1.
Bailey bridge
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The Bailey bridge is a type of portable, pre-fabricated, truss bridge. It was developed by the British during World War II for military use and saw use by British, Canadian. A Bailey bridge had the advantages of requiring no tools or heavy equipment to assemble. The wood and steel bridge elements were small and light enough to be carried in trucks and lifted into place by hand, the bridges were strong enough to carry tanks. Bailey bridges continue to be used in civil engineering construction projects and to provide temporary crossings for foot. Donald Bailey was a servant in the British War Office who tinkered with model bridges as a hobby. He presented one such model to his chiefs, who saw some merit in the design, a team of Royal Engineer officers was assembled at the Military Engineering Experimental Establishment, in Barrack Road Christchurch, Dorset, in 1941 and 1942. In the course of development, the bridge was tested in several formats, e. g. as a suspension bridge, and as a stepped arch bridge, as well as the flat truss bridge which became the standard. The prototype of this was used to span Mother Sillers Channel which cuts through the nearby Stanpit Marshes, an area of marshland at the confluence of the River Avon and it remains there as a functioning bridge. Bridges in the formats were built, temporarily, to cross the Avon. After successful development and testing, the bridge was taken into service by the Corps of Royal Engineers, a number of bridges were available by 1944 for D-Day, when production was accelerated. The US also licensed the design and started construction for their own use. Bailey was later knighted for his invention, which continues to be produced and used today. The original design, however, violated a patent on the Callender-Hamilton bridge, the designer of that bridge, A. M. Hamilton successfully applied to the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors. The Bailey Bridge, however, had advantages over Hamiltons design. For example, damaged parts could not be replaced quickly on the Callender-Hamilton bridge, the Callender-Hamilton bridge was modified by the London County Council engineers department in the design of three emergency bridges which were erected across the River Thames in 1940. Damaged parts of these could be quickly replaced, experience gained in this work contributed to the development of the Bailey Bridge. Lieutenant General Sir Giffard Le Quesne Martel was awarded £500 for infringement on the design of his box girder bridge, most, if not all, previous designs for military bridges required cranes to lift the pre-assembled bridge and lower it into place
2.
Juba
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Juba /ˈdʒuːbə/ is the capital and largest city of the Republic of South Sudan. It also serves as the capital of Jubek State, one of the 28 states of South Sudan, the city is situated on the White Nile and functions as the seat and metropolis of Juba County. In the 19th century, a trading post and a mission and it was the southernmost outpost of the Egyptian garrison, supported by a handful of soldiers, mostly ill due to the malaria and blackwater fever that was dominant in the region. In the late 1920s, Anglo-Egyptian officials ordered Bari residents to relocate to make way for a new town, also called Juba, the site was chosen by Anglo-Egyptian officials, in part, because of the presence of the CMS Nugent Memorial Intermediate School there. Major construction on Juba was underway by 1927, traders from Rejaf relocated there in 1929, and the Governors office of Mongalla moved there in 1930. Greek merchants, who were supplying the British Army at the time, played an early. The building of Central Bank was also built at a stage in the mid 40s as well as the famous Juba Hotel in the mid 30s. Until 1956, Juba was in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, which was administered by the United Kingdom. British hopes to join the part of Sudan with Uganda were dashed in 1947 by an agreement in Juba, also known as the Juba Conference. In 1955, a mutiny of soldiers in Torit town sparked the First Sudanese Civil War. During the Second Sudanese Civil War, Juba was a location that was the focus of much fighting. With the advent of peace, the United Nations increased its presence in Juba, Juba became the worlds newest national capital on 9 July 2011, when South Sudan formally declared its independence from the Republic of the Sudan. As of 2016, the move has yet to occur, Juba is led by a city council headed by Mayor Mohammed El Haj Baballa. This council was formed in March 2011 and Baballa appointed to lead it by Governor Clement Wani Konga, former Yei County Commissioner David Lokonga Moses was appointed as deputy mayor. A ministerial committee to keep Juba clean and sanitary was also created by gubernatorial decree at the same time, prior to March 2011, the area now administered by Juba City Council was divided into Juba, Kator, and Muniki payams. It is now a subdivision of Juba County, of which it is the county seat. The city is a port and the southern terminus of traffic along the Nile. Before the civil war, Juba was also a hub, with highways connecting it to Kenya, Uganda
3.
Sudan
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Sudan, also known as North Sudan since South Sudans independence and officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northern Africa. It is the third largest country in Africa, the River Nile divides the country into eastern and western halves. Before the Sudanese Civil War, South Sudan was part of Sudan, Sudan was home to numerous ancient civilizations, such as the Kingdom of Kush, Kerma, Nobatia, Alodia, Makuria, Meroë and others, most of which flourished along the Nile. During the pre-dynastic period Nubia and Nagadan Upper Egypt were identical, by virtue of its proximity to Egypt, the Sudan participated in the wider history of the Near East inasmuch as it was Christianized by the 6th century, and Islamized in the 15th. As a result of Christianization, the Old Nubian language stands as the oldest recorded Nilo-Saharan language, Sudan was the largest country in Africa and the Arab world until 2011, when South Sudan separated into an independent country, following an independence referendum. Sudan is now the third largest country in Africa and also the third largest country in the Arab world and its capital is Khartoum, the political, cultural and commercial centre of the nation. It is a representative democratic federal republic. The politics of Sudan are regulated by an organization called the National Assembly. The Sudanese legal system is based on Islamic law, the countrys place name Sudan is a name given to a geographical region to the south of the Sahara, stretching from Western Africa to eastern Central Africa. The name derives from the Arabic bilād as-sūdān, or the lands of the Blacks, during the fifth millennium BC migrations from the drying Sahara brought neolithic people into the Nile Valley along with agriculture. The population that resulted from this cultural and genetic mixing developed social hierarchy over the centuries become the Kingdom of Kush at 1700 BC. The Kingdom of Kush was an ancient Nubian state centered on the confluences of the Blue Nile and White Nile, and the Atbarah River and it was established after the Bronze Age collapse and the disintegration of the New Kingdom of Egypt, centered at Napata in its early phase. After King Kashta invaded Egypt in the eighth century BC, the Kushite kings ruled as pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt for a century before being defeated and driven out by the Assyrians. At the height of their glory, the Kushites conquered an empire that stretched from what is now known as South Kordofan all the way to the Sinai, pharaoh Piye attempted to expand the empire into the Near East, but was thwarted by the Assyrian king Sargon II. Sennacheribs successor Esarhaddon went further, and invaded Egypt itself, deposing Taharqa, Taharqa fled back to his homeland where he died two years later. Egypt became an Assyrian colony, however, king Tantamani, after succeeding Taharqa, Esarhaddon died while preparing to leave the Assyrian capital of Nineveh in order to eject him. However, his successor Ashurbanipal sent an army into southern Egypt and routed Tantamani. During Classical Antiquity, the Nubian capital was at Meroë, in ancient Greek geography, the Meroitic kingdom was known as Ethiopia
4.
South Sudan
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South Sudan, officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in northeastern Africa that gained its independence from Sudan in 2011. Its current capital is Juba, which is also its largest city and it was planned that the capital city would be changed to the more centrally located Ramciel in the future before civil war broke out. It includes the vast swamp region of the Sudd, formed by the White Nile, following the First Sudanese Civil War, the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was formed in 1972 and lasted until 1983. A second Sudanese civil war soon developed and ended with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005, later that year, southern autonomy was restored when an Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan was formed. South Sudan became an independent state on 9 July 2011, following a referendum passed with 98. 83% of the vote. It is a United Nations member state, a state of the African Union, of the East African Community. In July 2012, South Sudan signed the Geneva Conventions, South Sudan has suffered ethnic violence and has been in a civil war since 2013, as of 2016 it has the second highest score on the Fragile States Index. The Nilotic people of South Sudan—the Acholi, Anyuak, Bari, Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk, Kaligi, Zande, the Azande, Mundu, Avukaya and Baka, who entered South Sudan in the 16th century—established the regions largest state of Equatoria Region. The Dinka are the largest, Nuer the second largest and Azande are the third-largest ethnic group in South Sudan while the Bari are fourth-largest. They are found in the Maridi, Yambio, and Tombura districts in the tropical rainforest belt of Western Equatoria, in the 18th century, the Avungara sib rose to power over the rest of Azande society and this domination continued into the 20th century. The major reasons include the history of British policy preference toward developing the Arab north. After Sudans first independent elections in 1958, the ignoring of the south by Khartoum led to uprisings, revolt. As of 2012, peoples include Acholi, Anyuak, Azande, Baka, Balanda Bviri, Bari, Boya, Didinga, Dinka, Jiye, Kaligi, Kuku, Lotuka, Mundari, Murie, Nilotic, Nuer, Shilluk, Toposa and Zande. Slavery had been an institution of Sudanese life throughout history, the slave trade in the south intensified in the 19th century and continued after the British had suppressed slavery in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Annual Sudanese slave raids into non-Muslim territories resulted in the capture of thousands of southern Sudanese. In the 19th century, the Azande fought the French, the Belgians, Egypt, under the rule of Khedive Ismail Pasha, first attempted to control the region in the 1870s, establishing the province of Equatoria in the southern portion. Egypts first governor was Samuel Baker, commissioned in 1869, followed by Charles George Gordon in 1874, the Mahdist Revolt of the 1880s destabilized the nascent province, and Equatoria ceased to exist as an Egyptian outpost in 1889. Important settlements in Equatoria included Lado, Gondokoro, Dufile and Wadelai, european colonial maneuverings in the region came to a head in 1898, when the Fashoda Incident occurred at present-day Kodok, Britain and France almost went to war over the region
5.
Rwanda
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Rwanda, officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a sovereign state in central and east Africa and one of the smallest countries on the African mainland. Located a few south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi. Rwanda is in the African Great Lakes region and is elevated, its geography is dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two seasons and two dry seasons each year. The population is young and predominantly rural, with a density among the highest in Africa, Rwandans are drawn from just one cultural and linguistic group, the Banyarwanda, although within this group there are three subgroups, the Hutu, Tutsi and Twa. The Twa are a pygmy people descended from Rwandas earliest inhabitants. Christianity is the largest religion in the country, the language is Kinyarwanda, spoken by most Rwandans, with English. Rwanda has a system of government. The president is Paul Kagame of the Rwandan Patriotic Front, who took office in 2000, Rwanda today has low corruption compared with neighbouring countries, although human rights organisations report suppression of opposition groups, intimidation and restrictions on freedom of speech. The country has been governed by an administrative hierarchy since pre-colonial times. Rwanda is one of two countries with a female majority in the national parliament. Hunter gatherers settled the territory in the stone and iron ages, the population coalesced first into clans and then into kingdoms. The Kingdom of Rwanda dominated from the century, with the Tutsi kings conquering others militarily, centralising power. Germany colonised Rwanda in 1884 as part of German East Africa, followed by Belgium, both European nations ruled through the kings and perpetuated a pro-Tutsi policy. The Hutu population revolted in 1959 and they massacred numerous Tutsi and ultimately established an independent, Hutu-dominated state in 1962. The Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Front launched a war in 1990. Social tensions erupted in the 1994 genocide, in which Hutu extremists killed an estimated 500,000 to 1.3 million Tutsi, the RPF ended the genocide with a military victory. Rwandas economy suffered heavily during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, but has since strengthened, the economy is based mostly on subsistence agriculture
6.
Tanzania
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Tanzania /ˌtænzəˈniːə/, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region. Parts of the country are in Southern Africa, Mount Kilimanjaro, Africas highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania. Tanzanias population of 51.82 million is diverse, composed of ethnic, linguistic. Dar es Salaam, the capital, retains most government offices and is the countrys largest city, principal port. Tanzania is a one party dominant state with the Chama Cha Mapinduzi party in power, from its formation until 1992, it was the only legally permitted party in the country. Elections for president and all National Assembly seats were last held in October 2015, the CCM holds approximately 75% of the seats in the assembly. Prehistoric population migrations include Southern Cushitic speakers, who are ancestral to the Iraqw, Gorowa, and Burunge and who moved south from Ethiopia into Tanzania. Based on linguistic evidence, there may also have two movements into Tanzania of Eastern Cushitic people at about 4,000 and 2,000 years ago. These movements took place at about the time as the settlement of the iron-making Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria. They brought with them the west African planting tradition and the staple of yams. They subsequently migrated out of these regions across the rest of Tanzania, European colonialism began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa, which gave way to British rule following World War I. The mainland was governed as Tanganyika, with the Zanzibar Archipelago remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction, following their respective independence in 1961 and 1963, the two entities merged in April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania. Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the northeast, where Mount Kilimanjaro is located, three of Africas Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania. To the north and west lie Lake Victoria, Africas largest lake, and Lake Tanganyika, the eastern shore is hot and humid, with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore. The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibars largest marine protected area, over 100 different languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa. Among the languages spoken in Tanzania are all four of Africas language families, Bantu, Cushitic, Nilotic, Swahili and English are Tanzanias official languages. In connection with his Ujamaa social policies, President Nyerere encouraged the use of Swahili, approximately 10% of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language, and up to 90% speak it as a second language. Most Tanzanians thus speak both Swahili and a language, many educated Tanzanians are trilingual, also speaking English
7.
Uganda
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Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, Uganda is the worlds second most populous landlocked country after Ethiopia. The southern part of the country includes a portion of Lake Victoria, shared with Kenya. Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region, Uganda also lies within the Nile basin, and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate. Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom, which encompasses a portion of the south of the country. The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago, beginning in 1894, the area was ruled as a protectorate by the British, who established administrative law across the territory. Uganda gained independence from Britain on 9 October 1962, luganda, a central language, is widely spoken across the country, and several other languages are also spoken including Runyoro, Runyankole, Rukiga, and Luo. The president of Uganda is Yoweri Museveni, who came to power in January 1986 after a protracted guerrilla war. The ancestors of the Ugandans were hunter-gatherers until 1, 700-2,300 years ago, Bantu-speaking populations, who were probably from central Africa, migrated to the southern parts of the country. According to oral tradition, the Empire of Kitara covered an important part of the lakes area, from the northern lakes Albert and Kyoga to the southern lakes Victoria. Bunyoro-Kitara is claimed as the antecedent of the Buganda, Toro, Ankole, some Luo invaded the area of Bunyoro and assimilated with the Bantu there, establishing the Babiito dynasty of the current Omukama of Bunyoro-Kitara. Arab traders moved inland from the Indian Ocean coast of East Africa in the 1830s and they were followed in the 1860s by British explorers searching for the source of the Nile. British Anglican missionaries arrived in the kingdom of Buganda in 1877 and were followed by French Catholic missionaries in 1879, the British government chartered the Imperial British East Africa Company to negotiate trade agreements in the region beginning in 1888. From 1886, there were a series of wars in Buganda. Because of civil unrest and financial burdens, IBEAC claimed that it was unable to maintain their occupation in the region, in the 1890s,32,000 labourers from British India were recruited to East Africa under indentured labour contracts to construct the Uganda Railway. Most of the surviving Indians returned home, but 6,724 decided to remain in East Africa after the lines completion, subsequently, some became traders and took control of cotton ginning and sartorial retail. British naval ships unknowingly carried rats that contained the bubonic plague and these rats spread the disease throughout Uganda. From 1900 to 1920, a sleeping sickness epidemic in the part of Uganda, along the north shores of Lake Victoria
8.
Democratic Republic of the Congo
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The Democratic Republic of the Congo, also known as DR Congo, DRC, DROC, East Congo, Congo-Kinshasa, or simply the Congo is a country located in Central Africa. From 1971 to 1997 it was named, and is still called, Zaire. It is the second-largest country in Africa by area and eleventh largest in the world, the Congolese Civil Wars, which began in 1996, brought about the end of Mobutu Sese Sekos 32-year reign and devastated the country. These wars ultimately involved nine African nations, multiple groups of UN peacekeepers and twenty armed groups, besides the capital, Kinshasa, the other major cities, Lubumbashi and Mbuji-Mayi, are both mining communities. DR Congos largest export is raw minerals, with China accepting over 50% of DRCs exports in 2012, as of 2015, according to the Human Development Index, DR Congo has a low level of human development, ranking 176 out of 187 countries. The country was known officially as the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1965 to 27 October 1971, in 1992, the Sovereign National Conference voted to change the name of the country to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but the change was not put into practice. The countrys name was restored by former president Laurent-Désiré Kabila following the fall of longtime dictator Mobutu Sese Seko in 1997, some historians think that Bantu peoples began settling in the extreme northwest of Central Africa at the beginning of the 5th century and then gradually started to expand southward. Their propagation was accelerated by the transition from Stone Age to Iron Age techniques, the people living in the south and southwest were mostly San Bushmen and hunter-gatherer groups, whose technology involved only minimal use of metal technologies. The development of tools during this time period revolutionized agriculture. This led to the displacement of the groups in the east and southeast. The 10th century marked the expansion of the Bantu in West-Central Africa. Rising populations soon made intricate local, regional and foreign commercial networks that traded mostly in salt, iron. Belgian exploration and administration took place from the 1870s until the 1920s and it was first led by Sir Henry Morton Stanley, who undertook his explorations under the sponsorship of King Leopold II of Belgium. The eastern regions of the precolonial Congo were heavily disrupted by constant slave raiding, mainly from Arab–Swahili slave traders such as the infamous Tippu Tip, Leopold had designs on what was to become the Congo as a colony. Leopold formally acquired rights to the Congo territory at the Conference of Berlin in 1885 and he named it the Congo Free State. Leopolds rėgime began various infrastructure projects, such as construction of the railway ran from the coast to the capital of Leopoldville. Nearly all such projects were aimed at making it easier to increase the assets which Leopold. In the Free State, colonists brutalized the local population into producing rubber, for which the spread of automobiles, rubber sales made a fortune for Leopold, who built several buildings in Brussels and Ostend to honor himself and his country
9.
Jinja, Uganda
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Jinja is a town in Uganda, the third-largest economy in the East African Community. Jinja is in Jinja District, Busoga sub-region, in the Eastern Region of Uganda, the town is approximately 81 kilometres, by road, east of Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda. It sits along the shores of Lake Victoria, near the source of the White Nile. According to the 2014 national population census data, Jinja is the largest metropolitan area in the Jinja District, the coordinates of Jinja, Uganda are 0°2524. 0N, 33°1224. 0E. The city was planned under colonial rule in 1948 by Ernst May, German architect, may also designed the urban planning scheme for Kampala, creating what he called neighborhood units. Estates were built for the elite in many parts outside the center city. This led to the slum clearance which displaced more than 1,000 residents in the 1950s. In 1954, the construction of the Owen Falls Dam submerged the Ripon Falls, most of the Flat Rocks that gave the area its name disappeared under water as well. The national census of 2002 estimated Jinjas population to be 71,213 of which 36,325 were males and 34,888 were females, in 2010, the Uganda Bureau of Statistics estimated the population at 82,800. In 2011, UBOS estimated the population at 89,700, in 2014, the national population census put the population at 72,931 However, the Municipality Authority contested the recent census of 2014, saying it under-counted Jinjas population. The majority of the population are of Bantu origin, lusoga is the main local language. Jinja has a population of inhabitants who are defined as working urban poor. The average annual income is estimated at US $100. Jinja had the second largest economy in Uganda, in the past, factories chose Jinja as their base because of the nearby electric power station at the Owen Falls Dam. Since the early 2000s, the economy of Jinja has picked up steadily, the main economic activities take place in the central business district. A new market for produce was completed during the fourth quarter of 2014. The facility can accommodate up to 4,500 vendors and cost US$13.7 million to construct, the biggest local employer is the Kakira Sugar Works, a member of the Madhvani Group of companies. KSW is one of the largest sugar factories in East Africa, the factory burns bagasse byproducts from sugar manufacturing to generate 50 megawatts of electricity for internal use and sale to the national grid
10.
Khartoum
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Khartoum is the capital and second largest city of Sudan and the state of Khartoum. It is located at the confluence of the White Nile, flowing north from Lake Victoria, the location where the two Niles meet is known as al-Mogran. The main Nile continues to north towards Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea. The origin of the word, Khartoum, is uncertain, one theory argues that khartoum is derived from Arabic khurṭūm, probably referring to the narrow strip of land extending between the Blue and White Niles. Some scholars speculate that the word derives from the Nubian word, Agartum, other Beja scholars suggest Khartoum is derived from the Beja word, Hartoom. Additionally, the dream interpreting magicians in Genesis 41,8 are referred to as חַרְטֻמֵּ֥י, suggesting that in ancient times the word already existed. In 1821, Khartoum was established 24 kilometres north of the ancient city of Soba, by Ibrahim Pasha, the son of Egypts ruler, Muhammad Ali Pasha, who had just incorporated Sudan into his realm. Originally, Khartoum served as an outpost for the Egyptian Army and it also became a focal point for the slave trade. Later, it became the center of Sudan and official capital. On 13 March 1884, troops loyal to the Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad started a siege of Khartoum, the siege ended in a massacre of the Anglo-Egyptian garrison. On 26 January 1885, the damaged city fell to the Mahdists. On 2 September 1898, Omdurman was the scene of the bloody Battle of Omdurman, in 1973, the city was the site of an anomalous hostage crisis in which members of Black September held 10 hostages at the Saudi Arabian embassy, five of them diplomats. The US ambassador, the US deputy ambassador, and the Belgian chargé daffaires were murdered, a 1973 United States Department of State document, declassified in 2006, concluded, The Khartoum operation was planned and carried out with the full knowledge and personal approval of Yasser Arafat. In 1977, the first oil pipeline between Khartoum and the Port of Sudan was completed, throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Khartoum was the destination for hundreds of thousands of refugees fleeing conflicts in neighboring nations such as Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Uganda. Many Eritrean and Ethiopian refugees assimilated into society, while others settled in large slums at the outskirts of the city, since the mid-1980s, large numbers of refugees from South Sudan and Darfur fleeing the violence of the Second Sudanese Civil War and Darfur conflict have settled around Khartoum. In 1991, Osama bin Laden purchased a house in the affluent al-Riyadh neighborhood of the city and he lived there until 1996, when he was banished from the country. The destruction of the factory produced diplomatic tension between the U. S. and Sudan, the factory ruins are now a tourist attraction. The sudden death of SPLA head and vice-president of Sudan, John Garang, the riots finally died down after Southern Sudanese politicians and tribal leaders sent strong messages to the rioters
11.
Arabic
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Arabic is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. Arabic is also the language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six languages of the United Nations. The modern written language is derived from the language of the Quran and it is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic, which is the language of 26 states. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the standards of Quranic Arabic. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-Quranic era, Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics. As a result, many European languages have borrowed many words from it. Many words of Arabic origin are found in ancient languages like Latin. Balkan languages, including Greek, have acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has also borrowed words from languages including Greek and Persian in medieval times. Arabic is a Central Semitic language, closely related to the Northwest Semitic languages, the Ancient South Arabian languages, the Semitic languages changed a great deal between Proto-Semitic and the establishment of the Central Semitic languages, particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include, The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation into a past tense, the conversion of the prefix-conjugated preterite-tense formation into a present tense. The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms, the development of an internal passive. These features are evidence of descent from a hypothetical ancestor. In the southwest, various Central Semitic languages both belonging to and outside of the Ancient South Arabian family were spoken and it is also believed that the ancestors of the Modern South Arabian languages were also spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern Hijaz, Dadanitic and Taymanitic held some prestige as inscriptional languages, in Najd and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested
12.
Tributary
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A tributary or affluent is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream or main stem river or a lake. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean, tributaries and the main stem river drain the surrounding drainage basin of its surface water and groundwater, leading the water out into an ocean. A confluence, where two or more bodies of water together, usually refers to the joining of tributaries. The opposite to a tributary is a distributary, a river or stream that branches off from, distributaries are most often found in river deltas. Right tributary and left tributary are terms stating the orientation of the relative to the flow of the main stem river. These terms are defined from the perspective of looking downstream, where tributaries have the same name as the river into which they feed, they are called forks. These are typically designated by compass direction, for example, the American River receives flow from its North, Middle, and South forks. The Chicago Rivers North Branch has the East, West, and Middle Fork, the South Branch has its South Fork, forks are sometimes designated as right or left. Here, the handedness is from the point of view of an observer facing upstream, for instance, Steer Creek has a left tributary which is called Right Fork Steer Creek. Tributaries are sometimes listed starting with those nearest to the source of the river, the Strahler Stream Order examines the arrangement of tributaries in a hierarchy of first, second, third, and higher orders, with the first-order tributary being typically the least in size. For example, a second-order tributary would be the result of two or more first-order tributaries combining to form the second-order tributary, another method is to list tributaries from mouth to source, in the form of a tree structure, stored as a tree data structure
13.
Nile
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The Nile is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It is generally regarded as the longest river in the world, in particular, the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan. The Nile has two tributaries, the White Nile and Blue Nile. The White Nile is considered to be the headwaters and primary stream of the Nile itself, the Blue Nile, however, is the source of most of the water and silt. The White Nile is longer and rises in the Great Lakes region of central Africa and it flows north through Tanzania, Lake Victoria, Uganda and South Sudan. The Blue Nile begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia and flows into Sudan from the southeast, the two rivers meet just north of the Sudanese capital of Khartoum. The northern section of the river flows north almost entirely through the Sudanese desert to Egypt, then ends in a large delta, Egyptian civilization and Sudanese kingdoms have depended on the river since ancient times. Most of the population and cities of Egypt lie along those parts of the Nile valley north of Aswan, in the ancient Egyptian language, the Nile is called Ḥpī or Iteru, meaning river. In Coptic, the words piaro or phiaro meaning the river come from the ancient name. The English name Nile and the Arabic names en-Nîl and an-Nîl both derive from the Latin Nilus and the Ancient Greek Νεῖλος, beyond that, however, the etymology is disputed. One possible etymology derives it from a Semitic Nahal, meaning river, the standard English names White Nile and Blue Nile, to refer to the rivers source, derive from Arabic names formerly applied only to the Sudanese stretches which meet at Khartoum. Above Khartoum, the Nile is also known as the White Nile, at Khartoum the river is joined by the Blue Nile. The White Nile starts in equatorial East Africa, and the Blue Nile begins in Ethiopia, both branches are on the western flanks of the East African Rift. The drainage basin of the Nile covers 3,254,555 square kilometers, the source of the Nile is sometimes considered to be Lake Victoria, but the lake has feeder rivers of considerable size. It is either the Ruvyironza, which emerges in Bururi Province, Burundi, or the Nyabarongo, the two feeder rivers meet near Rusumo Falls on the Rwanda-Tanzania border. Gish Abay is reportedly the place where the water of the first drops of the Blue Nile develop. The Nile leaves Lake Nyanza at Ripon Falls near Jinja, Uganda and it flows north for some 130 kilometers, to Lake Kyoga. For the remaining part it flows westerly through the Murchison Falls until it reaches the very northern shores of Lake Albert where it forms a significant river delta
14.
Blue Nile
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The Blue Nile is a river originating at Lake Tana in Ethiopia. With the White Nile, the river one of the two major tributaries of the Nile. The upper course of the river is called the Abbay in Ethiopia, some Ethiopians have long identified the Blue Nile as the River Gihon mentioned as flowing out of the Garden of Eden, in Genesis 2 and encircling the entire land of Cush. In the local Sudanese language, the word for black is used for the colour blue. The distance of the river from its source to its confluence has been reported as being between 1,460 kilometres and 1,600 kilometres. According to materials published by the Central Statistical Agency, the Blue Nile has a length of 1,450 kilometres. The Blue Nile flows generally south from Lake Tana and then west across Ethiopia, within 30 km of its source at Lake Tana, the river enters a canyon about 400 km long. This gorge is an obstacle for travel and communication from the north half of Ethiopia to the southern half. The power of the Blue Nile may best be appreciated at the Blue Nile Falls and this stream, known as the Lesser Abay River, flows north into Lake Tana. Other affluents of this include, in clockwise order from Gorgora, the Magech River, the Northern Gumara, the Reb River, the southern Gumara River. Lake Tanas outflow then flows some 30 kilometres before plunging over the Blue Nile Falls, the river then loops across northwest Ethiopia through a series of deep valleys and canyons into Sudan, by which point it is only known as the Blue Nile. There are numerous tributaries of the Abay between Lake Tana and the Sudanese border. Those on the side, also in downstream order, include the Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, Muga, Gulla, Temcha, Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter. The flow of the Blue Nile reaches maximum volume in the rainy season, the Blue Nile was a major source of the flooding of the Nile that contributed to the fertility of the Nile Valley and the consequent rise of Ancient Egypt and Egyptian mythology. With the completion in 1970 of the Aswan Dam in Egypt, the Blue Nile is vital to the livelihood of Egypt. The Blue Nile, the most significant tributary of the Nile, though shorter than the White Nile, 59% of the water that reaches Egypt originates from the Blue Nile branch of the great river. The river is also an important resource for Sudan, where the Roseires Dam and these dams also help irrigate the Gezira Scheme, which is most famous for its high quality cotton. The region also produces wheat and animal feed crops, in November 2012, Ethiopia began a six-year project for the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam on the river
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Lake Victoria
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Lake Victoria is one of the African Great Lakes. The lake was named after Queen Victoria by the explorer John Hanning Speke, Speke accomplished this in 1858, while on an expedition with Richard Francis Burton to locate the source of the Nile River. In terms of volume, Lake Victoria is the ninth largest continental lake. Lake Victoria receives its water primarily from rainfall and thousands of small streams. The Kagera River is the largest river flowing into this lake, Lake Victoria is drained solely by the Nile River near Jinja, Uganda, on the lakes northern shore. Lake Victoria occupies a depression in Africa. The lake has a depth of 84 metres and an average depth of 40 metres. Its catchment area covers 184,000 square kilometres, geologically, Lake Victoria is relatively young – about 400,000 years old – and it formed when westward-flowing rivers were dammed by an upthrown crustal block. During its geological history, Lake Victoria went through changes ranging from its present shallow depression, geological cores taken from its bottom show Lake Victoria has dried up completely at least three times since it formed. These drying cycles are probably related to past ice ages, which were times when precipitation declined globally, Lake Victoria last dried out about 17,300 years ago, and it refilled 14,700 years ago. Lake Victoria receives 80 percent of its water from direct rainfall, average evaporation on the lake is between 2.0 and 2.2 metres per year, almost double the precipitation of riparian areas. In the Kenya sector, the main influent rivers are the Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, combined, these rivers contribute far more water to the lake than does the largest single river entering the lake from the west, the Kagera River. The only outflow from Lake Victoria is the Nile River, which exits the lake near Jinja, in terms of contributed water, this makes Lake Victoria the principal source of the longest branch of the Nile. The uppermost section of the Nile is generally known as the Victoria Nile until it reaches Lake Albert, in 1990–1991, oxygen concentrations in the mixed layer were higher than in 1960–1961, with nearly continuous oxygen supersaturation in surface waters. The changes in oxygenation are considered consistent with measurements of higher algal biomass, the extinction of cichlids in the genus Haplochromis has also been blamed on the lakes eutrophication. The fertility of tropical waters depends on the rate at which nutrients can be brought into solution, the influent rivers of Lake Victoria provide few nutrients to the lake in relation to its size. Because of this, most of Lake Victorias nutrients are thought to be locked up in lake-bottom deposits, by itself, this vegetative matter decays slowly. Animal flesh decays considerably faster, however, so the fertility of the lake is dependent on the rate at which nutrients can be taken up by fish
16.
Lake Kyoga
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Lake Kyoga is a large shallow lake in Uganda, about 1,720 km2 in area and at an elevation of 1,033 metres. The Victoria Nile flows through the lake on its way from Lake Victoria to Lake Albert, the main inflow from Lake Victoria is regulated by the Nalubaale Power Station in Jinja. Another source of water is the Mount Elgon region on the border between Uganda and Kenya, while Lake Kyoga is part of the Great Lakes system, it is not itself considered a great lake. The lake reaches a depth of about 5.7 metres, areas that are less than 3 metres deep are completely covered by water lilies, while much of the swampy shoreline is covered with papyrus and water hyacinth. The papyrus also forms floating islands that drift between a number of small permanent islands, extensive wetlands fed by a complex system of streams and rivers surround the lakes. Nearby Lake Kwania is a lake but deeper. Forty-six species of fish have found in Lake Kyoga. This blockage caused the level to become even higher, flooding about 580 square kilometres of the surrounding land and resulting in population displacement. In 2004, the Egyptian government granted Uganda a gift of 13 million USD to streamline the flow of the Nile at Lake Kyoga, as of 2005, the outlet was still largely blocked. DWD El Niño preparedness for Lake Kyoga and other flood prone areas of Uganda, ministry of Water, Lands and Environment, Entebbe, Uganda. ILM Support to the Management of Sudd Blockage on Lake Kyoga, produced for the Integrated Lake Management Project by Environmental Impact Assessment Centre of Finland, EIA Ltd. The Fisheries and environment of Kyoga Lakes, Fisheries Resources Research Institute, Jinja, Uganda. Lakes and rivers in Uganda Lake Kyoga
17.
Lake Albert (Africa)
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Lake Albert, also Albert Nyanza and formerly Lake Mobutu Sese Seko, is a lake located in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is one of the African Great Lakes, Lake Albert is Africas seventh-largest lake, and the worlds twenty-seventh largest lake by volume. Lake Albert is located in the center of the continent, on the border between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lake Albert is the northernmost of the chain of lakes in the Albertine Rift, the western branch of the East African Rift. It is about 160 km long and 30 km wide, with a depth of 51 m. Lake Albert is part of the system of the upper Nile. Its main sources are the Victoria Nile, ultimately coming from Lake Victoria to the southeast, and the Semliki River, the water of the Victoria Nile is much less saline than that of Lake Albert. Its outlet, at the northernmost tip of the lake, is the Albert Nile, at the southern end of the lake, where the Semliki comes in, there are swamps. Farther south looms the Ruwenzori Range, while a range of hills called the Blue Mountains tower over the northwestern shore, the few settlements along the shore include Butiaba and Pakwach. In 1864, the explorers Samuel Baker and Sass Flóra found the lake, in the 20th century, Congolese president Mobutu Sese Seko temporarily named the lake after himself. European colonialists operated shipping on the lake, the British planned shipping on Lake Albert as part of a network of railway, river steamer and lake steamer services linking British interests in Egypt, east Africa and southern Africa. Thornycroft & Company shipyard at Woolston, Hampshire built the cargo and she was named after the British Army officer Robert Thorne Coryndon, who was governor of Uganda 1918-22. Winston Churchill described the ship as the best library afloat and Ernest Hemingway called her magnificence on water and she either was scuttled in 1962 or sank in 1964. She remains unsalvaged and partly submerged in the lake, in March 2014, a boat carrying Congolese refugees capsized in Lake Albert, killing more than 250 people. On 26 December 2016, a boat carrying 45 members and fans of a village football team capsized in Lake Albert killing at least 30 people
18.
Rusumo Falls
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Rusumo Falls is a waterfall located on the Kagera river on the border between Rwanda and Tanzania, part of the most distant headwaters of the river Nile. The falls are approximately 15 m high and 40 m wide and have formed on Precambrian schists, the falls were the scene of the first arrival of Europeans in Rwanda in 1894, when the German count Gustav Adolf von Götzen came across from Tanzania. He continued from there to the palace of the Mwami at Nyanza, the Belgians also entered Rwanda via the falls, when they took over the country during World War I in 1916. The bridge at Rusumo was the only crossing of the river at the time. By taking up positions in the hills, the Belgians were able to remove these guards using mounted artillery opening up the route by which they invaded the rest of the country. This was one of the first mass outflows of the Great Lakes refugee crisis, the Kagera drains water from all areas of Rwanda except the far west, and consequently carried all the corpses which had been discarded into rivers nationwide. This led to a state of emergency being declared in areas around the shore of Lake Victoria in Uganda, the project has two components, an 80 MW hydropower generation plant and transmission lines and substations. The Bank finances the transmission facilities of Rusumo Falls Hydropower Project
19.
Kagera River
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The Kagera River, also Akagera River, or Alexandra Nile, is an East African river, forming part of the upper headwaters of the Nile and carrying water from its most distant source. The section of river named Kagera begins in Burundi, flowing out from Lake Rweru, from the lake, it flows east along the Rwanda-Burundi and Rwanda-Tanzania borders to a confluence with the Ruvubu River. The waters of the Kagera are thus provided by two tributaries, the Nyabarongo of Rwanda, which feeds Lake Rweru, and the Ruvubu of Burundi. It is unknown which of two feeder rivers is the longer and hence the ultimate source of the Nile. From the confluence, the Kagera flows north along the Rwanda-Tanzania border, over Rusumo Falls and it then takes a turn to the east, following the Tanzania-Uganda border and emptying into Lake Victoria in Uganda. The river has featured prominently in the histories of the countries it runs through, the Kagera rises in Burundi and flows into Lake Victoria. It is the largest single inflow into the lake, contributing approximately 6.4 billion cubic metres of water a year, the Kagera is formed by the confluence of the Ruvuvu and the Nyabarongo, close to the northernmost point of Lake Tanganyika. It forms parts of the Burundi–Tanzania, Rwanda–Tanzania, Burundi–Rwanda, and it lends its name to Akagera National Park in northern Rwanda, as well as to the Kagera Region of Tanzania. On the river are the Rusumo Falls, an important crossing point between Rwanda and Tanzania and it is near the town of Rusumo. During the Rwandan Genocide of 1994, the Kagera was used to dispose of corpses as thousands of Tutsis, the river brought the massacred bodies into Lake Victoria, creating a serious health hazard in Uganda. The Nile, Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use, international river basin organizations in sub-Saharan Africa
20.
Bukoba
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Bukoba is a town in northwest Tanzania on the western shore of Lake Victoria. It is the capital of the Kagera region, and the seat for Bukoba Urban District. The city is served by Bukoba Airport and regular connections to Mwanza. Situated on the shore of Lake Victoria, Bukoba lies only 1 degree south of the Equator and is Tanzanias second largest port on the lake, Bukoba city is situated at the Western shore of Lake Victoria in the northwest of Tanzania. The regional capital and Kageras biggest town is the gateway to the region, the climate is sunny and mild most of the year. It can sometimes get cool especially in the evenings during the two seasons, but never as cold as the winter season in Europe. Kageras Regional Commissioner Col. Fabian Massawe resides and has his office in Bukoba city. The city is flat and compact, forming a bowl as it is surrounded by hills, auric Air flies three times a day to Mwanza. In 2010 the airport is being extended and more flights are expected, a bus leaves for Kampala at 7 am every day and from Kampala for Bukoba at 11 am every day. It boasts a white beach, a large market, a port, tennis courts. Bukoba Town itself has the status of a municipal Council and it has a municipal Director and other local government officials like other district councils in the region. Bukoba is represented in the Tanzanian Premier League by football club Kagera Sugar and it is the home to several charities - including SHARE in Africa and Jambo Bukoba. Both are focused on the educational sector
21.
Bururi Province
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Bururi Province is one of the eighteen provinces of Burundi. It was formerly Burundis largest province until the communes of Burambi, Buyengero, Bururi Province is home to the Bururi Forest Nature Reserve, a remnant Afromontane tropical forest. The Ruvyironza River, which rises in Bururi Province, is the southernmost source of the Nile, Bururi is famous for the number of military and political leaders to have been born there, including three consecutive presidents following the countrys independence. It is divided administratively into the communes, Commune of Bururi Commune of Matana Commune of Mugamba Commune of Rutovu Commune of Songa Commune of Vyanda
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Burundi
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It is also considered part of Central Africa. The southwestern border is adjacent to Lake Tanganyika, the Twa, Hutu and Tutsi peoples have lived in Burundi for at least 500 years. For more than 200 of those years, Burundi was an independent kingdom, until the beginning of the twentieth century, after the First World War and Germanys defeat, it ceded the territory to Belgium. Both Germans and Belgians ruled Burundi and Rwanda as a European colony known as Ruanda-Urundi, despite common misconceptions, Burundi and Rwanda had never been under common rule until the time of European colonisation. The European intervention exacerbated social differences between the Tutsi and Hutu, and contributed to political unrest in the region. Bouts of ethnic cleansing and ultimately two civil wars and genocides during the 1970s and again in the 1990s left the country undeveloped, Burundis political system is that of a presidential representative democratic republic based upon a multi-party state. The President of Burundi is the head of state and head of government, there are currently 21 registered parties in Burundi. On 13 March 1992, Tutsi coup leader Pierre Buyoya established a constitution, six years later, on 6 June 1998, the constitution was changed, broadening National Assemblys seats and making provisions for two vice-presidents. Because of the Arusha Accord, Burundi enacted a government in 2000. In October 2016, Burundi informed the UN of its intention to withdraw from the International Criminal Court, Burundi remains an overwhelmingly rural society, with just 13% of the population living in urban areas in 2013. The population density of around 315 people per kilometre is the second highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Roughly 85% of the population are of Hutu ethnic origin, 15% are Tutsi, the official languages of Burundi are French and Kirundi, although Swahili can be found spoken along the Tanzanian border. One of the smallest countries in Africa, Burundi has an equatorial climate, Burundi is a part of the Albertine Rift, the western extension of the East African Rift. The country lies on a plateau in the centre of Africa. The highest peak, Mount Heha at 2,685 m, lies to the southeast of the capital, there are two national parks, Kibira National Park to the northwest, Ruvubu National Park to the northeast. Both were established in 1982 to conserve wildlife populations, Burundis lands are mostly agricultural or pasture. Settlement by rural populations has led to deforestation, soil erosion, deforestation of the entire country is almost completely due to overpopulation, with a mere 600 km2 remaining and an ongoing loss of about 9% per annum. In addition to poverty, Burundians often have to deal with corruption, weak infrastructure, poor access to health and education services, Burundi is densely populated and has had substantial emigration as young people seek opportunities elsewhere
23.
Nyabarongo River
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The Nyabarongo is a major river in Rwanda, part of the upper headwaters of the Nile. The river begins in Nyungwe Forest, at a location considered by some to be the most distant source of the Nile, the Nyabarongo River originates in southwestern Rwanda to the east of Lake Kivu. The rivers sources rise in the chain that covers most of the western third of Rwanda. The main headwaters in the mountain country, originating at heights of 2,600 to 2,750 metres above sea level, are the Mbirurume. The longest of the streams that supply the Mwogo is the Rukarara, the Rukarara flows south and then east, emptying into the Mwogo River. The Mwogo flows north, merging with the Mbirurume River south of Bwakira, from this confluence, the river assumes the name Nyabarongo. The source of the Rukarara is a contender for the source of the Nile. The Nyawarungu runs northward through the chain in a deep valley roughly parallel to Lake Kivu. At Muramba it swings to the southeast, on its left bank the Nyabugogo River delivers the outflow from Lake Muhazi. Around Kigali the river is used for cooking, drinking and bathing and it also receives sewage and waste from industry and agriculture. About 35 kilometres further downstream the Akanyaru river enters on its right bank, the combined river flows east and then southeast through a broad, swampy valley. At the border with Burundi it drains Lake Rweru and it then flows roughly east along the border between Rwanda and Burundi, then between Rwanda and Tanzania, to the point where it is joined by the Ruvuvu River. From there onward it is called the Kagera River, the affluent of Lake Victoria. The river drains the east of the mountains and most of the plateau of Rwanda. Lake Mugesera lies on the east bank of the river, and is the largest Rwandan lake in the complex, lakes Birara and Sake also lie along the left bank of the river. The lakes on the bank, from north to south, are Gashanga, Kidogo, Rumira, Maravi, Kilimbi, Gaharwa, Rweru. Lake Rweru, which lies in Burundi, drains in a northeast direction into the river through a short swampy section. Although close to the equator, the climate is temperate due to the elevation
24.
Nyungwe Forest
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The Nyungwe rainforest is located in southwestern Rwanda, at the border with Burundi, to the south, and Lake Kivu and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. The Nyungwe rainforest is probably the best preserved montane rainforest in Central Africa and it is located in the watershed between the basin of the river Congo to the west and the basin of the river Nile to the east. From the east side of the Nyungwe forest comes also one of the branches of the Nile sources, Nyungwe Forest National Park was established in 2004 and covers an area of approximately 970 km2 of rainforest, bamboo, grassland, swamps, and bogs. The nearest town is Cyangugu,54 km to the west, mount Bigugu is located within the park borders. The Nyungwe forest has a diversity of animal species, making it a priority for conservation in Africa. The park contains 13 primate species,275 bird species,1068 plant species,85 mammal species,32 amphibian and 38 reptile species, many of these animals are restricted-range species that are only found in the Albertine Rift montane forests ecoregion in Africa. In fact, the number of species found here is greater than in any other forest in the Albertine Rift Mountains that has been surveyed. Archived from the original on 2007-08-04, Nyungwe Forest National Park travel guide from Wikivoyage Nyungwe Forest Attractions Nyungwe National Park wildlife, Tourism & Conservation
25.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
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Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland, and it is a member of the United Nations Development Group. The UNHCR has won two Nobel Peace Prizes, once in 1954 and again in 1981, following the demise of the League of Nations and the formation of the United Nations the international community was acutely aware of the refugee crisis following the end of World War II. In 1947, the International Refugee Organization was founded by the United Nations, the IRO was the first international agency to deal comprehensively with all aspects of refugees lives. Preceding this was the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, which was established in 1944 to address the millions of people displaced across Europe as a result of World War II. In the late 1940s, the IRO fell out of favor, however, the organization was only intended to operate for 3 years, from January 1951, due to the disagreement of many UN member states over the implications of a permanent body. UNHCRs mandate was set out in its statute, annexed to resolution 428 of the United Nations General Assembly of 1950. This mandate has been broadened by numerous resolutions of the General Assembly and its Economic. According to UNHCR, mandate is to provide, on a non-political and humanitarian basis, international protection to refugees, soon after the signing of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, it became clear that refugees were not solely restricted to Europe. In 1956, UNHCR was involved in coordinating the response to the uprising in Hungary, the responses marked the beginning of a wider, global mandate in refugee protection and humanitarian assistance. By the end of the decade, two-thirds of UNHCRs budget was focused on operations in Africa and in just one decade, the organizations focus had shifted from an almost exclusive focus on Europe. In 1967, the Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees was ratified to remove the geographical and temporal restrictions of UNHCR under the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. In the 1970s, UNHCR refugee operations continued to spread around the globe, adding to the woes in Asia was the Vietnam war, with millions fleeing the war-torn country. The 1980s saw new challenges for UNHCR, with member states unwilling to resettle refugees due to the sharp rise in refugee numbers over the 1970s. Often, these refugees were not fleeing wars between states, but inter-ethnic conflict in newly independent states, the targeting of civilians as military strategy added to the displacement in many nations, so even minor conflicts could result in a large number of displaced persons. As a result, the UNHCR became more involved with assistance programs within refugee camps. The end of the Cold War marked continued inter-ethnic conflict and contributed heavily to refugee flight, UNHCR was established on 14 December 1950 and succeeded the earlier United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. The agency is mandated to lead and co-ordinate international action to protect refugees and its primary purpose is to safeguard the rights and well-being of refugees. UNHCR maintains a database of information, ProGres, which was created during the Kosovo War in the 1990s
26.
Bujagali Falls
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Bujagali Falls was a waterfall near Jinja in Uganda where the Nile River comes out of Lake Victoria, sometimes considered the source of the Nile. Starting November 2011, the falls were submerged by the new Bujagali Dam, an acute electricity crisis impacted the livelihoods of millions of Ugandans and threatened the country’s development. Hospitals, schools, businesses, and residences suffered daily power shortages, the Bujagali project is a 200MW hydropower facility on the Victoria Nile in Uganda that will help address the country’s energy crisis. The project supports Uganda’s broader development strategy, which focuses in part on improving the investment climate to promote growth. Approximately 6,800 people will be affected by the creation of the dam. The falls are said by residents to be the site of a spirit, called the Spirit of Bujabald. The spirit is embodied in a man, Jaja Bujabald, who next to the falls
27.
Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station
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Nalubaale Power Station, formerly known as Owen Falls Dam, is a hydroelectric power station across the White Nile near to its source at Lake Victoria in Uganda. Nalubaale is the Luganda name for Lake Victoria, in 1947, Charles Redvers Westlake, an English engineer, reported to the Colonial Government of Uganda recommending the construction of a hydroelectric dam at Owen Falls near the city of Jinja. This led to the establishment of the Uganda Electricity Board, with Westlake as its first chairman, the consultant engineer on the project was Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners. The dam was completed in 1954, submerging Ripon Falls and it supplies electricity to Uganda and parts of neighbouring Kenya and Tanzania. Maintenance and availability of the station declined seriously during the government of Idi Amin, before the construction of the dam, water levels on Lake Victoria were moderated by a natural rock dam on the north side of the lake. Rising lake waters would spill over the dam into the White Nile, which flows through Uganda, South Sudan, Sudan. When water levels dropped too low, flow into the river ceased, when the current dam was built, a treaty between Uganda and Egypt ensured that the natural flow of the Nile would not be altered by the dam. The rating of the Nalubaale power station is 180 megawatts, originally it was designed for ten turbines rated at 15 megawatts each. The station was refurbished in the 1990s to repair the accumulated wear from a decade of civil disorder, during the repairs, the output power of the generators was increased, bringing the Nalubaale Power Complexs generating capacity to 180 megawatts. The concession agreement commenced in 2002, the electricity generated here, is sold to the Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited, the authorized single buyer. UETCL in turn sells the power to Umeme, the energy distributor, in 1993 work started on the Owen Falls Extension project, a second powerhouse located about 1 km from the 1954 powerhouse. A new power canal was cut to bring water from Lake Victoria to the new powerhouse, major construction was completed in 1999 with first power from the project from two units in 2000. The extension has space for five hydroelectric generators with four installed as of 2001. Each unit at the extension has a capacity of 40 megawatts, during official opening ceremonies in 2003, the extension was named the Kiira Power Station. Design and project management of the project was by Acres International of Canada. ESKOM Uganda operates Nalubaale Power Station as a concessionaire and they regularly clear debris water hyacinth from the intakes of the stations. Further downstream, the 250 MW Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station was constructed between 2007 and 2012, since January 2006, hydroelectric generation at Nalubaale and Kiira stations has been curtailed due to a prolonged drought and low level of water in Lake Victoria. The hydrology of Lake Victoria has unusual features, in 1959 upriver Nile states such as Uganda denounced this treaty purportedly claiming virtually all of the waters of the Nile to themselves and leaving none to the upriver states
28.
Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station
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Kiira Power Station, sometimes spelled Kiyira Power Station, is a hydroelectric power station with an installed capacity of 200 megawatts, in Uganda. It operates next to the Nalubaale Power Station at the point where the River Nile pours out of Lake Victoria starting its 4,000 miles journey to the Mediterranean Sea, the coordinates of the power station are 0°2701. 0N, 33°1108. 0E. In 1993, work started on the Nalubaale Power Station project, the new project is a second powerhouse located about 1 kilometre northeast of the Nalubaale Power Station, which was built in 1954. A new canal was cut to bring water from Lake Victoria to the new powerhouse, major construction was completed in 1999. The first power from two out of the installed five units, came online in 2000. As of 2003, three of the five hydro power generators had been installed, installation of the fifth and final turbine was completed in January 2007. Each unit at the extension has a capacity of 42 MW, during official opening ceremonies in 2003, the extension was named the Kiira Power Station. Design and project management of the project was by Acres International. Eskom sells the electricity it generates to the Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited, UETCL resells the power to Umeme, the energy distributor. Njeru List of hydropower stations in Africa List of power stations in Uganda Ugandas Energy Outlook Leading Uganda’s power generat ion efforts
29.
Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station
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The Bujagali Power Station is a hydroelectric power station across the Victoria Nile that harnesses the energy of its namesake – the Bujagali Falls – in Uganda. Construction began in 2007 and concluded in 2012 and it was officially inaugurated on 8 October 2012 by Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni and Aga Khan IV in the presence of African politicians and investors. The capacity of the station is 250 megawatts. The station is the most powerful energy source in Uganda, although the planned Karuma. The funding for the station was a source of some concern, as of July 2014, the plant was managed by Bujagali Energy Limited, which selected Italian contractor Salini Impregilo to develop the project. The power station lies across the Victoria Nile, about 9.7 kilometres north-west of the town of Jinja and it is at the border between Buikwe District to the west and Jinja District to the east. The coordinates of Bujagali Power Station are 0°2954. 00N, as far back as 2001, the government of Uganda started to plan the construction of a hydroelectric power plant at Bujagali Falls. The original developers included AES Energy from the United States and the Madhvani Group from Uganda, in the midst of fraud investigations, the first project was abandoned in 2003 when AES Energy pulled out of the deal, citing a protracted process because of objections from environmentalists. Construction of the dam and powerhouse started in June 2007, Salini Impregilo was selected to be the lead contractor. The power station began operations on 1 August 2012. At the peak of activity, the project employed over 2,500 people. As of January 2010, Bujagali Energy Limited was owned by the entities, The estimated costs for the dam. Another $62 million was spent on building a high voltage transmission line from Jinja to Kawanda, near Kampala, Bujagali Energy Limited invested approximately US$190 million of its own money into the project. In April 2010, The EastAfrican, a Kenyan weekly publication, indicated that the opening of the dam would be phased, on 2 February 2012, Ugandan newspapers reported the commissioning of the first turbine of the power station. In May 2012, the third 50 megawatt turbine was commissioned, on 15 June 2012, Ugandan press reports indicated that the fourth and fifth turbines had come online, bringing total output to 250 megawatts. The plant officially began operation on 1 August 2012. As of October 2016, the utilization rate was approximately 70 percent. The power generated cost the end user about US$0. 11/kilowatt-hour, list of power stations in Uganda Bujagali Energy Company Homepage AKFED Homepage Sithe Global Homepage Bujagali Will Double Ugandas Electric Output
30.
Murchison Falls National Park
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Murchison Falls National Park is a national park in Uganda and managed by the Ugandan Wildlife Authority. It is in north-western Uganda, spreading inland from the shores of Lake Albert, around the Victoria Nile, together with the adjacent 748 square kilometres Bugungu Wildlife Reserve and the 720 square kilometres Karuma Wildlife Reserve, the park forms the Murchison Falls Conservation Area. The park straddles the Ugandan districts of Buliisa, Nwoya, Kiryandongo, the driving distance from Masindi, the nearest large town, to the Kibanda area of the national park is about 72 kilometres. This area is about 283 kilometres, by road, north-west of Kampala, the coordinates of the park near the Kibanda area are 02°1115. 0N, 31°4653. 0E. The explorers John Speke and James Grant were the first Europeans to visit the present day MFCA in 1862 and it was more thoroughly explored by Samuel and Florence Baker in 1863-4. Baker named the falls Murchison Falls after the geologist Roderick Murchison, between 1907 and 1912, the inhabitants of an area of about 13,000 square kilometres were evacuated due to sleeping sickness spread by tse-tse flies. In 1910, the Bunyoro Game Reserve was created south of the River Nile and that area roughly corresponds to the part of the MFNP that is in the districts of Buliisa, Masindi, and Kiryandongo. In 1928, the boundaries were extended north of the river into the modern-day Nwoya District, in 1952, the British administration established the National Parks Act of Uganda. The area described above became Murchison Falls National Park, MFNP is Ugandas largest national park. It measures approximately 3,893 square kilometres, the park is bisected by the Victoria Nile from east to west for a distance of about 115 kilometres. The park is the location of the Murchison Falls, where the waters of the Nile flow through a gorge only 7 metres wide before plunging 43 metres. MFCA and the adjacent Bugondo Forest Reserve have 76 species of mammals as well as Ugandas largest population of crocodiles, list of national parks of Uganda Overview at Uganda Wildlife Authority Updated Website Dedicated to Murchison Falls National Park
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Lord's Resistance Army
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It appears to largely function as a personality cult of its leader Joseph Kony, a self-declared prophet whose leadership has earned him the nickname Africas David Koresh. The LRA was listed as a terrorist group by the United States and it has been accused of widespread human rights violations, including murder, abduction, mutilation, child-sex slavery, and forcing children to participate in hostilities. The ethnic and cultural divisions within Uganda continued to exist during the years of the British Uganda Protectorate, the southern region became the centre for commercial trade development. The livestock-raising Acholi from the north of Uganda were resented for dominating the army, following the countrys independence in 1962, Ugandas ethnic groups continued to compete with each other within the bounds of Ugandas new political system. In 1986, the armed rebellion waged by Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army won the Ugandan Bush War, the victors sought vengeance against ethnic groups in the North of Uganda. Their activities included Operation Simsim, which engaged in burning, looting, such acts of violence led to the formation of rebel groups from the ranks of the previous Ugandan army, UNLA. Many of those groups made peace with Museveni, however, the southern-dominated army did not stop attacking civilians in the north of the country. Therefore, by late 1987 to early 1988, a resistance movement led by Alice Lakwena was formed. Lakwena did not pick up arms against the government, her members carried sticks. She believed she was inspired by the Holy Spirit of God, Lakwena portrayed herself as a prophet who received messages from the Holy Spirit, and expressed the belief that the Acholi could defeat the Museveni government. She preached that her followers should cover their bodies with shea nut oil as protection from bullets, never take cover or retreat in battle, and never kill snakes or bees. Joseph Kony would later preach a similar superstition, encouraging soldiers to use oil to draw a cross on their chest as a protection from bullets. During a later interview, however, Alice Lakwena distanced herself from Kony, Kony sought to align himself with Lakwena and in turn garner support from her constituents, even going so far as to claim they were cousins. Meanwhile, Kony gained a reputation as having been possessed by spirits and he and a small group of followers first moved beyond his home village of Odek on 1 April 1987. A few days later, he met a group of former Uganda National Liberation Front soldiers from the Black Battalion whom he managed to recruit and they then launched a raid on the city of Gulu. By August 1987, Lakwenas Holy Spirit Mobile Force scored several victories on the battlefield, in 1988, after the Holy Spirit Movement was decisively defeated in the Jinja District and Lakwena fled to Kenya, Kony seized this opportunity to recruit the Holy Spirit remnants. The LRA occasionally carried out local attacks to underline the inability of the government to protect the population, as part of Operation North, the army created the Arrow Groups, village guards mostly armed with bows and arrows. The creation of the Arrow Groups angered Kony, who began to feel that he no longer had the support of the population, after the failure of Operation North, Betty Bigombe initiated the first face-to-face meeting between representatives of the rebel LRA and NRA government
32.
Gulu
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Gulu is a city in Northern Uganda. It is the commercial and administrative centre of Gulu District, the coordinates of Gulu Municipality are, 2°4654. 0N 32°1757. 0E. The distance from Gulu to Kampala, Ugandas capital and largest city, is approximately 340 kilometres by road, the town is served by Gulu Airport and a railway line. During British colonial rule in the 18th and 19th centuries, northern Uganda was less developed than the rest of the country, the people were conscripted into the army and the police, as a source for the security. Many were sent to fight in the First World War and in the Second World War, Uganda gained independence in 1962, but this did not improve the situation for the people in the north. Several rebel groups were formed by the end of 1986, however, these rebel groups were ex soldiers, i. e. the UNLA from the government prior to Museveni. By 1987 most of rebels had joined Musevenis force. Then came another group led by Alice Lakwena Auma from 1988 to 1989. The Lords Resistance Army sprang up in the 1990s after Alice Lakwena left Uganda, the LRA became increasing violent in Gulu and the surrounding communities. The UPDF government army has equally been accused of brutality against the civilian population, in 1996 the Ugandan government ordered all civilians to relocate to internally displaced person camps. Several campaigns, such as Stop the Genocide in Northern Uganda StGiNU, furthermore, the power of the Lords Resistance Army to terrorize and intimidate has dramatically been reduced due to a gradual whittling away of their power. The LRA became a less significant threat, killing 39 in 2012. In 2012 the American and Ugandan Red Cross started a plan to map the city in Open Street Map. The map was created using crowd-sourced mapping traced on satellite images donated by the US government, the aim of the project was to improve disaster management. Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as wet and dry. The Acholi people are the inhabitants of the city of Gulu. There are a range of languages including Luo, Swahili, English. During the hostilities between the Uganda Peoples Defense Force and the Lords Resistance Army there were many IDP camps throughout the area, where at one time, effective April 2009, all IDP camps were closed and the people were allowed to return to their villages
33.
Politics of Uganda
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Uganda is a presidential republic, in which the President of Uganda is both head of state and head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government, legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly. The system is based on a parliamentary system with universal suffrage for all citizens over 18 of years age. In a measure designed to reduce sectarian violence, political parties were restricted in their activities from 1986. In the non-party Movement system instituted by President Yoweri Museveni, political parties continued to exist, a constitutional referendum cancelled this 19-year ban on multi-party politics in July 2005. Presidential elections were held in February 2006, Museveni ran against several candidates, of whom the most prominent was the exiled Dr. Kizza Besigye. Besigye alleged fraud, and rejected the result, the Supreme Court of Uganda ruled that the election was marred by intimidation, violence, voter disenfranchisement, and other irregularities. However, the Court voted 4-3 to uphold the results of the election, the head of state in Uganda is the President, who is elected by a popular vote to a five-year term. This is currently Yoweri Museveni, who is also the head of the armed forces, the previous presidential elections were in February 2006, and in the election of February 2011, Museveni was elected with 68 percent of the vote. The cabinet is appointed by the president from among the elected legislators, the prime minister, Ruhakana Rugunda, assists the president in the supervision of the cabinet. On 4 May 2005, the Ugandan Parliament voted to conduct a referendum on the reintroduction of party politics in Uganda, the referendum was held on July 28,2005 and Ugandans voted for a return to multi-party politics. The Ugandan judiciary operates as an independent branch of government and consists of courts, high courts, courts of appeal. Judges for the High Court are appointed by the president, Judges for the Court of Appeal are appointed by the president, a fight between Ugandan and Libyan presidential guards sparked chaos during a ceremony attended by the heads of state from 11 African nations on March 19,2008. Parliament of Uganda State House of Uganda Constitution of the Republic of Uganda Party Politics in Uganda, 1963-2000, Christina Nyströmee Uganda Government at DMOZ
34.
World Bank
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The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital programs. It comprises two institutions, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the International Development Association, the World Bank is a component of the World Bank Group, which is part of the United Nations system. The World Banks stated official goal is the reduction of poverty, the president of the World Bank is, traditionally, an American. The World Bank and the IMF are both based in Washington, D. C. and work closely with each other, although many countries were represented at the Bretton Woods Conference, the United States and United Kingdom were the most powerful in attendance and dominated the negotiations. Before 1974 the reconstruction and development loans provided by the World Bank were relatively small, the Banks staff were aware of the need to instill confidence in the bank. Fiscal conservatism ruled, and loan applications had to meet strict criteria, the first country to receive a World Bank loan was France. The Banks president at the time, John McCloy, chose France over two other applicants, Poland and Chile, the loan was for US$250 million, half the amount requested, and it came with strict conditions. France had to agree to produce a budget and give priority of debt repayment to the World Bank over other governments. World Bank staff closely monitored the use of the funds to ensure that the French government met the conditions. In addition, before the loan was approved, the United States State Department told the French government that its members associated with the Communist Party would first have to be removed, the French government complied with this diktat and removed the Communist coalition government - the so-called tripartisme. Within hours, the loan to France was approved, when the Marshall Plan went into effect in 1947, many European countries began receiving aid from other sources. Faced with this competition, the World Bank shifted its focus to non-European countries, in 1960, the International Development Association was formed, providing soft loans to developing countries. From 1974 to 1980 the bank concentrated on meeting the needs of people in the developing world. The size and number of loans to borrowers was greatly increased as loan targets expanded from infrastructure into social services and these changes can be attributed to Robert McNamara, who was appointed to the presidency in 1968 by Lyndon B. Johnson. McNamara implored bank treasurer Eugene Rotberg to seek out new sources of capital outside of the banks that had been the primary sources of funding. Rotberg used the bond market to increase the capital available to the bank. One consequence of the period of poverty alleviation lending was the rise of third world debt. From 1976 to 1980 developing world debt rose at an annual rate of 20%
35.
Murchison Falls
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Murchison Falls, also known as Kabalega Falls, is a waterfall between Lake Kyoga and Lake Albert on the White Nile River in Uganda. At the top of Murchison Falls, the Nile forces its way through a gap in the rocks, only 7 metres wide, the outlet of Lake Victoria sends around 300 cubic meters per second of water over the falls, squeezed into a gorge less than ten metres wide. Sir Samuel and Florence Baker were the first Europeans to find them, Baker named them after Sir Roderick Murchison, president of the Royal Geographical Society. The falls lend their name to the surrounding Murchison Falls National Park, during the regime of Idi Amin in the 1970s the name was changed to Kabarega Falls, after the Omukama Kabarega of Bunyoro, although this was never legally promulgated. The name reverted to Murchison Falls following the downfall of Idi Amin and it is still sometimes referred to as Kabarega Falls. Ernest Hemingway crashed a plane just downriver from Murchison Falls in 1954, Murchison Falls National Park Paraa Photographs of Murchison Falls and wildlife. World waterfall database Picture of Murchison Falls from above
36.
Albertine Rift
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The Albertine Rift is the western branch of the East African Rift, covering parts of Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania. It extends from the end of Lake Albert to the southern end of Lake Tanganyika. The geographical term includes the valley and the surrounding mountains, the Albertine Rift and the mountains are the result of tectonic movements that are gradually splitting the Somali Plate away from the rest of the African continent. The mountains surrounding the rift are composed of uplifted Pre-Cambrian basement rocks, the northern part of the rift is crossed by two large mountain ranges, the Rwenzori Mountains between Lake Albert and Lake Rutanzige and the Virunga Mountains between Lake Rutanziga and Lake Kivu. The Virungas form a barrier between the Nile Basin to the north and east and the Congo Basin to the west, Lake Rutenzige is fed by several large rivers, the Rutshuru River being one, and drains to the north through the Semliki River into Lake Albert. The Victoria Nile flows from Lake Victoria into the end of Lake Albert and exits as the White Nile from a point slightly to the west. South of the Virungu, Lake Kivu drains to the south into Lake Tanganyika through the Ruzizi River, Lake Tanganyika then drains into the Congo River via the Lukuga River. Before that Lake Tanganyika, or separate sub-basins in what is now the lake, the Lukuga has formed relatively recently, providing a route through which aquatic species of the Congo Basin could colonize Lake Tanganyika, which formerly had distinct fauna. From north to south the mountains include the Lendu Plateau, Rwenzori Mountains, Virunga Mountains, the Ruwenzori mountains have been identified with Ptolemys Mountains of the Moon. The range covers an area 120 kilometres long and 65 kilometres wide and this range includes Mount Stanley at 5,119 metres, Mount Speke at 4,890 metres and Mount Baker at 4,843 metres. The Virunga Massif along the border between Rwanda and the DRC consists of eight volcanoes, two of these, Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo, are still highly active. Most of the rise to between 2,000 metres and 3,500 metres. The Albertine Rift montane forests are important eco-regions, transitional forests, intermediate between lowland and montane forest, are found at elevations from around 1,000 metres to 1,750 metres. Montane forest covers the slopes from around 1,600 metres to 3,500 metres, above 2,400 metres there are areas of bamboo and elfin forest. Heather and grasses predominate above 3,500 metres, the ecology is threatened by deforestation as a growing population seeks new farmland. Illegal timber extraction is another problem, and artisanal gold mining causes some local damage
37.
East African Rift
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The East African Rift is an active continental rift zone in East Africa. The EAR began developing around the onset of the Miocene, 22–25 million years ago, in the past, it was considered to be part of a larger Great Rift Valley that extended north to Asia Minor. As extension continues, lithospheric rupture will occur within 10 million years, the Somalian plate will break off, a series of distinct rift basins, the East African Rift System extends over thousands of kilometers. The EAR consists of two main branches, the Eastern Rift Valley includes the Main Ethiopian Rift, running eastward from the Afar Triple Junction, which continues south as the Kenyan Rift Valley. The Western Rift Valley includes the Albertine Rift, and farther south, to the north of the Afar Triple Junction, the rift follows one of two paths, west to the Red Sea Rift or east to the Aden Ridge in the Gulf of Aden. The EAR runs from the Afar Triple Junction in the Afar Triangle of Ethiopia through eastern Africa, the EAR transects through Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia, Tanzania, Malawi and Mozambique. The Davie Ridge ranges between 30–120 km wide, with a west facing scarp along the half of its length that rises up to 2300 m above the sea floor. Its movement is concurrent with the EAR, over time, many theories have tried to clarify the evolution of the East African Rift. In 1972 it was proposed that the EAR was not caused by tectonic activity, others proposed an African superplume causing mantle deformation. However, the varying geochemical signatures of a suite of Ethiopian lavas suggest multiple plume sources, at least one of deep mantle origin, additionally, the subject of deep-rooted mantle plumes is still a matter of controversy, and therefore cannot be confirmed. The most recent and accepted view is the theory put forth in 2009, at that time it was suggested that lithospheric thinning generated volcanic activity, further increasing the magmatic processes at play such as intrusions and numerous small plumes. These processes further thin the lithosphere in saturated areas, forcing the thinning lithosphere to behave like a mid-ocean ridge, prior to rifting, enormous continental flood basalts erupted on the surface and uplift of the Ethiopian, Somalian, and East African plateaus occurred. The first stage of rifting of the EAR is characterized by rift localization, periods of extension alternated with times of relative inactivity. There was also the reactivation of a weakness in the crust, a suture zone of multiple cratons, displacement along large boundary faults. The second stage of rifting is characterized by the deactivation of large boundary faults, the development of internal fault segments, today, the narrow rift segments of the East African Rift system form zones of localized strain. These rifts are the result of the actions of numerous faults which are typical of all tectonic rift zones. The African continental crust is generally cool and strong, many cratons are found throughout the EAR, such as the Tanzania and Kaapvaal cratons. The cratons are thick, and have survived for billions of years with little tectonic activity and they are characterized by greenstone belts, tonalites, and other high-grade metamorphic lithologies
38.
Nebbi District
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Nebbi District is a district in Northern Uganda. It is named after its main municipal, commercial and administrative centre, Nebbi, Nebbi, where the district headquarters are located approximately 77 kilometres, by road, southeast of Arua, the largest town in the sub-region. The coordinates of the district are,02 27N,31 15E, the district is divided into two counties, Padyere, and Jonam. In 2010, Okoro County was split off Nebbi District to form Zombo District, there is a small airstrip near Nebbi which can be reached using commercial flights from Entebbe Airport. A railway link which has not run for years used to link the district to the rest of the Uganda Railway system. The first bishop of the Anglican diocese of Nebbi was Henry Luke Orombi, the first bishop of Nebbi Catholic diocese was John Baptist Odama. He is currently the archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gulu, in 1991, the national population census estimated the district population at about 185,550. The 2002 national census estimated the population of the district at approximately 226,310, the annual population growth rate of the district was calculated at 2. 7%. In 2012, it was estimated that the population of Nebbi District was about 346,200, the table below illustrates the growth of the district population between 2002 and 2012. The predominant ethnicity in the district are the Alur, with the languages spoken being Alur, agriculture, together with fishing are the main economic activities in the district. Crops grown include, Fishing on Lake Albert and in the Albert Nile is practiced widely for subsistence, common species of fish include Nile Perch and Tilapia. Local rivers in the district, such as the Nyagak and Namrwodho Rivers, also afford fishing opportunities to those far removed from Lake Albert, Nebbi West Nile sub-region Northern Region, Uganda Districts of Uganda Nebbi District Official Website
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Nile". Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "