1.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Winfield Scott
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Winfield Scott was a United States Army general and unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Whig Party in 1852. He served as Commanding General of the United States Army for twenty years, a national hero after the Mexican–American War, he served as military governor of Mexico City. Such was his stature that, in 1852, the Whig Party passed over its own incumbent President of the United States, Millard Fillmore, at six feet five inches in height, he remains the tallest man ever nominated by a major party. He was educated by tutors and in the schools, and briefly attended the College of William. He then studied law in the office of attorney David Robinson, Scott attained admission to the bar, and made a brief attempt to practice law. He also gained his military experience as a corporal of cavalry in the Virginia militia near Petersburg in 1807. He was subsequently commissioned as a captain in the Light Artillery in May 1808, Scotts early career in the army was tumultuous. Scotts commission was suspended for one year, and after returning to duty, Scott earned the nickname Old Fuss and Feathers for his insistence on military bearing, courtesy, appearance and discipline. In his own campaigns after reaching high rank, Scott preferred to use a core of Army regulars augmented by volunteers whenever possible, Scott perennially concerned himself with the welfare of his men, as demonstrated by his quarrel with Wilkinson over the New Orleans bivouac site. In another instance, when cholera broke out at a post under his command, the army promoted Scott to lieutenant colonel of the 2nd Artillery Regiment in July 1812. Scott served primarily on the Niagara Campaign front in the War of 1812 and he took command of an American landing party during the Battle of Queenston Heights on October 13,1812. The British held Scott as a prisoner of war, the British considered Irish-American prisoners of war British subjects and traitors and executed 13 such Americans captured at Queenstown Heights. The British paroled and released Scott in a prisoner exchange, upon release, Scott returned to Washington to pressure the Senate to take punitive action against British prisoners of war in retaliation for the British executions of Irish-American soldiers. The Senate wrote a bill after this urging, but President James Madison believed the execution of prisoners of war unworthy of civilized nations. Scott was promoted to colonel in March 1813, Scott planned and led the capture of Fort George, Upper Canada, on the Niagara River. By crossing the Niagara and landing on the Lake Ontario shore, Colonel Scott was wounded in this battle, which is considered among the best-planned and best-executed U. S. operations of the war. Scott was promoted to general on March 19,1814. He was only 27 years old at the time, one of the youngest generals in the history of the U. S. Army, Scott commanded the 1st Brigade, and was instrumental in the American success at the Battle of Chippawa on July 5,1814
4.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
5.
Winnfield, Louisiana
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Winnfield is a small city in the parish seat of Winn Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 5,749 at the 2000 census, and 4,840 at the 2010 census, three governors of the State Of Louisiana were from Winnfield. When Winn Parish was officially formed by the legislature in 1852. During the Civil War, the area around Winnfield was the site of minor skirmishes. Confederate forces defeated a Union detachment sent to destroy the Cary Salt Works in the area, many Civil War bandits made the region their home. Among these were the West and Kimbrill clans, which at one time included the Frank & Jesse James, three Louisiana governors were Winnfield natives and grew up here, Huey Long, Oscar K. Allen and Earl Long. Huey Long became governor, U. S. Senator, Oscar K. Allen was elected governor in 1932. Earl Long, the Louisiana Longshot, served in a variety of positions, said to be more than other Louisianan. He was elected governor in 1939,1948 and 1956 and he was elected to Congress in 1960 but died before he could assume office. Winnfield was a producer of salt in the Civil War days. One still exists today in front of the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame, the salt works was located on Saline Bayou. Later the Cary Salt Works started a 840 ft deep mine south of Winnfield, the mine was used by the federal government in Project Coyboy Plowshare Program, Cowboy Event. Between Dec 1959 and March 1960 a series of explosives were set off inside the Carry Salt Works in an unused portion of the mine. The mine later was flooded by an underground river, the mine and all equipment inside was abandoned. The rock quarry operated near or on top of the mine and produced limestone. Winnfield has an elevation of 128 feet, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.3 square miles, all land. North and west of Winnfield, Saline Bayou, a National Wild and Scenic Rivers System waterway, Winnfield is about a three-hour driving distance from Baton Rouge. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,749 people,2,172 households, the population density was 1,733.4 people per square mile
6.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
7.
Louisiana's 5th congressional district
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Louisianas 5th Congressional District is a congressional district in the U. S. state of Louisiana. The district covers most of the northeastern and central portions of the state and it contains the cities of Monroe and Alexandria. McAllister led Riser,54,449 to 36,837, Alexander resigned on September 26,2013 to become secretary of the Louisiana Department of Veterans Affairsunder Governor Jindal. Originally 14 candidates ran to succeed Alexander, including Clyde C, holloway, a former representative from Louisianas 8th congressional district, since disbanded. Riser and McAllister emerged from the primary to meet in the runoff, NOTE, Rodney Alexander switched from the Democratic to the Republican Party. Louisianas congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
8.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
9.
Central Time Zone
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The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010
10.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
11.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
12.
U.S. Route 71
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U. S. Route 71 is a north–south United States highway. This original 1926 route has remained unchanged by encroaching Interstate highways. U. S. Route 53 also ends here, on the other side of the bridge, Trans-Canada Highway 11 is an east–west route. US 71s southern terminus is between Port Barre and Krotz Springs, Louisiana at an intersection with U. S. Route 190. The southern terminus of US71 is in Louisiana, beginning between Port Barre and Krotz Springs, Louisiana, at an intersection with U. S.190. The highway follows a course through Louisiana, passing through the communities of Alexandria, Montgomery, Coushatta. From its southern terminus to Shreveport, US71 has largely superseded by Interstate 49 - which is eventually planned to roughly follow the US71 alignment as far north as Kansas City. After Shreveport, US71 follows a course, crossing into Arkansas just north of Ida. US71 travels approximately 300 miles in Arkansas, entering the state approximately 1 mile north of Ida, the route enters Arkansas near the Red River, and runs north through the communities of Doddridge and Fouke. Most motorists can now bypass US71 from Doddridge to Texarkana via Arkansas Highway 549, after approximately 30 miles of paralleling Highway 549, the route turns west, passes the historic Averitt House and enters Texarkana. Inside the loop, Highway 71 becomes East Street, passing the Texarkana Country Club, the street is four-lane undivided, passing the Bottoms House and J. K. Wadley House before meeting US 67/US82, US71 forms a short, two-block concurrency with US 67/US82 before turning north along Hazel Street. This minor city street runs northwest to intersect State Line Avenue, at this point, while on State Line Avenue, US71 intersects Loop 14 before U. S. Route 59 joins US71 at Interstate 30. From Arkansas Highway 296 north of Texarkana to the Red River, except for the northbound lanes, this section of 3.39 miles is entirely in Texas. The highways re-enter Arkansas completely at the Red River, US 59/US71 serve as an eastern terminus for Highway 380 upon entering Ogden. Although US 59/US71 bypass the community as a highway, the route formerly served Ogden as Grand Street. Further north the pass under Highway 32, which skirts the southern part of Ashdown. Serving Little Rivers county seat as Constitution Avenue, the become a five-lane road with center turn lane which passes within two blocks of the Little River County Courthouse
13.
Saline Bayou
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Saline Bayou is a 100-mile-long tributary of the Red River in Louisiana in the United States. In 1986 it became the first blackwater river in the American South to have been designated in the National Wild and it is located within the Kisatchie National Forest of southwest Louisiana. Saline Bayou flows for 100 miles, mostly through cypress hardwood bottomlands and it is popular for floating with canoes. The bayou forms the boundary of Winn Parish. Along U. S. Highway 71, south of the village of Clarence, it separates Winn from neighboring Natchitoches Parish, the bayou is black in color because of tannic acid. It hosts abundant bird and animal life and is heavily wooded, among the creatures found in Saline Bayou are woodpeckers, minks, snapping turtles, snakes, and alligators. Saline Lake is an impoundment of Saline Bayou, located on the Natchitoches/Winn border some 12 miles northeast of Natchitoches. It encompasses 8,400 acres and is wooded, particularly known for its fishing, white perch, large mouth bass
14.
French language
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French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
15.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
16.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
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Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
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Natchitoches Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 39,566, the parish was formed in 1805. The Natchitoches, LA Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Natchitoches Parish and this is the heart of the Cane River Louisiana Creole community. Including extensive outbuildings at Magnolia and Oakland plantations, the Cane River Creole National Historical Park interprets the history and it was designated one of the original sites on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail. Natchitoches Parish was created by the act of April 10,1805 that divided the Territory of Orleans into twelve parishes, including Orleans, Iberville, Rapides and Natchitoches. The parish boundaries were much larger than now defined, but were reduced as new parishes were organized to keep up with population increases in the state. Caddo, Claiborne, Bossier, Webster, DeSoto, Bienville, Jackson, Sabine, Red River, Winn, Natchitoches Parish has fifteen border revisions, making it second only to Ouachita parish in number of boundary revisions. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has an area of 1,299 square miles. It is the fourth-largest parish by area in Louisiana. The primary groundwater resources of Natchitoches Parish, from surface to deepest, include the Red River alluvial, upland terrace, Sparta. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 39,566 people residing in the county. 54. 3% were White,41. 4% Black or African American,1. 0% Native American,0. 3% Asian,0. 9% of some other race and 2. 1% of two or more races. As of the census of 2000, there were 39,080 people,14,263 households, the population density was 31 people per square mile. There were 16,890 housing units at a density of 14 per square mile. 1. 45% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,27. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the family size was 3.14. In the parish the population was out with 26. 00% under the age of 18,17. 90% from 18 to 24,24. 30% from 25 to 44,19. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 30 years, for every 100 females there were 90.60 males
18.
Blackwater river
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A blackwater river is a type of river with a deep, slow-moving channel flowing through forested swamps or wetlands. As vegetation decays, tannins leach into the water, making a transparent, acidic water that is darkly stained, most major blackwater rivers are in the Amazon Basin and the Southern United States. The term is used in studies, geology, geography, ecology. Not all dark rivers are blackwater in that technical sense, some rivers in temperate regions, which drain or flow through areas of dark black loam, are simply black due to the color of the soil, these rivers are black mud rivers. There are also black mud estuaries, Blackwater rivers are lower in nutrients than whitewater rivers and have ionic concentrations higher than rainwater. The unique conditions lead to flora and fauna that differ both from whitewater and clearwater rivers, where the water types combine is attractive to a diverse group of organisms. Although many Amazonian rivers fall clearly into one of these categories, others show a mix of characteristics and may vary depending on season, Black and white waters differ significantly in their ionic composition, as shown in Table 1. Black waters are acidic, resulting in an aluminum concentration greater than that of the more neutral white waters. The major difference is the concentrations of sodium, magnesium, calcium and potassium, some animals need more calcium than is available in blackwaters, so for example, snails, which need much calcium to build shells, are not abundant in blackwaters. The lack of dissolved ions in black waters results in a low conductivity, Black and white waters differ in their planktonic fauna and flora. Tables 2 and 3 compare the number of animals caught in black. The black water was not as extreme an example as the Rio Negro system, however, it can be seen that the black water held greater numbers of rotifers but fewer crustaceans and mites. These crustaceans are important foods for larval fish, the zones where the two waters mix are attractive to ostracods and young fish. These mixing zones tend to have many animals, the abundance is shown in Table 3, which compares animals in 10 litres of water. The main Amazonian clearwater rivers have their source in the Brazilian Plateau, apaporis River, A tributary of the Japurá River. Arapiuns River, A tributary of the Tapajós River, coari River Potaro River, A tributary of the Mazaruni River. Mazaruni River Mirití-Paraná River Rio Negro, The largest blackwater river in the world, big Cypress, Black Cypress, and Little Cypress and the small rivers in the watershed of Caddo Lake in Texas and Louisiana. Blackwater River, a tributary of the Chowan River in Virginia, Blackwater River, a major river in the western Florida panhandle
19.
Southern United States
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The Southern United States, commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States, arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries, while the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. However, the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South, usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its culture and history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, the Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European, African, and some Native American components. Since the late 1960s, black people have many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants, the American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States, sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance and predominantly conservative, indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations and race relations. Apart from its climate, the experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners and millions of Hispanics meant the introduction of cultural values, the process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed Southernization. The question of how to define the subregions in the South has been the focus of research for nearly a century, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty-seven percent of all U. S. residents, lived in the South, the nations most populous region. Other terms related to the South include, The Old South, the New South, usually including the South Atlantic States. The Solid South, region largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, before that, blacks were elected to national office and many to local office through the 1880s, Populist-Republican coalitions gained victories for Fusionist candidates for governors in the 1890s. Includes at least all the 11 former Confederate States, Southeastern United States, usually including the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The Deep South, various definitions, usually including Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, occasionally, parts of adjoining states are included
20.
Catahoula Parish, Louisiana
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Catahoula Parish is a parish in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 10,407 and its seat is Harrisonburg, on the Ouachita River. The parish was formed in 1808, shortly after the United States acquired this territory in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, Catahoula Parish was the home to many succeeding Native American groups in the thousands of years before European settlements began. Peoples of the Marksville culture, Troyville culture, Coles Creek culture and Plaquemine culture built villages, notable examples include Peck Mounds, and the Troyville Earthworks. The Troyville Earthworks have components dating from 100 BCE to 700 CE during the Baytown to the Troyville-Coles Creek periods and it once had the tallest mound in Louisiana at 82 feet in height, it was the second-tallest mound in North America. This mound was destroyed to make way for the Jonesville bridge over the Black River and this area was settled primarily by migrants from the southern United States after the Louisiana Purchase, when the US acquired the vast, former French-claimed territory west of the Mississippi River. White migrants to north and central Louisiana were from the South and they brought a new influence into Louisiana. Some also brought or purchased African-American slaves to work on larger plantations, many of these were from the Upper South, which sold slaves through the domestic market. They brought their own influences as well. The parish was founded in 1808 and originally incorporated a large area. As population increased in the region, new parishes were organized from the territory first included in Catahoula Parish, the parish was divided by the state in 1910, after La Salle Parish was formed from its old western section. As one of the new parishes organized during early United States settlement of part of the state. Only Natchitoches and Ouachita parishes have had more revisions of boundaries, at the start of the American Civil War, James G. Taliaferro, a delegate to the Louisiana state secessionist convention from Catahoula Parish, argued strongly against leaving the American Union. So radical were the ideas of Taliaferro that the convention refused to print his protest in the pages of. The 2008 totals mirrored those of 2004, when Catahoula Parish cast 3,219 for President George W. Bush and 1,673 ballots for his Democratic rival, local officials are almost entirely Democratic in affiliation. Catahoula Parish lays claim to its namesake Catahoula Leopard dog breed, the Catahoula breed was owned by Colonel James Jim Bowie of the Alamo and his brother Rezin Bowie, both of Louisiana. During the early 1900s, Theodore Roosevelt used the Catahoula when hunting, Louisiana Governor Earl Kemp Long also collected these dogs. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has an area of 739 square miles
21.
Rapides Parish, Louisiana
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Rapides Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 131,613, Rapides is the French spelling of rapids. The parish was created in 1807, Rapides Parish is included in the Alexandria, LA Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 1763, the land that is now Rapides Parish became the new home of the Apalachee tribe, the Native Americans had come after fleeing the British and their Creek Indian allies from what is now from Leon County, Florida. Many of their descendants remain in Natchitoches Parish, the first French settler was Vincent Porei, who was granted a small tract of land in July 1764 by the Civil and Military Commander of Natchitoches. Nicolas Etienne Marafret Layssard arrived in December 1766, with the permission of Aubrey and Foucault, to establish a tar works in the pineries of Rapides and he was later appointed the first Civil Commander of Rapides Parish. During the 1760s, the area was still a dependency of Natchitoches Parish, alexander Fulton had a Spanish land grant within Rapides Parish in the 1790s, where he laid out the future city of Alexandria in 1805. Rapides Parish was formed in 1807 by the government of the Territory of Orleans, when the Union occupied Alexandria, elections were held on April 1,1863, in Rapides Parish to select delegates for a pending state constitutional convention. According to Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks, the election was held at Alexandria by the request of citizens of the parish of Rapides, no officer or soldier interfered with or had any part whatever in this matter. It was left exclusively to the citizens in Rapides Parish. The election dates varied within the Federally occupied areas, new Orleans held its contests for delegates on March 28. Marksville and Grand Ecore soon followed, according to the historian John D. Winters, none of these elections in any way impeded the progress nor materially affected the outcome of the Red River campaign. Parts of Catahoula Parish, Grant Parish, Vernon Parish, and Winn Parish were initially part of Rapides Parish territory, though Alexandria is heavily Democratic Rapides Parish as a whole frequently votes Republican in competitive elections. In 2012, Republican Mitt Romney carried the parish with 37,193 votes, the 2008 returns in Rapides Parish were similar to those of 2012. Senator John McCain of Arizona won the parish with 36,611 votes to President Obamas 20,127. With 58.8 percent and 63.8 percent, respectively, the last Democrat to win at the presidential level in Rapides Parish was Bill Clinton, who in 1996 received 23,004 votes to Robert J. Doles 21,548. Ross Perot, founder of his Reform Party, received 4,670 ballots. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has an area of 1,362 square miles
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American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
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Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Baton Rouge is the capital of the U. S. state of Louisiana and its second-largest city. It forms the seat of East Baton Rouge Parish and is located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River. As the Capital City, Baton Rouge is the hub for Louisiana. The metropolitan area surrounding the city, known as Greater Baton Rouge, is also the second-largest in Louisiana, the urban area has around 594,309 inhabitants. Baton Rouge is an industrial, petrochemical, medical, research, motion picture. The Port of Greater Baton Rouge is the tenth largest in the United States in terms of tonnage shipped, the Baton Rouge area owes its historical importance to its strategic site upon the Istrouma Bluff, the first natural bluff upriver from the Mississippi River Delta. This allowed development of a business quarter safe from seasonal flooding, in addition, the city built a levee system stretching from the bluff southward to protect the riverfront and low-lying agricultural areas. The city is a rich center, with settlement by immigrants from numerous European nations. It was ruled by seven different governments, French, British, and Spanish in the era, West Floridian, United States territory and state, Confederate. Human habitation in the Baton Rouge area has been dated to 12000 –6500 BC based on evidence found along the Mississippi, Comite, earthwork mounds were built by hunter-gatherer societies in the Middle Archaic period, from roughly the 4th millennium BC. Eastern Muskogean began to diversify internally in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, at the time, the region appeared to be occupied by a collection of moderately-sized native chiefdoms interspersed with autonomous villages and tribal groups. French explorer Sieur dIberville led a party up the Mississippi River in 1699. The explorers saw a red pole marking the boundary between the Houma and Bayogoula tribal hunting grounds, see also Red Sticks for the ceremonial use of red sticks among the Muscogee. The location of the red pole was presumably at Scotts Bluff and it was reportedly a 30-foot-high painted pole adorned with fish bones. The settlement of Baton Rouge by Europeans began in 1721 when a military post was established by French colonists. Since European settlement, Baton Rouge has been governed by France, Britain, Spain, Louisiana, the Republic of West Florida, the Confederate States, and the United States. In 1755, when French-speaking settlers of Acadia in Canadas Maritime provinces were driven into exile by British forces, popularly known as Cajuns, the descendants of the Acadians maintained a separate culture. During the first half of the 19th century, the city grew steadily as the result of steamboat trade, Baton Rouge was incorporated in 1817
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Governor of Louisiana
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This is a list of the Governors of Louisiana, from acquisition by the United States in 1803 to the present day, for earlier governors of Louisiana see List of colonial governors of Louisiana. In 1803, Europe was about to become involved in a continental war, the French Empire, led by Napoleon, had begun an aggressive expansionist policy which challenged the interests of United Kingdom. When the Haitian Revolution, with British support, overthrew the French colonial rule on that island, to finance this, Napoleon sold the colony of Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. From 1804 to 1812, the area which would eventually become the modern state was known as the Territory of Orleans. The vast area to the north was called the Louisiana Territory, notes † Murdered/Died in office This is a table of congressional, other governorships, and other federal offices held by governors. All representatives and senators mentioned represented Louisiana except where noted, * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take. As of January 2017, there are five former U. S. governors of Louisiana who are living at this time. The most recent governor, and also the most recently serving governor, Louisiana Secretary of State website Cemetery Memorials by La-Cemeteries
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Thomas Overton Moore
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Thomas Overton Moore was an attorney and politician who was the 16th Governor of Louisiana from 1860 until 1864 during the American Civil War. Anticipating that Louisianas Ordinance of Secession would be passed in January 1861, Moore was born in Sampson County, North Carolina, one of eleven children of James Moore and Jane Overton. The Moores were a Carolina planter family, and Jane Overton was the daughter of General Thomas Overton, in 1829, Moore moved to Rapides Parish, Louisiana, to become a cotton planter. The next year, he married Bethiah Johnston Leonard, with whom he had five children, originally the manager of his uncles plantation, he bought his own, along with two others and became highly prosperous. He was elected to the State House of Representatives in 1848, Moore played a role in the selection of William Tecumseh Sherman as the first Superintendent of the La. He took the oath of office on January 23,1860, the North, a widespread sympathy with felons has deepened the distrust in the permanent Federal Government, and awakened sentiments favorable to a separation of states. The ordinance of secession passed the convention on January 26,1861, Moore placed Col. Braxton Bragg in command of the state military, and Louisiana joined the Confederate States of America on March 21,1861, the sixth state to do so. Despite Moores appeals to the Confederate government for a defense of New Orleans, and brisk recruiting of troops in Louisiana. The Union blockade disrupted commerce in New Orleans, and the forces assembling in the Gulf would advance up the Mississippi in early 1862. New Orleans surrendered on April 27, two days earlier, Moore and the legislature had decided to abandon Baton Rouge as the state capital, relocating to Opelousas on May 1,1862. However, despite a brief check at Baton Rouge, Union forces continued to advance into Louisiana and up the Mississippi, in January 1864, Moores term as governor ended, and he was succeeded by Henry Watkins Allen. He returned to his plantation, but was forced to flee upriver by the Red River Campaign. After the Civil War, he fled into Mexico to escape arrest, from Havana, Moore applied for a pardon. Moores application for pardon was delivered by hand to Andrew Johnson by William Tecumseh Sherman and he eventually returned to Louisiana after being pardoned by Andrew Johnson on January 15,1867. His lands were restored to him, in part through the influence of Sherman and he died in 1876 near Alexandria, Louisiana. Moores Civil War-era residence from 1862 through 1863 - the oldest Louisiana governors mansion still in existence at the time - was destroyed by a set fire on July 14,2016. CSS Governor Moore, a Confederate cotton-clad warship named after him, shermans Memoirs Louisiana Timeline State of Louisiana - Biography Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries Thomas Overton Moore at Find a Grave
26.
Conscription
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Conscription, or drafting, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in countries to the present day under various names. The modern system of national conscription for young men dates to the French Revolution in the 1790s. Most European nations later copied the system in peacetime, so that men at a certain age would serve 1–8 years on active duty and those conscripted may evade service, sometimes by leaving the country. As of the early 21st century, many no longer conscript soldiers. The ability to rely on such an arrangement, however, presupposes some degree of predictability with regard to both war-fighting requirements and the scope of hostilities, many states that have abolished conscription therefore still reserve the power to resume it during wartime or times of crisis. Around the reign of Hammurabi, the Babylonian Empire used a system of conscription called Ilkum, under that system those eligible were required to serve in the royal army in time of war. During times of peace they were required to provide labour for other activities of the state. In return for service, people subject to it gained the right to hold land. It is possible that this right was not to hold land per se, various forms of avoiding military service are recorded. While it was outlawed by the Code of Hammurabi, the hiring of substitutes appears to have practiced both before and after the creation of the code. Later records show that Ilkum commitments could become regularly traded, in other places, people simply left their towns to avoid their Ilkum service. Another option was to sell Ilkum lands and the commitments along with them, with the exception of a few exempted classes, this was forbidden by the Code of Hammurabi. The levies raised in this way fought as infantry under local superiors, although the exact laws varied greatly depending on the country and the period, generally these levies were only obliged to fight for one to three months. Most were subsistence farmers, and it was in everyones interest to send the men home for harvest-time, the bulk of the Anglo-Saxon English army, called the fyrd, was composed of part-time English soldiers drawn from the landowning minor nobility. These thegns were the aristocracy of the time and were required to serve with their own armour. Medieval levy in Poland was known as the pospolite ruszenie, the system of military slaves was widely used in the Middle East, beginning with the creation of the corps of Turkish slave-soldiers by the Abbasid caliph al-Mutasim in the 820s and 830s. In the middle of the 14th century, Ottoman Sultan Murad I developed personal troops to be loyal to him, the new force was built by taking Christian children from newly conquered lands, especially from the far areas of his empire, in a system known as the devşirme
27.
Confederate States Army
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The Confederate States Army was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. S. Military Academy and colonel of a regiment during the Mexican War. In March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a more permanent Confederate States Army, the better estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men. This does not include a number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army, such as construction of fortifications. Since these figures include estimates of the number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war. These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate naval forces, although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers, both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription, primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer. In the absence of records, estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of Union soldiers who were conscripts. Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable, one estimate of Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026. These numbers do not include men who died from causes such as accidents. Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16,1865 and June 28,1865, by the end of the war, more than 100,000 Confederate soldiers had deserted. The Confederacys government effectively dissolved when it fled Richmond in April, by the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4,1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States. The Confederacy seized federal property, including nearly all U. S. Army forts, Lincoln was determined to hold the forts remaining under U. S. control when he took office, especially Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, C. S. troops under the command of General P. G. T, Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12–13,1861, forcing its capitulation on April 14. The Northern states were outraged by the Confederacys attack and demanded war and it rallied behind Lincolns call on April 15, for all the states to send troops to recapture the forts from the secessionists, to put down the rebellion and to preserve the Union intact. Four more slave states joined the Confederacy. The Confederate Congress provided for a Confederate army patterned after the United States Army and it was to consist of a large provisional force to exist only in time of war and a small permanent regular army. Although the two forces were to exist concurrently, very little was done to organize the Confederate regular army, the Provisional Army of the Confederate States began organizing on April 27. Virtually all regular, volunteer, and conscripted men preferred to enter this organization since officers could achieve a rank in the Provisional Army than they could in the Regular Army
28.
Red River of the South
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The Red River, or sometimes the Red River of the South, is a major tributary of the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers in the southern United States of America. The river was named for the country of its watershed. It is one of several rivers with that name. The Mexicans and Indians on the borders of Mexico are in the habit of calling any river, the Red River formed part of the US-Mexico border from the Adams-Onís Treaty until the Texas Annexation and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The Red River is the second-largest river basin in the southern Great Plains and it rises in two branches in the Texas Panhandle and flows east, where it acts as the border between the states of Texas and Oklahoma. It forms a border between Texas and Arkansas before entering Arkansas, turning south near Fulton, Arkansas and flowing into Louisiana. The total length of the river is 1,360 miles, the Red River rises near the edge of the northwestern dip slope of the Llano Estacado mesa in two forks in northern Texas and southwestern Oklahoma. The North Fork Red River meets the southern and largest fork near the Texas-Oklahoma border, the southern fork, which is about 120 miles long, is generally called the Prairie Dog Town Fork. It is formed in Randall County, Texas, near the county seat of Canyon, by the confluence of intermittent Palo Duro Creek and Tierra Blanca Creek. The Red River turns and flows southeast through Palo Duro Canyon in Palo Duro Canyon State Park at an elevation of 3,440 feet, then past Newlin, Texas, past that point, it is generally considered the main stem of the Red River. Near Denison, the exits the eastern end of Lake Texoma. The lake is fed by the Washita River from the north. After the river out of the southeastern end of the lake, it runs generally east towards Arkansas. Soon after, the river crosses south into Louisiana and its waters eventually discharge into the Atchafalaya River and flow eastward or southward into the Gulf of Mexico. In 1946, the Red River flood spilled over into Pineville because of insufficient levee height, however, the taller and stronger levee held in Alexandria. Willie E. Kees, Jr. the young newly elected mayor of Pineville, the Red Rivers watershed covers 65,590 square miles and is the southernmost major right tributary of the Mississippi, and the southernmost major river system in the Great Plains. Its drainage basin is mostly in the states of Texas and Oklahoma and its basin is characterized by flat, fertile agricultural land, with only a few major cities. The drainage basin of the Red River is very arid and receives little precipitation, as a result, much of the river above the Texas-Oklahoma border is intermittent, and until the river is past its great bend south in Arkansas, the flow varies widely
29.
Natchez Trace
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The trail was created and used for centuries by Native Americans, and was later used by early European and American explorers, traders, and emigrants in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Today, the path is commemorated by the 444-mile Natchez Trace Parkway and Bridge, parts of the original trail are still accessible and some segments are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Largely following a ridge line, prehistoric animals followed the dry ground of the Trace to distant grazing lands, the salt licks of todays central Tennessee. Native Americans used many early footpaths created by the foraging of bison, deer, in the case of the Trace, bison traveled north to find salt licks in the Nashville area. After Native Americans began to settle the land, they blazed the trail further, numerous prehistoric indigenous settlements in Mississippi were established along the Natchez Trace. Among them were the 2000-year-old Pharr Mounds of the Middle Woodland period, located near present-day Tupelo, the first recorded European explorer to travel the Trace in its entirety was an unnamed Frenchman in 1742, who wrote of the trail and its miserable conditions. Early European explorers depended on the assistance of Native American guides—specifically and these tribes and earlier peoples, collectively known as the Mississippian culture, had long used the Trace for trade. Even before the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, President Thomas Jefferson wanted to connect the distant Mississippi frontier to settled areas of the United States. To foster communication with what was called the southwest, he designated a postal road to be built between Daniel Boones Wilderness Road and the Mississippi River. The U. S. signed treaties with the Chickasaw and Choctaw tribes to maintain peace, in 1801 the United States Army began the trail blazing along the Trace, performing major work to prepare it as a thoroughfare. The work was first done by soldiers reassigned from Tennessee and later by civilian contractors, to emphasize American sovereignty in the area, he called it the Columbian Highway. The people who used it, however, dubbed the road The Devils Backbone due to its remoteness, rough conditions, by 1809, the trail was fully navigable by wagon, with the northward journey taking two to three weeks. Critical to the success of the Trace as a route was the development of inns and trading posts. For the most part, the stands developed southbound from the head of the trail in Nashville, many early United States settlements in Mississippi and Tennessee developed along the Natchez Trace. Some of the most prominent were Washington, Mississippi, Old Greenville, Mississippi, by 1817, the continued development of Memphis, and Jacksons Military Road created quicker, more direct routes to New Orleans, Louisiana. This began a shifting of trade to the east and west, as author William C. Davis writes in his book A Way Through the Wilderness, it was a victim of its own success by encouraging development in the frontier area. With the rise of steamboat culture on the Mississippi River, the Trace lost its importance as a road, as goods could be moved more quickly, cheaply. Before the invention of power, the Mississippi Rivers south-flowing current was so strong that northbound return journeys generally had to be made over land
30.
Colfax massacre
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The Colfax massacre, or Colfax riot as the events are termed on the 1950 state historic marker, occurred on Easter Sunday, April 13,1873, in Colfax, Louisiana, the seat of Grant Parish. This event marks the largest racial massacre in U. S. History, Southern Whites saw recently freed people as threats to Democratic hegemony. Approximately 150 black men were murdered by white Southern Democrats, and 37 of those men were executed, most of the freedmen were killed after they surrendered, nearly 50 were killed later that night after being held as prisoners for several hours. There were rumors of mass graves at the site, historian Eric Foner described the massacre as the worst instance of racial violence during Reconstruction. In Louisiana, it had the highest fatalities of any of the violent events following the disputed gubernatorial contest in 1872 between Republicans and Democrats. Foner wrote. every election between 1868 and 1876 was marked by rampant violence and pervasive fraud, a Republican federal judge in New Orleans ruled that the Republican-majority legislature be seated. Federal prosecution and conviction of a few perpetrators at Colfax under the Enforcement Acts was appealed to the Supreme Court. In a key case, the court ruled in United States v. Cruikshank that protections of the Fourteenth Amendment did not apply to the actions of individuals, but only to the actions of state governments. Intimidation and black voter suppression by such groups were instrumental to the Democratic Party regaining political control in the state legislature by the late 1870s. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, historians have paid renewed attention to the events at Colfax and the resulting Supreme Court case, and their meaning in American history. In 1864, after the Union Army occupied Louisiana, only a few blacks were allowed to vote in the state, based on Union military service, payment of taxes and intellectual fitness. There was a population of free people of color, especially in New Orleans. In March 1865, Unionist planter James Madison Wells became governor, as the ex-Confederate-dominated legislature passed Black Codes that restricted rights of freedmen, Wells began to lean toward allowing blacks to vote and temporarily disfranchising ex-Confederates. To accomplish this, he scheduled a new constitutional convention for July 30,1866 and it was postponed because of the New Orleans Massacre that day, in which armed whites attacked blacks who had a parade in support of the convention. Anticipating trouble, the mayor of New Orleans asked the military commander to police the city. It passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 over Andrew Johnsons veto, earlier the Freedmens Bureau and the occupation armies had prevented Southern Black Codes, which had limited the rights of freedmen and other blacks, from going into effect. On July 16,1866, Congress extended the life of the Freedmens Bureau, by April 1868, a biracial coalition in Louisiana had elected a Republican-majority state legislature but violence increased before the fall election. Opposition among white Democrats to suffrage for blacks resulted in 1,081 political murders from April to November 1868, almost all of the victims were black, and some of the whites who were killed were Republicans
31.
Grant Parish, Louisiana
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Grant Parish is a parish located in the north central portion of the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 22,309, the parish was founded in 1869. Grant Parish is part of the Alexandria, LA Metropolitan Statistical Area, from 1940-1960, the parish had a dramatic population loss, as many African Americans left in the Great Migration to seek better opportunities elsewhere. Such migration continued until about 1970, the parish was also one of the eleven Reconstruction parishes created, created from Winn and Rapides parishes. Grant Parish is a home of United States Penitentiary, Pollock, Grant Parish was originally a part of the more populous Rapides Parish to the south. Prior to the American Civil War, the center of activity focused upon Calhouns Landing, named for the cotton and sugar planter Meredith Calhoun, Calhoun also published the former National Democrat newspaper in what became Colfax, the seat of government of the new parish. Grant was one of new parishes created by the Reconstruction legislature in an attempt to build the Republican Party. Founded in 1869, it had a majority of freedmen. It was named for U. S. President Ulysses S. Grant, the parish seat of Colfax was named for Grants first vice president, Schuyler M. Colfax of Indiana. However, the town of Colfax is pronounced CAHL-facks, the parish encompassed both cotton plantations and pinewoods. It was one of areas along the Red River that had considerable violence during Reconstruction. The gubernatorial election of 1872 was disputed, leading to both parties certifying their slates of local officers, the election was finally settled in favor of the Republican candidates, but the decision was disputed in certain areas. As social tensions rose, Republican officials took their places at the courthouse in Colfax and they were defended by freedmen and state militia, who feared a Democratic Party takeover of the parish. Amid widespread rumors, whites organized a militia and advanced on the courthouse on Easter Sunday,1873, in the ensuing violence, three whites and 120-150 blacks were killed, including 50 that night who were held as prisoners. Leading 20th-century historians renamed the Colfax Riot, the state designation. The total number of deaths were never established because some of the bodies were thrown into the river. The white militia was led by Christopher Columbus Nash, a Confederate officer who had been a prisoner of war at Johnsons Island in Ohio and it consisted of veterans from Grant and neighboring parishes. The following year, Nash gathered many of the militia members as the basis of the first chapter of the White League
32.
Freedman
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A freedman or freedwoman is a former slave who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means. Historically, slaves were freed either by manumission or emancipation, a fugitive slave is one who escaped slavery by fleeing. Rome differed from Greek city-states in allowing freed slaves to become plebeian citizens, the act of freeing a slave was called manumissio, from manus, hand, and missio, the act of releasing. After manumission, a slave who had belonged to a Roman citizen enjoyed not only freedom from ownership. A slave who had acquired libertas was known as a libertus in relation to his former master, as a social class, freed slaves were liberti, though later Latin texts used the terms libertus and libertini interchangeably. Libertini were not entitled to public office or state priesthoods. During the early Empire, however, freedmen held key positions in the government bureaucracy, any future children of a freedman would be born free, with full rights of citizenship. The Claudian Civil Service set a precedent whereby freedmen could be used as servants in the Roman bureaucracy. In addition, Claudius passed legislation concerning slaves, including a law stating that sick slaves abandoned by their owners became freedmen if they recovered, the emperor was criticized for using freedmen in the Imperial Courts. Some freedmen enjoyed enormous success and became quite wealthy, the brothers who owned House of the Vettii, one of the biggest and most magnificent houses in Pompeii, are thought to have been freedmen. A freedman who became rich and influential might still be looked down on by the aristocracy as a vulgar nouveau riche. Trimalchio, a character in the Satyricon of Petronius, is a caricature of such a freedman, for centuries Arab slave traders took and transported an estimated 10 to 15 million sub-Saharan Africans to slavery in North Africa and the Middle East. They also enslaved Europeans from coastal areas and the Balkans, many Arabs took women slaves as concubines in their harems. In the patrilineal societies, mixed-race children of concubines and Arab men were considered free and were given inheritance rights related to their fathers property. In the United States, the freedmen and freedwomen refer chiefly to former slaves emancipated during and after the American Civil War, by the Emancipation Proclamation. Slaves freed before the war, usually by individual manumissions, often in wills, were referred to as Free Negroes or free blacks. There were numerous such families formed in the Upper South before the Revolution, for the first two decades after the Revolution, thousands of slaves were freed in the Upper South, and most northern states abolished slavery, some on a gradual basis. In Louisiana and other areas of the former New France, free people of color were classified in French as gens de couleur libres and they were born to African or African-European mothers and white fathers of mixed-race African and French or other European ancestry
33.
Huey Long
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A Democrat, he was an outspoken populist who denounced the wealthy and the banks and called for a Share Our Wealth program. As the political leader of the state, he commanded wide networks of supporters and was willing to take forceful action and he established the long-term political prominence of the Long family. Longs Share Our Wealth plan was established in 1934 under the motto Every Man a King and it proposed new wealth redistribution measures in the form of a net asset tax on corporations and individuals to curb the poverty and homelessness endemic nationwide during the Great Depression. To stimulate the economy, Long advocated federal spending on public works, schools and colleges and he was an ardent critic of the policies of the Federal Reserve System. Long was assassinated in 1935, and his national movement soon faded, Long, and his brothers, Earl Kemp Long and George S. Long, as well as several other more distant relatives. He remains a figure in Louisiana history, with critics. Long was born on August 30,1893, near Winnfield, the seat of government of Winn Parish and he was the son of Huey Pierce Long, Sr. and the former Caledonia Palestine Tison. As someone who was born and grew up in Winn Parish, Long was the seventh of nine surviving children in a farm-owning middle-class family. He was home-schooled as a child and later attended local schools. In 1908, upon completing the eleventh grade, Long circulated a petition protesting the addition of a 12th-grade graduation requirement, Long won a debating scholarship to Louisiana State University, but he was unable to afford the textbooks required for attendance. Instead, he spent the five years as a traveling salesman, selling books, canned goods and patent medicines. In 1913, Long married Rose McConnell and she was a stenographer who had won a baking contest which he promoted to sell Cottolene, one of the most popular of the early vegetable shortenings to come on the market. The Longs had a daughter, also named Rose, and two sons, Russell B, Long, subsequently a long-term U. S. senator, and Palmer Reid Long, a Shreveport oilman. Long wrote in his autobiography, If the loyalty of a wife and children could have elevated anyone in public life, Long briefly attended the University of Oklahoma College of Law in Norman, Oklahoma, and later Tulane University Law School in New Orleans. In 1915 after only a year at Tulane, he convinced a board to let him take the bar exam. He passed and began practice in Winnfield. Later, in Shreveport, he spent ten years representing small plaintiffs against large businesses and he often said proudly that he never took a case against a poor man. Long won fame by taking on the powerful Standard Oil Company, over the course of his career, Long continued to challenge Standard Oils influence in state politics and charged the company with exploiting the states vast oil and gas resources
34.
Governor
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A governor is, in most cases, a public official with the power to govern the executive branch of a non-sovereign or sub-national level of government, ranking under the head of state. In federations, governor may be the title of a politician who governs a constituent state and these companies operate as a major state within a state with its own armed forces. For example, in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries, there are governors, school governors. The adjective pertaining to a governor is gubernatorial, from the Latin root gubernyare, the historical female form is governess, though female officials are referred to by the gender-neutral form governor of the noun to avoid confusion with other meanings of the term. Indeed, many regions of the pre-Roman antiquity were ultimately replaced by Roman standardized provincial governments after their conquest by Rome, in Pharaonic times, the governors of each of the various provinces in the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt are usually known by the Greek word. The core function of a Roman governor was as a magistrate or judge, and the management of taxation, under the Republic and the early Empire, however, a governor also commanded military forces in his province. Republican governors were all men who had served in senior magistracies in Rome in the previous year, a special case was Egypt, a rich private domain and vital granary, where the Emperor almost inherited the theocratic status of a Pharaoh. The Emperor was represented there by a sui generis styled praefectus augustalis. Otherwise, the governors of provinces had various titles, some known as consularis, apart from Egypt and the East, each diocese was directed by a governor known as a vicarius. The prefectures were directed by praefecti praetorio and this system survived with few significant changes until the collapse of the empire in the West, and in the East, the breakdown of order with the Persian and Arab invasions of the seventh century. At that stage, a new kind of governor emerged, the Strategos, today, crown colonies of the United Kingdom continue to be administered by a governor, who holds varying degrees of power. Because of the different constitutional histories of the colonies of the United Kingdom. Administrators, Commissioners and High Commissioners exercise similar powers to Governors, frequently the name Government House is given to Governors residences. The term can also be used in a generic sense, especially for compound titles which include it, Governor-general. In the United Kingdoms remaining overseas territories, the governor is normally a direct appointee of the British Government, the Governors chief responsibility is for the Defence and External Affairs of the colony. In some minor overseas territories, instead of a Governor, there is an Administrator or Commissioner, in Australia, each state has the governor as its formal representative of the Queen, as head of the state government. It is not an office but a ceremonial one. Each state governor is appointed by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Premier, State Governors have emergency reserve powers but these are rarely used
35.
U.S. Route 84
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U. S. Route 84 is an east–west U. S. Highway. It started as a short Georgia–Alabama route in the original 1926 scheme, the highways eastern terminus is a short distance east of Midway, Georgia, at an interchange with Interstate 95. The road continues toward the nearby Atlantic Ocean as a county road and its western terminus is in Pagosa Springs, Colorado, at an intersection with U. S.160. The section from Brunswick, Georgia to Roscoe, Texas has been designated by five state legislatures as part of the El Camino East/West Corridor, the designation is intended to promote the route for both tourism and NAFTA-facilitated trade with Mexico. States are asking for Federal funds to widen the US84 El Camino East/West Corridor, the western terminus of US84, Pagosa Springs, Colorado, was made famous by C. W. McCall in the 1975 song and album Wolf Creek Pass. US84 actually ends approximately 1 mile east of downtown Pagosa Springs at a T-intersection with US160, south of Pagosa Springs, the 28 miles of the Colorado section of US84 pass through a portion of San Juan National Forest. The highway climbs Confar Hill, a divide between the Rio Blanco and Navajo River, before descending into the village of Chromo and passing into New Mexico. US84 enters Rio Arriba County, New Mexico 28 miles south of its terminus at US160, about 6 miles south of the Colorado–New Mexico state line, US64 comes from the west and travels concurrently with US84 for the next 28 miles. Therefore, only 37 miles of US84 is located west of the Continental Divide, about 12 miles east of the intersection, US 64/US84 enters the town of Chama. At a T-intersection, New Mexico State Road 17 enters from the north and terminates at said intersection, while US 64/US84 enter from the south and west. After heading south from Chama, US 64/US84 combine for about 14 miles to Tierra Amarilla, about 57 miles down the road, US84 is joined by US285 south of the small community of Chili. About 5 miles further, US 84/US285 enter the city of Española from the north as North Paseo de Onate Street, at the south end of the town, US 84/US285 become the Santa Fe Highway and an expressway. About 9 miles further, US 84/US285 becomes a limited-access freeway,15 miles further south, the two return to surface street status and then travel past downtown Santa Fe via St. Francis Drive. On the south side of Santa Fe at Interstate 25s exit 282A, all four highways head east and slightly to the south to avoid the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Just before turning north, US285 exits the freeway at exit 290, following a path southeast and then south for 42 miles, US84 merges with I-40 at I-40s exit 256. After 17 miles I-40/US84 enter Santa Rosa, about 21 miles from its confluence with I-40, US84 diverges at exit 277. The highway then travels south/southeast for 42 miles until merging with US60 in downtown Fort Sumner, from the intersection with US60, US 60/US84 travel east, passing through Taiban and Melrose before intersecting US70 after 61 miles in Clovis. From the intersection with US70, US 64/US 70/US84 travels east 8.7 miles entering Texico, here, about 280 feet before the Texas–New Mexico state line, US60 splits from US 70/US84 with US 70/US84 continuing east into Farwell, Texas
36.
U.S. Route 167
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U. S. Route 167 runs for 499 miles from Ash Flat, Arkansas at U. S. Route 62/US Route 412 to Abbeville, Louisiana at Louisiana Highway 14. It goes through the cities of Little Rock, Arkansas, Alexandria, Louisiana, some of the highways route has been combined with or parallels Interstate 49 in Louisiana. Between Junction City, AR and Ruston, LA, U. S.167 runs concurrent with U. S.63. One of the original 1926 U. S. highways through Louisiana, U. S.167 was much shorter in its original form and it has been extended twice since. From the south, U. S.167 begins at an intersection with LA14 in the town of Abbeville. It continues north through Lafayette, passing the Mall of Acadiana, U. S.167 then turns off to the northwest, passing through small towns like Ville Platte and Turkey Creek. It then crosses under I-49 once more and continues northeast to intersect U. S.71, which it is paired with through Lecompte and as it passes Louisiana State University at Alexandria. U. S.167 is paired with U. S.71 Bypass and I-49 as they bypass Alexandria, with U. S.167 turning off of I-49 to form the Pineville Expressway. As U. S.167 enters the woods of North Louisiana, it passes through small cities such as Winnfield, Jonesboro, and Ruston. U. S.167 is then joined with U. S.63 for its trek between Ruston and Arkansas. Johnston street is a segment of U. S. Route 167 which is the primary roadway from the Central Business District of Lafayette to the southwestern part of the city. Johnston Streets northern terminus is Evangeline Thruway where it becomes concurrent with said route, a major interchange is planned at the street when I-49 is routed through downtown Lafayette. The road is a five-lane arterial north of its junction with Ambassador Caffery Parkway, originally, US167 turned south at LA34 in Winnfield and followed the routing of LA34 to Verda, then to US71 at the current intersection of Louisiana Highway 471 and US71. This is evidenced by the fact that US167 north of Winnfield to Arkansas was coupled with the State Route 5 designation, State Route 5 was the pre-1955 designation of US167. Highway 167 enters Arkansas at Junction City, a city with Junction City. Entering the state, Highway 167 is paired with U. S. Highway 63, the highways runs northeast through rural Union County to a junction with Highway 7 near the historic Joel Smith House. The three highways begin a concurrency intersect U. S. Highway 82 shortly after entering El Dorado. North of this junction is an intersection with U. S. Highway 82B and U. S. Highway 167B, leading into downtown El Dorado
37.
Louisiana Highway 34
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Louisiana Highway 34 is a state highway located in central and northern Louisiana. It runs 86.12 miles in a southwest to northeast direction from the junction of U. S. Highway 71 and LA 1239-2 in Montgomery to a junction with the concurrent US 80/LA15 in West Monroe. The route connects Monroe, the city of northeastern Louisiana and the seat of Ouachita Parish, with Winnfield. Winnfield is located at the junction of US84 and US167, near its northeastern terminus in West Monroe, LA34 has an interchange with Interstate 20. Outside Winnfield and the Monroe metropolitan area, LA34 is a rural highway that passes through the occasional small community. These include the Jackson Parish towns of Chatham and Eros, as well as the Winn Parish village of Atlanta, LA34 was created from portions of nine different former routes designated at various times during the 1920s and 1930s. The Louisiana Department of Highways combined them under a designation in the 1955 renumbering of the states highway system. From the south, LA34 begins at a junction with US71 in the town of Montgomery and this junction also marks the northern terminus of LA 1239-2, a state-maintained local road. LA34 heads northward from town as an undivided two-lane highway, the highway curves to the northeast and, over the next 14.5 miles, passes through the tiny rural communities of Mt. Zion, Wheeling, Sardis, as well as the village of Atlanta. In Atlanta, a junction with LA471 connects with Verda back in Grant Parish, six miles northeast of Sardis, LA34 enters the city of Winnfield, the seat of Winn Parish. The highway travels along South Jones Street across the Kansas City Southern Railway line to a junction with the concurrent US 84/US167 at West Court Street, LA34 turns east to follow US 84/US167, becoming an undivided four-lane highway with a center turning lane. The route overpasses the KCS tracks and transitions onto East Lafayette Street, on the east side of town, US167 curves south toward Alexandria while US84 and LA34 turn north at a T-intersection onto East Boundary Street, narrowing again to two lanes. After a short distance, the route turns northeast at a Y-intersection with Maple Street, after crossing the Dugdemona River northeast of Winnfield, US84 branches off of LA34 in Joyce and heads toward Tullos. LA34 curves due north and intersects LA126 about midway between points known as Hudson and Gaars Mill, LA126 connects with Dodson to the west and Sikes to the east. North of this junction, LA34 curves its way through the piney woods before crossing from Winn Parish into Jackson Parish. Immediately across the line, LA34 intersects LA147. The alignment of LA34 straightens out for seven miles as the highway passes along the east side of the Caney Creek Reservoir. North of Womack, however, LA34 begins to follow the contours of the terrain once again
38.
Louisiana Highway 126
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The following is a list of state highways in the U. S. state of Louisiana designated in the 100–149 range. Louisiana Highway 105 runs 38.58 miles in a direction from a local road south of Krotz Springs, St. Landry Parish to LA1 in Simmesport. The route heads north along the west bank levee of the Atchafalaya River through Krotz Springs, LA105 proceeds north along the river for 10.9 miles and makes a brief zigzag via LA10 in Melville. Continuing north from Melville, LA105 passes through Bayou Current and it then crosses from St. Landry Parish into Avoyelles Parish and continues 10.4 miles more to LA1 at the foot of the Atchafalaya River Bridge at Simmesport. Louisiana Highway 113 runs 54.42 miles in a southwest to northeast direction from US190 in Reeves, Allen Parish to a junction with US165 and LA497 in Glenmora, Rapides Parish. The route heads north from US190 and crosses from Allen Parish into Beauregard Parish after 5.5 miles, north of Dry Creek and Bundick is an intersection with LA26, connecting to DeRidder and Oberlin. Before curving northeast into Vernon Parish, LA113 intersects LA112 at Sugartown, reaching the community of Pitkin, LA113 turns east to follow LA10 briefly before splitting again to the northeast. The highway begins to take a more easterly course as it crosses into Rapides Parish, at Union Hill LA113 has a second junction with LA112. Near the end of its route, LA113 zigzags to the south and east into Glenmora, Louisiana Highway 115 runs 60.70 miles in a general north–south direction from LA106 west of St. Landry, Evangeline Parish to LA28 north of Deville, Rapides Parish. Louisiana Highway 117 runs 41.52 miles in a direction from a junction with LA8 and LA1213 in Leesville, Vernon Parish to LA6 east of Robeline. Louisiana Highway 118 runs 26.89 miles in an east–west direction from US171 in Florien, Sabine Parish to a point east of Kisatchie, Natchitoches Parish. Louisiana Highway 119 runs 28.64 miles in a direction from LA8 at Flatwoods, Rapides Parish to LA1 in Natchez. Louisiana Highway 120 exists in two sections, running a total of 36.24 miles in an east–west direction, the western section extends from US171 in Zwolle, Sabine Parish to a point just south of Robeline, Natchitoches Parish. The eastern section extends from LA117 in Provencal to a junction with LA1 and LA494 south of Natchez, Natchitoches Parish. Louisiana Highway 121 runs 46.83 miles in a general southwest to northeast direction from LA8 at Slagle, Vernon Parish to LA1 west of Boyce, Rapides Parish. Louisiana Highway 124 runs 91.94 miles in a general northwest to southeast direction from US84 east of Winnfield, Winn Parish to LA3102 at Argo, Catahoula Parish. Louisiana Highway 126 runs 97.87 miles in a general east–west direction from LA9 in Reidhimer, Natchitoches Parish to LA124 north of Jonesville, Catahoula Parish. Louisiana Highway 127 runs 54.68 miles in a direction from a point east of Kitterlin Bay in La Salle Parish to LA126 east of Sikes
39.
Louisiana Highway 500
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Louisiana Highway 500 is a state highway in Louisiana. It spans 24.6 miles, serving Grant, Winn, LA500 begins near the parish line between Grant and Winn parishes at U. S. Route 167. Though the intersection with US167 is fully in Grant Parish, the highway travels east through the Kisatchie National Forest, joining LA472 for a short distance. After splitting from LA472, LA500 enters the town of Georgetown. It crosses US165 and turns north at an intersection with LA502, LA500 then turns to the east, while a short signed section travels to the north to meet US165. LA500 then enters La Salle Parish, ending after a distance at an intersection with US84. LA500 is an undivided, two-lane road for its entire route, before the 1955 Louisiana Highway renumbering, LA500 was known as State Route 108. A portion of LA500 between its junction with LA502 and LA1230 is a piece of US165. Therefore, LA500 was also signed as State Route 14, roads portal LADOTD Map of State Highways
40.
Jackson Parish, Louisiana
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Jackson Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 16,274, the parish was formed in 1845 from parts of Claiborne, Ouachita, and Union Parishes. East of Jonesboro is the Jimmie Davis State Park, which includes Caney Lake Reservoir, Jackson Parish was founded in 1845 and named for President Andrew Jackson. General Edmund Kirby-Smith, moreover, directed that all men who shirked their military duty be hunted down and those who tried to escape the conscript hunters would be shot. The terrain of Louisiana with its many canebrakes, swamps, and hills in which to hide, made such a difficult to carry out. Winters in The Civil War in Louisiana, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 580 square miles, of which 569 square miles is land and 11 square miles is water. The population density was 27 people per square mile, there were 7,338 housing units at an average density of 13 per square mile. 0. 61% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,27. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the family size was 3.01. In the parish the population was out with 25. 30% under the age of 18,9. 30% from 18 to 24,25. 70% from 25 to 44,23. 60% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 91.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.50 males, the median income for a household in the parish was $28,352, and the median income for a family was $36,317. Males had an income of $31,977 versus $19,992 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $15,354, about 16. 00% of families and 19. 80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26. 30% of those under age 18 and 15. 80% of those age 65 or over. Jackson Parish was historically part of the Solid South with Governor Al Smith receiving 100 percent of the vote in 1928 in his race against Herbert C. Treen and Leander Perez of Plaquemines Parish, bill Clinton and George W. Bush both carried the parish twice. In 1992, Clinton polled 3,370 votes to Republican George Herbert Walker Bushs 3,072, another 882 ballots were held by Ross Perot of Texas, who ran as an Independent and thereafter founded his Reform Party. In the 2008 U. S. presidential election, U. S, senator John S. McCain of Arizona outpolled Barack H. Obama of Illinois by 30 percentage points
41.
Caldwell Parish, Louisiana
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Caldwell Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 10,132, most residents live in the country even beyond the three rural communities in the parish. Columbia, the seat, was founded in 1827, at a natural crossing on the Ouachita River—a river with a national reputation for its natural beauty. The Ouachita divides the parish into delta farmland and wetlands on the east, in the 1800s, Columbia became a steamboat town for the transport of timber staves and cotton. Forestry and agriculture are still the prominent industries in the parish, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 541 square miles, of which 529 square miles is land and 11 square miles is water. The population density was 20 people per square mile, there were 5,035 housing units at an average density of 10 per square mile. The racial makeup of the parish was 80. 43% White,17. 90% Black or African American,0. 45% Native American,0. 14% Asian,0. 47% from other races,1. 49% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 25. 40% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.99. In the parish the population was out with 24. 70% under the age of 18,9. 60% from 18 to 24,28. 50% from 25 to 44,23. 30% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 103.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.20 males, the median income for a household in the parish was $26,972, and the median income for a family was $33,653. Males had an income of $29,677 versus $19,475 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $13,884, about 17. 70% of families and 21. 20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27. 10% of those under age 18 and 19. 50% of those age 65 or over. Having a very diverse geographical and plant environment, Caldwell Parish is home to a one-thousand acre preserve, run by the Nature Conservancy, it attracts botanical and archeological enthusiasts from a wide area. The University of Louisiana at Monroe owns a one-hundred acre outdoor classroom, located near Hough Bend, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers owns an outdoor preserve located on Lock and Dam Road. Together with its rivers, lakes and bayous, and the 65,000 acre Boeuf Wildlife Preserve, Caldwell Parish has been home to The Louisiana Art and Folk Festival since 1956. The Louisiana Artists Museum, also on Main Street in the historic Schepis Building, the Martin Homeplace Museum showcases artifacts and memorabilia from Caldwell Parishs rich cultural history in a farmhouse built in 1878 on an 1816 Spanish land grant. It too is on the National Register of Historic Places, the annual Lions Club Championship Rodeo is a three-day event every June, recognized as the longest continuous running rodeo in the state, where more than 15,000 hot dogs are consumed each year
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LaSalle Parish, Louisiana
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LaSalle Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,890, the parish was created in 1910 from the western section of Catahoula Parish and named for René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has an area of 662 square miles. The population density was 23 people per square mile, there were 6,273 housing units at an average density of 10 per square mile. 0. 82% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,25. 70% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the family size was 3.03. In the parish the population was out with 26. 10% under the age of 18,9. 40% from 18 to 24,27. 20% from 25 to 44,22. 60% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 100.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.20 males, the median income for a household in the parish was $28,189, and the median income for a family was $36,197. Males had an income of $27,431 versus $19,697 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $14,033, about 14. 90% of families and 18. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23. 70% of those under age 18 and 18. 90% of those age 65 or over. The 1087TH Transportation Company of the 165TH CSS Battalion of the 139TH RSG resides in Jena, Louisiana
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Winn Parish, Louisiana
