Manukau
Manukau, or Manukau Central, is a suburb of South Auckland, New Zealand, centred on the Manukau City Centre business district. It is located 23 kilometres south of the Auckland Central Business District, west of the Southern Motorway, south of Papatoetoe, north of Manurewa; the industrial and commercial suburb of Wiri lies to the south. The headquarters of Manukau City Council were in Manukau Central until the council was merged into Auckland Council in November 2010. Manukau Central should not be confused with the much larger Manukau City, the entire area administered by the city council; the Manukau Central area was part of the rural area of Wiri in the early 20th century. Its transition from farmland was driven by Manukau City Council, which formed in 1965 and purchased land there in 1966 for the development of an administrative and commercial centre; the Manukau City Centre mall, now Westfield Manukau City, opened in October 1976, the Manukau City Council administration building in 1977. Several government departments established offices in the late 1970s.
In 1983 Manukau City Council decided to rename the area Manukau Central, with the name Wiri continuing for the industrial area to the west. The name Manukau City Centre has been used for the central business district around the mall and city council building; the Rainbow's End theme park opened just south of the city centre in 1982. Vodafone Events Centre, a multi-purpose event centre, is opened in 2005 located at Manukau. Another shopping centre, Manukau Supa Centa, opened to the west of the city centre in 1998. Manukau Institute of Technology, which has its main campus at Otara, is building another campus at Manukau Central in 2014; the suburb, since November 2010, is in the Manukau ward, one of the thirteen electoral divisions of Auckland Council. Manukau is well-connected for transport; the Southwestern Motorway joins the Southern Motorway at Manukau Central. Eastern Line train services carry passengers between Manukau Railway Station and central Auckland's Britomart Transport Centre. Adjacent to the train station is the new Manukau bus station, opened in April 2018 connecting South and East Auckland.
Photographs of Manukau held in Auckland Libraries' heritage collections
Siding (rail)
A siding, in rail terminology, is a low-speed track section distinct from a running line or through route such as a main line or branch line or spur. It may connect to other sidings at either end. Sidings have lighter rails, meant for lower speed or less heavy traffic, few, if any, signals. Sidings connected at both ends to a running line are known as loops. Sidings may be used for marshalling, storing and unloading vehicles. Common sidings store stationary rolling stock for loading and unloading. Industrial sidings go to factories, quarries, warehouses, some of them are links to industrial railways; such sidings can sometimes be found at stations for public use. Sidings may hold maintenance of way equipment or other equipment, allowing trains to pass, or store helper engines between runs; some sidings have occasional use, having been built, for example, to service an industry, a railway yard or a stub of a disused railway that has since closed. It is not uncommon for an infrequently-used siding to fall into disrepair.
A particular form of siding is passing loop. This is connected to it at both ends by switches. Passing sidings allow trains travelling in opposite directions to pass, for fast, high priority trains to pass slower or lower priority trains going the same direction, they are important for efficiency on single track lines, add to the capacity of other lines. Single-ended siding with similar purpose to passing loop. A team track is a small siding or spur track intended for the use of area merchants, manufacturers and other small businesses to load and unload products and merchandise in smaller quantities; the term "team" refers to the teams of horses or oxen delivering wagon-loads of freight transferred to or from railway cars. Team tracks may be owned by the railroad company or by customers served by the railroad, or by industrial parks or freight terminals that encompass many customers. In some jurisdictions, the operation and construction of team tracks is regulated by legal authorities. Earliest rail service to an area provided a team track on railroad-owned property adjacent to the railroad agent's train station.
As rail traffic became more established, large-volume shippers extended owned spur tracks into mines and warehouses. Small-volume shippers and shippers with facilities distant from the rail line continued using team tracks into the early part of the 20th century. Throughout the mid to latter portion of the 20th century, improved highway systems and abandonment of low-volume rail lines made full-distance truck shipments more practical in North America and avoided delays and damage associated with freight handling during transfer operations. However, as a result of higher fuel costs, greater traffic jams on Interstate Highways, the growing movement towards sustainable development, there has been recent upward trend towards moving long-distance freight traffic off highways and onto rail lines; this has resulted in local communities and rail lines seeking construction of new team track and intermodal facilities. Some railroads publish detailed specifications for the design and construction of many elements of team tracks.
For example, the Union Pacific Railroad has standards and guidelines for many aspects of spur track construction including track layout, clearance standards and turnout and switch stand designs. Team tracks do not have road or pedestrian crossings across them. Marshalling yard or classification yard Rail yard Jackson, Alan A.. The Railway Dictionary, 4th ed. Sutton Publishing, Stroud. ISBN 0-7509-4218-5. Ellis, Iain. Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopaedia. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-8472-8643-7. Riley, Joseph E. and Strong, James C. "Basic Track", AREMA, 2003 Solomon, Brian, "Railway Signalling", 1st Edition, Voyageur Press
Manukau Harbour
The Manukau Harbour is the second largest natural harbour in New Zealand by area. It is located to the southwest of the Auckland isthmus, opens out into the Tasman Sea; the harbour mouth is between the northern head located at the southern end of the Waitakere Ranges and South Head at the end of the Awhitu Peninsula reaching up from close to the mouth of the Waikato River. The mouth is only 1800 metres wide, but after a nine kilometre channel it opens up into a square basin 20 kilometres in width; the harbour has a water surface area of 394 square kilometres. There is a tidal variation of up to 4 metres, a substantial change since the harbour, being silted up with 10 million years of sedimentation, is rather shallow itself; because of the large harbour area and narrow mouth between the Manukau Heads, tidal flow is rapid and a bar at the mouth makes navigating in or out of the harbour dangerous. New Zealand's most tragic shipwreck occurred on the bar in 1863 when HMS Orpheus ran aground in clear weather with a loss of 189 lives.
For this reason, along with the harbour's shallowness, it is not Auckland's favoured port, with only one short wharf, the facilities at Onehunga are tiny compared to the other Ports of Auckland facilities on the Waitematā Harbour along the northeast of the isthmus. The harbour has three main arms; the Mangere Inlet at the northeast lies close to Auckland's central city area, with the inner suburbs of Onehunga and Te Papapa situated close to its northern shore. The Otahuhu and Mangere urban areas lie south of this arm, crossed by the Mangere Bridge. In the southeast is the Papakura Channel, which extends into the urban area of Papakura. In the southwest a further inlet known as the Waiuku River reaches south to the town of Waiuku; the harbour reaches into Mangere Lagoon. Auckland Airport is located close to the harbour's eastern shore; the harbour was an important historical waterway for Māori. It had several portages to the Pacific Ocean and to the Waikato River, various villages and pā clustered around it.
Snapper, mullet, scallops and pipi provided food in plentiful amounts. Cornwallis, beside the Puponga Peninsula, was the first site for the future city of Auckland. However, because of fraudulent land sales and rugged conditions, the settlement was abandoned in the 1840s; the surrounding bush clad hills had vast amounts of kauri removed for milling and shipped from a wharf on Paratutai to either the other end of the harbour at Onehunga for use in house building in the new city of Auckland, or along the coast to other New Zealand settlements. The last mills were abandoned in the early 1920s. European settlement of the area was thus often an outgrowth of the Waitematā Harbour-centred settlement, as these settlers spread south and west through the isthmus and reached the Manukau Harbour. One of the few separate earlier European settlements was Onehunga, from where some raiding of enemy settlements occurred during the New Zealand wars, which became a landing point for kauri and other products landed by ship and canoe from the south, the shipping route being shorter than the one along the east coast to the Waitematā Harbour.
However, the combination of the difficult entry into the harbour, which limited ships to about 1,000 tons maximum, the extension of the railway to Onehunga in 1873 made naval traffic on the harbour less important again, though the Port of Onehunga can trace its origins to this time. Construction of a canal between the Manukau and the Waitemata was considered in the early 1900s, the Auckland and Manukau Canal Act 1908 was passed to allow authorities to take owned land for this purpose. However, no serious work was undertaken; the act was reported as technically still being in force as of 2008, but was repealed on 1 November 2010. A 2,700 ft canal reserve, 2 ch wide, remains in place; the harbour is popular for fishing, though entry to the water is difficult with few all-tide boat ramps. The harbour houses five active sailing clubs, three on the southern side, one near Mangere Bridge, one on the northern side. Since 1988, there has been an annual interclub competition, hosted by each club in rotation.
Despite all, precious about the Manukau, it is under ongoing threat from constant development and growth, with the pollution and damage that brings. According to the State of Auckland Marine Report Card, the harbour has a D-rating overall, based on water quality and sediment, ecology. Careful and integrated management of land-based activities, such as development through good land-use practices, commitment to a programme of integrated management is required to reverse this situation and secure a healthy and sustainable resource for everybody now and for future generations. In response to concern about the deteriorating state of the Manukau Harbour and the urgent need for a collaborative response to improve its condition, the Manukau Harbour Forum was created in November 2010 to advocate for the restoration of Manukau Harbour
Mangere
Mangere, is one of the largest suburbs in Auckland, in northern New Zealand. It is located on flat land on the northeastern shore of the Manukau Harbour, to the northwest of Manukau City Centre and 15 kilometres south of the Auckland city centre, it is the location of Auckland Airport, which lies close to the harbour's edge to the south of the suburb. Mangere has two major sub-areas: Mangere Bridge and Mangere East, with Favona sometimes counted as part of Mangere as well; the suburb is named after one of Auckland's largest volcanic cones. The cone's name comes from the Māori phrase hau māngere, meaning "lazy winds", after the shelter the mountain provides from the prevailing westerly wind. Mangere is described as a multicultural area, with Europeans, Māori, Pacific Islanders and Asians living in the area with large families. Houses are a mixture of villas and bungalows located on former farms or market gardens developed by the state in the 1940s to 1960s. Mangere's most famous son is David Lange, the Member of Parliament for Mangere from 1977 until 1996 and Prime Minister of New Zealand.
Another local personality is former heavyweight boxing champion David Tua. William Sio of the New Zealand Labour Party has been the member of Parliament for the Māngere electorate since 2008. Mangere has two marae. Makaurau Marae and its Tāmaki Makaurau meeting house are affiliated with the Waikato Tainui hapū of Ngāti Paretaua, Te Ākitai and Ngāti Te Ata. Pūkaki Marae and Te Kāhu Pokere o Tāmaki Mākaurau meeting house are affiliated with the hapū of Ngāti Pare Waiohua from Te Ākitai Waiohua, the hapū of Te Ākitai, Ngāti Te Ata and Ngāti Paretaua from Waikato Tainui; the original Mangere Bridge was built to link Mangere with Onehunga to its north while the isthmus of Auckland reaches its narrowest point, further to the east at the former Auckland City suburb Otahuhu. It provided a more direct route for traffic to and from Auckland Airport. Construction of a new bridge was the subject of one of New Zealand's longest-running industrial disputes, from 1978 until 1980; the bridge was completed in 1983.
The Southwestern Motorway, one of the two motorways running south from the isthmus, runs across the bridge and through Mangere. Passenger train Southern and Eastern Line services run along the eastern edge of Mangere, stopping at Middlemore Railway Station. Further north at Massey Road is Mangere Railway Station, closed in 2011. Frequent bus services connect Māngere Town Centre to Sylvia Park via Otahuhu Railway Station and to Botany Town Centre via Papatoetoe Railway Station and Otara; the Mangere East Hawks rugby league club is based in Mangere at the Walter Massey Park. The Manukau Rovers RFC rugby union club is based in Mangere and competes in the Auckland Premier Competition; the Mangere United football club is based in Mangere and competes in the Auckland Football and NZ Football National League Competitions. Valerie Adams – Olympic shot put champion Frank Bunce – rugby union Mark Hunt – mixed martial artist David Lange – former Prime Minister Jonah Lomu – rugby union Colin Moyle – politician Joseph Parker – boxer Pene and Amitai Pati – tenors Sol3 Mio Jason Taumalolo – rugby league David Tua – heavyweight boxer Roger Tuivasa-Sheck – rugby league Photographs of Mangere held in Auckland Libraries' heritage collections
Papatoetoe
Papatoetoe is a suburb in Auckland, New Zealand. One of the larger suburbs of the area known as South Auckland, it is located to the northwest of Manukau Central, 18 kilometres southeast of Auckland CBD. Papatoetoe is a Māori name, which can be loosely translated as'undulating area where the toetoe is the predominant feature', making it named after the'Prince of Wales's feather', which grew abundantly in the swampy parts of the region. Owing to some confusion over the spelling, the area was known as Papatoitoi for many years. People have lived in the Papatoetoe area for the entire time of human settlement in New Zealand. For both the original Māori and the first English settlers, the Papatoetoe area was handily near the narrowest points between Auckland's two great harbours, where waka could be ported over land, it was rich in fertile soil. Inlets run from Papatoetoe eastward to the Waitematā Harbour and westward to the Manukau Harbour, thus for travellers past and present the routes south to the Waikato River and the north to the Auckland isthmus - Tamaki-makau-rau - have always been through Papatoetoe.
The area's main population growth occurred after World War II, when many returning service men received housing in the area. By 1980, population growth had ceased, with all available land taken up, though some infill housing growth occurred later; the population in 2006 had a median age of 31, with 34% being NZ Europeans, 33% Asians, 26% Pacific Islanders and 16% Maori. Manukau City Council has in early 2009 announced plans to spend millions revitalising the town's centre in the St. George Street area. New apartment buildings and nearby sports facilities are to encourage new shops to the area, which has deteriorated in the past due to competition from shopping malls. Hunter's Corner is a notorious area of prostitution. Papatoetoe Historical Society was established in 1988 with the aim to gather the historical artifacts and information from the Papatoetoe district; the collection held includes a collation of information on Local Body members, schools as they developed, the origin and meaning of street names, women of the district, people of the surrounding farming district, newspaper cuttings and information on local organisations.
The society has developed an archive collection which includes photographs, booklets and posters. These collections can be viewed at the Papatoetoe Historical Society museum, housed in the old Papatoetoe Council works depot at 91 Cambridge Terrace, Papatoetoe. In 2012 Papatoetoe celebrated 150 years of civic life; the Papatoetoe 150 was initiated by the Papatoetoe Historical society to increase awareness of history and promote community organisations. Papatoetoe had a local government just like other suburbs of Auckland at that time; the local government was called Papatoetoe Borough Council, which started in 1946 and it merged into Papatoetoe City Council in 1965. Papatoetoe City Council merged into Manukau City Council in 1989, amalgamated into Auckland Council in November 2010. 1946–1948 Victor Maurice Tracey 1948–1953 Thomas Richard Smytheman 1953–1959 Cyril James Mahon 1959–1965 Lee Isbister Murdoch 1965–1986 Robert "Bob" Howard White 1986–1989 Allan Walter Brewster Papatoetoe Rugby Football Club was established in 1946 and plays home matches at the Papatoetoe Sport Complex on Great South Road.
Papatoetoe is home to the Papatoetoe Panthers. Papatoetoe is home to Papatoetoe AFC who compete in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Division 1A. Papatoetoe is home to Papatoetoe United who play from the sports complex on Great South Road and are affiliated with Auckland Football Federation. Papatoetoe is home to the Papatoetoe Cricket Club. Papatoetoe is home to two tennis clubs, Papatoetoe Tennis Club located at Papatoetoe Sports Complex and Sunnyside Tennis Club located in the Sunnyside Domain. Both clubs are affiliated to Auckland Tennis. Sunnyside Tennis Club was formed as Puhunui Tennis Club in 1955. Papatoetoe has eight primary schools in its zone: Holy Cross School is a coeducational full primary school integrated with the state system. Founded in 1953, it has a roll of 596 and a decile rating of 2. Papatoetoe Central School is a coeducational state contributing primary school with a roll of 707 and a decile rating of 4. Founded in 1857, the school moved to its current site in 1872. Papatoetoe East School is a coeducational state contributing primary school.
It was established in 1958 and has a roll of 503 and a decile rating of 3. Papatoetoe North School is a coeducational state contributing primary school, it was established in 1959 and has a roll of 751 and a decile rating of 3. Papatoetoe South School is a coeducational state contributing primary school, it has a decile rating of 2 and a roll of 605. Papatoetoe West School is a coeducational state contributing primary school which opened in 1949, it has a decile rating of 3 and a roll of 758. South Auckland Seventh-day Adventist School is a coeducational full primary school integrated with the state system, it has a roll of 248 and a decile rating of 2. Puhinui School is a coeducational state contributing primary school, it has a decile rating of 3 and a roll of 575. Papatoetoe has two intermediate schools: Papatoetoe Intermediate Kedgley Intermediate. Papatoetoe has two secondary schools: Papatoetoe High School Aorere College. 1946-1948 Victor Maurice Tracey 1948-1953 Thomas Richard Smytheman 1953-1959 Cyril James Mahon 1959-1965 Lee Isbister Murdoch 1965-1986 Robert "Bob" Howard White 1986-
New Zealand AM class electric multiple unit
The New Zealand AM class of electric multiple unit was constructed for the electrification of Auckland's railway network. The class was introduced in 2014 with the first unit having arrived in September 2013; the units are classified AM, with the driving motor car with pantograph classified AMP, the middle trailer car AMT and the driving motor car without pantograph AMA. The trains are operated by Transdev Auckland for Auckland Transport under the AT Metro brand. In February 2010, an "industry engagement document" preceding the formal call for tenders was published, calling for 114 EMU cars in 38 three-car sets, capable of being coupled as six-car trains, the maximum Auckland's stations can handle; the tender included 13 electric locomotives. The sets would have seated around 240 passengers. While the document specified only a small number of elements, it required a speed of 110 km/h for laden trains, a minimum design life of 35 years and the ability to climb the steep grades of the proposed City Rail Link.
The expected value of the contract was $500 million. In December 2010, there was concern that government handling of the tender could be placing the process into doubt, with four tenderers out of the ten shortlisted having withdrawn. One of them, Bombardier Transportation, criticised the government for shortlisting four companies extending it to ten, which in their view created a lack of confidence in the tendering process. Another criticism was that KiwiRail had "effectively prevented" their facilities in Hillside and Lower Hutt from tendering for the contract or parts of the contract, settling for encouraging overseas tenderers to include some local component. This, together with the refusal to allow local manufacturing to build railway wagons, was seen by groups such as unions and newspaper commenters as a sign that KiwiRail/the Government was unwilling to support New Zealand rail manufacturing. In April 2011, it was confirmed that the shortlist had been reduced to two, with the contract expected to be awarded several months later.
Still uncertain was ownership of the trains, with Auckland Transport preferring to take ownership rather than KiwiRail. The Rail & Maritime Transport Union favoured this course, as it would have ensured that they could not be sold by the government at a stage. Auckland Council transport committee chairman Mike Lee noted that it would be inappropriate that Auckland would be expected to pay back a government loan for the trains, yet could end up not owning the trains. In August 2011, it was confirmed that the tender specification had been changed to 57 three-car EMUs and no locomotives, reducing long-term maintenance costs. All trains would be able to use the City Rail Link, which might not have been possible for locomotive-hauled carriages as they would not have met performance and fire rating requirements; the purchase price included a 12-year maintenance contract. On the funding side, after long negotiations between Auckland Council/Auckland Transport and the government, it was declared that the trains would be owned by Auckland, with Auckland paying half of the cost from rates, as well as paying annual track access charges to KiwiRail and any potential purchase price increases as the winning tenderer was finalised.
On 6 October 2011 it was announced that Spanish rolling stock builder Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles had been selected. Further information regarding the trains was released, including artist's impressions resembling the Class 4000 DMUs for NI Railways, built by CAF. A mock-up was unveiled in June 2012, was on display at MOTAT; the mock-up is a hybrid of motor car and trailer sections - the actual layout is different, with greater length in each section. Production of the first unit was underway in October 2012. In mid 2013, it was announced that the first train had been shipped, was to arrive in Auckland by September 2013, it arrived at the Ports of Auckland on 24 August 2013. The class was designed with the City Rail Link in mind, which will extend the underground operation of the 57 units and any future suburban stock considerably. AT looked into the possibility of battery electric multiple units to operate services between Papakura and Pukekohe as an interim measure prior to electrifying the NIMT between the two stations.
It was thought. In November 2017, it was announced that the proposed 13-unit BEMU order had been cancelled in preference for 15 further AM class units; the rationale for this became clear in late April 2018 when electrification between Papakura and Pukekohe was announced as part of the $28 billion Auckland Transport Alignment Project. The first unit was transferred to the purpose-built Wiri depot on 26 August 2013, it was certified at the depot before being unveiled on 12 September. The next units arrived in Auckland in November 2013, with two sets due to arrive every month December 2013 - November 2014, four each month December 2014 - July 2015; the first revenue service ran on 28 April 2014 on the Onehunga Line, following a public open day the preceding day on which the trains were used to run free shuttle services between Britomart and Newmarket. Electric Eastern Line services commenced on 15 September 2014 as far as Manukau. Electric Southern Line services to Papakura commenced on 15 January 2015, running two return off-peak services on weekdays.
From 16 May 2015, all weekend services, with the exception of the shuttle service betwe
Waitematā Harbour
Waitematā Harbour is the main access by sea to Auckland, New Zealand. For this reason it is referred to as Auckland Harbour, despite the fact that it is one of two harbours adjoining the city; the harbour forms the northern and eastern coasts of the Auckland isthmus and is crossed by the Auckland Harbour Bridge. It is matched on the southern side of the city by the shallower waters of the Manukau Harbour. With an area of 70 square miles, it connects the city's main port and the Auckland waterfront to the Hauraki Gulf and the Pacific Ocean, it is sheltered from Pacific storms by Auckland's North Shore, Rangitoto Island, Waiheke Island. The oldest Māori name of the harbour was Te Whanga-nui o Toi, named after Toi, an early Māori explorer; the name Waitematā means "Te Mata Waters", refers to Te Mata, which lies in mid-harbour off Kauri Point. A popular translation of Waitematā is "The Obsidian Waters", referring to obsidian rock. Another popular translation, derived from this, is "The Sparkling Waters", as the harbour waters were said to glint like the volcanic glass obsidian.
However, this is incorrect. The spelling Waitemata is common in English; the harbour is an arm of the Hauraki Gulf, extending west for eighteen kilometres from the end of the Rangitoto Channel. Its entrance is between Bastion Point in the south; the westernmost ends of the harbour extend past Whenuapai in the northwest, to Te Atatu in the west, as well as forming the estuarial arm known as the Whau River in the southwest. The northern shore of the harbour consists of North Shore. North Shore suburbs located closest to the shoreline include Birkenhead and Devonport. On the southern side of the harbour is Auckland CBD and the Auckland waterfront, coastal suburbs such as Mission Bay, Herne Bay and Point Chevalier, the latter of which lies on a short triangular peninsula jutting into the harbour; the harbour is crossed at its narrowest point by the Auckland Harbour Bridge. To the east of the bridge's southern end lie the marinas of Westhaven and the suburbs of Freemans Bay and the Viaduct Basin. Further east from these, close to the harbour's entrance, lies the Port of Auckland.
There are other wharves and ports within the harbour, notable among them the Devonport Naval Base, the accompanying Kauri Point Armament Depot at Birkenhead, the Chelsea Sugar Refinery wharf, all capable of taking ships over 500 gross register tons. Smaller wharves at Birkenhead, Beach Haven, Northcote and West Harbour offer commuter ferry services to the Auckland CBD; the harbour is a drowned valley system, carved through Miocene marine sediments of the Waitemata Group. Recent volcanism in the Auckland volcanic field has shaped the coast, most at Devonport and the Meola Reef, but in the explosion craters of Orakei Basin and in western Shoal Bay. In periods of low sea level, a tributary ran from Milford into the Shoal Bay stream; this valley provided the harbour with a second entrance when sea levels rose, until the Lake Pupuke volcano plugged this gap. The current shore is influenced by tidal rivers in the west and north of the harbour. Mudflats covered by mangroves flourish in these conditions, salt marshes are typical.
The harbour has long been the main anchorage and port area for the Auckland region before European colonial times. Well-sheltered not only by the Hauraki Gulf itself but by Rangitoto Island, the harbour offered good protection in all winds, lacked dangerous shoals or major sand bars that would have made entry difficult; the harbour proved a fertile area for encroaching development, with major land reclamation undertaken along the Auckland waterfront, within a few decades of the city's European founding. Taking the idea of the several Māori portage paths over the isthmus one step further, the creation of a canal that would link the Waitematā and Manukau harbours was considered in the early 1900s. Legislation was passed that would allow authorities to take owned land where it was deemed required for a canal. However, no serious work was undertaken; the act was repealed on 1 November 2010. While the harbour has numerous beaches popular for swimming, the older-style "combined sewers" in several surrounding western suburbs dump contaminated wastewater overflows into the harbour on 52 heavy-rain days a year, leading to regular health warnings at popular swimming beaches, until the outfalls have dispersed again.
A major new project, the Central Interceptor, starting 2019, is to reduce these outfalls by about 80% once completed around 2024. Photographs of Waitematā Harbour held in Auckland Libraries' heritage collections Photographs of Waitematā Harbour held at Auckland Museum
Wiri
