1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
2.
Led Zeppelin
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Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968. The group consisted of guitarist Jimmy Page, singer Robert Plant, bassist and keyboardist John Paul Jones, after changing their name from the New Yardbirds, Led Zeppelin signed a deal with Atlantic Records that afforded them considerable artistic freedom. Their fourth album, which features the track Stairway to Heaven, is among the most popular and influential works in rock music, Page wrote most of Led Zeppelins music, particularly early in their career, while Plant generally supplied the lyrics. Jones keyboard-based compositions later became central to the catalogue, which featured increasing experimentation. The latter half of their career saw a series of record-breaking tours that earned the group a reputation for excess, in the decades that followed, the surviving members sporadically collaborated and participated in one-off Led Zeppelin reunions. The most successful of these was the 2007 Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert in London, Led Zeppelin are widely considered one of the most successful, innovative, and influential rock groups in history. They are one of the music artists in the history of audio recording. With RIAA-certified sales of 111.5 million units, they are the band in the US. Each of their nine studio albums placed in the top 10 of the Billboard album chart and they achieved eight consecutive UK number-one albums. Rolling Stone magazine described them as the heaviest band of all time, the biggest band of the Seventies, and unquestionably one of the most enduring bands in rock history. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995, in 1966, London-based session guitarist Jimmy Page joined the blues-influenced rock band the Yardbirds to replace bassist Paul Samwell-Smith. Page soon switched from bass to guitar, creating a dual lead guitar line-up with Jeff Beck. Following Becks departure in October 1966, the Yardbirds, tired from constant touring and recording, Page wanted to form a supergroup with him and Beck on guitars, and the Whos Keith Moon and John Entwistle on drums and bass, respectively. Vocalists Steve Winwood and Steve Marriott were also considered for the project, the group never formed, although Page, Beck, and Moon did record a song together in 1966, Becks Bolero, in a session that also included bassist-keyboardist John Paul Jones. The Yardbirds played their final gig in July 1968 at Luton College of Technology in Bedfordshire, Page and Dreja began putting a new line-up together. Pages first choice for the singer was Terry Reid, but Reid declined the offer and suggested Robert Plant. Plant eventually accepted the position, recommending former Band of Joy drummer John Bonham, Jones inquired about the vacant position at the suggestion of his wife after Dreja dropped out of the project to become a photographer. Page had known Jones since they were both musicians and agreed to let him join as the final member
3.
Led Zeppelin II
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Recording sessions for the album took place at several locations in both the United Kingdom and North America from January to August 1969. Incorporating several elements of blues and folk music, Led Zeppelin II exhibited the bands evolving musical style of blues-derived material and it has been described as the bands heaviest album. Led Zeppelin II was a success, and was the bands first album to reach number one on charts in the UK. In 1970, the cover designer David Juniper was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Recording Package. On 15 November 1999, the album was certified 12× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales passing 12 million copies. Since its release, various writers and music critics have regularly cited Led Zeppelin II as one of the greatest and most influential albums of all time. Led Zeppelin II was conceived during a hectic and much-travelled period of Led Zeppelins career from January through August 1969, each song was separately recorded, mixed and produced at various studios in the UK and North America. Bassist John Paul Jones recalled that We were touring a lot, Jimmy s riffs were coming fast and furious. A lot of them came from onstage especially during the long improvised section of Dazed and Confused, wed remember the good stuff and dart into a studio along the way. Some of the studios used by the band were not the most advanced. One studio in Vancouver, credited as a hut, had an 8-track set up that did not even have proper headphone facilities, the groups lead singer Robert Plant later discussed the writing and recording process, stating It was crazy really. We were writing the numbers in hotel rooms and then wed do a track in London, add the vocal in New York, overdub the harmonica in Vancouver. Thank You, The Lemon Song and Moby Dick were overdubbed during the tour, while the mixing of Whole Lotta Love, Page later stated In other words, some of the material came out of rehearsing for the next tour and getting new material together. Production was entirely credited to Jimmy Page, while it served as Led Zeppelins first album to utilise the skills. This partnership was particularly exhibited in the section of the track Whole Lotta Love. Kramer later said, The famous Whole Lotta Love mix, where everything is going bananas, is a combination of Jimmy and myself just flying around on a small console twiddling every knob known to man. In another interview, Kramer later gave credit to Page for the sound that was achieved, despite the inconsistent conditions in which it was recorded. We cut some of the tracks in some of the most bizarre studios you can imagine, but in the end it sounded bloody marvellous
4.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
5.
Living Loving Maid (She's Just a Woman)
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Living Loving Maid is a song by the English rock band Led Zeppelin from their album Led Zeppelin II, released in 1969. It was also released as the b-side of the single Whole Lotta Love, the song is about a groupie who stalked the band early in their career. It is often noted that this is guitarist Jimmy Pages least favourite Led Zeppelin song and it was also one of the few Led Zeppelin songs on which Jones sang backing vocals. Conversely, singer Robert Plant took a liking to the song, for the recording of this track, Page played on a Vox 12-string guitar. When played on the radio it was played immediately after their song Heartbreaker. Bring It On Home 4,2119697 single A, Whole Lotta Love 3,1219697 single A. Ramble On 4,2319697 single A
6.
Gramophone record
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The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. The phonograph disc record was the medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century. It had co-existed with the cylinder from the late 1880s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed, by the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. The phonograph record has made a resurgence in the early 21st century –9.2 million records were sold in the U. S. in 2014. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014, as of 2017,48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide,18 in the United States and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of vinyl has led to the investment in new, only two producers of lacquers remains, Apollo Masters in California, USA, and MDC in Japan. Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to heat or broken. The large cover are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, in the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008, along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no evidence that Edisons phonograph was based on Scotts phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a paper tape, with the idea of creating a telephone repeater analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. The tinfoil was wrapped around a metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately, Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device, the wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century. Berliners earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 12.5 cm in diameter, both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality
7.
Recording studio
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A recording studio is a facility for sound recording and mixing. Ideally both the recording and monitoring spaces are designed by an acoustician or audio engineer to achieve optimum acoustic properties. The engineers and producers listen to the music and the recorded tracks on monitor speakers and/or headphones. Major recording studios typically have a range of large, heavy, Isolation booths are small sound-insulated rooms with doors, designed for instrumentalists. This equipment may interfere with the recording process, Recording studios are carefully designed around the principles of room acoustics to create a set of spaces with the acoustical properties required for recording sound with precision and accuracy. This will consist of both room treatment and soundproofing to prevent sound from leaving the property. Even though sound isolation is a key goal, the musicians, singers, audio engineers and record producers still need to be able to see other, to see cue gestures. As such, the room, isolation booths, vocal booths. Some smaller studios do not have instruments, and bands and artists are expected to bring their own instruments, having musical instruments and equipment in the studio creates additional costs for a studio, as pianos have to be tuned and instruments need to be maintained. However, it makes it convenient for recording artists, as they do not have to bring in large. As well, less costly studio time is spent moving in gear, drummers bring their own snare drum, cymbals and sticks/brushes. The types and brands of equipment owned by a studio depends on the styles of music for the bands. A studio that mainly records heavy metal music will be likely to have large, powerful guitar amp heads, in contrast, a studio which mainly records country bands will likely have a selection of small, vintage combo amps. A studio that records a lot of 1970s-style funk may have an electric piano. General purpose computers have rapidly assumed a role in the recording process. A computer thus outfitted is called a Digital Audio Workstation, or DAW, other software applications include Ableton Live, Mixcraft, Cakewalk Sonar, ACID Pro, FL Studio, Adobe Audition, Auto-Tune, Audacity, and Ardour. While Apple Macintosh is used for most studio work, there is a breadth of available for Microsoft Windows. If no mixing console is used and all mixing is done using only a keyboard and mouse, the OTB is used when mixing with other hardware and not just the PC software
8.
Olympic Studios
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Olympic Studios is an early 20th-century building in Barnes, London, which, after four years of closure, re-opened on 14 October 2013 as the new home for the Olympic Studios cinema. As well as a cinema, the building includes a café and dining room, a members club. The studios sound mixing desks eventually became famous in their own right, the conversion from film to recording studio was undertaken by architect Robertson Grant and the acoustics completed by Keith Grant and Russel Pettinger. The studios won Music Week magazines award for best recording studio five times, after forty years and a succession of owners, the studios earlier facilities were closed by the EMI and Virgin Group in 2009. In keeping with its history, Olympics cinema is now also the only one in London employing a new form of state-of-the-art Flare Audio cinema sound. After its earliest days, the became a theatre briefly again in the 1920s, actors who played there included John Gielgud. Between the 1930s and the era, it returned to its original function as a cinema. In its first decade it was notable for being one of the associated with the bioscope. In the 1950s the building became television production studios, the first home of Olympic Sound Studios was in central London in the late 1950s, owned by Angus McKenzie, who had purchased Larry Lyons Olympia Studio in Fulham. McKenzie then took a lease on a synagogue building at Carton Street. In conjunction with Richard Swettenham, McKenzie opened Olympics Studio One with a recording console from Olympia Studio. The Studio first came to prominence in 1958, its senior engineer was John Timperley. In 1962 Terry Allen joined the company as an electronic engineer, John Timperleys assistant was Roger Savage, who quickly gained a reputation as a particularly good sound balancer. Terry Allen soon became manager and was instructed by Angus McKenzie to dismiss Timperley late in 1962. Keith Grant had worked at Olympic on a basis for some time. Dick Swettenham designed the first professional transistorised desk in the world, apart from Roger Savage, several other young staff gained their start at Olympic. Gus Dudgeon began as an operator and when he left Olympic became associated with Elton John. Another successful employee was Michael Ross-Trevor, who eventually joined CBS Records, Studio One was used by many influential British groups including The Yardbirds, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, Alexis Korner and Graham Bond
9.
Hard rock
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Hard rock is a loosely defined subgenre of rock music that began in the mid-1960s, with the garage, psychedelic and blues rock movements. It is typified by a use of aggressive vocals, distorted electric guitars, bass guitar, drums. Hard rock developed into a form of popular music in the 1970s, with bands such as The Who, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC/DC. During the 1980s, some rock bands moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock. Hard rock began losing popularity with the success of R&B, hip-hop, urban pop, grunge. Out of this movement came garage rock bands like The White Stripes, The Strokes, Interpol and, later on, in the 2000s, only a few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Hard rock is a form of loud, aggressive rock music, the electric guitar is often emphasised, used with distortion and other effects, both as a rhythm instrument using repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity, and as a solo lead instrument. Drumming characteristically focuses on driving rhythms, strong drum and a backbeat on snare. The bass guitar works in conjunction with the drums, occasionally playing riffs, vocals are often growling, raspy, or involve screaming or wailing, sometimes in a high range, or even falsetto voice. In the late 1960s, the heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock. Heavy metal took on darker characteristics after Black Sabbaths breakthrough at the beginning of the 1970s, in the 1980s it developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal, some of which were influenced by hardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles. Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have existed side by side, with bands frequently standing on the boundary of, other antecedents include Link Wrays instrumental Rumble in 1958, and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale, such as Lets Go Trippin and Misirlou. In the 1960s, American and British blues and rock bands began to rock and roll by adding harder sounds, heavier guitar riffs, bombastic drumming. From the late 1960s, it common to divide mainstream rock music that emerged from psychedelia into soft. Soft rock was often derived from rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody. In contrast, hard rock was most often derived from rock and was played louder. Blues rock acts that pioneered the sound included Cream, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, Cream, in songs like I Feel Free combined blues rock with pop and psychedelia, particularly in the riffs and guitar solos of Eric Clapton. Jimi Hendrix produced a form of blues-influenced psychedelic rock, which combined elements of jazz, blues and rock, from 1967 Jeff Beck brought lead guitar to new heights of technical virtuosity and moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, The Jeff Beck Group
10.
Blues rock
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Blues rock is a fusion genre combining elements of blues and rock. It is mostly an electric ensemble-style music with similar to electric blues. From its beginnings in the early- to mid-1960s, blues rock has gone through several stylistic shifts and along the way inspired hard rock, Southern rock, Blues rock continues to be an influence, with performances and recordings by several popular artists. Blues rock started with rock musicians in the United Kingdom and the United States performing American blues songs. They typically recreated electric Chicago-style blues songs, such as those by Muddy Waters, Jimmy Reed, Howlin Wolf, and Albert King, at faster tempos and with a more aggressive sound common to rock. In the UK, the style was popularized by such as the Rolling Stones, the Yardbirds, and the Animals. In the US, Lonnie Mack, the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, in the US, Johnny Winter, the Allman Brothers Band, and ZZ Top represented a hard rock trend. Although around this time, AllMusic commented, the lines between rock and hard rock were barely visible, there was a return to more blues-influenced styles. Groups, such as the Jon Spencer Blues Explosion and the White Stripes, brought an edgier, more diverse style into the 2000s, Blues rock bands borrow the idea of an instrumental combo and loud amplification from rock & roll. It is also played at a fast tempo, again distinguishing it from the blues. The core blues rock sound is created by the guitar, bass guitar. Often bands also included a harmonica, usually called a harp, the electric guitar is usually amplified through a tube guitar amplifier or using an overdrive effect. While 1950s-era blues bands would still use the upright bass, the blues rock bands of the 1960s used the electric bass. Keyboard instruments, such as the piano and Hammond organ, are occasionally used. As with the guitar, the sound of the Hammond organ is typically amplified with a tube amplifier. Vocals also typically play a key role, although the vocals may be equal in importance or even subordinate to the guitar playing. As well, a number of rock pieces are instrumental-only. Blues-rock pieces often follow typical blues structures, such as blues, sixteen-bar blues
11.
Atlantic Records
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Atlantic Recording Corporation is an American major record label founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson. In 2004, Atlantic Records and its sister label Elektra Records merged into Atlantic Records Group, craig Kallman is currently the chairman of Atlantic Records. Ahmet Ertegün served as founding chairman until his death on December 14,2006, the brothers had become ardent fans of jazz and rhythm & blues music, amassing a collection of over 15,00078 RPM records. He convinced the family dentist, Dr Vahdi Sabit, to invest $10,000 and recruited Herb Abramson, Abramson had worked as a part-time A&R manager/producer for the jazz label National Records, signing Big Joe Turner and Billy Eckstine. He founded Jubilee Records in 1946, but had no interest in its most successful artists, so, in September 1947, he sold his share in Jubilee to his partner, Jerry Blaine, and invested $2500 in the new Atlantic label. When interviewed in 2009 she attributed her reputation to the companys chronic cash-flow shortage, most of the problems we had with artists were that they wanted advances, and that was very difficult for us. We were undercapitalized for a long time, the labels original office in the Ritz Hotel, Manhattan proved too expensive so they relocated to an $85 per month room in the Hotel Jefferson. In its early years Atlantic focused principally on modern jazz although it released some country and western and spoken word recordings. The union action forced Atlantic to use almost all its capital to cut and stockpile enough recordings to last through the ban, Ertegun and Abramson spent much of the late 1940s and early 1950s scouring nightclubs in search of talent. Ertegun composed many songs under the alias A, in early 1949 a New Orleans distributor phoned Ertegun trying to obtain Stick McGhees Drinking Wine, Spo-Dee-O-Dee, which was unavailable due to the closure of McGhees previous label. Ertegun knew Sticks younger brother Brownie McGhee, with whom Stick happened to be staying, so he contacted the McGhee brothers, Ertegun asked about artists royalties, which he paid, which surprised Columbia executives, who did not, which scuttled the deal. On the recommendation of broadcaster Willis Conover, Ertegun and Abramson went to see Ruth Brown at the Crystal Caverns club in Washington and she was badly injured in a car accident en route to New York but Atlantic supported her for nine months and then signed her. Her first release for the label So Long, cut at her second Atlantic session on May 25,1949 with the Eddie Condon band, was a major hit, reaching #6 on the R&B chart. Brown went on to more than eighty songs for the label, becoming the most prolific. So significant was Browns success to Atlantics fortunes that the label became known colloquially as The House That Ruth Built. The Clovers Dont You Know I Love You became the labels first R&B #1 in September 1951 and she hit #1 again in March–April 1952 with 5-10-15 Hours. After she left the label in 1961 Browns fortunes declined rapidly - within a few years was reduced to working as a cleaner and bus-driver to support her children. Brown eventually received a payment of $20,000 and founded a charity
12.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
13.
John Bonham
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John Henry Bonham was an English musician and songwriter, best known as the drummer for the British rock band Led Zeppelin. Bonham was esteemed for his speed, power, fast bass-drumming, distinctive sound and he is considered by some publications to be one of the greatest drummers in rock. John Henry Bonham was born on 31 May 1948, in Redditch, Worcestershire, England, to Joan and he began learning to play at five, making a kit of containers and coffee tins, imitating his idols Max Roach, Gene Krupa and Buddy Rich. His mother gave him a drum when he was 10. He received his first drum kit from his father at age 15, Bonham never took formal drum lessons, though as a teen he had advice from other Redditch drummers. Between 1962 and 1963, still at school, Bonham joined the Blue Star Trio, Bonham attended Lodge Farm Secondary Modern School, where his headmaster wrote in his report that He will either end up a dustman or a millionaire. After leaving school in 1964, he worked for his father as a carpenter between drumming for local bands. In 1964, Bonham joined his first semi-professional band, Terry Webb and the Spiders and he played in other Birmingham bands such as The Nicky James Movement and The Senators, who made a single, Shes a Mod, in 1964. Bonham then took up drumming full-time, Two years later, he joined A Way of Life, but the band folded. Needing a regular income, he joined a group called Crawling King Snakes. In 1967, A Way of Life asked Bonham to return to the group, Plant formed Band of Joy and chose Bonham as the drummer. The band recorded demos but no album, in 1968, American singer Tim Rose toured Britain and asked Band of Joy to open his concerts. When Rose returned months later, Bonham was invited by the singer to drum for Roses band, after the retirement of The Yardbirds, guitarist Jimmy Page formed another band and recruited Plant, who in turn suggested Bonham. Pages choices for drummer included Procol Harums B. J. Wilson, ginger Baker was also rumoured to be on Pages list. Plant sent eight telegrams to Bonhams pub, the Three Men in a Boat, in Bloxwich, Bonham was also receiving offers from Joe Cocker and Chris Farlowe but he accepted Grants offer. He recalled, I decided I liked their music better than Cockers or Farlowes, during Led Zeppelins first tour of the United States in December 1968, Bonham became friends with Vanilla Fudges drummer, Carmine Appice. Appice introduced him to Ludwig drums, which he used for the rest of his career. Bonham used the longest and heaviest sticks, which he called trees and his hard hitting was evident on many Led Zeppelin songs, including Immigrant Song, When the Levee Breaks, Kashmir, The Ocean, and Achilles Last Stand
14.
Willie Dixon
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William James Dixon was an American blues musician, vocalist, songwriter, arranger and record producer. A Grammy Award winner who was proficient on both the bass and the guitar and as a vocalist, he is perhaps best known as one of the most prolific songwriters of his time. Next to Muddy Waters, Dixon is recognized as the most influential person in shaping the post–World War II sound of the Chicago blues, Dixons songs have been recorded by countless musicians in many genres as well as by various ensembles in which he participated. A short list of his most famous compositions includes Hoochie Coochie Man, I Just Want to Make Love to You, Little Red Rooster, My Babe, Spoonful, and You Cant Judge a Book by the Cover. These tunes were written during the peak of Chess Records, 1950–1965, and performed by Muddy Waters, Howlin Wolf, Little Walter, Dixon also was an important link between the blues and rock and roll, working with Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley in the late 1950s. His songs have been covered by some of the biggest artists of recent times, such as Cream, Jeff Beck, the Doors, Led Zeppelin, the Rolling Stones, Steppenwolf, Bob Dylan. The debut albums by the first six of those artists all feature at least one of his songs, Dixon is an inductee in the Blues, Rock and Roll, and Songwriters Halls of Fame. Dixon was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi, on July 1,1915 and his mother, Daisy, often rhymed things she said, a habit her son imitated. At the age of seven, young Dixon became an admirer of a band that featured pianist Little Brother Montgomery. He sang his first song at Springfield Baptist Church at the age of four Dixon was first introduced to blues when he served time on farms in Mississippi as a young teenager. He began adapting his poems into songs and even sold some to local music groups, Dixon left Mississippi for Chicago in 1936. He became a boxer and worked briefly as Joe Louiss sparring partner. Dixon met Leonard Caston at a gym, where they would harmonize at times. Dixon performed in vocal groups in Chicago, but it was Caston that persuaded him to pursue music seriously. Caston built him his first bass, made of a tin can, Dixons experience singing bass made the instrument familiar. He also learned to play the guitar, in 1939, Dixon was a founding member of the Five Breezes, with Caston, Joe Bell, Gene Gilmore and Willie Hawthorne. The group blended blues, jazz, and vocal harmonies, in the mode of the Ink Spots and he refused to go to war because he would not fight for a nation in which institutionalized racism and racist laws were prevalent. After the war, he formed a group named the Four Jumps of Jive and he then reunited with Caston, forming the Big Three Trio, which went on to record for Columbia Records
15.
John Paul Jones (musician)
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John Richard Baldwin, better known by his stage name John Paul Jones, is an English multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, composer, arranger and record producer. Best known as the bassist, keyboardist, and co-songwriter for the English rock band Led Zeppelin, a versatile musician, Jones also plays organ, guitar, koto, lap steel guitars, mandolin, autoharp, violin, ukulele, sitar, cello, continuum and recorder. According to AllMusic, Jones has left his mark on rock & roll music history as a musician, arranger. Jones is part of the band Them Crooked Vultures with Josh Homme and Dave Grohl, in which he plays guitar, keyboards. In 2014, Jones ranked first on Paste magazines list of 20 Most Underrated Bass Guitarists, John Baldwin was born in Sidcup, Kent. He started playing piano at age six, learning from his father, Joe Baldwin and his mother was also in the music business which allowed the family to often perform together touring around England as a vaudeville comedy act. His influences ranged from the blues of Big Bill Broonzy, the jazz of Charles Mingus, because his parents often toured, Jones was sent to boarding school at a young age. He was a student at Christs College, Blackheath, London where he studied music. The fluid playing of Chicago musician Phil Upchurch on his You Cant Sit Down LP, Jones joined his first band, The Deltas, at 15. He then played bass for jazz-rock London group, Jett Blacks, Jones big break came in 1962 when he was hired by Jet Harris and Tony Meehan of the successful British group The Shadows for a two-year stint. In 1964, on the recommendation of Meehan, Jones began studio session work with Decca Records, from then until 1968, he played on hundreds of recording sessions. He soon expanded his work by playing keyboards, arranging and undertaking general studio direction. As well as recording sessions with Dusty Springfield, Jones also played bass for her Talk of the Town series of performances. Such was the extent of Jones studio work – amounting to hundreds of sessions – that he said later that I cant remember three-quarters of the sessions I was on. It was during his time as a player that Jones adopted the stage name John Paul Jones. This name was suggested to him by a friend, Andrew Loog Oldham and he released his first solo recording as John Paul Jones, Baja / A Foggy Day in Vietnam, as a single on Pye Records in April 1964. Jones has stated that, as a musician, he was completing two and three sessions a day, six and seven days a week. However, by 1968 he was quickly feeling burnt out due to the workload, I was arranging 50 or 60 things a month
16.
Jimmy Page
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James Patrick Jimmy Page, OBE is an English musician, songwriter, and record producer who achieved international success as the guitarist and founder of the rock band Led Zeppelin. Page began his career as a session musician in London and, by the mid-1960s. He was a member of the Yardbirds from 1966 to 1968, in late 1968, he founded Led Zeppelin. Page is widely considered to be one of the greatest and most influential guitarists of all time, Rolling Stone magazine has described Page as the pontiff of power riffing and ranked him number 3 in their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. In 2010, he was ranked number two in Gibsons list of Top 50 Guitarists of All Time and, in 2007, number four on Classic Rocks 100 Wildest Guitar Heroes. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, once as a member of the Yardbirds, Page has been described by Uncut as rocks greatest and most mysterious guitar hero. Los Angeles Times magazine voted Jimmy Page the 2nd greatest guitarist of all time, Page was born to James Patrick Page and Patricia Elizabeth Gaffikin in the west London suburb of Heston on 9 January 1944. His father was a personnel manager and his mother, who was of Irish descent, was a doctors secretary. In 1952, they moved to Feltham and then to Miles Road, Epsom in Surrey, I dont know whether was left behind by the people before, or whether it was a friend of the familys—nobody seemed to know why it was there. First playing the instrument at age 12, he took a few lessons in nearby Kingston, there was one other guitarist in my school who actually showed me the first chords that I learned and I went on from there. I was bored so I taught myself the guitar from listening to records, so obviously it was a very personal thing. Among Pages early influences were rockabilly guitarists Scotty Moore and James Burton, presleys song Baby Lets Play House is cited by Page as being his inspiration to take up the guitar. Although he appeared on BBC1 in 1957 with a Höfner President, Page states that his first guitar was a second-hand 1959 Futurama Grazioso, later replaced by a Fender Telecaster. Pages musical tastes included skiffle and acoustic folk playing, and the sounds of Elmore James, B. B. King, Otis Rush, Buddy Guy, Freddie King. Basically, that was the start, a mixture between rock and blues, at 13, Page appeared on Huw Wheldons All Your Own talent quest programme in a skiffle quartet, one performance of which aired on BBC1 in 1957. The group played Mama Dont Want to Skiffle Anymore and another American-flavoured song, when asked by Wheldon what he wanted to do after schooling, Page said, I want to do biological research to find a cure for cancer, if it isnt discovered by then. In an interview with Guitar Player magazine, Page stated that there was a lot of busking in the early days, Page took a guitar to school each day only to have it confiscated and returned to him after class. Although interviewed for a job as an assistant, he ultimately chose to leave Danetree Secondary School, West Ewell
17.
Robert Plant
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Robert Anthony Plant, CBE is an English singer, songwriter, and musician, best known as the lead singer and lyricist of the rock band Led Zeppelin. A powerful and wide range has given him a successful solo career spanning over 30 years. Plant is regarded as one of the greatest singers in the history of rock and roll, he has influenced fellow rock singer-songwriters such as Freddie Mercury, Axl Rose, in 2006, Heavy Metal magazine Hit Parader named Plant the Greatest Metal Vocalist of All Time. In 2009, Plant was voted the greatest voice in rock in a poll conducted by Planet Rock, in 2008, Rolling Stone editors ranked him number 15 on their list of the 100 best singers of all time. In 2011, Rolling Stone readers ranked Plant the greatest of all lead singers, Robert Anthony Plant was born in the Black Country town of West Bromwich, Staffordshire to Robert C. Plant, a civil engineer who worked in the Royal Air Force during World War II, and Annie Celia Plant. He grew up in Kidderminster, Worcestershire, Plant gained an interest in singing and rock and roll music at an early age. When I was a kid I used to hide behind the curtains at home at Christmas and I used to try, there was a certain ambience between the curtains and the French windows, there was a certain sound there for a ten-year-old. That was all the ambience I got at ten years old, and I always wanted to be a curtain, a bit similar to that. I suppose I was quite interested in my collection and Romano-British history. I was a grammar school boy and I could hear this kind of calling through the airwaves. He abandoned training as an accountant after only two weeks to attend college in an effort to gain more GCE passes and to become part of the English Midlands blues scene. I left home at 16, he said, and I started my real education musically, moving from group to group, furthering my knowledge of the blues, Plants early blues influences included Johnson, Bukka White, Skip James, Jerry Miller, and Sleepy John Estes. Plant had various jobs while pursuing his career, one of which was working for the major British construction company Wimpey in Birmingham in 1967 laying tarmac on roads. He also worked at Woolworths in Halesowen town for a period of time. He cut three singles on CBS Records and sang with a variety of bands, including the Crawling King Snakes. They both went on to play in the Band of Joy, merging blues with newer psychedelic trends, a version of Somebody to Love by Jefferson Airplane was sung by Plant in front of Page, leading Page to the end of his search. As recalled by Plant and Page, Plant, I was appearing at this college when Peter and Jimmy turned up and asked me if Id like to join the Yardbirds
18.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
19.
Good Times Bad Times
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Good Times Bad Times is a song by the English rock band Led Zeppelin, featured as the opening track on their 1969 debut album Led Zeppelin. For the lead guitar solo, guitarist Jimmy Page passed his Fender Telecaster guitar through a Leslie speaker to create a swirling effect and this type of speaker contains a rotating horn enclosure and was designed for a Hammond organ. However, guitars could be used with it, in an interview, he gave to Guitar World magazine in 1993, Page explained that, I do remember using the board to overdrive a Leslie cabinet for the main riff in How Many More Times. It doesnt sound like a Leslie because I wasnt employing the rotating speakers, surprisingly, that sound has real weight. The guitar is going through the board, then through an amp which was driving the Leslie cabinet and it was a very successful experiment. Page, also the producer, placed microphones all over the recording studio to capture a live sound when this song was recorded. Bonham had reportedly developed this technique after listening to Vanilla Fudge and he was unaware that drummer Carmine Appice was actually playing on a double bass set. As Page has stated, The most stunning thing about the track and its superhuman when you realize he was not playing with double kick. Thats when people started understanding what he was all about, bass guitarist John Paul Jones has also remarked on his own contribution to the track, Usually anything with lots of notes was mine and anything with chunky chords was Pages. Things like Good Times Bad Times, those are my sort of riffs, Jones says that the riff he wrote for this song was the most difficult one he ever wrote. Good Times Bad Times was rarely played live at Led Zeppelin concerts in its entirety, in a few instances in 1969 it was used as an introduction to Communication Breakdown (as seen in Led Zeppelin. It was also the song for Led Zeppelins reunion show at the O2 Arena. The version of Good Times Bad Times/Communication Breakdown released 15 April 2014, on iTunes, is from 10 October 1969 in Paris, Good Times Bad Times –2,47 B. Communication Breakdown –2,2819697 single A, Good Times Bad Times –2,47 B. Black Mountain Side –2,1219697 EP A1, Good Times Bad Times –2,47 A2. Dazed and Confused –6,2619727 EP* A1, Good Times Bad Times –2,47 A2. It was the song on the album to be newly released as a single. A music video was created for the Godsmack version of the song, featuring live footage
20.
Immigrant Song
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Immigrant Song is a song by the English rock band Led Zeppelin. It is built on a riff and features lyrical references to Norse mythology, with singer Robert Plants howling vocals mentioning war-making. The song was included on their studio album, Led Zeppelin III, and was released as a single. Several live recordings have also issued on Led Zeppelin concert albums. Immigrant Song was written during Led Zeppelins tour of Iceland, Bath, the opening date of this tour took place in Reykjavík, Iceland, which inspired vocalist Robert Plant to write the song. He explained in an interview, We werent being pompous and we did come from the land of the ice and snow. We were guests of the Icelandic Government on a cultural mission and we were invited to play a concert in Reykjavik and the day before we arrived all the civil servants went on strike and the gig was going to be cancelled. The university prepared a concert hall for us and it was phenomenal, the response from the kids was remarkable and we had a great time. Immigrant Song was about that trip and it was the track on the album that was intended to be incredibly different. Six days after Led Zeppelins appearance in Reykjavik, the performed the song for the first time in concert during the Bath Festival. The song begins with a distinctive, wailing cry from Plant and is built on a repeating, staccato riff by guitarist Jimmy Page, bassist John Paul Jones and it is performed in the key of F♯ minor at a moderate tempo of 112 beats per minute. There is a very faint count-off at the beginning of the track with lots of hiss which appears on the album version, the hiss is feedback from an echo unit. The songs lyrics are written from the perspective of Vikings rowing west from Scandinavia in search of new lands, the lyrics, such as Fight the horde, sing and cry, Valhalla, I am coming. Make explicit reference to Viking conquests and the Old Norse religion, in a 1970 radio interview, Plant jokingly recalled, We went to Iceland, and it made you think of Vikings and big ships. And bang, there it was – Immigrant Song, one of the lines from the song became part of Led Zeppelin lore. The line, the hammer of the gods/will drive our ships to new lands prompted some people to start referring to Led Zeppelins sound as the Hammer of the Gods. The phrase was used as the title of Stephen Davis biography of the band, Hammer of the Gods, Immigrant Song is one of Led Zeppelins few single releases. It was issued in the US5 November 1970 by Atlantic Records, Hey, Hey, What Can I Do, the singles B-side, was released on the 1972 UK Atlantic Records sampler The New Age of Atlantic and later on the 1990 Led Zeppelin Boxed Set
21.
Music recording sales certification
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Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped or sold a certain number of copies. The threshold quantity varies by type and by nation or territory, almost all countries follow variations of the RIAA certification categories, which are named after precious materials. The number of sales or shipments required for these awards depends upon the population of the territory in which the recording is released, typically, they are awarded only to international releases and are awarded individually for each country in which the album is sold. Different sales levels, some perhaps 10 times lower than others, the original gold record awards were presented to artists by their own record companies to publicize their sales achievements. The first of these was awarded by RCA Victor to Glenn Miller and His Orchestra in February 1942, another example of a company award is the gold record awarded to Elvis Presley in 1956 for one million units sold of his single Dont Be Cruel. The first gold record for an LP was awarded by RCA Victor to Harry Belafonte in 1957 for the album Calypso and these sales were restricted to U. S. -based record companies and did not include exports to other countries. For albums in 1968, this would mean shipping approximately 250,000 units, the platinum certification was introduced in 1976 for the sale of one million units, album or single, with the gold certification redefined to mean sales of 500,000 units, album or single. No album was certified platinum prior to this year, for instance, the recording by Van Cliburn of the Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto from 1958 would eventually be awarded a platinum citation, but this would not happen until two decades after its release. In 1999, the certification was introduced for sales of ten million units. On 14 March 1958, the RIAA certified its first gold record, soundtrack was certified as the first gold album four months later. In 1976, RIAA introduced the platinum certification, first awarded to Johnnie Taylors single, Disco Lady, as music sales increased with the introduction of compact discs, the RIAA created the Multi-Platinum award in 1984. Diamond awards, honoring those artists whose sales of singles or albums reached 10,000,000 copies, were introduced in 1999 and this became much less common once the majority of retail sales became paid digital downloads and digital streaming. In most countries certifications no longer apply solely to physical media, in June 2006, the RIAA also certified the ringtone downloads of songs. Streaming from on-demand services such as Rhapsody and Spotify has been included into existing digital certification in the U. S since 2013, in the U. S. and Germany video streaming services like YouTube, VEVO, and Yahoo. Music also began to be counted towards the certification, in both cases using the formula of 100 streams being equivalent to one download, other countries, such as Denmark and Spain, maintain separate awards for digital download singles and streaming. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry was founded in 1996, and grants the IFPI Platinum Europe Award for album sales over one million within Europe, multi-platinum Europe Awards are presented for sales in subsequent multiples of one million. Eligibility is unaffected by time, and is not restricted to European-based artists, IMPALA sales awards were launched in 2005 as the first sales awards recognising that success on a pan-European basis begins well before sales reach one million. The award levels are Silver, Double Silver, Gold, Double Gold, Diamond, Platinum, below are certification thresholds for the United States and United Kingdom
22.
Muddy Waters
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McKinley Morganfield, better known as Muddy Waters, was an American blues musician who is often cited as the father of modern Chicago blues. Muddy Waters grew up on Stovall Plantation near Clarksdale, Mississippi, and by age 17 was playing the guitar and he was recorded in Mississippi by Alan Lomax for the Library of Congress in 1941. In 1943, he moved to Chicago to become a full-time, in 1946, he recorded his first records for Columbia Records and then for Aristocrat Records, a newly formed label run by the brothers Leonard and Phil Chess. These songs included Hoochie Coochie Man, I Just Want to Make Love to You, in 1958, he traveled to England, laying the foundations of the subsequent blues boom there. His performance at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1960 was recorded and released as his first live album, Muddy Waters influence was tremendous, not just on blues and rhythm and blues but on rock and roll, hard rock, folk music, jazz, and country music. His use of amplification is often cited as the link between Delta blues and rock and roll, Muddy Waters birthplace and date is not conclusively known. He stated that he was born in Rolling Fork, Mississippi in 1915, a 1955 interview in the Chicago Defender is the earliest he claimed 1915 as his year of birth, which he continued to use in interviews from that point onward. The 1920 census lists him as five years old as of March 6,1920, the Social Security Death Index, relying on the Social Security card application submitted after his move to Chicago in the mid-1940s, lists him as being born April 4,1913. His gravestone gives his year as 1915. Muddy Waters grandmother, Della Grant, raised him after his mother died shortly after his birth, Grant gave him the nickname Muddy at an early age because he loved to play in the muddy water of nearby Deer Creek. Waters was added later, as he began to play harmonica. The remains of the cabin on Stovall Plantation where Waters lived in his youth are now at the Delta Blues Museum in Clarksdale and he had his first introduction to music in church, I used to belong to church. I was a good Baptist, singing in the church, so I got all of my good moaning and trembling going on for me right out of church, he recalled. By the time, he was 17, he had purchased his first guitar, I sold the last horse that we had. Made about fifteen dollars for him, gave my grandmother seven dollars and fifty cents, I kept seven-fifty, the people ordered them from Sears-Roebuck in Chicago. He started playing his songs in joints nearby his hometown, mostly in a owned by Colonel William Howard Stovall. In August 1941, Alan Lomax went to Stovall, Mississippi and he brought his stuff down and recorded me right in my house, Muddy recalled in Rolling Stone, and when he played back the first song I sounded just like anybodys records. Man, you dont know how I felt that Saturday afternoon when I heard that voice, later on he sent me two copies of the pressing and a check for twenty bucks, and I carried that record up to the corner and put it on the jukebox
23.
Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time
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Like a Rolling Stone, by the American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan was chosen as number 1. The single was released on 20 July 1965, the list includes only songs written in English, with the sole exception of La Bamba, sung in Spanish by the American singer-songwriter Ritchie Valens. Few songs written prior to the 1950s are included, some that are listed are Robert Johnsons Crossroads, in the version recorded by Cream, and Hank Williamss Im So Lonesome I Could Cry. The House of the Rising Sun, listed in the version by English rock band the Animals, was recorded at least as early as 1934, muddy Waterss Rollin Stone is based on an earlier song, dating to the 1920s. There is one instrumental on the list, Green Onions by the American band Booker T. and the M. G. s. The number of songs from each of the decades represented in the 2004 version is as follows, The Beatles are the most heavily represented musical act, john Lennon, Paul McCartney, and George Harrison are also represented as solo artists. However, Lennon is the only artist to appear twice in the top 10, as a member of the Beatles and as a solo artist. The artists not included on the list of the top 100 artists but having the most songs featured in the list are the Animals, Blondie, and the Isley Brothers, each with three songs. The shortest tracks are Great Balls of Fire by Jerry Lee Lewis and Rave On. by Buddy Holly, eddie Cochrans Summertime Blues is 1,53. Love is the most frequent word used in the lyrics, with 1057 occurrences, followed by Im, oh, know, baby, got. In May 2010, Rolling Stone compiled an update, published in an issue and in digital form for the iPod. The list differs from the 2004 version, with 26 songs added, the top 25 remained unchanged, but many songs further down the list were given different rankings as a result of the inclusion of new songs, causing consecutive shifts among the songs listed in 2004. The highest-ranked new entry was Gnarls Barkleys Crazy, the number of songs from each decade in the updated version is as follows, Two songs by U2 and two by Jay-Z were added to the list. Jay-Z is also featured in two new songs on the list, Crazy in Love, by Beyoncé, and Umbrella. The only artist to have two songs dropped from the list is the Crystals, their Da Doo Ron Ron was the song to have been dropped. With the development of the Rolling Stone website as a source of information. Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Songs of All Time with lists of additions, archived from the original on July 6,2013
24.
Q (magazine)
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Q is a popular music magazine published monthly in the United Kingdom. Q was first published by the EMAP media group in October 1986, setting apart from much of the other music press with monthly production and higher standards of photography. In the early years, the magazine was sub-titled The modern guide to music, originally it was to be called Cue, but the name was changed so that it wouldnt be mistaken for a snooker magazine. Another reason, cited in Qs 200th edition, is that a title would be more prominent on newsstands. In January 2008 EMAP sold its consumer titles, including Q. The magazine has a review section, featuring, new releases, reissues, music compilations, film and live concert reviews, as well as radio. It uses a system from one to five stars, indeed. While its content is non-free they host an archive of all of their magazine covers, much of the magazine is devoted to interviews with popular musical artists. It is well known for compiling lists and it has created many, ranging from The 100 Greatest albums to the 100 Greatest 100 Greatest Lists. Every other month, Q — and its magazine, Mojo — have a special edition. These have been about musical times, genres, or a very important/influential musician, often, promotional gifts are given away, such as cover-mounted CDs or books. The January 2006 issue included a copy of The Greatest Rock. Every issue of Q has a different message on the spine, readers then try to work out what the message has to do with the contents of the mag. This practice — known as the spine line — has since become commonplace among British lifestyle magazines, including Qs sister publication, Empire, on 4 March 2007, Q named Elvis Presley the greatest singer of all time. The magazine has a relationship with the Glastonbury Festival, producing both a free daily newspaper on site during the festival and a review magazine available at the end of the festival. In late 2008 Q revamped its image, with an amount of text. This Rolling Stone-isation has led to criticism from much of the traditional Q readership, in 2006, Q published a readers survey, the 100 Greatest Songs Ever, won by Oasis Live Forever. Q has a history of associating with charitable organisations, and in 2006 the British anti-poverty charity War on Want was named its official charity, in the April 2007 issue, Q published an article containing the 100 Greatest Singers, won by Elvis Presley
25.
Rolling Stone
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Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors. In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content, Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a date of November 9,1967. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylans hit single, At Gleasons suggestion, Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone is not just about the music, in the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazines political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005. In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith. It was at point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories. One interviewer, speaking for a number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City, editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become a cultural backwater. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being an entertainment magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films, the magazine also initiated its annual Hot Issue during this time. Rolling Stone was initially known for its coverage and for Thompsons political reporting. In the 1990s, the changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors
26.
VH1
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VH1 is an American cable television network based in New York City that is owned by the Viacom Global Entertainment Group, a unit of Viacom Media Networks. The channel was first launched on January 1,1985 in the old space of Turner Broadcasting Systems short-lived Cable Music Channel and it was originally created by Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, at the time a division of Warner Communications and the original owner of MTV. As of February 2015, approximately 92.6 million US households receive VH1, also frequently featured in the networks early years were videos for Motown and other 60s oldies consisting of newsreel and concert footage. It was introduced on January 1,1985 with the performance of The Star-Spangled Banner by Marvin Gaye. From the start, Video Hits One was branded as a version of its sister/parent channel. It played more jazz and R&B artists than MTV and had a rotation of urban-contemporary performers. Its early on-camera personalities were New York radio veterans Don Imus, Frankie Crocker, Scott Shannon, Jon Bauman, Bobby Rivers, later VJs included Tim Byrd of WPIX-FM, a station whose eclectic ballad-and-R&B oriented format mirrored that of VH-1, and Alison Steele. Rosie ODonnell later joined the outlets veejay lineup, ODonnell would also host a comedy show featuring various comedians each episode. The format left room for occasional ad-libs by the VJ, a godsend for emcees such as Imus, in true Imus style, he used a 1985 segment of his VH-1 show to jokingly call smooth-jazz icon Sade Adu a grape for her oval-shaped head. At first many different musicians guest-hosted the program, but eventually musician/songwriter Ben Sidran became the permanent host, new-Age music videos continued to play on the channel into the 1990s. They would be seen on the Sunday morning 2-hour music video block titled Sunday Brunch, once VH1 established itself a few years later, they catered to Top 40, adult contemporary, classic rock, and 1980s mainstream pop. For a time, even music videos aired in a one-hour block during the afternoons. They started out using MTVs famous Kabel typeface font for their music video credit tags and it was later replaced in 1991 by a larger font, with the year the video was made added to the lower column that identified the label on which the album was released. In 1993, the name of the director was included at the bottom of the credits. Every week, the Top 21 Video Countdown usually had a different guest host, occasionally, they had themed countdowns as well, such as Elvira hosting scary videos for Halloween in 1991. Long blocks of videos by a particular artist or band, theme. One popular weekend program was called Video Rewind, in blocks of 1980s videos from one particular year would play for an hour. There was also a short-lived hour-long program called By Request in which viewers could call a 1–900 hotline number to request their videos, also in 1991, a popular morning program was introduced called Hits News & Weather that ran from 7 AM to 9 AM ET
27.
BBC Radio 2
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BBC Radio 2 is one of the BBCs national radio stations and the most popular station in the United Kingdom. Much of its daytime playlist-based programming is best described as contemporary or AOR. Radio 2 broadcasts throughout the UK on FM between 88.1 and 90.2 MHz from studios in Wogan House, adjacent to Broadcasting House in central London. Programmes are relayed on radio via DAB, Sky, Cable TV, IPTV, Freeview, Freesat. The station was launched at 05,30 on 30 September 1967, the first show had started at 05,30 am but continued with Breakfast Special from Paul Hollingdale as Radio 1 split. In early years, much programming and music was common to stations, particularly on the shared FM frequency. Radio 2 became the first national 24-hour radio station in the UK in 1979, the stations policy remained stable with only minor changes until April 1986 when Frances Line, head of music, repositioned the station. She would become Controller in 1990, although popular with its target audience, the policy alienated many younger listeners who had listened to both Radio 1 and Radio 2 and the stations audience fell. It took another hit in 1990 when it lost its medium wave frequencies to a new network, BBC Radio 5, further blows were struck by the rise of album-rock commercial stations and gold spinoffs from Independent Local Radio stations playing classic pop and rock. With the stations audience in decline a change of emphasis was needed, Line was replaced by James Moir in 1996. Unlike the early-1990s repositioning of Radio 1 in which the BBC lost many well-known names, many former Radio 1 presenters stayed with the BBC, Radio 2 is now termed the nations favourite, a title the BBC formerly used for BBC Radio 1. As well as having most listeners nationally, it ranks first in regions above local radio stations. BBC Radio 2 played to 27% of the audience in 2006. In February 2007, Radio 2 recruited Jeff Smith, director of UK and International programming at Napster, Smith joined the network on 26 March. The licence fee funding of Radio 2, alongside Radio 1, is criticised by the commercial sector. In the first quarter of 2011, Radio 2 was part of a review conducted by John Myers. His role, according to Andrew Harrison, the executive of RadioCentre, was to identify both areas of best practice and possible savings. This coincided with the launch of a new jingle package produced by Godfrey in association with Wise Buddah Productions, Radio 2 has recently been running several pop-up DAB services to cover special events, the first being BBC Radio 2 Eurovision, providing coverage of the Eurovision Song Contest 2014
28.
Riff
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In music, an ostinato is a motif or phrase that persistently repeats in the same musical voice, usually at the same pitch. The repeating idea may be a pattern, part of a tune. Both ostinatos and ostinati are accepted English plural forms, the reflecting the words Italian etymology. If the cadence may be regarded as the cradle of tonality, within the context of film music, Claudia Gorbman defines an obstinate as a repeated melodic or rhythmic figure that propel scenes that lack dynamic visual action. Ostinato plays an important part in improvised music, in which it is referred to as a riff or a vamp. A favorite technique of contemporary writers, ostinati are often used in modal and Latin jazz. Ostinato are used in 20th-century music to stabilize groups of pitches, as in Stravinskys The Rite of Spring Introduction and Augurs of Spring. A famous type of ostinato, called the Rossini crescendo, owes its name to a crescendo that underlies a persistent musical pattern and this style was emulated by other bel canto composers, especially Vincenzo Bellini, and later by Wagner. Applicable in homophonic and contrapuntal textures they are repetitive rhythmic-harmonic schemes, more familiar as accompanimental melodies, the techniques appeal to composers from Debussy to avant-garde composers until at least the 1970s. Lies in part in the need for unity created by the abandonment of functional chord progressions to shape phrases. Relentless, repetitive character help to establish and confirm the modal center and their popularity may also be justified by their ease as well as range of use, though. Ostinato must be employed judiciously, as its overuse can lead to monotony. Ground bass or basso ostinato is a type of form in which a bass line. Aaron Copland describes basso ostinato as, the easiest to recognize of the variation forms wherein. A long phrase—either an accompanimental figure or an actual melody—is repeated over and over again in the bass part, however, he cautions, it might more properly be termed a musical device than a musical form. Many instruments south of the Sahara Desert play ostinato melodies and these include lamellophones such as the mbira, as well as xylophones like the balafon, the bikutsi, and the gyil. Ostinato figures are also played on string instruments such as the kora, gankoqui bell ensembles, often, African ostinatos contain offbeats or cross-beats, that contradict the metric structure. Other African ostinatos generate complete cross-rhythms by sounding both the main beats and cross-beats, in the following example, a gyil sounds the three-against-two cross-rhythm
29.
Thirty-two-bar form
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Examples of 32-bar AABA form songs include Over the Rainbow, Whatll I Do, Make You Feel My Love, Blue Skies, and Willie Nelsons Crazy. At its core, the basic AABA 32-bar song form consists of four sections, each section being 8 bars in length, each of these 8-bar sections is assigned a letter name, based on its melodic and harmonic content. The A sections all share the same melody, and the title lyric typically falls on either the first or last line of each A section. The B section musically and lyrically contrasts the A sections, the B section may use a different harmony that contrasts with the harmony of the A sections. For example in the song Ive Got Rhythm, the A sections are in the key of B♭, Song form terminology is not standardized, and the B section is also referred to as the middle eight, bridge, or primary bridge. This introductory section is usually sixteen bars long and establishes the background and mood of the number, the sectional verse is often omitted from modern performances. It is not assigned a letter in the AABA naming scheme, in music theory, the middle 8 or bridge is the B section of a 32-bar form. This section has a different melody from the rest of the song. It is called a middle 8 because it happens in the middle of the song, in early 20th century terminology, the main 32-bar AABA section, in its entirety, was called the refrain or chorus. This is in contrast to the usage of the term chorus. Additionally, verse, chorus and refrain all have different meanings in modern musical terminology, see the below chart for clarification, Though the 32-bar form resembles the ternary form of the operatic da capo aria, it did not become common until the late 1910s. It became the form of American popular song around 1925–1926. The 32-bar form was used in rock in the 1950s and 60s. Songwriters such as the Brill Building and Lennon–McCartney also used modified or extended 32-bar forms, the Beatles, like many others, would extend the form with an instrumental section, second bridge, break or reprise of the introduction, etc. and another return to the main theme. Introductions and codas also extended the form, in Down Mexico Way the A sections … are doubled in length, to sixteen bars—but this affects the overall scheme only marginally. Appen, Ralf von / Frei-Hauenschild, Markus AABA, Refrain, Chorus, Bridge, Prechorus — Song Forms, online Publikationen der Gesellschaft für Popularmusikforschung/German Society for Popular Music Studies e. V. Ed. by Ralf von Appen, André Doehring and Thomas Phleps
30.
Free jazz
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For the Ornette Coleman album see Free Jazz, A Collective Improvisation. Though the music of jazz composers varied widely, a common feature was dissatisfaction with the limitations of bebop, hard bop. Often described as avant-garde, free jazz has also described as an attempt to return jazz to its primitive, often religious, roots. As its name implies, free jazz cannot be defined more than loosely, as many musicians draw on free jazz concepts and idioms, and it was never completely distinct as a genre. Many free jazz musicians, notably Pharoah Sanders and John Coltrane, used harsh overblowing or other techniques to elicit unconventional sounds from their instruments, Free jazz musicians created a progressive musical language which drew on earlier styles of jazz such as Dixieland jazz and African music. Typically this kind of music is played by groups of musicians. The music often swings but without regular meter, and there are frequent accelerandi and ritardandi, Free jazz is strongly associated with the 1950s innovations of Ornette Coleman and Cecil Taylor and the later works of saxophonist John Coltrane. Other important pioneers include Charles Mingus, Eric Dolphy, Albert Ayler, Archie Shepp, Joe Maneri, some of bassist Charles Minguss work was also important in establishing free jazz. Although today free jazz is the generally used term, many terms were used to describe the loosely defined movement, including avant-garde, energy music. During its early and mid-1960s heyday, much free jazz was released by established labels such as Prestige, Blue Note, keith Johnson of AllMusic describes a Modern Creative genre, in which musicians may incorporate free playing into structured modes -- or play just about anything. Defining the essence of jazz is complicated, many musicians draw on free jazz concepts and idioms. Many individual musicians reject efforts at classification, regarding them as useless or unduly limiting, earlier jazz styles typically were built on a framework of song forms with a set framework of chord changes. In free jazz, the dependence on a fixed and pre-established form is eliminated, Free jazz, especially during its inception, contains theme of both progressive musical language and gathering inspiration from the past. The rejection of the bop aesthetic was combined with a fascination with earlier styles of jazz such as Dixieland jazz with its collective improvisation. This includes Ed Blackwells use of the West African talking drum, typically this kind of music is played by small groups of musicians, although some examples use larger numbers. For example, John Coltranes 1965 album Ascension, uses eleven musicians, other forms of jazz use clear regular meters and strongly pulsed rhythms, usually in 4/4 or 3/4. Free jazz normally retains a general pulsation and often swings but without regular meter, despite all of this, it is still very often possible to tap ones foot to a free jazz performance, meter is more freely variable but has not disappeared entirely. Previous jazz forms used harmonic structures, and even when improvisation occurred it was founded on the notes in the chords, Free jazz almost by definition is free of such structures, but also by definition it retains much of the language of earlier jazz playing
31.
Theremin
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The theremin is an early electronic musical instrument controlled without physical contact by the thereminist. It is named after the Westernized name of its Russian inventor, Léon Theremin, the electric signals from the theremin are amplified and sent to a loudspeaker. The theremin was used in soundtracks such as Miklós Rózsas Spellbound, The Lost Weekend. It has also used in theme songs for television shows such as the ITV drama Midsomer Murders. This has led to its association with eerie situations, Theremins are also used in concert music and in popular music genres such as rock. The theremin was originally the product of Soviet government-sponsored research into proximity sensors, the instrument was invented by a young Russian physicist named Lev Sergeyevich Termen in October 1920 after the outbreak of the Russian Civil War. After a lengthy tour of Europe, during which time he demonstrated his invention to packed houses, Theremin moved to the United States, subsequently, Theremin granted commercial production rights to RCA. Although the RCA Thereminvox, was not a success, it fascinated audiences in America. Clara Rockmore, a well-known thereminist, toured to wide acclaim, performing a repertoire in concert halls around the United States. In 1938, Theremin left the United States, though the circumstances related to his departure are in dispute. Many accounts claim he was taken from his New York City apartment by NKVD agents, taken back to the Soviet Union and made to work in a sharashka laboratory prison camp at Magadan, in any case, Theremin did not return to the United States until 1991. However, a niche interest in the theremin persisted, mostly among electronics enthusiasts, one of these electronics enthusiasts, Robert Moog, began building theremins in the 1950s, while he was a high-school student. Moog subsequently published a number of articles about building theremins, Moog credited what he learned from the experience as leading directly to his groundbreaking synthesizer, the Moog. Since the release of the film Theremin, An Electronic Odyssey in 1994, even though many theremin sounds can be approximated on many modern synthesizers, some musicians continue to appreciate the expressiveness, novelty, and uniqueness of using an actual theremin. The film itself has garnered excellent reviews, both theremin instruments and kits are available from manufacturers such as Moog Music Inc. Burns Theremins, Harrison Instruments, Inc. Theremaniacs LLC, PAiA Corporation USA, and Jaycar Electronics, the theremin is distinguished among musical instruments in that it is played without physical contact. The thereminist stands in front of the instrument and moves his or her hands in the proximity of two metal antennas, the distance from one antenna determines frequency, and the distance from the other controls amplitude. Higher notes are played by moving the hand closer to the pitch antenna, louder notes are played by moving the hand away from the volume antenna
32.
Eddie Kramer
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Eddie Kramer is a recording producer and engineer. Kramer has engineered and/or produced records for other artists in various genres. They include Anthrax, Joe Cocker, Loudness, Peter Frampton, John Mayall, Ten Years After, Mott the Hoople, John Sebastian, Carly Simon, Dionne Warwick, Small Faces and Whitesnake. Kramer was interviewed extensively in Jimi Hendrix, Hear My Train a Comin, Kramer was born to art and music-loving parents Sonny and Minna Kramer, active opponents of apartheid who moved from South Africa to London in the early 1960s for political reasons. At age four he began studying the piano and that instrument remained his first love, but he also dabbled with the violin and the cello. He studied classical piano at the South African College of Music, during these studies he became fascinated with jazz and rock, much to his fathers chagrin. Kramer moved to London at age 19, some six months after his parents relocating there, Kramer got his first industry job in 1962 at Advision Studios. A year later he was hired by Pye Studios, where he assisted on mobile recordings of classical works and he also assisted on Pye Studios recordings by the Kinks, the Searchers, the Undertakers, Petula Clark, and Sammy Davis Jr. In 1964 he founded KPS Studios, a mono- and two-track facility which was acquired in 1965 by Regent Sound, Regent then tasked Kramer to help build and run their new four-track studio. The Beatles had recorded Fixing a Hole there, later to be featured on their 1967 album Sgt, Kramer engineered two Beatles hit singles which appeared on Magical Mystery Tour—All You Need Is Love and Baby Youre a Rich Man. The two songs were recorded at Olympic Studios, where, in 1967, Kramer engineered albums for the Rolling Stones, Small Faces, Traffic, Kramer became a permanent part of Hendrixs creative process, collaborating on the four albums which Hendrix released before his death in 1970. In 1968 Kramer relocated to New York, primarily to continue working with Hendrix, Kramer and his crew attended the 1969 Woodstock Festival, they recorded the entire festival in a harried, sleepless, three-day binge. His first release after leaving The Impressions, in 1973 Kramer mixed Led Zeppelins Houses of the Holy. In the same year he began an association with Kiss. Earlier he had produced a demo that won their first recording contract. He eventually produced Alive II, Double Platinum, Rock and Roll Over, Love Gun, Alive III as well as member Ace Frehleys first solo album, Ace Frehley, also in 1973 he engineered the live Derek and the Dominos album In Concert. Kramer left Electric Lady Studios in 1975, working independently, he engineered the Rolling Stones Love You Live, Led Zeppelins Physical Graffiti and The Song Remains the Same, and Peter Framptons Frampton Comes Alive. The biggest-selling album of 1976, a 2-disc release that sold over 14 million units, in the same year he mixed Bad Companys third album, Run with the Pack
33.
Dazed and Confused (song)
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Dazed and Confused is a blues-rock song written and performed by Jake Holmes. The song refers to the potential break-up of a relationship, typical of blues numbers, the song was later covered by the Yardbirds, which inspired a reworking by Led Zeppelin. Singer-songwriter Jake Holmes wrote and recorded Dazed and Confused for his solo album The Above Ground Sound of Jake Holmes. Like the other tracks on the album, the song does not include any drums and it was recorded entirely with the trio of Holmes on guitar, keyboard, and vocals, Ted Irwin on guitar, and Rick Randle on bass. The song has been labelled as a tale about a bad acid trip, however. In 2001, he gave an interview to Shindig, magazine and said this about Dazed and Confused, I never took acid. I smoked grass and tripped on it, but I never took acid, the songs about a girl who hasnt decided whether she wants to stay with me or not. Its pretty much one of love songs. In August 1967, Holmes opened for The Yardbirds at a Greenwich Village gig in New York, according to Holmes, That was the infamous moment of my life when Dazed and Confused fell into the loving arms and hands of Jimmy Page. When Dazed and Confused appeared in Led Zeppelins album in 1969, Holmes was aware of it but didnt follow up on it at that time. He said, In the early 1980s, I did write them a letter and I said basically, I understand its a collaborative effort, in court documents Holmes cited a 1967 copyright registration for Dazed and Confused which was renewed in 1995. This court case was dismissed with prejudice, as the parties settled out of court in January 2012. During a 1967 tour of the United States by English rock group The Yardbirds, according to Jim McCarty of the Yardbirds, they went to a record shop the next day to buy a copy of Holmess album and decided to do a version of Dazed and Confused. They worked on it together with Page, contributing the guitar riffs in the middle and their version featured long instrumental passages of bowed guitar courtesy of Jimmy Page, and dynamic instrumental flourishes. Page has stated that he obtained the idea of using a bow on his guitar from a violinist named David McCallum. At that time, it even had a little Eastern influence, the guitar passages in the breakdown emerged from the solo on Think About It, from the Little Games lineups last single. Dazed and Confused quickly became a staple of The Yardbirds live performance during the last year of their act, notably, it is the only track that has no songwriter credits on the release. Another live version of the song, recorded on the French TV series Bouton Rouge on 9 March 1968, was included on the CD Cumular Limit, when the Yardbirds disbanded in 1968, Page planned to record the song yet again, this time with Led Zeppelin
34.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
35.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
36.
Switzerland
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Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
37.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
38.
Belgium
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Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres and has a population of about 11 million people. Additionally, there is a group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area. Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg were known as the Low Countries, the region was called Belgica in Latin, after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica. From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century, today, Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. It is divided into three regions and three communities, that exist next to each other and its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia, Belgiums linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance, made up of six different governments. Upon its independence, declared in 1830, Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution and, during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in Africa. This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms, resulting in a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993. Belgium is also a member of the Eurozone, NATO, OECD and WTO. Its capital, Brussels, hosts several of the EUs official seats as well as the headquarters of major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium is also a part of the Schengen Area, Belgium is a developed country, with an advanced high-income economy and is categorized as very high in the Human Development Index. A gradual immigration by Germanic Frankish tribes during the 5th century brought the area under the rule of the Merovingian kings, a gradual shift of power during the 8th century led the kingdom of the Franks to evolve into the Carolingian Empire. Many of these fiefdoms were united in the Burgundian Netherlands of the 14th and 15th centuries, the Eighty Years War divided the Low Countries into the northern United Provinces and the Southern Netherlands. The latter were ruled successively by the Spanish and the Austrian Habsburgs and this was the theatre of most Franco-Spanish and Franco-Austrian wars during the 17th and 18th centuries. The reunification of the Low Countries as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands occurred at the dissolution of the First French Empire in 1815, although the franchise was initially restricted, universal suffrage for men was introduced after the general strike of 1893 and for women in 1949. The main political parties of the 19th century were the Catholic Party, French was originally the single official language adopted by the nobility and the bourgeoisie
39.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
40.
Extended play
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An extended play is a musical recording that contains more tracks than a single, but is usually unqualified as an album or LP. EPs generally do not contain as many tracks as albums, and are considered less expensive, an EP originally referred to specific types of vinyl records other than 78 rpm standard play and LP, but it is now applied to mid-length CDs and downloads as well. Ricardo Baca of The Denver Post said, EPs—originally extended-play single releases that are shorter than traditional albums—have long been popular with punk, in the United Kingdom, the Official Chart Company defines a boundary between EP and album classification at 25 minutes of length or four tracks. EPs were released in various sizes in different eras, the earliest multi-track records, issued around 1919 by Grey Gull Records, were vertically cut 78 rpm discs known as 2-in-1 records. These had finer than usual grooves, like Edison Disc Records, by 1949, when the 45 rpm single and 33 1⁄3 rpm LP were competing formats, seven-inch 45 rpm singles had a maximum playing time of only about four minutes per side. Partly as an attempt to compete with the LP introduced in 1948 by rival Columbia, RCA Victor introduced Extended Play 45s during 1952. Their narrower grooves, achieved by lowering the levels and sound compression optionally. These were usually 10-inch LPs split onto two seven-inch EPs or 12-inch LPs split onto three seven-inch EPs, either separately or together in gatefold covers. This practice became less common with the advent of triple-speed-available phonographs. Some classical music albums released at the beginning of the LP era were distributed as EP albums—notably the seven operas that Arturo Toscanini conducted on radio between 1944 and 1954. These opera EPs, originally broadcast on the NBC Radio network and manufactured by RCA, in the 1990s, they began appearing on compact discs. During the 1950s, RCA published several EP albums of Walt Disney movies and these usually featured the original casts of actors and actresses. Each album contained two seven-inch records, plus an illustrated booklet containing the text of the recording, so that children could follow along by reading. Some of the titles included Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Pinocchio, and what was then a recent release, because of the popularity of 7 and other formats, SP records became less popular and the production of SPs in Japan was suspended in 1963. In the 1950s and 1960s, EPs were usually compilations of singles or album samplers and were played at 45 rpm on seven-inch discs. Record Retailer printed the first EP chart in 1960, the New Musical Express, Melody Maker, Disc and Music Echo and the Record Mirror continued to list EPs on their respective singles charts. The Beatles Twist and Shout outsold most singles for some weeks in 1963, when the BBC and Record Retailer commissioned the British Market Research Bureau to compile a chart it was restricted to singles and EPs disappeared from the listings. In the Philippines, seven-inch EPs marketed as mini-LPs were introduced in 1970, with tracks selected from an album and this mini-LP format also became popular in America in the early 1970s for promotional releases, and also for use in jukeboxes
41.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
42.
Peter Grant (music manager)
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Peter James G Grant was an English music manager. Grant managed the popular English bands the Yardbirds, Led Zeppelin, and Bad Company, among others, Grant has been described as one of the shrewdest and most ruthless managers in rock history. He is widely credited with improving pay and conditions for musicians in dealings with concert promoters, Grant was born in the south London suburb of South Norwood, England. His mother Dorothy worked as a secretary and he attended Sir Walter St John School in Grayshott before the Second World War, and completed his schooling at Charterhouse School in Godalming after the evacuation. After the war Grant returned to Norwood until leaving at the age of 13 and he left that job after a few weeks and obtained employment on Fleet Street delivering photographs for Reuters. This kindled his enthusiasm for acting, and he was hired by film studios as a bit actor, stuntman. Between 1958 and 1963, Grant appeared in a number of films, including A Night to Remember, The Guns of Navarone and he also appeared in television shows such as The Saint, Crackerjack, Dixon of Dock Green, and The Benny Hill Show. He was Robert Morleys double on many of that actors films, the money he made from these ventures was invested in his own entertainment transport business. As the acting roles dried up, Grant made more money taking groups such as the Shadows to their concerts. By 1964, Grant had started to manage his own including the Nashville Teens, an all-girl group called She Trinity. His management was established in the same 155 Oxford Street office used by his friend, record producer Mickie Most, Most and Grant together set up the highly successful RAK Records label, which produced a string of hits throughout the 1970s. In late 1966 Simon Napier-Bell asked Grant to take over management of the Yardbirds, Mickie Most had suggested to Napier-Bell that Grant would be an asset to The Yardbirds, but as it happened, his arrival was too late to save the band. The experience, however, did give him ideas which were put to use later with Led Zeppelin. As he explained, When I started managing the Yardbirds, they werent getting the hit singles, instead of trying to get played on Top 40 radio, I realised that there was another market. We were the first UK act to get booked at places like the Fillmore, Grants no-nonsense approach to promoters, and his persuasive presence, were influential in the Yardbirds making money from concerts for the first time. Grant travelled closely with the Yardbirds, ensuring that all costs were kept to a minimum, that members were paid on time, unlike most other managers at the time who rarely set foot in a music venue, Grants approach was hands-on. Originally dubbed by the media as the New Yardbirds, the group chose the name Led Zeppelin and his trust and loyalty to Led Zeppelin was such that his managerial arrangement with the band was via a gentlemens agreement. It is doubtful whether Led Zeppelin would have been as successful without Grant as their manager and he negotiated the groups sizeable five-year record contract with Atlantic Records, and his business philosophy would eventually pay off for the label
43.
Chess Records
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Chess Records was an American record company, founded in 1950 in Chicago and specializing in blues and rhythm and blues. Over time it expanded into music, gospel music, early rock and roll, and occasional jazz and comedy recordings, released on the Chess, Checker, Argo. The Chess catalogue is owned by Universal Music Group and managed by Geffen Records. Founded and run by Jewish immigrant brothers from Poland, Leonard and Phil Chess, the musician and critic Cub Koda described Chess as Americas greatest blues label. Chess was based at different locations on the south side of Chicago. The most famous location was 2120 S, Michigan Avenue from around 1956 to 1965, immortalized by the Rolling Stones in 2120 South Michigan Avenue, an instrumental recorded there during the groups first U. S. tour in 1964. The Stones recorded at Chess Studios on two more occasions, the building is now the home of Willie Dixons Blues Heaven Foundation. In the mid-1960s, Chess relocated to a larger building, at 320 E. 21st Street. Leonard bought a stake in Aristocrat Records in 1947. in 1950, he brought his brother, Phil, into the operation, in the same year they brought in a third partner, Evelyn Aron, and renamed the company Chess Records. The first release from Chess was a 78 RPM single, My Foolish Heart, backed with Bless You, by Gene Ammons, issued as Chess 1425 in June 1950, which became the labels biggest hit of the year. In 1951, the Chess brothers began an association with Sam Phillips, of the Memphis Recording Service, one of the most important artists that came out of Memphis was Howlin Wolf, who stayed with the label until his death in 1976. Many songs created by Chess artists were covered by many famous rock-and-roll artists, including the Beatles, the Rolling Stones. Musical figures created for Chess by Bo Diddley, Willie Dixon, Chuck Berry, Howlin Wolf, Muddy Waters, Buddy Guy and others were the basis of much subsequent rock, in 1952, the brothers started Checker Records as an alternative label for radio play. In December 1955, they launched a jazz and pop label, Marterry and this was quickly renamed Argo Records, but the name was changed again in 1965 to Cadet Records to end confusion with a British spoken-word label. In 1953, Leonard Chess and Gene Goodman set up Arc Music BMI, a publishing company, several of Chesss releases gave a writing credit to Alan Freed. During the 1950s, Leonard and Phil Chess handled most of the production and they brought in producer Ralph Bass in 1960 to handle the gospel output and some of the blues singers. Bassist and songwriter Willie Dixon was also involved in organizing blues sessions for the label and is now credited retroactively as a producer on some re-releases. In 1958, Chess began producing their first LP records which included such albums as The Best of Muddy Waters, Best of Little Walter, in 1962, Chess Records was sued by Peacock Records for recording their artists Reverend Robert Ballinger and the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi
44.
You Shook Me
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You Shook Me is a 1962 blues song recorded by Chicago blues artist Muddy Waters. It features his vocal in unison with a melody by Earl Hooker. You Shook Me became one of Muddy Waters most successful singles and has been interpreted by several blues. You Shook Me is unique among Muddy Waters songs – it is the first time he overdubbed vocals onto an existing commercially released record. The backing track for Waters started as a slide guitar instrumental by blues guitarist Earl Hooker during a May 3,1961. To start the session, Hooker and his band played a warm-up number, loosely fashioned on earlier Hooker songs. One take was recorded, apparently unknown to Hooker, a. C. Reed, who played tenor saxophone on the recording, recalled, We was just warmin up, you know, we wasnt even gonna cut that tune, and Hooker just started out on it. Just cut the tape, it sound so good he put it out. Hooker was just somebody like you gave to him at his best, you know. Chief owner and producer Mel London chose Blue Guitar for the title and issued it as a single on the Chief subsidiary, Age Records, in 1962. Hooker biographer Sebastian Danchin cites Blue Guitar as Hookers favorite piece as it combines the ultimate in taste, virtuosity, sheer simplicity and he notes the influence of blues slide guitarist Robert Nighthawk and Hookers accuracy and impeccable phrasing. The single became popular in Chicago and sold well for a blues instrumental, Many Chicago-area blues musicians added Blue Guitar to their sets and it took a place alongside other popularly performed instrumentals, such as Bill Doggetts Honky Tonk and Freddie Kings Hide Away. Chess Records owner and producer Leonard Chess heard Blue Guitar and sensed greater potential for the song, searching for material for his labels artist, Muddy Waters, he approached London about using Hookers instrumental. A deal was struck and Chess arranger and songwriter Willie Dixon wrote lyrics for the song. The lyrics are credited to Chess blues artist J. B. Lenoir, other than being listed as a writer, there is no information about his involvement. The lyrics have been compared to other songs Dixon wrote for Chicago blues artists, such as I Cant Quit You Baby for Otis Rush and Mad Love for Waters. The song, using the arrangement from Blue Guitar, is a moderately-slow tempo twelve-bar blues, for the melody line, Muddy Waters doubled Hookers prominent slide-guitar line, giving the song its distinctive hook. Despite its artificiality, Waters biographer Robert Gordon noted that the song worked well due in large part to the musicians shared background
