its West Campus in the late 1940s. Many aspects of East Campus were left as is during the move to the West Campus and this includes anything from old announcements and bulletins left hanging on the walls to old audio/visual equipment. The 1970 campus plans only defined plan for East Campus was for the maintenance and athletics facilities along Stadium Drive, some of the space was used by universitys Art Department for studio use and occasional faculty office space. East Hall housed the Western Michigan University Archives in the old school gymnasium, there was little to no renovation to the original gym, as the original floor was intact, along with fitness ropes that hung from the ceiling. East Hall was listed with the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, and Lynn L. Zhang Legacy Collections Center in 2013. In December 2012, WMU announced plans to demolish several of the buildings in Summer 2013. Demolition included the buildings, East Hall West Hall North Hall Speech and Hearing Building A new parking lot. This site on Prospect Hill is a significant site to the City of Kalamazoo as well as a well placed landmark visible from many parts of the city. Neglect of vegetation near the apex of Prospect Hill obscured the view of the majestic buildings, in 1907, funds were appropriated for an electric railway. Normals Railroad, or the Western Trolley, carried people up and it operated until 1949, by which time the campus was moving in new directions and the automobile was making inroads as the preferred method of travel
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Western State Normal Railroad
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It is the only known example of a private railroad operated by a university. In the early 1900s the primary campus of Western Michigan University, to reach the buildings students and faculty faced a forbidding 150 step-climb, often in inclement weather. In an effort to address this problem, the constructed a funicular along the northeast corner of the hill. The base of the line was at Davis Street, while the summit lay between East Hall and North Hall, there were two tracks, each with a cable-hauled car. In 2002 four senior engineering majors at WMU embarked on a project to build a replica of one of the trolleys and this proved no easy task, following the closure of the railroad in 1949, no effort was made to preserve the cars. The only physical remnant was a bench saved by a faculty member, while there were sketches and photographs for reference, commenting on the situation a WMU official remarked that back then was a period in history so intent on the future, that everyone started forgetting about the past. Local residents and Western alumni who had ridden the trolley testified to the authenticity of the restoration, East Campus, where the trolley operated. List of funicular railways The Western Trolley
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Funicular
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Funiculars of one sort or another have existed for hundreds of years and continue to be used for moving both passengers and goods. Its name derives from the latin, funiculus, diminutive of funis, the basic idea of funicular operation is that two cars are always attached to each other by a cable, which runs through a pulley at the top of the slope. Counterbalancing of the two cars, with one going up and one going down, minimizes the energy needed to lift the car going up, winching is normally done by an electric drive that turns the pulley. Sheave wheels guide the cable to and from the drive mechanism, early funiculars used two parallel straight tracks, four rails, with separate station platforms for each vehicle. The tracks are laid with sufficient space between them for the two cars to pass at the midpoint, the wheels of the cars are usually single-flanged, as on standard railway vehicles. Examples of this type of track layout are the Duquesne Incline in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, layouts that require less width have been developed, with only two or three rails for the most part of the slope and four rails only at the passing section. In layouts using three rails, the rail is shared by both cars. The three-rail layout is wider than the layout, but the passing section is simpler to build. If a rack for braking is used, that rack can be mounted higher in a three-rail layout, some four-rail funiculars have the upper and lower sections interlaced and a single platform at each station. The Hill Train at Legoland, Windsor, is an example of this configuration, until the end of the 1870s, the four-rail parallel-track funicular was the normal configuration. Carl Roman Abt developed the Abt Switch allowing the two-rail layout, in the United States, the first funicular to use a two-rail layout was the Telegraph Hill Railroad in San Francisco, which was in operation from 1884 until 1886. The Mount Lowe Railway in Altadena, California, was the first mountain railway in the United States to use the three-rail layout, three- and two-rail layouts considerably reduced the space required for building a funicular, reducing grading costs on mountain slopes and property costs for urban funiculars. These layouts enabled a funicular boom in the half of the 19th century. The cars can be attached to a cable running through a pulley at the bottom of the incline in case the gravity force acting on the vehicles is too low to operate them on the slope. One of the pulleys must be designed as a wheel to avoid slack in the ropes. In this case, the winching can also be done at the end of the incline. Funiculars used in mines were sometimes unpowered gravity planes, also known as self-acting inclines or brake inclines, the weight of descending loaded wagons was used to pull the empty mine wagons. A few funiculars have been using water tanks under the floor of each car that are filled or emptied until just sufficient imbalance is achieved to allow movement
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Academy (educational institution)
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Academy is a type of secondary or tertiary education institutions. The word comes from the Academy in ancient Greece, which derives from the Athenian hero, outside the city walls of Athens, the gymnasium was made famous by Plato as a center of learning. The sacred space, dedicated to the goddess of wisdom, Athena, had formerly been an olive grove, in these gardens, the philosopher Plato conversed with followers. Plato developed his sessions into a method of teaching philosophy and in 387 BC, by extension academia has come to mean the cultural accumulation of knowledge, its development and transmission across generations and its practitioners and transmitters. In the 17th century, British, Italian and French scholars used the term to describe types of institutions of higher learning, in ancient Greece, after the establishment of the original Academy, Platos colleagues and pupils developed spin-offs of his method. Arcesilaus, a Greek student of Plato established the Middle Academy, carneades, another student, established the New Academy. In 335 BC, Aristotle refined the method with his own theories, the library of Alexandria in Egypt was frequented by intellectuals from Africa, Europe and Asia studying various aspects of philosophy, language and mathematics. The University of Timbuktu was a university in Timbuktu, present-day Mali. During its zenith, the university had an attendance of around 25,000 students within a city of around 100,000 people. In China a higher education institution Shang Xiang was founded by Shun in the Youyu era before the 21st century BC, in the 8th century another kind of institution of learning emerged, named Shuyuan, which were generally privately owned. There were thousands of Shuyuan recorded in ancient times, the degrees from them varied from one to another and those advanced Shuyuan such as Bailudong Shuyuan and Yuelu Shuyuan can be classified as higher institutions of learning. Taxila or Takshashila, in ancient India, modern-day Pakistan, was an early Buddhist centre of learning and it is considered as one of the ancient universities of the world. According to scattered references which were only fixed a millennium later it may have dated back to at least the 5th century BC, some scholars date Takshashilas existence back to the 6th century BC. The school consisted of several monasteries without large dormitories or lecture halls where the instruction was most likely still provided on an individualistic basis. Takshashila is described in detail in later Jātaka tales, written in Sri Lanka around the 5th century AD. It became a centre of learning at least several centuries BC. Takshashila is perhaps best known because of its association with Chanakya, the famous treatise Arthashastra by Chanakya, is said to have been composed in Takshashila itself. Chanakya, the Maurya Emperor Chandragupta and the Ayurvedic healer Charaka studied at Taxila, generally, a student entered Takshashila at the age of sixteen
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Dormitory
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A dormitory or hall of residence, is a building primarily providing sleeping and residential quarters for large numbers of people, often boarding school, college or university students. In the United States dorm is the most common term, which comes originally from the Latin word dormitorium, on the other hand, in the United Kingdom the term hall is more usual, especially in a university context. A dormitory can also be a room containing several beds – see Sleeping dormitories. Most colleges and universities provide single or multiple rooms for their students. These buildings consist of such rooms, like an apartment building. The largest dormitory building is Bancroft Hall at the United States Naval Academy, many colleges and universities no longer use the word dormitory and staff are now using the term residence hall or simply hall instead. Outside academia however, the dorm or dormitory is commonly used without negative connotations. Indeed, the words are used regularly in the marketplace as well as routinely in advertising, College and university residential rooms vary in size, shape, facilities and number of occupants. Typically, a United States residence hall holds two students with no toilet. This is usually referred to as a double, often, residence halls have communal bathroom facilities. In the United States, residence halls are segregated by sex, with men living in one group of rooms. Some dormitory complexes are single-sex with varying limits on visits by persons of each sex, for example, the University of Notre Dame in Indiana has a long history of Parietals, or mixed visiting hours. In the early 2000s, dorms that allowed people of opposite sexes to share a room available in some public universities. Some colleges and university coeducational dormitories also feature coeducational bathrooms, most residence halls are much closer to campus than comparable private housing such as apartment buildings. Universities may therefore provide priority to students when allocating this accommodation. Halls located away from university facilities sometimes have extra amenities such as a room or bar. Catered halls may charge for food by the meal or through a termly subscription and they may also contain basic kitchen facilities for student use outside catering hours. Most halls contain a laundry room, as of 2015 there was an expanding market for private luxury off-campus student residences which offered substantial amenities in both the United States and Britain, particularly in London
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Food court
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A food court is generally an indoor plaza or common area within a facility that is contiguous with the counters of multiple food vendors and provides a common area for self-serve dinner. Food courts may be found in shopping malls, airports, in various regions, it may be a standalone development. In some places of learning such as schools and universities. The average cost of a meal per person in an American food court in 2004 was $6, Food courts consist of a number of vendors at food stalls or service counters. Meals are ordered at one of the vendors and then carried to a dining area. The food may also be ordered as takeout for consumption at another location, such as a home, or workplace. In this case, it may be packaged in foam food containers, Food courts may also have shops which sell prepared meals for consumers to take home and reheat, making the food court a daily stop for some. Food is usually eaten with plastic cutlery, and sporks are sometimes used to avoid the necessity of providing both forks and spoons, there are exceptions, Carrefour Laval requires its food court tenants to use solid dinnerware and cutlery which it provides. Typical North American and European food courts have mostly fast food such as McDonalds and Sbarro. Berkshire Hathaway is also a frequent presence at food courts via their Dairy Queen, cuisines and choices are varied, with larger food courts offering more global choices. Asian and African food courts are mostly private vendors that offer local cuisine, in Singapore, food courts and hawker centres are the peoples main eating choice when dining out. Common materials used in constructing food courts are tile, linoleum, Formica, stainless steel, and glass, all of which facilitate easy cleanup. The second-floor food court at the Paramus Park shopping mall in Paramus, New Jersey, however, the food court at Sherway Gardens shopping center in Toronto, Canada was constructed three years earlier. Food hall Cafeteria Hawker centre Media related to Food courts at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of food court at Wiktionary
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Bookselling
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Bookselling is the commercial trading of books, the retail and distribution end of the publishing process. People who engage in bookselling are called booksellers, bookwomen, or bookmen, the founding of libraries in 300 BC stimulated the energies of the Athenian booksellers. In Rome, toward the end of the republic, it became the fashion to have a library, and Roman booksellers carried on a flourishing trade. The spread of Christianity naturally created a demand for copies of the Gospels, other sacred books. The modern system of bookselling dates from soon after the introduction of printing, in the course of the 16th and 17th centuries the Low Countries for a time became the chief centre of the bookselling world. Modern book selling has changed dramatically with the advent of the Internet, with major websites such as Amazon, eBay, and other big book distributors offering affiliate programs, book sales have now, more than ever, been put in the hands of the small business owner. Bookstores may be part of a chain, or local independent bookstores. Stores can range in size offering from several hundred to several hundred thousands of titles and they may be brick-and-mortar stores or internet only stores or a combination of both. Sizes for the larger bookstores exceed half a million titles, bookstores often sell other printed matter besides books, such as newspapers, magazines and maps, additional product lines may vary enormously, particularly among independent bookstores. Another common type of bookstore is the used bookstore or second-hand bookshop which buys and sells used, a range of titles are available in used bookstores, including in print and out of print books. Book collectors tend to frequent used book stores, large online bookstores offer used books for sale, too. In the book of Jeremiah the prophet is represented as dictating to Baruch the scribe and these scribes were the earliest booksellers, and supplied copies as they were demanded. Aristotle possessed an extensive library, and Plato is recorded to have paid the large sum of one hundred minae for three small treatises of Philolaus the Pythagorean. When the Alexandrian library was founded about 300 BC, various expedients were used for the purpose of procuring books, in Rome, toward the end of the republic, it became the fashion to have a library as part of the household furniture. Roman booksellers carried on a flourishing trade and their shops were chiefly in the Argiletum, and in the Vicus Sandalarius. On the door, or on the posts, was a list of the books on sale, and Martial. In the time of Augustus the great booksellers were the Sosii, according to Justinian, a law was passed granting to the scribes the ownership of the material written, this may be the beginnings of the modern law of copyright. All references had to be certified by the local mayor, if the application was accepted, the bookseller would have to swear an oath of loyalty to the régime
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Musical theatre
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Musical theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting, and dance. The story and emotional content of a musical – humor, pathos, love, anger – are communicated through the words, music, movement, since the early 20th century, musical theatre stage works have generally been called, simply, musicals. These were followed by the numerous Edwardian musical comedies and the theatre works of American creators like George M. Cohan. Musicals are performed around the world and they may be presented in large venues, such as big-budget Broadway or West End productions in New York City or London. Alternatively, musicals may be staged in smaller fringe theatre, Off-Broadway or regional theatre productions, musicals are often presented by amateur and school groups in churches, schools and other performance spaces. In addition to the United States and Britain, there are vibrant musical theatre scenes in continental Europe, Asia, Australasia, Canada, the three main components of a book musical are its music, lyrics and book. The interpretation of a musical is the responsibility of its team, which includes a director. A musicals production is also characterized by technical aspects, such as set design, costumes, stage properties, lighting. The creative team, designs and interpretations generally change from the production to succeeding productions. Some production elements, however, may be retained from the production, for example. There is no fixed length for a musical, while it can range from a short one-act entertainment to several acts and several hours in length, most musicals range from one and a half to three hours. Musicals are usually presented in two acts, with one intermission, and the first act is frequently longer than the second. A book musical is usually built four to six main theme tunes that are reprised later in the show. Several shorter musicals on Broadway and in the West End have been presented in one act in recent decades, moments of greatest dramatic intensity in a book musical are often performed in song. Proverbially, when the emotion becomes too strong for speech, you sing, typically, many fewer words are sung in a five-minute song than are spoken in a five-minute block of dialogue. Therefore, there is time to develop drama in a musical than in a straight play of equivalent length. Within the compressed nature of a musical, the writers must develop the characters, the material presented in a musical may be original, or it may be adapted from novels, plays, classic legends, historical events or films. On the other hand, many musical theatre works have been adapted for musical films, such as West Side Story, My Fair Lady, The Sound of Music, Oliver
