1.
Polk County, Oregon
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Polk County is a county located in the U. S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 census, the population was 75,403, the county is named for James Knox Polk, the 11th president of the United States. Polk County is part of the Salem, OR Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is located in the Willamette Valley. The Oregon Provisional Legislature created Polk County from Yamhill District on December 22,1845, County boundaries were periodically changed to reflect the creation of Benton and Lincoln counties. Many other counties were carved out of these as settlement spread towards the south. The first county seat was a settlement on the side of Rickreall Creek named Cynthian. In 1852 city officials renamed Cynthian to Dallas after Vice President George M. Dallas, during the 1880s and 1890s, there were a series of unsuccessful efforts to move the county seat to nearby Independence. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 744 square miles. About two thirds of Polk County, the part, is forest, mostly of the coniferous and mixed varieties, bordering on temperate rain forest around Laurel Mountain. The eastern half of the county lies in the Willamette Valley, the Willamette River forms the eastern border of the county, separating it from neighboring Marion County. The population density was 102 people per square mile, there were 30,302 housing units at an average density of 41 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 85. 9% White,0. 6% Black or African American,2. 1% Native American,1. 9% Asian,0. 3% Pacific Islander,5. 4% from other races, and 3. 8% from two or more races. 12. 1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, 23% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the family size was 3.06. In the county, the population was out with 24. 3% under the age of 18 and 14. 8%65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.1 years, for every 100 females there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.8 males, as of the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the county was $42,311, and the median income for a family was $50,483. Males had an income of $36,667 versus $26,272 for females
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Oregon
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Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Oregon is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the north by Washington, on the south by California, on the east by Idaho, the Columbia River delineates much of Oregons northern boundary, and the Snake River delineates much of the eastern boundary. The parallel 42° north delineates the boundary with California and Nevada. Oregon was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Western traders, explorers. An autonomous government was formed in the Oregon Country in 1843 before the Oregon Territory was created in 1848, Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14,1859. Today, at 98,000 square miles, Oregon is the ninth largest and, with a population of 4 million, the capital of Oregon is Salem, the second most populous of its cities, with 164,549 residents. Portland is Oregons most populous city, with 632,309 residents, Portlands metro population of 2,389,228 ranks the 23rd largest metro in the nation. The Willamette Valley in western Oregon is the states most densely populated area, the tall conifers, mainly Douglas fir, along Oregons rainy west coast contrast with the lighter-timbered and fire-prone pine and juniper forests covering portions to the east. Abundant alders in the west fix nitrogen for the conifers, stretching east from central Oregon are semi-arid shrublands, prairies, deserts, steppes, and meadows. At 11,249 feet, Mount Hood is the states highest point, Oregons only national park, Crater Lake National Park, comprises the caldera surrounding Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States. The state is home to the single largest organism in the world, Armillaria ostoyae. Because of its landscapes and waterways, Oregons economy is largely powered by various forms of agriculture, fishing. It is also the top timber-producer of the lower 48 states, Technology is another one of the states major economic forces, which began in the 1970s with the establishment of the Silicon Forest and the expansion of Tektronix and Intel. Sportswear company Nike, Inc. headquartered in Beaverton, is the states largest public corporation with a revenue of $30.6 billion. The earliest evidence of the name Oregon has Spanish origins and this chronicle is the first topographical and linguistic source with respect to the place name Oregon. There are also two other sources with Spanish origins such as the name Oregano which grows in the part of the region. Another early use of the name, spelled Ouragon, was in a 1765 petition by Major Robert Rogers to the Kingdom of Great Britain, the term referred to the then-mythical River of the West. By 1778 the spelling had shifted to Oregon, in his 1765 petition, Rogers wrote, The rout. is from the Great Lakes towards the Head of the Mississippi, and from thence to the River called by the Indians Ouragon
4.
Cascade Range
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The Cascade Range or Cascades is a major mountain range of western North America, extending from southern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern California. It includes both non-volcanic mountains, such as the North Cascades, and the notable volcanoes known as the High Cascades, the small part of the range in British Columbia is referred to as the Canadian Cascades or, locally, as the Cascade Mountains. The highest peak in the range is Mount Rainier in Washington at 14,411 feet, the Cascades are part of the Pacific Oceans Ring of Fire, the ring of volcanoes and associated mountains around the Pacific Ocean. All of the eruptions in the contiguous United States over the last 200 years have been from Cascade volcanoes, the two most recent were Lassen Peak from 1914 to 1921 and a major eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980. Minor eruptions of Mount St. Helens have also occurred since, the Cascade Range is a part of the American Cordillera, a nearly continuous chain of mountain ranges that form the western backbone of North America, Central America, and South America. The Cascades extend northward from Lassen Peak in northern California to the confluence of the Nicola, the Fraser River separates the Cascades from the Coast Mountains. The highest volcanoes of the Cascades, known as the High Cascades, dominate their surroundings and they often have a visual height of one mile or more. The highest peaks, such as the 14, 411-foot Mount Rainier, Mount Baker in Washington recorded a world-record single-season snowfall in the winter of 1998–99 with 1,140 inches. Prior to that year, Mount Rainier held the record for snow accumulation at Paradise in 1978. It is not uncommon for some places in the Cascades to have over 500 inches of snow accumulation, such as at Lake Helen. Most of the High Cascades are therefore white with snow and ice year-round, annual rainfall is as low as 9 inches on the eastern foothills due to a rain shadow effect. Beyond the eastern foothills is a plateau that was largely created 17 to 14 million years ago by the many flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group. Together, these sequences of fluid volcanic rock form the 200, 000-square-mile Columbia Plateau in eastern Washington, Oregon, the Columbia River Gorge is the only major break of the range in the United States. When the Cascades began to rise 7 million years ago in the Pliocene, as the range grew, erosion from the Columbia River was able to keep pace, creating the gorge and major pass seen today. The gorge also exposes uplifted and warped layers of basalt from the plateau, in early 1792, British navigator George Vancouver explored Puget Sound and gave English names to the high mountains he saw. Mount Baker was named for Vancouvers third lieutenant, Joseph Baker, although the first European to see it was Manuel Quimper, Mount Rainier was named after Admiral Peter Rainier. Later in 1792, Vancouver had his lieutenant William Robert Broughton explore the lower Columbia River and he named Mount Hood after Lord Samuel Hood, an admiral of the Royal Navy. Mount St. Helens was sighted by Vancouver in May 1792 and it was named for Alleyne FitzHerbert, 1st Baron St Helens, a British diplomat
5.
Oregon Coast Range
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This article is about the range in Oregon. For the larger grouping known as the Coast Ranges, see Pacific Coast Ranges. This north-south running range extends over 200 miles from the Columbia River in the north on the border of Oregon and Washington and it is 30 to 60 miles wide and averages around 1,500 feet in elevation above sea level. The coast range has three sections, a Northern, Central, and Southern. The oldest portions of the range are over 60 million years old, with volcanics and it is part of the larger grouping known as the Pacific Coast Ranges that extends over much of the western edge of North America from California to Alaska. Marys Peak in the Central Coast Range is the highest peak at 4,097 feet, logging is a major industry in the range in both private and government owned forests. Both the state and federal government manage forests in the Oregon Coast Range, the mountains are home to a variety of wildlife including black bear, elk, deer, beaver, many species of birds, and bats among others. Fish, including salmon and trout, and other aquatic life inhabit the streams, volcanic activity approximately 66 million years ago in the Cretaceous Period created offshore islands beginning in the southern portion of the current range. Much of the formations are the result of basalt formations created when a hot basalt flow rapidly cooled upon meeting the salt water of the ocean. These deposits offshore were then pushed into the plate as a forearc basin rotating slowly over millions of years. This tectonic collision forced the basalt formations upward and created the coastal range, additional basalt flows originated from Eastern Oregon and added to the layers that were uplifted, as the newer Cascade Mountains had not yet been formed. By the Early Oligocene period c.30 million years ago the current coastline was in place, primarily through rivers cutting deep valleys through the igneous and sedimentary rocks. The geologic boundaries of the coast range formation extend from southwest Washington state in the north to around the Coquille River in the south where the older and taller Klamath Mountains begin. Physiographically, they are a section of the larger Pacific Border province, a mild maritime climate prevails throughout the range with temperature and precipitation varying due to elevation and distance from the coastline. Characteristic of the climate include cool dry summers followed by mild, the majority of precipitation accumulates in the form of rain, with snow during the winter months at the higher elevations, but no permanent snow pack. Annual precipitation differs from 60 inches in parts to up to 120 inches. The average high temperature in January is 36.3 °F, the further inland and the more southerly portions have a more Mediterranean climate that is more similar to the climate of the Willamette Valley. The Coast Range creates a shadow effect by forcing moisture laden clouds to rise by expelling moisture
6.
Calapooya Mountains
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The Calapooya Mountains are a mountain range in Lane and Douglas counties of southwestern Oregon in the United States. The range runs for approximately 60 miles west from the Cascade Range between Eugene on the north and Roseburg on the south, the Calapooya Mountains are composed of volcanic rocks and newer sedimentary strata. The mountains have been eroded by the Coast Fork Willamette River. In the southern drainage, the tributaries of the North Umpqua River have cut into the southern slopes, the soil is silty, clay loam formed from sandstone, sediment, and igneous rocks. At its southeastern end, the spur joins the Cascade Range near Cowhorn Mountain near the headwaters of the Middle Fork Willamette River and the North Umpqua River. A topographic map in the Atlas of Oregon shows the Calapooya Mountains curving northwest from near Potter, McGowan, and Balm mountains past Bohemia Mountain to Holland Point, south of Oakridge. From near Bohemia Mountain, a block of mountains connected to the Calapooya Mountains runs due west along the border between Lane and Douglas counties to the vicinity of Interstate 5 near Rice Hill and this block is known as the Calapooya Divide. To the north along I-5 are Cottage Grove and Eugene and to the south are Sutherlin, streams flowing south from the Calapooyas into the North Umpqua River include Steamboat, Canton, and Rock creeks, while Calapooya Creek flows west from the divide into the Umpqua main stem. Streams flowing north or east into the Middle Fork Willamette River include Tumblebug, Staley, Coal, flowing northwest or west into the Coast Fork Willamette River or its major tributary, the Row River, are Brice, Layng, and Mosby creeks and Big River. The Umpqua flows west through the Oregon Coast Range to the Pacific Ocean at Reedsport, while the Willamette flows north to the Columbia River, which flows northwest to the Pacific Ocean at Astoria. The highest peaks in the range include Balm Mountain at 6,165 feet above sea level, Potter Mountain at 6,145 feet, and McGowan Mountain at 6,130 feet, all near the southeastern end of the range. Along the divide, Huckleberry Mountain in the east rises to 4,754 feet, Bohemia Mountain and its close neighbor Fairview Peak reach identical peak elevations of 5,933 feet, while Holland Point near Oakridge is 5,048 feet high. The climate in the Calapooya Mountains follows a pattern of wet winters, precipitation generally increases with elevation, ranging from an average of 40 to 50 inches per year in the valleys to 70 to 80 inches on the mountain peaks. Above 4,000 feet, a significant part of this falls as snow, in the 19th century, it separated the tribal domains of the Kalapuya and Umpqua tribes of Native Americans. Both ceded their lands to the U. S. government in the 1854 Treaty with the Umpqua, during the 1840s, the mountains proved a barrier to white settlers seeking to move into southern Oregon or to move southward to the California gold fields. The Applegate Trail, blazed in the late 1840s, provided the first reliable path for white settlement through the end of the mountains. Interstate 5 essentially follows the route of the trail between Eugene and Roseburg, the mountains have been an important timber source in the 20th century. The eastern end of the mountains are largely within the Umpqua National Forest in the south, Eugene, Oregon, University of Oregon Press
7.
Tualatin Valley
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The Tualatin Valley is a farming and suburban region southwest of Portland, Oregon in the United States. The valley is formed by the meandering Tualatin River, a tributary of the Willamette River at the northwest corner of the Willamette Valley, most of the valley is located within Washington County, separated from Portland by the Tualatin Mountains. Communities in the Tualatin Valley include Banks, Forest Grove, Cornelius, Hillsboro, Aloha, Beaverton, Sherwood, Tigard, in the early 19th century, the valley was inhabited by the Atfalati, a hunter-gatherer Kalapuyan band that spoke a dialect of Northern Kalapuyan. In the middle 19th century, the Atfalati lived in villages in the valley. Early Euro-American settlers called the valley the Twality Plains, a corruption of the name of the Atfalati tribe. Other early variations included Falatin, Nefalatine, Twalaity, and Quality, with roughly translated as slow river to describe the Tualatin River. The valley was one of the earliest settled farming regions in Oregon, in the spring of 1847, Lawrence Hall filed the first land claim, comprising 640 acres, at Beaver Dam and constructed the first grist mill in the valley. In 1849 Thomas Hicklin Denney and his wife Berrilla built the first sawmill in the Beaverton area, the lack of roads connecting the upper valley to the Willamette River quickly became a hindrance to early settlers. In 1850, the Oregon Territory created the Portland & Valley Plank Road Company to build a road through the Tualatin Hills connecting Portland with Beaverton, the road was completed in 1860 after financial setbacks. The railroad was extended into the valley in 1868, the growth of agriculture in the valley was eventually limited in the middle 20th century by the need for irrigation. In 1966, the United States Bureau of Reclamation built the Tualatin Project, in the second half of the 20th century the valley became increasingly suburbanized and now forms a distinct cultural area that rivals Portland itself in political and economic influence. The communities along the Tualatin Valley Highway, form a corridor stretching west of Beaverton. Beaverton is famous as the location of the Nike, Inc. campus, Nike, along with Intel in Hillsboro, provide a large base of employment in the valley. Much of the valley is now within the Portland urban growth boundary, resulting in a suburban growth patterns that interspersed with remaining areas of orchards, most of the communities in the valley are served by TriMet, the Portland-area mass transit agency. In 1998, the MAX Light Rail system was extended from Portland into the valley as far as Hillsboro, the valley is traversed by the Tualatin River and is bordered on the north and east by the Tualatin Mountains, a spur of the Northern Oregon Coast Range. The latter range also comprises the western border. To the south lie the Chehalem Mountains, separating the region from the main Willamette Valley, the Tualatin River flows mainly from the west to the east and leaves the valley in the southeast at West Linn in Clackamas County. Tualatin Valleys geographical center is located southeast of Hillsboro, and the elevation of the valley is 180 feet above sea-level
8.
Willamette River
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The Willamette River is a major tributary of the Columbia River, accounting for 12 to 15 percent of the Columbias flow. The Willamettes main stem is 187 miles long, lying entirely in northwestern Oregon in the United States, humans began living in the watershed over 10,000 years ago. There were once many tribal villages along the river and in the area around its mouth on the Columbia. Indigenous peoples lived throughout the reaches of the basin as well. The river was an important transportation route in the 19th century, although Willamette Falls, in the 21st century, major highways follow the river, and roads cross it on more than 50 bridges. Since 1900, more than 15 large dams and many smaller ones have been built in the Willamettes drainage basin, the dams are used primarily to produce hydroelectricity, to maintain reservoirs for recreation, and to prevent flooding. The river and its tributaries support 60 fish species, including species of salmon and trout, this is despite the dams, other alterations. Part of the Willamette Floodplain was established as a National Natural Landmark in 1987, the upper tributaries of the Willamette originate in the mountains south and southeast of Eugene, Oregon. The rivers two most significant course deviations occur at Newberg, where it turns sharply east, and about 18 miles downstream from Newberg, near its mouth north of downtown Portland, the river splits into two channels that flow around Sauvie Island. Used for navigation purposes, these channels are managed by the U. S. federal government. The main channel, which is 40 feet deep and varies in width from 600 to 1,900 feet, the channel forms the primary navigational conduit for Portlands harbor and riverside industrial areas. The smaller Multnomah Channel, a distributary, is 21 miles long, about 600 feet wide and it ends about 14.5 miles further downstream on the Columbia, near St. Helens in Columbia County. Proposals have been made for deepening the Multnomah Channel to 43 feet in conjunction with roughly 103.5 miles of tandem-maintained navigation on the Columbia River, similarly, the river was shortened by 40 percent in the stretch between Harrisburg and Albany. Interstate 5 and three branches of Oregon Route 99 are the two highways that follow the river for its entire length. Significant tributaries from source to mouth include the Middle and Coast forks and the McKenzie, Long Tom, Marys, Calapooia, Santiam, Luckiamute, Yamhill, Molalla, Tualatin, and Clackamas rivers. Beginning at 438 feet above sea level, the main stem descends 428 feet between source and mouth, or about 2.3 feet per mile, the gradient is slightly steeper from the source to Albany than it is from Albany to Oregon City. At Willamette Falls, between West Linn and Oregon City, the river plunges about 40 feet, for the rest of its course, the river is extremely low-gradient and is affected by Pacific Ocean tidal effects from the Columbia. The main stem of the Willamette varies in width from about 330 to 660 feet, the Willamettes flow varies considerably season to season, averaging about 8,200 cubic feet per second in August to more than 79,000 cubic feet per second in December
9.
Alluvial plain
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An alluvial plain is a largely flat landform created by the deposition of sediment over a long period of time by one or more rivers coming from highland regions, from which alluvial soil forms. As the highlands due to weathering and water flow, the sediment from the hills is transported to the lower plain. Various creeks will carry the water further to a river, lake, bay, as the sediments are deposited during flood conditions in the floodplain of a creek, the elevation of the floodplain will be raised. As this reduces the channel capacity, the creek will, over time, seek new, lower paths. These processes, over time, will form the plain. The NCSS glossary instead suggests flood plain
10.
Drainage basin
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A drainage basin or catchment area is any area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water. Drainage basins connect into other drainage basins at elevations in a hierarchical pattern, with smaller sub-drainage basins. Other terms used to describe drainage basins are catchment, catchment basin, drainage area, river basin and water basin. In closed drainage basins the water converges to a point inside the basin, known as a sink, which may be a permanent lake. The drainage basin acts as a funnel by collecting all the water within the covered by the basin. Each drainage basin is separated topographically from adjacent basins by a perimeter, drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units, which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system. Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks, in a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins. Drainage basins of the oceans and seas of the world. Grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the oceans, the following is a list of the major ocean basins, About 48. 7% of the worlds land drains to the Atlantic Ocean. The two major mediterranean seas of the world also flow to the Atlantic, The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico basin includes most of the U. S. The Mediterranean Sea basin includes much of North Africa, east-central Africa, Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe, Turkey, and the areas of Israel, Lebanon. Just over 13% of the land in the world drains to the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Oceans drainage basin also comprises about 13% of Earths land. It drains the eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, the Indian subcontinent, Burma, antarctica comprises approximately eight percent of the Earths land. The five largest river basins, from largest to smallest, are the basins of the Amazon, the Río de la Plata, the Congo, the Nile, and the Mississippi. The three rivers that drain the most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganga, endorheic drainage basins are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Around 18% of all land drains to endorheic lakes or seas or sinks, the largest of these consists of much of the interior of Asia, which drains into the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, and numerous smaller lakes. Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, in endorheic bodies of standing water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this is the Dead Sea, drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important
11.
Pacific Northwest
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The Pacific Northwest, sometimes referred to as Cascadia, is a geographic region in western North America bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and loosely, by the Rocky Mountains on the east. Though no agreed boundary exists, a common conception includes the U. S. states of Oregon and Washington and the Canadian province of British Columbia. Broader conceptions reach north into Alaska and Yukon, south into far northern California and east to the Continental Divide, thus including Idaho, Western Montana, narrower conceptions may be limited to the northwestern US or to the coastal areas west of the Cascade and Coast mountains. The variety of definitions can be attributed to partially overlapping commonalities of the history, geography, society. The Northwest Coast is the region of the Pacific Northwest. The term Pacific Northwest should not be confused with the Northwest Territory or the Northwest Territories of Canada. The border — in two sections, along the 49th parallel south of British Columbia and the Alaska Panhandle west of northern British Columbia — has had an effect on the region. According to Canadian historian Ken Coates, the border has not merely influenced the Pacific Northwest—rather, definitions of the Pacific Northwest region vary, and there is no commonly agreed-upon boundary, even among Pacific Northwesterners. A common conception of the Pacific Northwest includes the U. S. states of Oregon and Washington as well as the Canadian province of British Columbia. Broader definitions of the region may include the U. S. state of Alaska, the Canadian territory of Yukon, the portion of the state of California. Definitions based on the historic Oregon Country reach east to the Continental Divide, thus including all of Idaho and parts of western Montana. Sometimes the Pacific Northwest is defined as being the Northwestern United States, often these definitions are made by government agencies whose scope is limited to the United States. Some definitions include, in addition to Washington, Oregon, Idaho and British Columbia, Southeast Alaska, western Montana, the coast of northern California, the Pacific Northwest has been occupied by a diverse array of indigenous peoples for millennia. The Pacific Coast is seen by scholars as a major coastal migration route in the settlement of the Americas by late Pleistocene peoples moving from northeast Asia into the Americas. Other evidence for human occupation dating back as much as 14,500 years ago is emerging from Paisley Caves in south-central Oregon, however, despite such research, the coastal migration hypothesis is still subject to considerable debate. Due in part to the richness of Pacific Northwest Coast and river fisheries, in the interior of the Pacific Northwest, the indigenous peoples, at the time of European contact, had a diversity of cultures and societies. Some areas were home to mobile and egalitarian societies, others, especially along major rivers such as the Columbia and Fraser, had very complex, affluent, sedentary societies rivaling those of the coast. In British Columbia and Southeast Alaska, the Tlingit and Haida erected large, throughout the Pacific Northwest, thousands of indigenous people live, and some continue to practice their rich cultural traditions, organizing their societies around cedar and salmon
12.
Portland, Oregon
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Portland is a port and the largest city in the U. S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County. It is in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the confluence of the Willamette, the city covers 145 square miles and had an estimated population of 632,309 in 2015, making it the 26th most populous city in the United States. Approximately 2,389,228 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area and its Combined Statistical Area ranks 17th with a population of 3,022,178. Roughly 60% of Oregons population resides within the Portland metropolitan area, named after Portland, Maine, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the industry was a major force in the citys early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous cities in the world. After the citys economy experienced a boom during World War II. Beginning in the 1960s, Portland became noted for its liberal political values, and the city has earned a reputation as a bastion of counterculture. According to a 2009 Pew Research Center study, Portland ranks as the eighth most popular American city, the city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. The city government is notable for its planning and investment in public transportation. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool and this climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the City of Roses for over a century. Keep Portland Weird is a slogan for the city. During the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula and these massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet of water. The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by Meriwether Lewis, before its European settlement, the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast. Large numbers of settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1830s via the Oregon Trail. In the early 1840s a new settlement began emerging ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River and this community was initially referred to as Stumptown and The Clearing because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth. In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file a land claim. For 25 cents Overton agreed to half of the 640-acre site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston
13.
Eugene, Oregon
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Eugene is a city of the Pacific Northwest located in the U. S. state of Oregon. It is located at the end of the Willamette Valley, near the confluence of the McKenzie and Willamette Rivers. As of the 2010 census, Eugene had a population of 156,185, it is the second most populous city in the state, the citys population for 2014 was estimated to be 160,561 by the US Census. Eugene is home to the University of Oregon and Lane Community College, the city is also noted for its natural beauty, recreational opportunities, and focus on the arts. Eugenes official slogan is A Great City for the Arts and Outdoors and it is also referred to as the Emerald City and as Track Town, USA. The Nike corporation had its beginnings in Eugene, in 2021, the city will host the 18th Track and Field World Championships. The first people to settle in the Eugene area were known as the Kalapuyans and they made seasonal rounds, moving around the countryside as appropriate to collect and preserve local foods, including acorns, the bulbs of the wapato and camas plants, and berries. They stored these foods in their permanent winter village, when crop activities waned, they returned to their winter villages and took up hunting, fishing, and trading. They were known as the Chifin Kalapuyans and called the Eugene area where they lived Chifin, other Kalapuyan tribes occupied villages that are also now within Eugene city limits. Pee-you or Mohawk Calapooians, Winefelly or Pleasant Hill Calapooians, and they were close-neighbors to the Chifin, intermarried, and were political allies. Some authorities suggest that the Brownsville Kalapuyans were related to the Pee-you and it is likely that since the Santiam had an alliance with the Brownsville Kalapuyans that the Santiam influence also went as far at Eugene. According to archeological evidence, the ancestors of the Kalapuyans may have been in Eugene for as long as 10,000 years, French fur traders had settled seasonally in the Willamette Valley by the beginning of the 19th century. Having already developed relationships with Native communities through intermarriage and trade, by 1828 to 1830 they and their Native wives began year round occupation of the land, raising crops and tending animals. In this process the mixed race families began to impact Native access to land, food supply, in July,1830, intermittent fever struck the lower Columbia region and a year later, the Willamette Valley. Natives traced the arrival of the disease, then new to the Northwest, to the U. S. ship, Owyhee, intermittent fever is thought by researchers now to be malaria. In his book The Coming of the Spirit Pestilence Boyd reports that there was a 92% population loss for the Kalapuyans between 1830 and 1841 and this catastrophic event shattered the social fabric of Kalapuyan society and altered the demographic balance in the Valley. As the demographic pressure from the colonists grew, the remaining Kalapuyans were forcibly removed to reservations, though some Natives escaped being swept into the reservation, most were moved to the Grand Ronde reservation in 1856. Strict racial segregation was enforced and mixed people, known as Métis in French, had to make a choice between the reservation and Anglo society
14.
Salem, Oregon
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Salem /ˈseɪləm/ is the capital of the U. S. state of Oregon, and the county seat of Marion County. It is located in the center of the Willamette Valley alongside the Willamette River, the river forms the boundary between Marion and Polk counties, and the city neighborhood of West Salem is in Polk County. Salem was founded in 1842, became the capital of the Oregon Territory in 1851, Salem had a population of 154,637 at the 2010 census, making it the third largest city in the state after Portland and Eugene. Salem is less than a driving distance away from Portland. Salem is the city of the Salem Metropolitan Statistical Area. A2013 estimate placed the population at 400,408. The city is home to Willamette University, Corban University, the State of Oregon is the largest public employer in the city, and Salem Health is the largest private employer. Transportation includes public transit from Salem-Keizer Transit, Amtrak service, major roads include Interstate 5, Oregon Route 99E, and Oregon Route 22, which connects West Salem across the Willamette River via the Marion Street and Center Street bridges. When the Methodist Mission moved to the area, they called the new establishment Chemeketa, although it was widely known as the Mill. When the Oregon Institute was established, the community known as the Institute. When the Institute was dissolved, the decided to lay out a townsite on the Institute lands. The Reverend David Leslie, President of the towns Trustees, also wanted a Biblical name, or, the town may be named after Salem, Massachusetts, where Leslie was educated. There were many names suggested, and even after the change to Salem, some people, such as Asahel Bush, believed the name should be changed back to Chemeketa. The Vern Miller Civic Center, which houses the city offices and it is estimated that the Willamette Valley area has been inhabited for over 10,000 years. The Kalapuya peoples would gather on the plateau east and south of the current downtown area in the winter and they fished and harvested in the streams and fields of the area. One staple of life was the root, and periodically the Kalapuya would set fires that would clear. In the early 1850s, the Kalapuya, along with the native peoples west of the Cascade Mountains, were removed by the U. S. government through a combination of treaties. Most Kalapuya people were moved to the Grande Ronde Reservation somewhat to the west of Salem, with numbers ending up at Siletz Reservation
15.
Gresham, Oregon
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Gresham /ˈɡrɛʃəm/ is a city located in Multnomah County, Oregon, United States, immediately east of Portland. The citys early economy was sustained largely by farming, and by the mid-20th century, the population was 105,594 at the 2010 census, making Gresham the fourth largest city in Oregon. The area now known as Gresham was first settled in 1851 by the brothers Jackson and James Powell and they were soon joined by other pioneer families, and the area came to be known as Powells Valley. In 1884, a local merchant petitioned the United States Postal Service to get a post office in his store, Gresham if his request was granted. Once the Postal Service realized their mistake, they revoked the Campground post office, Gresham was incorporated in 1905, the year of the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition. Its population at the time was 365, Lewis Shattuck, son of a pioneer family, was the first mayor. The towns economy was fueled largely by farming, including berries, grapes, at the time, trains ran between Gresham and Portland on an hourly basis. Greshams early settlers would go on to form the outlying communities of Boring, Sandy, Fairview, Gresham General Hospital opened in 1959 in downtown Gresham. In 1984, the moved to Stark Street and became Mount Hood Medical Center. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 23.43 square miles. The total area includes parts of Fairview Creek and Johnson Creek, Gresham is located twelve miles from downtown Portland, the dividing line between Portland and Greshams city limits is at SE 162nd Street. As with Portland, Greshams north and south borders are divided along Burnside Street, the city is located roughly seventy miles east of the Oregon Coast. Though much of Gresham is relatively flat, Northeast Gresham is hilly, particularly where the city meets Troutdale toward the Columbia River. Johnson Creek, which begins at the foothills of the Cascade Mountains, runs westward through Gresham, as of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $43,442, and the mean income for a family was $51,126. Males had an income of $37,701 versus $27,744 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,588, about 8. 4% of families and 12. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17. 2% of those under the age of 18 and 6. 7% of those 65 and older. The population density was 4,551.5 inhabitants per square mile, there were 41,015 housing units at an average density of 1,767.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 76. 0% White,3. 5% African American,1. 3% Native American,4. 3% Asian,0. 7% Pacific Islander,9. 8% from other races, and 4. 5% from two or more races
16.
Hillsboro, Oregon
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Hillsboro is the fifth-largest city in the State of Oregon and is the county seat of Washington County. At the 2010 Census, the population was 91,611. For thousands of years before the arrival of European-American settlers, the Atfalati tribe of the Kalapuya lived in the Tualatin Valley near the site of Hillsboro. The climate, moderated by the Pacific Ocean, helped make the region suitable for fishing, hunting, food gathering, settlers founded a community here in 1842, later named after David Hill, an Oregon politician. Transportation by riverboat on the Tualatin River was part of Hillsboros settler economy, a railroad reached the area in the early 1870s and an interurban electric railway about four decades later. These railways, as well as highways, aided the growth of the city to about 2,000 people by 1910 and about 5,000 by 1950. Hillsboro has a government consisting of a city manager and a city council headed by a mayor. In addition to industry, sectors important to Hillsboros economy are health care, retail sales. The city operates more than twenty parks and the mixed-use Hillsboro Stadium, modes of transportation include private vehicles, public buses and light rail, and aircraft using the Hillsboro Airport. The city is home to Pacific Universitys Health Professions Campus, notable residents include two Oregon governors. The first people of the Tualatin Valley were the Atfalati or Tualaty tribe of the Kalapuya, the valley consisted of open grassland maintained through annual burning by the Atfalati, with scattered groves of trees along the streams. The Kalapuya moved from place to place in good weather to fish and hunt and to gather nuts, seeds, roots, important foods included camas and wapato, and the Atfalati traded for salmon from Chinookan tribes near Willamette Falls on the Willamette River. During the winter, they lived in longhouses in settled villages, some near what became Hillsboro and their population was greatly reduced after contact in the late 18th century with Europeans, who carried smallpox, syphilis, and malaria. Of the original population of 1,000 to 2,000 Atfalati reported in 1780, in 1855, the U. S. government sent the survivors to the Grande Ronde reservation further west. The European-American community was founded by David Hill, Isaiah Kelsey, and Richard Williams, the locality went by two other names—East Tualatin Plains and Columbia—before it was named Hillsborough in February 1850 in honor of Hill, when he sold part of his land claim to the county. On February 5,1850, commissioners chosen by the legislature selected the community to be the seat of the county government. Hill was to be paid $200 for his land after plots had been sold for the site, but he died before this occurred. The towns name was simplified to Hillsboro
17.
Beaverton, Oregon
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Beaverton is a city in Washington County, in the U. S. state of Oregon. The city center is 7 miles west of downtown Portland in the Tualatin River Valley, as of the 2010 census, the population is 89,803. This makes it the second-largest city in the county and Oregons sixth-largest city, Fire protection and EMS services are provided through Tualatin Valley Fire and Rescue. In 2010, Beaverton was named by Money magazine as one of the 100 best places to live, along with Hillsboro, Beaverton is one of the economic centers for Washington County, home to numerous corporations in a variety of industries. According to Oregon Geographic Names, Beavertons name is derived from the proximity to a large body of water resulting from beaver dams. The area of Tualatin Valley which became Beaverton was originally the home of a Native American tribe known as the Atfalati, which settlers mispronounced as Tualatin. The Atfalati population dwindled in the part of the 18th century. The natives had a village called Chakeipi, meaning Place of the Beaver, early settlers include the Hall Family from Kentucky, the Denneys who lived on their claim near present-day Scholls Ferry Road and Hall Blvd, and Orin S. Allen, from western New York. Lawrence Hall purchased 640 acres in Beaverdam in 1847 and built a grist mill with his brother near present-day Walker Road and his was the first land claim in the area. He was soon followed by Thomas Denney in 1848, who came to the area, in 1860, a toll plank road from Portland to Beaverton was completed over a trail called Canyon Road. After the American Civil War, numerous settlers, including Joshua Welch, George Betts, Charles Angel. In 1872, Beavertons first post office opened in a store operated by Betts. Betts Street, where the current post office now stands, is named in honor of him, in 1893, Beaverton, which by that time had a population of 400, was officially incorporated. Alonzo Cady, a businessman, served as the first mayor. Many major roads in Beaverton are named for early settlers. Beaverton was a home to automobile dealerships. A Ford Motor Company dealership was established there in 1915, it was purchased by Guy Carr in 1923, there are still several dealerships near the intersection of Walker and Canyon Roads. In the early 1920s, Beaverton was home to Premium Picture Productions, the studio site was later converted into Watts Field and associated aircraft manufacturing facilities
18.
Portland metropolitan area
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The Portland metropolitan area or Greater Portland is a metropolitan area in the U. S. states of Oregon and Washington centered on the principal city of Portland, Oregon. The OMB defines the area as comprising Clackamas, Columbia, Multnomah, Washington, and Yamhill Counties in Oregon, the areas population is estimated at 2,348,247 in 2014. Portions of this are under the jurisdiction of Metro, an elected regional government which. As of the 2010 census, there were 2,226,009 people,867,794 households, the per capita income was $27,451. The Portland–Vancouver–Hillsboro Metropolitan Statistical Area, the 23rd largest in the United States, has a population of 2,226,009, of them,1,789,580 live in Oregon while the remaining 436,429 live in Washington. It consists of Multnomah, Washington, Clackamas, Columbia and Yamhill counties in Oregon, as well as Clark, the Portland-Vancouver-Salem, OR-WA Combined Statistical Area 2015 population estimate is 3,110,906, ranked 18th largest in the United States. This area includes the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA Metropolitan Statistical Area, Salem, OR Metropolitan Statistical Area, major cities in the region in addition to Portland include Beaverton, Gresham, Hillsboro in Oregon, and Vancouver in Washington. Portland is where Interstate 84 ends at Interstate 5, both highways in the Pacific Northwest. Other primary roads include Interstate 205, a bypass of the urban core, U. S. Route 26. Both US26 and US30 go to the Oregon Coast, SR500 runs from Interstate 5 to SR503. Padden Parkway runs from NE 78th St and east to NE 162nd Ave, Transit service on the Oregon side is generally provided by TriMet. In addition, Sandy Area Metro serves Sandy, South Clackamas Transportation District serves nearby Molalla, Canby Area Transit serves Canby, service in Clark County is provided by C-Tran. The Portland MSA also hosts a number of sports, including college. The high school rugby championships are annually in the Portland MSA
19.
Alluvium
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Alluvium is loose, unconsolidated soil or sediments, which has been eroded, reshaped by water in some form, and redeposited in a non-marine setting. Alluvium is typically made up of a variety of materials, including fine particles of silt and clay and larger particles of sand, when this loose alluvial material is deposited or cemented into a lithological unit, or lithified, it is called an alluvial deposit. The term alluvium is not typically used in situations where the formation of the sediment can clearly be attributed to another process that is well described. This includes, lake sediments, river sediments, or glacially-derived sediments, sediments that are formed or deposited in a perennial stream or river are typically not referred to as alluvial. Most alluvium is very young, and is often referred to as cover because these sediments obscure the underlying bedrock. Most sedimentary material that fills a basin that is not lithified is typically lumped together as alluvial, alluvium of Pliocene age occurs, for example, in parts of Idaho. Alluvium of late Miocene age occurs, for example, in the valley of the San Joaquin River, alluvium can contain valuable ores such as gold and platinum and a wide variety of gemstones. Such a concentration of ores is termed a placer deposit
20.
Wagon train
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A wagon train is a group of wagons traveling together. In a military context, a train was the wagon train that followed an army with supplies. In the American West, settlers traveling across the plains and mountain passes in covered wagons banded together for mutual assistance, although wagon trains are associated with the Old West, the Trekboers of South Africa also traveled in caravans of covered wagons. Virtually all U. S. trails originated in Independence, Missouri, perhaps the most famous wagon train trail was the Oregon Trail which had a span of over 2,000 miles. Other paths included the Santa Fe Trail, the Chisholm Trail, the California Trail, the Mormon Trail, and the Old Spanish Trail. Although wagon train suggests a line of wagons, when permitted, wagons would often fan out. Originally, westward movement began in small groups, but well-funded travelers with a hundred or more wagons could employ professional wagon masters and ostlers, Overland emigrants discovered smaller groups of twenty to forty wagons were more manageable than larger ones, especially without professional wagon masters. Many operated under democratic principles, creating bylaws and electing a captain, in reality, a captain had limited authority. His role was largely confined to getting everyone moving in the morning and selecting when, membership in wagon trains was generally fluid and wagons frequently joined or left trains depending on the needs and wishes of their owners. An accident or illness, for instance, might force someone to fall behind and wait for the next train, some might break away to settle in Colorado Territory or other territories along the way. While Indians might attempt to raid horses under cover of darkness, contrary to popular belief, wagons were seldom circled defensively. The advent of gunpowder meant that an army could no longer rely solely on foraging in the surrounding countryside. In the 18th century, organized commissary and quartermaster departments were developed to centralize delivery of supplies, the delivery took the form of baggage trains, large groups of wagons that traveled at the rear of the main army. Westward-bound collective treks are reflected in numerous books, films and television programs about the journeys, cavalcade Conestoga wagon Convoy Covered wagon Laager Stewart, George R. The California Trail, An Epic With Many Heroes, the Plains Across, The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840-60. Urbana, University of Illinois Press,1993, children on the Oregon Trail Life and Death on the Oregon Trail, Â Provisions for births and lethal circumstances, Â OCTA. Oregon-California Trails Association - Oregon Trail History, brown, Dee Alexander, and Martin Ferdinand Schmitt. Media related to Wagon trains at Wikimedia Commons Wagon Train at Spartacus Educational http, //www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/634001/wagon-train
21.
Oregon Trail
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The Oregon Trail is a 2, 170-mile historic east–west, large-wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon. The eastern part of the Oregon Trail spanned part of the state of Kansas. The western half of the trail spanned most of the states of Idaho. The Oregon Trail was laid by fur traders and traders from about 1811 to 1840, by 1836, when the first migrant wagon train was organized in Independence, Missouri, a wagon trail had been cleared to Fort Hall, Idaho. From the early to mid-1830s the Oregon Trail and its offshoots were used by about 400,000 settlers, farmers, miners, ranchers. The eastern half of the trail was used by travelers on the California Trail, Mormon Trail. Use of the trail declined as the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, making the trip west substantially faster, cheaper, and safer. Today, modern highways, such as Interstate 80 and Interstate 84, follow parts of the same course westward and pass through towns originally established to serve those using the Oregon Trail. Although Lewis and William Clark found a path to the Pacific Ocean, it was not until 1859 that a direct and practicable route, the first land route across what is now the United States was mapped by the Lewis and Clark Expedition between 1804 and 1806. On the return trip in 1806 they traveled from the Columbia River to the Snake River and they then traveled overland up the Blackfoot River and crossed the Continental Divide at Lewis and Clark Pass and on to the head of the Missouri River. This was ultimately a shorter and faster route than the one they followed west and this route had the disadvantages of being much too rough for wagons and controlled by the Blackfoot Indians. They did show the way for the men, who within a decade would find a better way across. Founded by John Jacob Astor as a subsidiary of his American Fur Company in 1810, two movements of PFC employees were planned by Astor, one detachment to be sent to the Columbia River by the Tonquin and the other overland under an expedition led by Wilson Price Hunt. Hunt and his party were to find possible routes and trapping territories for further fur trading posts. Upon arriving at the river in March 1811, the Tonquin crew began construction of what became Fort Astoria, the ship left supplies and men to continue work on the station and ventured north up the coast to Clayoquot Sound for a trading expedition. While anchored there, Jonathan Thorn insulted an elder Tla-o-qui-aht who was elected by the natives to negotiate a mutually satisfactory price for animal pelts. Soon after the vessel was attacked and overwhelmed by the indigenous before being blown up, killing all the crew, from there they went over the Teton Range via Teton Pass and then down to the Snake River into modern Idaho. They abandoned their horses at the Snake River, made dugout canoes, after a few days travel they soon discovered that steep canyons, waterfalls and impassable rapids made travel by river impossible
22.
Willamette Valley AVA
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The Willamette Valley AVA, is an American Viticultural Area which lies in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. The AVA is the growing region which encompasses the drainage basin of the Willamette River. At 5,200 square miles, it is the largest AVA in the state, the boundaries of the Willamette Valley AVA were established in 1984, and since then six new, smaller AVAs have been created within the northern portion of Willamette Valley AVA. The Willamette Valley has a cool, moist climate, and is recognized worldwide for its Pinot noir, the climate of Willamette Valley is mild year-round. Winters are typically cool and wet, summers are dry and warm, heat above 90 °F only occurs 5 to 15 days per year, most rainfall occurs in the late autumn, winter, and early spring, when temperatures are the coldest. The valley gets relatively little snow per year, the hardiness zone is mostly 8b. By far, the largest concentration of wineries is in Yamhill County, there are six American Viticultural Areas within the Willamette Valley AVA. These smaller AVAs recognize regions within the larger Willamette Valley AVA that have distinctive climate, soil, elevation, the Dundee Hills AVA in the hills north and west of Dundee. The area is 6,940 acres in size, with 1,300 acres planted with grapes. Over 25 wineries and independent vineyards in this region produce over 44,000 cases of wine, the area is particularly noted for its Pinot noir, several wineries in the AVA have won international recognition for their wines. The Eola-Amity Hills AVA stretches from the town of Amity in the north to Salem in the south, the hills cover an area west of the Willamette River approximately 15 miles long by 6 miles wide. The name Eola is a tribute to the conditions in the area, and is derived from Aeolus. The McMinnville AVA near McMinnville was established in 2005, in the hills to the southwest of McMinnville, the AVA includes 14 wineries and 523 acres of vineyards, and includes lands with elevations ranging from 200 to 1,000 feet. The Chehalem Mountains AVA, established in 2006, stretches 20 miles from Wilsonville in the southeast to Forest Grove in the northwest, the Chehalem Mountains includes Ribbon Ridge, Parrett Mountain, and Bald Peak. The petition process for the creation of the AVA began in 2001 and was led by David Adelsheim of Adelsheim Vineyard, the Ribbon Ridge AVA, between Newberg and Gaston, is a ridge containing uplift of ocean sediment. It lies at 45°21 N, 123°04 W, at the northwest end of the Chehalem Mountains, the name originates in the 19th century. The ridge is approximately 0.25 miles wide and 3.50 miles long and it is estimated that between 1,000 acres and 1,400 acres in the region is suitable for planting. The Yamhill-Carlton District AVA in the surrounding the towns of Yamhill
23.
Lake Missoula
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Lake Missoula was a prehistoric proglacial lake in western Montana that existed periodically at the end of the last ice age between 15,000 and 13,000 years ago. The lake measured about 7,770 square kilometres and contained about 2,100 cubic kilometres of water, the lake was the result of an ice dam on the Clark Fork caused by the southern encroachment of a finger of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet into the Idaho Panhandle. The height of the ice dam typically approached 610 metres, flooding the valleys of western Montana approximately 320 kilometres eastward and it was the largest ice-dammed lake known to have occurred. The cumulative effect of the floods was to excavate 210 cubic kilometres of loess, sediment and basalt from the scablands of eastern Washington. These floods are noteworthy for producing canyons and other geologic features through cataclysms rather than through more typical gradual processes. Based upon these criteria, Quaternary geologists estimated that the oldest of the Pleistocene Missoula floods happened before 1.5 million years ago, the older Pleistocene glaciofluvial deposits within the Hanford formation are fragmentary in nature because they have been repeatedly eroded and largely removed by subsequent Missoula floods
24.
Montana
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Montana /mɒnˈtænə/ is a state in the Western region of the United States. The states name is derived from the Spanish word montaña, Montana has several nicknames, although none official, including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State, and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place. Montana has a 545-mile border with three Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the state to do so. It also borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, Montana is ranked 4th in size, but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges, smaller island ranges are found throughout the state. In total,77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains, the eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands. The economy is based on agriculture, including ranching and cereal grain farming. Other significant economic activities include oil, gas, coal and hard rock mining, lumber, the health care, service, and government sectors also are significant to the states economy. Millions of tourists annually visit Glacier National Park, the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, the name Montana comes from the Spanish word Montaña and the Latin word Montana, meaning mountain, or more broadly, mountainous country. Montaña del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the mountainous region of the west. The name was changed by Representatives Henry Wilson and Benjamin F. Harding, when Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho, he again chose Montana Territory. This time Rep. Samuel Cox, also of Ohio, objected to the name, Cox complained that the name was a misnomer given most of the territory was not mountainous and that a Native American name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one. Other names such as Shoshone were suggested, but it was decided that the Committee on Territories could name it whatever they wanted, with an area of 147,040 square miles, Montana is slightly larger than Japan. It is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska, Texas, and California, the largest landlocked U. S. state, and the worlds 56th largest national state/province subdivision. To the north, Montana shares a 545-mile border with three Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the state to do so. It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, the states topography is roughly defined by the Continental Divide, which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions. Most of Montanas 100 or more named mountain ranges are in the western half. The Absaroka and Beartooth ranges in the states south-central part are part of the Central Rocky Mountains
25.
Eastern Washington
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Eastern Washington is the portion of the US state of Washington east of the Cascade Range. The region contains the city of Spokane, the Tri-Cities, the Columbia River and the Grand Coulee Dam, the Hanford Nuclear Reservation and the farmlands of the Yakima Valley. Unlike in Western Washington, the climate is dry, including some desert environments, a significant difference between Eastern Washington and the western half of the state is its climate. While the west half of the state is located in an oceanic climate. Also, due to being farther from the sea, the east side has both hotter summers and colder winters than the west, most communities in Eastern Washington, for example, have significant yearly snowfall, while in the west snowfall is minimal and not seen every year. The east and west do still have some traits in common, though, more rainfall in winter than summer, a lack of severe storms. There is some variation in rainfall throughout Eastern Washington. Generally, lower elevations are hotter and drier than higher elevations. This is easily seen in the comparison between low-elevation Richland with higher elevation Spokane, compared to Western Washington, Eastern Washington has roughly twice the land area and one-third the population. According to the U. S. Census Bureau the population estimate as of July 2014 was 1,547,303, the population growth rate between the two is roughly the same. Of Washingtons nine Congressional districts, Eastern Washington exactly encompasses two, aside from a portion of the 4th in Skamania County. Eastern Washington hosts a number of world-renowned universities including three of the five public universities. Bills in the Washington State Legislature which would have requested the United States Congress to take up the question were proposed in 1996,1999,2005, proposed names for the new state have included Lincoln, Columbia, Liberty, or simply Eastern Washington. Many of these proposals were to include the Idaho Panhandle as part of the state of Lincoln. Eastern Washington tends to vote Republican, whereas Western Washington usually supports the Democrats
26.
Columbia River Gorge
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The Columbia River Gorge is a canyon of the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The gorge holds federally protected status as a National Scenic Area called the Columbia Gorge National Scenic Area and is managed by the Columbia River Gorge Commission, the gorge is a popular recreational destination. Each river has created a gorge through the Cascade Mountain Range, the Columbia River Gorge marks the state line between Oregon and Washington. The wide range of elevation and precipitation makes the Columbia River Gorge an extremely diverse, isolated micro-habitats have allowed for many species of endemic plants and animals to prosper, including at least 13 endemic wildflowers. The Gorge transitions between temperate rainforest to dry grasslands in only 80 miles, hosting a dramatic change in scenery while driving down I-84, in the western, temperate rainforest areas, forests are marked by bigleaf maples, Douglas Fir, and Western hemlock, all covered in epiphytes. In the transition zone, vegetation turns to Oregon white oak, Ponderosa pine, at the eastern end, the forests make way for expansive grasslands, with occasional pockets of lodgepole pine and Ponderosa pine. It also creates the conditions for snow and ice storms during the winter months which also draws very cold east winds at the mouth of the gorge on the west end. The Gorge is a destination for hiking, biking, sight-seeing, fishing. The area is known for its concentration of waterfalls, with over 90 on the Oregon side of the Gorge alone. Many are along the Historic Columbia River Highway, including the notable 620-foot -high Multnomah Falls, trails and day use sites are maintained by the Forest Service and many Oregon and Washington state parks. The Columbia River Gorge began forming as far back as the Miocene, during this period the Cascades Range was forming, which slowly moved the Columbia Rivers delta about 100 miles north to its current location. This quick erosion left many layers of rock exposed. The gorge has supported human habitation for over 13,000 years, evidence of the Folsom and Marmes people, who crossed the Bering land bridge from Asia, were found in archaeological digs. Excavations near Celilo Falls, a few miles east of The Dalles, the gorge has provided a transportation corridor for thousands of years. Native Americans would travel through the Gorge to trade at Celilo Falls, in 1805, the route was used by the Lewis and Clark Expedition to reach the Pacific. Early European and American settlers subsequently established steamboat lines and railroads through the gorge, today, the BNSF Railway runs freights along the Washington side of the river, while its rival, the Union Pacific Railroad, runs freights along the Oregon shore. Until 1997, Amtraks Pioneer also used the Union Pacific tracks, the Portland segment of the Empire Builder uses the BNSF tracks that pass through the gorge. The Columbia River Highway, built in the early 20th century, was the first major paved highway in the Pacific Northwest
27.
Kalama, Washington
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Kalama is a city in Cowlitz County, Washington, United States. It is part of the Longview, Washington Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 2,500, according to the Washington State Office of Financial Management. The story endorsed by the city Kalama is that the city was named after the nearby Kalama River which took its name from a Native Hawaiian named John Kalama, the first white settler recorded was in 1853. That first settler was Ezra Meeker and his family, only one year later, Meeker moved to north Puyallup, Washington, but he sold his Donation Land Claim to a Mr. Davenport, who, with a few others, permanently settled in the Kalama area. In early 1870, Northern Pacific Railway scouts came to Cowlitz County to find an ideal terminus along the Columbia River, the population swelled with employees of the Northern Pacific Railway. Kalama was entirely a Northern Pacific railroad creation and it was unofficially born in May 1870 when the Northern Pacific railroad turned the first shovel of dirt. Northern Pacific built a dock, a sawmill, a car shop, a roundhouse, a turntable, hotels, a hospital, stores, homes. In just a few months in 1870, the population exploded to approximately 3500 and the town had added tents, saloons, a brewery. Soon the town had a motto, Rail Meets Sail, recruiters went to San Francisco and recruited Chinese labor, who moved to their own Chinatown in a part of Kalama now called China Gardens. The population of Kalama peaked at 5,000 people, but in early 1874, the railroad moved its headquarters to Tacoma, Kalama was unofficially incorporated on November 29,1871. It served as the county seat of Cowlitz County from 1872 to 1922, Kalama was the northern terminus of a railroad ferry operated by the Northern Pacific Railway from Goble, Oregon. This was a link in rail service between 1883 when the service began until 1909 when the major rail bridges in Portland were completed. From that stake, the Northern Pacific began building north to Puget Sound, construction began in April 1871 with a crew of 800 men, with the official first spike being driven in May 1871 Scheduled service from Tacoma to Kalama began on January 5,1874. The following year in October 1884, a 3 track, 360-foot long railroad ferry marked the beginning of 25 years of service across the Columbia River. Hunters was located near the end of Sandy Island about a mile south of Goble. However the crossing times were excessive when the Tacoma had to work against the tide, the ferry could handle 12 passenger cars or 27 freight cars. Kalama, like small towns in the US, are very enthusiastic about their sports. Upon making entrance in the city, there is a sign celebrating the local H. S. s State Championships, st. Josephs Catholic Parish was built in 1874, around the same time the railroad from Kalama to Tacoma, WA first came operational
28.
Tualatin Mountains
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The Tualatin Mountains are a range of hills on the western border of Multnomah County, Oregon, United States. A spur of the Northern Oregon Coast Range, they separate the Tualatin Basin of Washington County, Oregon, from the Portland Basin of western Multnomah County and Clark County, the highest peak in the range is Cornell Mountain at 1,270 feet. Other notable peaks include Council Crest at 1,073 feet, the hills date from the late Cenozoic era, and range up to over 1,000 feet. Composed mainly of basalt, the mountains were formed by flows of the Grande Ronde basalt flows that were part of the larger Columbia River basalts. Human settlement goes back 10,000 years to the areas earliest known residents, the landscape, inside and outside the park, is predominantly forested. U. S. Route 26 is the transportation link through the hills, traveling through the Vista Ridge Tunnel, Tanner Creek Canyon. This route through the hills connecting the agricultural Tualatin Basin to the navigable Willamette River was developed as a road in the 19th century. The Great Plank Road was a factor in the early growth of the city of Portland. Since 1998, the west side MAX Light Rail has run parallel to US26 through the hills
29.
Newberg, Oregon
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Newberg is a city in Yamhill County, Oregon, United States. Located in the Portland metropolitan area, the city is home to George Fox University, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 22,110 making it the second most populous city in the county. Ewing Young, after leading pioneering fur brigades in California, came to Portland in 1834 and settled on the west bank of the Willamette River near the mouth of Chehalem Creek, youngs home is believed to be the first house built by European-Americans on that side of the river. Later, Joseph Rogers settled near the Willamette River at what is now Newberg in 1848, the community was known early on as Chehalem, and later as Rogers Landing for Rogers who founded the settlement, and who died in 1855. In 1883, the community was platted, incorporated in 1889, tradition holds that this town was named by its first postmaster, Sebastian Brutscher, for his former hometown of Neuberg in Germany. One of the current streets, Brutscher Street, is named after him, Newberg was one of the first communities in Oregon to hold Quaker services. It was incorporated as a city in 1889, the citys oldest surviving newspaper, The Newberg Graphic, was established Dec.1,1888. Friends Pacific Academy, renamed Pacific College in 1891 and then George Fox University in 1949, was founded by the Quakers in 1885, George Fox University is classified by U. S. News & World Report as a first-tier regional university and Best Value school. The campus resides in the center of the city, surrounded by university-owned housing, the town was dry, meaning no alcohol could be sold within the city limits, for a good part of its early history. Newberg is located on Oregon Route 99W about 25 miles southwest of Portland, springbook, once a separate community, is now considered part of Newberg. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.81 square miles. It averages 176 feet in elevation, as of the census of 2010, there were 22,068 people,7,736 households, and 5,398 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,798.3 inhabitants per square mile, there were 8,265 housing units at an average density of 1,422.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 85. 9% White,0. 8% African American,0. 8% Native American,2. 2% Asian,0. 2% Pacific Islander,7. 0% from other races, and 3. 1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13. 5% of the population,23. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the family size was 3.12. The median age in the city was 32.8 years. 25. 2% of residents were under the age of 18,13. 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24,27. 1% were from 25 to 44,21. 9% were from 45 to 64, and 12% were 65 years of age or older
30.
Oregon City, Oregon
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Oregon City is the county seat of Clackamas County, Oregon, United States, located on the Willamette River near the southern limits of the Portland metropolitan area. Established in 1829 by the Hudsons Bay Company, in 1844 it became the first U. S. city west of the Rocky Mountains to be incorporated, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 31,859. Known in recent decades as the site of large paper mills on the Willamette River. During the 1840s and 1850s it was the destination for those wanting to land claims after traveling the Oregon Trail as the last stop on the trail. It was the capital of the Oregon Territory from its establishment in 1848 until 1851, in 1846, the citys newspaper, the Oregon Spectator, was the first American newspaper to be published west of the Rocky Mountains. Oregon City College was established in 1849 as a Baptist school, Oregon City was the site of the Beaver Coins Mint, producing the short-lived independent Oregon Territory currency in 1849. The center of the city part of its historic character through the preservation of houses. Its territory included all of the western United States, the population in the area of Oregon City declined due to the California Gold Rush. That of nearby Portland grew, and the headquarters of the archdiocese was moved there in 1926, in 1928 the name Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon replaced the former name. No longer a residential bishopric, Oregon City is now a titular see, the neighborhood includes a housing project, as well as numerous rural properties. Park Place, formerly an independent community, also includes unincorporated areas outside the city limits, First called Clackamas, then Paper Mill, the community was finally named Park Place for a park in a nearby oak grove. Park Place was platted in 1889, and a post office was established the following year, for a while the name was changed to Parkplace. It borders the Clackamas and Willamette rivers to the north and west and Park Place to the east, i-205 runs through the north part of the neighborhood. The McLoughlin neighborhood is bordered by Washington Street and Singer Hill on the Northwest, a bluff overlooking Abernethy Creek on the northeast and east and it also includes extends to the west to border the Canemah district. The John McLoughlin House and the entrance to the Municipal Elevator are located in this neighborhood. The Barclay Hills neighborhood lies between Rivercrest Park on the west, the city limits on the east, the McLoughlin Neighborhood on the north, and Warner-Milne Road on the south. This neighborhood is bisected by Molalla Avenue, the route of Oregon Route 213 before it was moved to the Oregon City Bypass to the east. The Canemah neighborhood lies along Oregon Route 99E, and is a strip of land sandwiched between the Willamette River and a bluff
31.
McMinnville, Oregon
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McMinnville is the county seat and largest city of Yamhill County, Oregon, United States. According to Oregon Geographic Names, it was named by its founder, William T. Newby, as of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 32,187. McMinnville is located at the confluence of the North and South Forks of the Yamhill River in the Willamette Valley, part of the Portland metropolitan area, it lies 35 miles southwest of Portland. The city is home to Linfield College and the Evergreen Aviation Museum, town founder William T. Newby joined the Great Migration of 1843, later claiming land in 1844 on the present site of McMinnville in what was then known as the Oregon Country. He built a grist mill in 1853 at what would become the west end of Third Street, on May 5th,1856 Newby platted a town and named it after his hometown of McMinnville, Tennessee. Newby would later make a donation of land for the founding of an institution of higher learning in the town, originally called McMinnville College. McMinnville was incorporated as a town in 1876 and became a city in 1882, County residents voted to move the county seat of Yamhill County from Lafayette to McMinnville in 1886. The Oregonian published the photographs the next day, and within a month they were published in LIFE magazine, although these images have come to be known as the McMinnville UFO photographs, the Trent farm was actually located just outside Sheridan, Oregon, nine miles southwest of McMinnville. McMinnville is located 50 miles from the Pacific Ocean,35 miles from Portland, and 26 miles from Salem, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.58 square miles, all of it land. This region experiences warm and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, McMinnville has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated Csb on climate maps. As of the census of 2010, there were 32,187 people,11,674 households, the population density was 3,042.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 12,389 housing units at a density of 1,171.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 82. 2% White,0. 7% African American,1. 2% Native American,1. 5% Asian,0. 2% Pacific Islander,10. 7% from other races, and 3. 5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20. 6% of the population,26. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the family size was 3.14. The median age in the city was 34 years. 25. 8% of residents were under the age of 18,12. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,24. 7% were from 25 to 44,22. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 14. 6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 2% male and 51. 8% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 26,499 people residing in the city, among 9,367 households and 6,463 families
32.
Corvallis, Oregon
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Corvallis /kɔːrˈvælᵻs/ is a city in central western Oregon, United States. It is the county seat of Benton County and the city of the Corvallis, Oregon Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 54,462 and its population was estimated by the Portland Research Center to be 55,298 in 2013. Corvallis is the location of Oregon State University, a large Hewlett-Packard research campus, at a longitude of 123°17 west, the city is the westernmost city in the contiguous 48 states with a population larger than 50,000. Avery arrived in Oregon from the east, averys primitive 1846 dwelling was the first home within the boundaries of todays Corvallis and his land claim included the southern section of the contemporary city. Avery was quickly joined by other settlers along the banks of the Willamette River, the discovery of gold in California in 1848 temporarily stalled development of a township, with Avery leaving his Oregon claim to try his hand at mining in the fall of that year. His stay would prove to be brief and in January 1849 Avery returned to Oregon with a stock of provisions with a view to opening a store. During the year 1849, Avery opened his store at the site, platted the land, and surveyed a town site on his land claim, naming the community Marysville. It is possible that the city was named after early settler Mary Lloyd, in the summer of 1851 Joseph Avery and William Dixon each granted back-to-back 40 acre land parcels from their land holdings for the establishment of a county seat. Averys holding lay to the south and Dixons to the north, with the Benton Country Courthouse marking the line of demarcation between these two land parcels. In December 1853 the 5th Oregon Territorial Legislature met in Salem, a heated debate followed, with the name ultimately awarded to Marysville in an act passed on December 20,1853. Corvallis was incorporated as a city on January 29,1857, nineteenth-century Corvallis saw a three-year boom beginning in 1889, which began with the establishment of a privately owned electrical plant by L. L. Hurd. In addition a carriage factory was launched in the city and the streets were improved. Bonds were issued for a water works, a sewer system. A publicity campaign was launched to attempt to expand the tax base through new construction for new arrivals and this effort proved mostly unsuccessful, however, and in 1892 normalcy returned, with the city saddled with about $150,000 in bonded debt. Corvallis is at an elevation of 235 feet above sea level, Oregon Route 99W, a secondary north–south route, also runs through Corvallis. U. S. Route 20 and Oregon Route 34 both secondary East-West routes run through Corvallis from the Oregon Coast, Corvallis is at river mile 131–32 of the Willamette River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 14.30 square miles
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Yamhill River
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The Yamhill River is an 11-mile tributary of the Willamette River, in the U. S. state of Oregon. Formed by the confluence of the South Yamhill River and the North Yamhill River about 3 miles east of McMinnville, the river meanders east past Dayton to join the Willamette River at its river mile 55 or river kilometer 89, south of Newberg. It is likely that Yamhill was the 19th century white settlers name for a tribe of Native Americans, the Yamhill people were among 27 bands and tribes moved to the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation, formally established in 1857. At about RM9, Hawn Creek and then Millican Creek enter from the left as the Yamhill nears Lafayette, beyond Lafayette, Henry Creek enters from the left. Near Dayton, the river passes under Oregon Route 18 before skirting the city, here Palmer Creek enters from the right. Below Dayton, the river enters the Willamette at its RM55 south of Newberg, in 1900 a Yamhill River lock and dam lock and dam was completed about 1.5 miles downriver from Lafayette, Oregon. The lock was decommissioned in 1954, the dam was deliberately destroyed in 1963 to allow better passage for salmon on the river. The site of the lock and dam is now a county park, list of Oregon rivers Media related to Yamhill River at Wikimedia Commons Yamhill Basin Council
34.
Oregon State University
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Oregon State University is a coeducational, public research university in the northwest United States, located in Corvallis, Oregon. The university offers more than 200 undergraduate degree programs along with numerous graduate and it is also the largest university in the state, with a total enrollment exceeding 28,000. More than 230,000 people have graduated from OSU since its founding. S, OSU is one of 73 land-grant universities in the United States. The school is also a sea-grant, space-grant, and sun-grant institution, OSU received $308.9 million in research grants and contracts for the 2015 fiscal year, which is more research funding than all other public universities in Oregon combined. The universitys roots date back to 1856, when it was established as the areas first community school for primary and preparatory education, throughout the universitys history, the name changed eleven times. Like other early established land-grant colleges and universities, the majority of changes occurred through the 1920s. Generally, name changes were made to align a school with the largest available federal grants in agriculture research. Corvallis area Freemasons played an important role in developing the early school, the school offered its first college-level curriculum in 1865, under the administration of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. On August 22,1868, official articles of incorporation were filed for Corvallis College, October 27,1868, is known as OSU Charter Day. The Oregon Legislative Assembly designated Corvallis College as the college of the state of Oregon. Acceptance of this grant required the college to comply with the requirements set forth in the First Morrill Act, the school was then authorized to grant the Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science and Master of Arts degrees. The first graduating class was in 1870, granting Bachelor of Arts degrees, the Oregon Unification Bill was passed in 1929 by the Legislative Assembly, which placed the school under the oversight of the newly formed Oregon State Board of Higher Education. A doctoral in education was first offered in the early 1930s and this year also saw the creation of the first summer session. The growing diversity in degree programs led to name change in 1937. The universitys current title, Oregon State University, was adopted on March 6,1961, in 2007, Scott Reed was named the Vice Provost for Outreach and Engagement as OSU Extension Service and OSU Ecampus were aligned under this new division. Ecampus delivers OSU degree programs and courses online and at a distance to students worldwide, Research has played a central role in the universitys overall operations for much of its history. Most of OSUs research continues at the Corvallis campus, but a number of endeavors are underway at various locations throughout the state. Current research facilities, beyond the campus, include the Seafood Laboratory in Astoria, CEOAS is now co-leading the largest ocean science project in U. S. history, the Ocean Observatories Initiative
35.
Lake Lewis
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Lake Lewis was a temporary lake in the Pacific Northwest region of North America, largely formed by the Missoula Floods in about the 14th millennium B. C. Water also backed up further downstream on the Columbia River between Washington and Oregon, delaying the drainage of Lake Lewis, the water remained for a period of weeks before the flood waters drained through Wallula Gap, just southeast of the Tri-Cities area. Lake Lewis reached an elevation of about 1,200 feet above sea level before subsiding, Lake Lewis also flooded the Yakima, Walla Walla, Touchet and Tucannon river valleys. Glacial Lake Missoula was a body of water as large as some of the USAs Great Lakes and this lake formed from glacial meltwater that was dammed by a lobe of the Canadian ice sheet. Episodically, perhaps every 40 to 140 years, the waters of this huge lake forced its way past the ice dam, eventually, the ice receded northward far enough that the dam did not reform, and the flooding episodes ceased. Wallula Gap is a water gap through basalt anticlines in the Columbia River basin just south of the confluence of the Walla Walla River. The Wallula Gap constrained the flow such that less than 1/5 of the 800 km³ of water per day entering could be discharged, as a result, the floods filled the Pasco Basin and formed, for a short period, Lake Lewis. The large volumes of water passing through the gap contributed substantially to the erosion of the gap, as is evidenced by the shear walls. Lake Lewis backflooded into the Yakima, Walla Walla, Touchet, in these relatively calm arms of the lake, the slackwaters were thick with suspended materials eroded from the scablands above. Some of the suspended materials settled out, creating thick Touchet Formation layers which are found throughout these valleys, there were several long ridges that were above flood level. Peaks like the Badger, Candy, and Red Mountains were islands, at this level, much of the Columbia Basin would have been submerged. Ice Age Floods Features in the Vicinity of the Pasco Basin, field trip guide for the biannual meeting of the Ice Age Floods Institute. Ice Age Floods Institute, Richland, WA
36.
Glacial erratic
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A glacial erratic is a piece of rock that differs from the size and type of rock native to the area in which it rests. Erratics take their name from the Latin word errare, and are carried by glacial ice, Erratics can range in size from pebbles to large boulders such as Big Rock in Alberta. Geologists identify erratics by studying the surrounding the position of the erratic. Erratics are significant because, They can be transported by glaciers and their lithographic origin can be traced to the parent bedrock, allowing for confirmation of the ice flow route. They can be transported by ice rafting and this allows quantification of the extent of glacial flooding resulting from ice dam failure which release the waters stored in proglacial lakes such as Lake Missoula. Erratics released by ice-rafts that were stranded and subsequently melt, dropping their load, Erratics dropped by icebergs melting in the ocean can be used to track Antarctic and Arctic-region glacial movements for periods prior to record retention. Also known as dropstones, these can be correlated with ocean temperatures and levels to better understand, and examination of their mineralogical character leads the identification of their sources…. In geology, an erratic is material moved by forces from one location to another. Erratics are formed by ice erosion resulting from the movement of ice. Glaciers erode by multiple processes, abrasion/scouring, plucking, ice thrusting, glaciers crack pieces of bedrock off in the process of plucking, producing the larger erratics. In an abrasion process, debris in the basal ice scrapes along the bed, polishing and gouging the underlying rocks, similar to sandpaper on wood, producing smaller glacial till. In ice thrusting, the glacier freezes to its bed, then as it surges forward, evidence supports another option for creation of erratics as well, rock avalanches onto the upper surface of the glacier. Rock avalanche–supraglacial transport occurs when the glacier undercuts a rock face, the characteristics of rock avalanche–supraglacial transport includes, Monolithologic composition - a cluster of boulders of similar composition are frequently found in close proximity. Commingling of the multiple lithologies normally present throughout the basin, has not occurred. Angularity - the supraglacially transported rocks tend to be rough and irregular, the sides of boulders are roughly planar, suggesting that some surfaces may be original fracture planes. Great size - the size distribution of the boulders tends to be skewed toward larger boulders than those produced subglacially, surficial positioning of the boulders - the boulders are positioned on the surface of glacial deposits, as opposed to partially or totally buried. Orientations - the boulders may be enough that original fracture planes can be matched. Locations of the boulder trains - the boulders appear in rows, Erratic materials may be transported by multiple glacier flows prior to their deposition, which can complicate the reconstruction of the glacial flow
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Iceberg
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An iceberg or ice mountain is a large piece of freshwater ice that has broken off a glacier or an ice shelf and is floating freely in open water. It may subsequently become frozen into pack ice, as it drifts into shallower waters, it may come into contact with the seabed, a process referred to as seabed gouging by ice. Almost 91% of an iceberg is below the surface of the water, the word iceberg is a partial loan translation from Dutch ijsberg, literally meaning ice mountain, cognate to Danish isbjerg, German Eisberg, Low Saxon Iesbarg and Swedish isberg. Because the density of ice is about 920 kg/m³. The shape of the underwater portion can be difficult to judge by looking at the portion above the surface and this has led to the expression tip of the iceberg, for a problem or difficulty that is only a small manifestation of a larger problem. Icebergs generally range from 1 to 75 metres above sea level, the largest known iceberg in the North Atlantic was 168 metres above sea level, reported by the USCG icebreaker East Wind in 1958, making it the height of a 55-story building. These icebergs originate from the glaciers of western Greenland and may have a temperature of −15 to −20 °C. Icebergs are usually confined by winds and currents to move close to the coast, the largest icebergs recorded have been calved, or broken off, from the Ross Ice Shelf of Antarctica. Iceberg B-15, photographed by satellite in 2000, measured 295 by 37 kilometres and this iceberg was larger than Belgium. When a piece of ice melts, it makes a fizzing sound called Bergie Seltzer. This sound is made when the water-ice interface reaches compressed air trapped in the ice. As this happens, each bubble bursts, making a popping sound, the bubbles contain air trapped in snow layers very early in the history of the ice, that eventually got buried to a given depth and pressurized as it transformed into firn then to glacial ice. About a month later, this split into two pieces upon crashing into Joe Island in the Nares Strait next to Greenland. In June 2011, large fragments of the Petermann Ice Islands were observed off the Labrador coast, iceberg B-17B140 km2,1999, shipping alert issued December 2009. In addition to classification, icebergs can be classified on the basis of their shape. The two basic types of forms are tabular and non-tabular. Tabular icebergs have steep sides and a top, much like a plateau. This type of iceberg, also known as an ice island, can be quite large, Antarctic icebergs formed by breaking off from an ice shelf, such as the Ross Ice Shelf or Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, are typically tabular
38.
Erratic Rock State Natural Site
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Erratic Rock State Natural Site is a state park in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, United States. The day use only park is owned and maintained by the Oregon Parks, purchased from the Duerst and Ramsby families in 1956, the park was originally named the Erratic Rock Wayside. In 1996, the park was one of the state parks selected for due to budget problems. The Oregon Legislative Assembly came up with funding to avoid the closure, the park received a new historical marker along the road in June 2005 in a ceremony featuring state senator Gary George. Located off Oregon 18, Erratic Rock State Natural Site lies midway between Sheridan to the west and McMinnville to the east, the pre-historic Missoula floods began in western Montana fifteen to twenty-thousand years ago. These large floods altered the landscape of the Columbia River valley, many rocks were transported down the Columbia encased in icebergs and deposited from Montana through Idaho, Washington, and Oregon when the flood waters receded and the ice melted. One of these 40-short-ton erratics was deposited on a 250-foot tall hill in the Yamhill Valley portion of the Willamette Valley, geologically, the rock comes from Canada and is the largest glacial erratic rock in the Willamette Valley. The rock is believed to be 600 million years old. It is also the rock of its type outside of Canada. The Pacific Northwest climate allows for diverse species of plants. Along with the flora and fauna indigenous to Oregon in general and this list contains animals in four different categories including amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles. Surprisingly enough, Wolverines have also recently discovered in the Oregon territory as well. The ODFW in Yamhill county is taking steps toward the conservation of some of the indigenous plant. Some of the plants and animals listed on the species are, the marbled murrelet. Some of the plants are, the Willamette daisy, the Kincaids Lupine. For people interested in getting involved in nature conservation for Oregon. For a map of other regionally recognized places to view wildlife, there is a 0.2 mile easy hike along a paved trail to the top of the hill past a vineyard and orchard. It is relatively level with an incline, until the last 100 m which is decidedly steeper
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Oregon Route 18
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Oregon Route 18 is a state highway that runs between the Oregon Coast, near Lincoln City and the Willamette Valley, near Dayton. OR18 traverses the Salmon River Highway No.39 of the Oregon state highway system, OR18 begins at a junction with U. S. Route 101, a few miles north of Lincoln City near Otis Junction. From there it winds eastward though the coast range along the Salmon River, past Rose Lodge, emerging from the coast range, it enters the fringes of the Willamette Valley in the community of Grand Ronde. Also in Willamina, a business route veers off to the north to serve the cities of Willamina and Sheridan and this business loop was the former route and highway until 1957, when the current Oregon Route 18 was built as a bypass. In the McMinnville area, OR 99W serves as the business route whereas OR18 is a bypass route. Two interchanges along OR18 provide access to McMinnville, including Three-Mile Lane, Oregon Route 18 provides direct access to the McMinnville Airport and the Evergreen Aviation Museum, home of the Spruce Goose. East of McMinnville, Oregon Route 18 intersects Oregon Route 233, with which it overlaps until its terminus, and Oregon Route 221. It then crosses over the Yamhill River and terminates at a junction with OR 99W. Typically, commuters continue north on OR 99W into the Portland area, the highway is rather variant in its configuration. For most of its length, the highway is an undivided highway, with intersections. There are some limited-access stretches in the sections, and the occasional interchange in these stretches. In addition, there is a stretch between Willamina and Sheridan where the highway becomes a 4-lane divided expressway, currently, the route has a rather notorious reputation among motorists in Oregon, with a relatively high number of fatal accidents. The opening of two casinos, one in Grand Ronde and one in Lincoln City, have greatly increased traffic on OR18, portions of Oregon Route 18 have been designated a safety corridor. There are two proposed expansions to the highway, one is a project which would widen Oregon Route 18 to a four-lane expressway in the stretch between Grand Ronde and Willamina, an area where increased volume has caused significant delays. This project is now completed with an overpass that closed down, the second project is a new bypass around the Newberg-Dundee area intended to alleviate severe congestion that occurs along 99W. This new route will either be an expressway or a freeway, a route number for this latter project has not been published, however, planning documents and maps present it as an extension to Oregon Route 18. Construction on the first 4-mile section began in June 2013, with the section scheduled for completion in summer 2016 and this section will connect Oregon 219 south of Newberg to 99W west of Dundee. The entire 11-mile bypass is expected to cost $262 million and will have four lanes from the current eastern terminus of Route 18 south of Dundee and Newberg, milepoints are as reported by ODOT and do not necessarily reflect current mileage
40.
Willamette Meteorite
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The Willamette Meteorite, officially named Willamette, is an iron-nickel meteorite discovered in the U. S. state of Oregon. It is the largest meteorite found in North America and the sixth largest in the world and it was long held sacred by indigenous peoples of the Willamette Valley, including the federally recognized Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon. The indigenous peoples referred to stone with the name Tomonowos. The meteorite is currently on display at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, having been seen by an estimated 40 million people over the years, and given its striking appearance, it is among the most famous meteorites known. In 2005, the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon sued to have the meteorite returned to their control, the Willamette Meteorite weighs about 32,000 pounds. It is classified as a type III iron meteorite, being composed of over 91% iron and 7. 62% nickel, with traces of cobalt, the approximate dimensions of the meteorite are 10 feet tall by 6.5 feet wide by 4.25 feet deep. Most iron meteorites like Willamette have originated from the core of planetesimals or asteroids that collided with another object. Willamette has a structure with only traces of a medium Widmanstätten pattern. The Willamette Meteorite contains higher concentrations of metals that are quite rare in Earths crust. For example, Iridium, one of the least abundant elements in Earths crust, is found in the Willamette Meteorite at a concentration of 4.7 ppm, thousands of times more than its crustal abundance. This barrier had ponded a huge amount of water at the Lake Missoula right at the time when the reached the area. Some of these ice rafts included boulders like the Willamette meteorite, the deep crevasses of the meteorite resulted from both its high-speed atmospheric entry and subsequent terrestrialization, i. e. weathering. Exposed to the elements for thousands of years, rainwater interacted with the mineral troilite and this resulted in the development of the hollows that are visible today. The Willamette Meteorite was originally found in the Willamette Valley of Oregon near the city of West Linn. Although already known and sacred to Native Americans, its discovery was made by settler Ellis Hughes in 1902, at that time the land was owned by the Oregon Iron and Steel Company. Hughes recognized the significance, and in an attempt to claim ownership. This involved 90 days of work to cover the 3/4 mile distance. The move was discovered, and after a lawsuit, the Oregon Supreme Court held that Oregon Iron, Oregon Iron Co. v. Hughes,47 Or 313,82 P572
41.
West Linn, Oregon
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West Linn is a city in Clackamas County, Oregon, United States. Now a southern suburb within the Portland metropolitan area, West Linn has a history of early development, Senator Lewis F. Linn of Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, who had advocated the American occupation of Oregon as a counterclaim to the British, as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 25,109. Prior to settlement by Oregon pioneers, the area became known as West Linn was the home of ancestors of some of the present-day Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon. Major Robert Moore was an early settler arriving in 1839—before the Champoeg Meetings—having been the member of the first attempt to create an American state in Oregon. Sometime after journeying around the Willamette Valley and Columbia Basin, Moore bought title to approx. 1,000 acres on the west side of Willamette Falls, across the Willamette River from Oregon City, from a local Native American chief, on which he platted a town he called Robins Nest in early 1843. He also filed a claim with the then government of the Oregon Country. The Oregon Territorial Legislature voted to rename it Linn City on December 22,1845 as a memorial to Senator Lewis F. Linn after whom Linn County is also named. Linn was a neighbor and family friend of the Moores from their time as settlers in the early Missouri Territory, for many years Linn City was a political and commercial rival to the adjacent town of Oregon City, but it suffered a series of natural and man-made setbacks. A major fire and the Great Flood of 1862 put a halt to the settlement in 1861. West Linn was incorporated in 1913 and merged with the adjacent town of Willamette in 1916, when the City of West Linn incorporated in 1913, it encompassed West Oregon City, Bolton, Sunset and Willamette Heights. The incorporation allowed the settlements to obtain needed services, utilities, after considerable debate on a name, the city founders decided to honor the pioneer town that Moore had established. The citys population grew steadily, but in recent years has leveled off. The 1860 census listed 225 residents, by 1920, the number had grown to 1,628. The 1960 census set the population at 2,923, and by 1970, the city’s population has continued to grow each year. Currently, the population is 25,250. In 2011, the City of West Linn was the Top-Ranked Oregon City on the CNN/Money Magazine Best Places to Live 2011 List, the City of Sherwood is the only other Oregon city to make the 2011 listing, coming in at Number 100
42.
Umpqua River
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The Umpqua River on the Pacific coast of Oregon in the United States is approximately 111 miles long. From its source northeast of Roseburg, the Umpqua flows northwest through the Oregon Coast Range, the river and its tributaries flow entirely within Douglas County, which encompasses most of the watershed of the river from the Cascades to the coast. The Hundred Valleys of the Umpqua form the heart of the industry of southern Oregon. The Native Americans in the Umpquas watershed consist of several tribes, such as the Umpqua, and the Kalapuya. These tribes witnessed much of the Great Flood of 1862, during which the Umpqua, the North Umpqua and South Umpqua rivers rise in the Southern Oregon Cascades, and flow generally west for over 100 miles to join approximately 6 miles northwest of Roseburg. In modern terminology, the Umpqua Valley is sometimes taken to refer to the lower reaches of the South Umpqua south of Roseburg. The North Umpqua rises from snowmelt and is considered one of the premier summer steelhead streams in the West, from Roseburg, the Umpqua flows generally northwest through broad farming valleys in the Oregon Coast Range in a serpentine course past the settlement of Umpqua and the city Elkton. At Elkton, it turns to flow west through a canyon past Scottsburg. It enters Winchester Bay on the Pacific near Reedsport and it receives the Smith River from the north near its estuary on Winchester Bay. The Umpqua River Light protects ships nearing the mouth of the river, the Umpqua is one of four major rivers in Oregon that start in or east of the Cascade Range and reach the Pacific Ocean. The others are the Rogue River, Klamath River and Columbia River, named tributaries from source to mouth are the North Umpqua and South Umpqua rivers followed by Hidden Valley, Calapooya, Mill, Hubbard, and Rock creeks. Next come Bottle, Cougar, Wolf, Powell, Leonard, Basin, yellow Creek is next, then Deep Gulch and McGee, Waggoner, Martin, Brads, Williams, Whitehorse, Mehl, Fitzpatrick, and Heddin creeks. Further downstream is Elk Creek then Grubbe, Hart, Beener, Gould, Sawyer, Paradise, Stony Brook, then come Scott, Butler, Lutsinger, Weatherly, Burchard, Golden, Wells, and Little Mill Creek. Mill Creek is next, followed by Luder, Charlotte, Franklin, Indian Charlie, Harvey, entering the lower reaches are the Smith River and Scholfield, Providence, and Winchester creeks. In the early 19th century the valley was largely inhabited by the Coquille tribe of Native Americans. The river itself is named for the Umpqua, a band of the Coquille, the Quich spoke a language distantly related to Alsea/Yakonan and the Coos Bay languages. In the Great Flood of 1862, the Umpqua River had the largest flood known to all of the areas Indians at the time and it rose from November 3 to December 3, subsided for two days then rose again until December 9. At Fort Umpqua, communication up river was cut off above Scottsburg, at Port Orford, the Coquille River swept away settlers property
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Interstate 5
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It serves the largest cities on the U. S. West Coast, including Seattle, Portland, Sacramento, Los Angeles, and San Diego, and also links the cities of Washington, Oregon. Upon crossing the Mexican border at its terminus, Interstate 5 continues to Tijuana. Upon crossing the Canada–US border at its terminus, it continues to Vancouver as British Columbia Highway 99. It is the 12th longest highway in the U. S. following I-15, I-5 links to control cities in California, Oregon, and Washington. North of Seattle, the city is Vancouver, British Columbia, it is signed as Vancouver B. C. in order to avoid confusion with Vancouver. One notable control city that I-5 does not directly reach is San Francisco, to the south, in the Tracy area, I-580 splits from I-5 towards San Francisco, while to the north, near Vacaville, I-505 cuts south to I-80, which serves that city. That routing, via I-580, I-80, and I-505, was planned originally as I-5W, the southernmost point of I-5 is at the Mexican border at the San Ysidro border crossing, one of the busiest in the world. Here I-5 is also known as the San Diego Freeway, at Dana Point, I-5 turns inland and heads due north through Mission Viejo to the El Toro Y interchange in southeastern Irvine. I-5 becomes the Santa Ana Freeway as it runs southeast to northwest, passing through cities and suburbs in Orange. Southern Californians refer to it as the 5 Freeway or as the Santa Ana Freeway in the Los Angeles area, from this point, the San Diego Freeway continues northward as I-405. When the freeway reaches the East Los Angeles Interchange one mile east of downtown Los Angeles, the route continues through the San Fernando Valley and then crosses the Newhall Pass through the Santa Susana Mountains into the Santa Clarita Valley. The interchange with State Route 14 is unusual in that traffic is separated into its own lanes for both the mainline of the freeway and the transition ramps to and from SR14. At that point, the Golden State Freeway rises sharply to the north through the Grapevine to eventually reach the second-highest point of its entire length, path 26 power lines generally follow the freeway along this stretch. I-580 splits from I-5 at a point south of Tracy, providing a connection to the San Francisco Bay Area. After passing Tracy, I-5 heads north through Stockton and Sacramento before turning west to Woodland, at Woodland, the Interstate heads northwest again towards Dunnigan, where it converges with I-505. From Dunnigan, I-5 skirts north along the edge of the Sacramento Valley to Red Bluff. I-5 then enters the Shasta Cascade region, passing through Redding, the interstate then travels to Weed and Yreka before reaching the Oregon border
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Oakridge, Oregon
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Oakridge is a city in Lane County, Oregon, United States. The population was 3,205 as of the 2010 census and it is located east of Westfir on Oregon Route 58, about 40 miles east of Eugene and 150 miles southeast of Portland. The city was originally a community called Hazeldell, and its post office was established on July 26,1888, the economy of Oakridge and nearby Westfir has been centered on the railroad, the logging industry, and recreation. In the 20th century, there were two sawmills that processed logs from nearby timberland—an Oakridge mill owned by the Pope and Talbot Lumber Company, both of the mills had closed by 1985, and the local economy declined. Since then it has been rebounding, with a new general store opening in 2010, a bakery in 2011. The area now known as Oakridge was first explored in 1852 as a route for pioneers coming from Central Oregon to the Willamette Valley. A post office was named Hazeldell in 1888, and the name later changed to Big Prairie. In 1912, a new community was formed and officially named Oakridge, since its beginnings as a mountain ranch, Oakridge has been a railroad boomtown, a lumberjacks haven, and an outdoor enthusiasts destination. The early boom for Oakridge can be attributed to the Southern Pacific Railroad, by 1910, work had already begun on Tunnel 22, a short route connecting Oakridge to the area now known as Westfir. The Union Pacific Railroad still operates the rails and trains are a sight in Oakridge. On July 2,1946, the Pope and Talbot Lumber Company purchased timberland near Oakridge, by 1948, the company had built a large sawmill and had begun a massive timber logging operation. While the railroad and Westfirs Hines sawmill began to slow down, the combined economic base of the railroad and sawmills accounted for the population growth of the 1960s and 1970s, when the community of Willamette City was consolidated into Oakridge. However, in 1978, the Hines mill in Westfir closed, the City of Oakridge now owns the property that formerly housed the Pope and Talbot sawmill. Oakridge sits at an elevation ranging from 1,200 to 1,600 feet above sea level. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.20 square miles. Oakridge lies in a valley in the foothills of the Cascade Range and is completely surrounded by the Willamette National Forest. Diamond Peak, a volcano located in the nearby Diamond Peak Wilderness to the southeast, can be seen from various spots in. Waldo Lake, known as one of the purest lakes in the world and this region experiences warm and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F
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Detroit Lake
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Detroit Lake is a reservoir impounded by the Detroit Dam on the North Santiam River 46 miles southeast of Salem, Oregon, United States. The lake is adjacent to Oregon Route 22 near the city of Detroit and this mesotrophic lake stores water for use by the city of Salem and other nearby communities. Detroit Lake is situated over a road bed of the former Oregon Pacific Railroad. This route was built by Colonel T. Egenton Hogg as a proposed transcontinental railroad, because of a lack of funding, the line terminated in Idanha, southeast of the lake. Idanha had rail service until the 1950s, when the track was removed for installation of the Detroit, Detroit Lake was created in 1953 after the completion of the dam. Part of the Willamette Valley Projects, the lake was intended primarily for flood control, the reservoir has a capacity of 455,000 acre feet of water when full and 281,600 acre feet in the summer when drawn down. Located in the North Santiam Canyon, the 9-mile long lake has shoreline of 32 miles when full, one swimming opportunity is at the Mongold Day-Use Area. Detroit Lake is stocked by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife with 125,000 catchable rainbow trout along with fingerling rainbow, kokanee, a self-sustaining population of brown bullhead catfish resides in the lake. Detroit Lake offers year-round fishing as long as you fish in water and not in or near the rivers. It is one of 32 lakes federally designated for recreation, managed by the United States Forest Service, the lake serves many purposes including flood control, water conservation, and recreation. There are many camping and recreation opportunities at Detroit Lake, in 2009, a new winter boat ramp was constructed, making it possible to launch a boat safely during the winter months when other ramps are on dry ground. The water level fluctuates with snow pack, precipitation, and the consumption of Salem. At low pool, it has an elevation of 1,450 feet. In 2015 and 2016 low water levels in the reservoir impacted recreation, the operation of marinas and the economy in the Santiam Canyon
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Cottage Grove, Oregon
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Cottage Grove is a city in Lane County, Oregon, United States. The population was 9,686 at the 2010 census, Cottage Grove is the third largest city in Lane County. The city is located on Interstate 5, Oregon Route 99, Cottage Grove post office was established in 1855 east of present-day Creswell. The office was named by its first postmaster, G. C, pearce, whose home was in an oak grove. In 1861, the office was moved to the present site of Saginaw, in the late 1860s, the office was moved to what is now the extreme southwestern part of present-day Cottage Grove, on the west bank of the Coast Fork Willamette River. When the Southern Pacific railroad was built through the area in the 1870s, Cottage Grove station was placed more than half a mile northeast of the post office and this was the start of a neighborhood dispute that lasted for nearly 20 years. Lemati office ran from November 1893 to September 1894, but in March 1898 the Cottage Grove office was renamed Lemati, the city was incorporated in 1887, but the people living on the east side rebelled in 1893 and founded East Cottage Grove. The Oregon State Legislature changed the name of the place to Lemati in 1895, in 1899 an act was passed that consolidated the two towns under the name Cottage Grove. The only existing covered bridge west of the Mississippi River. The City of Cottage Grove restored the bridge in 2011, reopening it on December 3, Cottage Grove has been awarded the All-America City Award by the National Civic League twice, in 1968 and 2004. Cottage Grove has been recognized as a Tree City USA by The Arbor Day Foundation for over a decade, in October 2008, Cottage Grove was also the 17th city in the United States to be recognized as a Green Power Community. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.77 square miles. Cottage Grove lies south of the confluence of the Row River and this confluence effectively marks the southern end of the Willamette Valley. This region experiences warm and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Cottage Grove has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated Csb on climate maps. As of the census of 2010, there were 9,686 people,3,895 households, the population density was 2,576.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 4,154 housing units at a density of 1,104.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 90. 4% White,0. 3% African American,1. 3% Native American,1. 1% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,3. 1% from other races, and 3. 8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8. 0% of the population,29. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
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Albany, Oregon
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Albany is the county seat of Linn County, and the 11th largest city in the State of Oregon. Albany is located in the Willamette Valley at the confluence of the Calapooia River and it is predominantly a farming and manufacturing city that settlers founded around 1848. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population of Albany was 50,158 and its population was estimated by the Portland Research Center to be 51,583 in 2013. Albany has a home rule charter, a government. The city provides the population access to over 30 parks and trails, a senior center. In addition to farming and manufacturing, the economy depends on retail trade, health care. In recent years the city has worked to revive the downtown shopping area, in the historic era, the area of the Willamette Valley that makes up modern-day Albany was inhabited by one of the tribes of the Kalapuya a Penutian-speaking, Native American people. The Kalapuya had named the area Takenah, a Kalapuyan word used to describe the deep pool at the confluence of the Calapooia, a variation of the place name can also be written as Tekenah. The Kalapuya population in the valley was between 4,000 and 20,000 before contact with Europeans, but they suffered high mortality from new diseases introduced shortly afterward. The tribes were decimated by an epidemic that raged through the Pacific Northwest in 1782–83. A malaria outbreak swept through the region between 1830 and 1833 and it is estimated that as many as 90 percent of the Kalapuya population died during this period. That, coupled with the treaties signed during the 1850s by the Kalapuya to cede land to the United States, the first European American settler arrived in 1845, Abner Hackleman was a farmer from Iowa. Taking up a claim for himself, Hackleman asked Hiram N. Smead to hold another for him until his son arrived from Iowa. In 1846, a year after arriving in Oregon, Hackleman died while returning to Iowa to fetch his family. In 1847 a pair of brothers, Walter and Thomas Monteith, settled in the area, after traveling by ox team along the Oregon Trail from their native state of New York. They were a family of prominence in the area, in 1848, they bought a claim of 320 acres from Hiram Smead for $400. They named the city Albany after their hometown of Albany in New York, during the same period, Hacklemans son Abram reached his fathers original land claim and built a log house in an oak grove still known as Hacklemans Grove. He later built a house, which stands at the corner of Fifth
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