1.
All Saints' Church, Wittenberg
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It is the site where the Ninety-five Theses were likely posted by Martin Luther in 1517, the act that has been called the start of the Protestant Reformation. From 1883 onwards, the church was restored as a memorial site, a first chapel dedicated All Saints was erected at the new residence of the Ascanian duke Rudolf I of Saxe-Wittenberg from about 1340. Consecrated on 6 May 1346, Rudolf subordinated his foundation to the jurisdiction of the Holy See. With further donations made by his successor Duke Rudolf II, it was determined the Wittenberg main church by Pope Boniface IX in 1400, consecrated on 17 January 1503, it became part of Fredericks electoral castle or Residenzschloss, also called Schloss Wittenberg. Extensive furnishings by Tilman Riemenschneider, Jacopo de Barbari, and Albrecht Dürer contributed to the construction of the castle complex, students were awarded their doctorates there, and the reformator Philipp Melanchthon made his famous inaugural speech at the church. A tradition of burying academic dignitaries of the university at the church developed, several notable epitaphs are preserved up to today. This act, meant to promote a disputation on the sale of indulgences, is viewed to be a catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. If the event has taken place or not, however. Nevertheless, Luther sent his objections in a letter to Archbishop Albert of Mainz on the same day, frederick the Wise died in 1525 and was buried in the Castle Church. In the same year, the Lutheran rite was implemented, the church became the burial site of Martin Luther himself in 1546, and of Philipp Melanchthon in 1560. The blaze left only half of the standing, and none of the wooden portals survived. All Saints was soon rebuilt, albeit without many priceless works of art that were lost forever, on the doors the Theses are inscribed in their original Latin form. The doors themselves weigh 2,200 pounds, with ornaments modelled by Friedrich Drake. On 10 November 1858,375 years after Martin Luthers birth and these doors are among the most photographed in Europe. The interior redesign included the present rib vault ceiling and pilasters, as well as matronea, also, the 88-metre -tall steeple was rebuilt, from which one can obtain a good view of the city of Wittenberg and the surrounding countryside. A quote, Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott, from one of Luthers hymns, on 31 October 1892,375 years after Luther posted his 95 Theses on the doors of the church, All Saints was re-inaugurated. A Lutheran Castle Church parish was established in 1949 and it later evolved to a centre of the East German peace movement, when Friedrich Schorlemmer served here as a preacher from 1978 onwards. In 1983,500 years after the birth of Luther,12 new stained glass windows were installed in All Saints and these honored the most important Reformation students of Luther, and were created by Renate Brömme in a timeless style at the order of the Lutheran World Federation
2.
Stadtkirche Wittenberg
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The Stadt- und Pfarrkirche St. Marien zu Wittenberg is the civic church of the German town of Lutherstadt Wittenberg. The first mention of the Pfarrkirche St. -Marien dates to 1187, originally a wooden church in the Diocese of Brandenburg, in 1280 the present chancel and the chancels south aisle were built. Between 1412 and 1439 the nave was replaced by the present three-aisle structure, on his return to Wittenberg from the Wartburg, Luther preached his famous invocavit sermons in the Stadtkirche. In 1547, during the Schmalkaldic War, the towers stone pyramids were removed to make platforms for cannon, despite the war, an altarpiece by Lucas Cranach the Elder was unveiled in the church. In 1556 the platforms were replaced by the surviving octagonal caps, a clock and this was followed by an extension of the east end and the overlying Ordinandenstube. In 1811 the interior of the church was redesigned to a Neo-Gothic scheme by Carlo Ignazio Pozzi, the church was fully restored in 1928 and 1980-1983. From 1533 to 1817 the Stadtkirches pastor was also superintendent of the Saxon Electoral Circle. The facade of the church has a Judensau from 1305 and it portrays a rabbi who looks under the sows tail, and other Jews drinking from its teats. An inscription reads Rabini Shem hamphoras, gibberish which presumably bastardizes shem ha-meforasch, the sculpture is one of the last remaining examples in Germany of medieval Jew baiting. In Vom Schem Hamphoras, Luther comments on the Judensau sculpture at Wittenberg, echoing the antisemitism of the image and locating the Talmud in the sows bowels, Parish website
3.
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
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The Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, also referred to as MLU, is a public, research-oriented university in the cities of Halle and Wittenberg within Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. MLU offers German and international courses leading to academic degrees such as B. A. B. Sc, the university was created in 1817 through the merger of the University of Wittenberg and the University of Halle. The university is named after the Protestant reformer Martin Luther, who was a professor in Wittenberg, today, the university itself is located in Halle, while the Leucorea Foundation in Wittenberg serves as MLU’s convention centre for seminars as well as for academic and political conferences. Both Halle and Wittenberg are about one hour from Berlin via the Berlin–Halle railway, the University of Wittenberg was founded in 1502 by Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony. Notable attendees include George Müller, Georg Joachim Rheticus and – in fiction – William Shakespeares Prince Hamlet and Horatio, the University of Halle was founded in 1694 by Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg, who became Frederick I, King in Prussia, in 1701. In the late 17th century and early 18th century, Halle became a centre for Pietism within Prussia, in the 17th and 18th centuries the universities were centers of the German Enlightenment. Christian Wolff was an important proponent of rationalism and he influenced many German scholars, such as Immanuel Kant. Christian Thomasius was at the time the first philosopher in Germany to hold his lectures not in Latin. He contributed to a programme in philosophy but also tried to establish a more common-sense point of view. The University of Wittenberg was closed in 1813 during the Napoleonic Wars, the town of Wittenberg was granted to Prussia in the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and the university was then merged with the Prussian University of Halle in 1817. It took its present name on 10 November 1933, more than a dozen professors were expelled. MLUs historical observatory, built in 1788 by Carl Gotthard Langhans, members are mostly gifted students of all faculties, but also academic staff and alumni. The university choir regularly performs at the international Handel Festival in George Frideric Handel’s birthplace, C. D. Wyneken, Z, Paul Zarifopol, Caspar Ziegler, Karl Ziegler, Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf, Max Zorn, Leopold Zunz. List of early modern universities in Europe The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Official website Official website Download MLU Yearbook 2007 /
4.
Annaburg
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Annaburg is a small town in Wittenberg district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It was the seat of the former Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Annaburg-Prettin, Annaburg has two centres, one also called Annaburg, and the other Purzien. In the 13th century, the Ascanians built a lodge on the site of todays Annaburg. This stately edifice, however, burnt down in 1422, duke Albrecht III of Saxony-Wittenberg found himself inside the lodge when it caught fire. He and his wife escaped through a window clad only in their night clothes, the fire killed many of Albrechts entourage, and indeed it claimed his life too, a few days later as a result of his injuries. This actually influenced the history, as Albrecht had no heir. With his death, the Ascanian dynasty came to an end, in 1498, a zoölogical garden was built. Until 1572, Annaburg was called Lochau and was, until it was abolished for good in 1821, the seat of the Amt of Annaburg. In 1550, Lochau was home to 40 men who owned land, among them eight draught cattle raisers, one feudal judge, the first Saxon court pharmacy is also to be found in Annaburg. The Elector Augusts wife was Anna of Denmark), Danish King Christian IIIs daughter, for her, the stately home – and thereby also the town – were renamed. Since 1762, the residence has been the site of a military youth institute in which more than 500 pupils aged 11 to 15 have been educated for free by military personnel of Protestant faith. Furthermore, there existed another junior officer preparatory school in a newly built barracks, in July 1754, Johann Christian Noack, der Malificant was put to death on the breaking wheel and left there to deter others from a life of evil deeds. It was one of the last such executions, from 1780, the Amt actuary, Christian August Seidel, ran a mulberry orchard in Annaburg. After losing town rights in the 17th century, they were granted Annaburg once again in 1939, in 1942, Annaburg served as the holding camp of Indian POWs of the British Indian Army, captured in the North African campaigns. This was done at the behest of the Indian nationalist leader, Subhas Chandra Bose, and as a staging ground to create a Free India Legion to fight for Indian independence from British rule
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Axien
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Axien is a village and a former municipality in the Wittenberg district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2011, it is part of the town Annaburg, the community lies about 35 km southeast of Wittenberg and about 20 km north of Torgau in the lowlands on the east bank of the Elbe on an old, now dry, arm of that river. West of the community runs Federal Highway B182, and to the north is the B187 and it lies on the Mid-Germany Church Road. In the south, the community borders on Saxony, the village of Axien is first documented in the 10th century. The village, however, must have been older, a castle by the name of Wazgrini in Axien having been mentioned in 865 and it was used as a fortified bridgehead at a ford on the Elbe. Axien Kähnitzsch Gehmen Well known is the church with ceiling paintings from the 12th century
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Bad Schmiedeberg
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Bad Schmiedeberg is a small town in Wittenberg district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It lies within the Düben Heath Nature Park, the town was first mentioned in 1206 as Smedeberg. In 1350, it was granted town rights, the Evangelical Town Church was consecrated in 1453 as a Gothic hall church. Art Nouveau Kurhaus built in 1908, bundesradfahrerdenkmal, endowed by the Bund Deutscher Radfahrer, dedicated on 17 June 1923 in honour of fallen and missing club members and sportsmen. Schmiedeberger Margarethenfest, honouring Electress Margaret of Austria, in 2006, the festival marked its 575th year, and also the towns 800th anniversary of first documentary mention. CDU6 seats FDP3 seats PDS3 seats SPD1 seat Agriculture, environment nature 1 seat Pro Bad Schmiedeberg 1 seat independent 1 seat Stefan Dammhayn was elected mayor on 3 April 2005
7.
Coswig, Anhalt
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Coswig is a town in the district of Wittenberg of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is situated on the bank of the Elbe, approx. 12 km west of Wittenberg, and 15 km east of Dessau, the Castle of Coswig was mentioned first in 1187. There is no evidence for slav settlements before this date, in 1215 Coswig is called an Oppidium. During this time it was one of the most important cities North of the river Elbe, in the 16th century Coswig was already connected to a drinking water pipe from Wörpen. Weaving, pottery and farming played the most important role in economics, the city was nearly completely destroyed by Hispanic troops during the Schmalkaldic War. From 1603 to 1793, Coswig belonged to Anhalt-Zerbst, the Castle was constructed at the end of the 17th century. The railway station was inaugurated on 10 September 1841, in 1987 the city celebrated its 800th-year of existence. Town Council,20 seat to the parties,7 seats - CDU4 seats - Linkspartei. de - Coswig nakcoswig. de - New Apostolic Church Coswig
8.
Jessen (Elster)
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Jessen is a municipality on the Black Elster river and lies in the eastern part of Saxony-Anhalt in the district of Wittenberg. Jessen is a municipality, and has the following subdivisions. On the night of 20 to 21 September 1729, much of the town was destroyed in a fire, after belonging to Saxony for centuries, Jessen became Prussian in 1816. In 1945, it part of the state of Saxony-Anhalt. In 1952, owing to East German administrative reforms, Jessen became a capital in the Cottbus region. In 1990, Jessen once again part of the newly-refounded state of Saxony-Anhalt. In 1992 came the amalgamation of the communities of Grabo, Gorsdorf-Hemsendorf, Lindwerder and Großkorga, with the district reform in 1994, Jessen became part of Wittenberg district, as well as having a further three communities melded with it, namely Battin, Düßnitz and Kleindröben-Mauken. In 1999 came further amalgamations, Arnsdorf, Leipa and Ruhlsdorf mit Rehain, on 1 March 2004 came a further 12, among them Seyda, Holzdorf and Linda. Some of these independent communities themselves each consisted of more than one centre. Established businesses are small and mid-sized concerns in metalworking, building, dairy processing. There are also, however, bigger enterprises in agriculture, flew in the first ever jet fighter unit Jagdverband 44 The town is Germanys twelfth-largest municipality by land area, and is thereby about 3 km² bigger than Munich
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Kemberg
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Kemberg is a town in Wittenberg district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The town lies on the edge of the Düben Heath Nature Park. Kemberg includes the subdivisions of Bergwitz, Klitzschena, and Ateritz, on 1 July 2005, the municipality of Bergwitz with its subdivision of Klitzschena, was amalgamated with Kemberg, as was the municipality of Ateritz on 1 January 2006. The towns most striking sight is the soaring Church of Our Lady which can be far away over the Elbaue. It is a church with a nave and two aisles dating from the 15th century with an 86-m-tall tower built in the 19th century. There are things such as remnants of wall paintings from the late Middle Ages, a sacrament house made of sandstone and a carved altar. Also worth seeing are the late Gothic town hall with its Renaissance additions, kembergs well preserved town centre takes the visitor to bygone days and is always worth seeing on foot. The town is well placed for outings to the nearby heath. Kemberg lies on Federal Highway B2 to Bad Düben, on the state highway L129 from Bergwitz to Bad Schmiedeberg, Bergwitz lies on Bundesstraße B100 from Wittenberg to Bitterfeld and on Landesstraße L129 from Selbitz to Kemberg. Klitzschena lies on district road K2041 from Bergwitz to Seegrehna, bundesautobahn 9 can be reached by the Vockerode interchange 22 km away. Bergwitz railway station lies on the Deutsche Bahn line between Wittenberg and Bitterfeld, from 1903 to 1951, there was a railway connection between Bergwitz and Kemberg. The former station has been demolished, there is now a hypermarket there. Bartholomäus Bernhardi, Theologian Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg, German diplomat and resistance fighter in the 20 July Plot Town of Kemberg
10.
Oranienbaum, Germany
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Oranienbaum is a former town and a former municipality in the district of Wittenberg, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2011, it is part of the town Oranienbaum-Wörlitz and it is situated south of the Elbe, east of Dessau. From 1683 on she had the Oranienbaum Palace erected according to plans by the Dutch architect Cornelis Ryckwaert, the parks are today included into the Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000
11.
Riesigk
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Riesigk is a village and a former municipality in Germany not far from the town of Wittenberg in the district of Wittenberg, Saxony-Anhalt, on the south side of the Elbe river. Since 1 January 2011, it is part of the town Oranienbaum-Wörlitz and it has a population of about 198. The village was chartered in 1200 the first time with the name Riswig,1603, the area was attached as a part of Anhalt. 1797 -1800, the church was erected. Church of Riesigk Administration royaltyguide Riesigk Church Woerlitz-Information
12.
Wittenberg
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Wittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Situated on the river Elbe, it has a population of about 50,000. Part of the Augustinian monastery in which Luther dwelt, first as a monk and later as owner with his wife, various Luther and Melanchthon memorial sites were added to the UNESCO world heritage list in 1996. Historical documents first mention the settlement in 1180 as a village founded by Flemish colonists under the rule of the House of Ascania. In 1260 this village became the residence of the dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg, Wittenberg developed into an important trade centre during the following several centuries, because of its central location. When the local branch of the Ascanians died out in 1422, several parts of boundaries of the town were extended soon afterward. The second bridge over the Elbe River was built from 1486 through 1490, the Electors palace was rebuilt at the same time. In 1760, during the Seven Years War, the Austrians bombarded the Prussian-occupied town, the French took control in 1806, and Napoleon commanded the refortification of the town in 1813. In 1814 the Prussian Army under Tauentzien stormed Wittenberg, he received the title of von Wittenberg as a reward, in 1815 Wittenberg became part of Prussia, administered within the Province of Saxony. Wittenberg continued to be a fortress of the class until the reorganisation of German defences after the foundation of the new German Empire led to its dismantling in 1873. Unlike many other historic German cities during World War II, Wittenbergs town centre was spared destruction during the conflict. In actuality, the Luther statue was not even present in the square during much of the war, but in storage at Luther Brunnen. Wittenbergs reputation as a town protected from Allied bombing is also not entirely historically accurate, on the outskirts of Wittenberg stood the Arado Flugzeugwerke, which produced components of airplanes for the Luftwaffe. This factory was staffed by Jews, Russians, Poles, political prisoners, despite the prisoner status of its workers, American and British planes bombed the factory near the end of the war, killing one thousand prisoner workers. The 1995 publication of. und morgen war Krieg. by Renate Gruber-Lieblich attempts to document this tragic bombing of Wittenberg, at the end of the war, Soviet forces occupied Wittenberg, it became part of East Germany in 1949. During the East German period, it formed part of Halle District, by means of the peaceful revolution in 1989, the communist régime dissolved and the town has been governed democratically since 1990. The figures are given for the district at the point in time. Up to 1791 the figures are estimated, later figures are from census or local authorities
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Zahna
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Zahna is a town and a former municipality in Wittenberg district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany not far from Federal Highway B2 and about 11 km east of Lutherstadt Wittenberg. It was the seat of the administrative community of Elbaue-Fläming. Since 1 January 2011, it is part of the town Zahna-Elster, Zahna is one of Saxony-Anhalts oldest towns. It has been proved that Zahna has been inhabited uninterruptedly since about 2000 BC and this has been established by archaeological findings from the 6th century BC up until the migration of the Semnoni who settled in the region. After them came the Sorbs who took over their homes, the historic town core shows the form and structure that goes back to Flemish settlement in the High Middle Ages in the twelfth century
14.
Zschornewitz
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Zschornewitz is a village and a former municipality on the southwestern edge of the Wittenberg district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2011, it is part of the town Gräfenhainichen and it was part of the administrative community of Tor zur Dübener Heide. It lies about 4 km west of the district seat of Gräfenhainichen. The former municipalities of Jüdenberg, Möhlau, Burgkemnitz and Gröbern as well as the town of Gräfenhainichen border on the community of Zschornewitz. The municipality was divided into the centre of Kolonie, a neighbourhood to the east built for power station. In the 19th century, there were any more than 200 inhabitants in Zschornewitz. In 1915, work began on the station under architect Prof. Klingenbergs plans. At the same time the garden-city-like workers community Kolonie was established, in 1916, eight turbines capable of 16 MW each were generating a total of 128 MW, making the Zschornewitz power plant the worlds biggest brown-coal-fired power station. In 1920–1921, the school in Kolonie was built, in 1929, two 85 MW turbines were brought into service. Thirteen huge chimneys became for decades the communitys backdrop, in 1945, however, the plant was partially dismantled by the Soviets as part of the war reparations that they exacted from Germany. On 30 June 1992 came the power plants final shutdown, the Kolonie and parts of the plant were granted protection as a memorial. In 1995, the part of the old power plant became an industrial memorial. In 1996, the old workers community Kolonie was included in the list of EXPO projects, on 13 May 2000, Zschornewitz celebrated its 800th anniversary of founding. The communitys most prominent building is the former Zschornewitz Power Station, since 1995 this plant has been open to the public as an energy museum. On the old Gröbern strip mines waste dump south of Zschornewitz, the dump itself rises some 50 m above the surrounding area, making it an ideal place to make good use of wind energy. Zschornewitz lies on state road L136 between Möhlau to Gräfenhainichen and on district road K2037 to Burgkemnitz, federal highway B107 in Gräfenhainichen is only about 2 km away. The Dessau-Ost interchange on the A9 autobahn between Munich and Berlin is about 16 km away, the nearest Deutsche Bahn railway stations are to be found in Gräfenhainichen and Burgkemnitz on the Wittenberg - Bitterfeld line about 4 km away. Kolonie as an EXPO project Zschornewitz Power Station
15.
Saxony-Anhalt
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Saxony-Anhalt is a landlocked federal state of Germany surrounded by the federal states of Lower Saxony, Brandenburg, Saxony and Thuringia. Its capital is Magdeburg and its largest city is Halle, Saxony-Anhalt covers an area of 20,447.7 square kilometres and has a population of 2.34 million. Saxony-Anhalt should not be confused with Saxony or Lower Saxony, also German states, Saxony-Anhalt is one of 16 Bundesländer of Germany. It is located in the part of eastern Germany. By size, it is the 8th largest state in Germany and it borders four fellow Bundesländer, Lower Saxony to the north-west, Brandenburg to the north-east, Saxony to the south-east, and Thuringia to the south-west. In the north, the Saxony-Anhalt landscape is dominated by plain, the old Hanseatic towns Salzwedel, Gardelegen, Stendal, and Tangermünde are located in the sparsely populated Altmark. The Colbitz-Letzlingen Heath and the Drömling near Wolfsburg mark the transition between the Altmark region and the Elbe-Börde-Heath region with its fertile, sparsely wooded Magdeburg Börde. Notable towns in the Magdeburg Börde are Haldensleben, Oschersleben, Wanzleben, Schönebeck, Aschersleben, the Harz mountains are located in the south-west, comprising the Harz National Park, the Harz Foreland and Mansfeld Land. The highest mountain of the Harz is Brocken, with an elevation of 1,141 meters, in this area, one can find the towns of Halberstadt, Wernigerode, Thale, Eisleben and Quedlinburg. The wine-growing area Saale-Unstrut and the towns of Zeitz, Naumburg, Weißenfels, the metropolitan area of Halle forms an agglomeration with Leipzig in Saxony. This area is known for its highly developed industry, with major production plants at Leuna, Schkopau. Finally, in the east, Dessau-Roßlau and Wittenberg are situated on the Elbe in the Anhalt-Wittenberg region, the capital of Saxony-Anhalt is Magdeburg. It is the second-largest city in the state, closely after Halle, from 1994 to 2003, the state was divided into three regions, Dessau, Halle and Magdeburg, and, below the regional level,21 districts. Since 2004, however, this system has replaced by 11 rural districts. In April 1945 the US Army took control of most of the western and northern area of the future Saxony-Anhalt, group Control Council, Germany appointed the first non-Nazi officials in leading positions in the area. So Erhard Hübener, furloughed by the Nazis, was reappointed Landeshauptmann. By early July the US Army withdrew from the former Prussian Province of Saxony to make way for the Red Army to take it as part of the Soviet occupation zone, the previously Saxon Erfurt governorate had become a part of Thuringia. For the earlier history see the articles of these entities before 1945
16.
Saxony
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Its capital is Dresden, and its largest city is Leipzig. Saxony is the tenth largest of Germanys sixteen states, with an area of 18,413 square kilometres, located in the middle of a large, formerly all German-speaking part of Europe, the history of the state of Saxony spans more than a millennium. It has been a medieval duchy, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, a kingdom, the area of the modern state of Saxony should not be confused with Old Saxony, the area inhabited by Saxons. Old Saxony corresponds approximately to the modern German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony is divided into 10 districts,1. After a reform in 2008, these regions - with some alterations of their respective areas - were called Direktionsbezirke, in 2012, the authorities of these regions were merged into one central authority, the Landesdirektion Sachsen. The Erzgebirgskreis district includes the Ore Mountains, and the Schweiz-Osterzgebirge district includes Saxon Switzerland, the largest cities in Saxony according to the 31 December 2015 estimate. To this can be added that Leipzig forms a metropolitan region with Halle. The latter city is located just across the border to Saxony-Anhalt, Leipzig shares for instance an S-train system and an airport with Halle. Saxony has, after Saxony Anhalt, the most vibrant economy of the states of the former East Germany and its economy grew by 1. 9% in 2010. Nonetheless, unemployment remains above the German average, the eastern part of Germany, excluding Berlin, qualifies as an Objective 1 development-region within the European Union, and is eligible to receive investment subsidies of up to 30% until 2013. FutureSAX, a business competition and entrepreneurial support organisation, has been in operation since 2002. Microchip makers near Dresden have given the region the nickname Silicon Saxony, the publishing and porcelain industries of the region are well known, although their contributions to the regional economy are no longer significant. Today the automobile industry, machinery production and services contribute to the development of the region. Saxony is also one of the most renowned tourist destinations in Germany - especially the cities of Leipzig and Dresden, new tourist destinations are developing, notably in the lake district of Lausitz. Saxony reported an unemployment of 8. 8% in 2014. By comparison the average in the former GDR was 9. 8% and 6. 7% for Germany overall, the unemployment rate reached 8. 2% in May 2015. The Leipzig area, which recently was among the regions with the highest unemployment rate, could benefit greatly from investments by Porsche. With the VW Phaeton factory in Dresden, and many part suppliers, zwickau is another major Volkswagen location
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Brandenburg
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Brandenburg is one of the sixteen federated states of Germany. It lies in the northeast of the country covering an area of 29,478 square kilometers and has 2.48 million inhabitants, the capital and largest city is Potsdam. Brandenburg surrounds but does not include the capital and city-state Berlin forming a metropolitan area. Brandenburg is one of the states that was re-created in 1990 upon the reunification of the former East Germany. Governed by the Hohenzollern dynasty from 1415, it contained the future German capital Berlin, after 1618 the Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia were combined to form Brandenburg-Prussia, which was ruled by the same branch of the House of Hohenzollern. In 1701 the state was elevated as the Kingdom of Prussia, Brandenburg is situated in territory known in antiquity as Magna Germania, which reached to the Vistula river. By the 7th century, Slavic peoples are believed to have settled in the Brandenburg area, the Slavs expanded from the east, possibly driven from their homelands in present-day Ukraine and perhaps Belarus by the invasions of the Huns and Avars. They relied heavily on river transport, the two principal Slavic groups in the present-day area of Brandenburg were the Hevelli in the west and the Sprevane in the east. Beginning in the early 10th century, Henry the Fowler and his successors conquered territory up to the Oder River, Slavic settlements such as Brenna, Budusin, and Chośebuz came under imperial control through the installation of margraves. Their main function was to defend and protect the eastern marches, in 948 Emperor Otto I established margraves to exert imperial control over the pagan Slavs west of the Oder River. Otto founded the Bishoprics of Brandenburg and Havelberg, the Northern March was founded as a northeastern border territory of the Holy Roman Empire. However, an uprising of Wends drove imperial forces from the territory of present-day Brandenburg in 983. The region returned to the control of Slavic leaders, the Roman Catholic Church brought bishoprics which, with their walled towns, afforded protection from attacks for the townspeople. With the monks and bishops, the history of the town of Brandenburg an der Havel, in 1134, in the wake of a German crusade against the Wends, the German magnate, Albert the Bear, was granted the Northern March by the Emperor Lothar III. He formally inherited the town of Brandenburg and the lands of the Hevelli from their last Wendish ruler, Pribislav, after crushing a force of Sprevane who occupied the town of Brandenburg in the 1150s, Albert proclaimed himself ruler of the new Margraviate of Brandenburg. Albert, and his descendants the Ascanians, then made progress in conquering, colonizing, Christianizing. Within this region, Slavic and German residents intermarried, during the 13th century, the Ascanians began acquiring territory east of the Oder, later known as the Neumark. In 1320, the Brandenburg Ascanian line came to an end, under the Luxembourgs, the Margrave of Brandenburg gained the status of a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire
18.
Dessau
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Dessau is a city in Germany on the junction of the rivers Mulde and Elbe, in the Bundesland of Saxony-Anhalt. Since 1 July 2007, it is part of the new city of Dessau-Roßlau, Dessau is situated on a floodplain where the Mulde flows into the Elbe. The worst flood took place in the year 2002, when the Waldersee district was completely flooded. The south of Dessau touches a well-wooded area called Mosigkauer Heide, the highest elevation is a 110m high former rubbish dump called Scherbelberg in the southwest of Dessau. Dessau is surrounded by parks and palaces that ranks Dessau as one of the greenest towns in Germany. Dessau was first mentioned in 1213 and it became an important centre in 1570, when the Principality of Anhalt was founded. Dessau became the capital of state within the Holy Roman Empire. Anhalt was dissolved In 1603 it was split into four – later five – Anhalts, in 1863 two of the noble line died out, and became reunited. Dessau is famous for its college of architecture Bauhaus and it moved here in 1925 after it had been forced to close in Weimar. Many famous artists were lecturers in Dessau in the years, among them Walter Gropius, Paul Klee. The Nazis forced the closure of the Bauhaus in 1931, the city was almost completely destroyed by Allied air raids in World War II on March 7,1945, six weeks before American troops occupied the town. Afterwards it was rebuilt with typical GDR concrete slab architecture and became an industrial centre of East Germany. Since German reunification in 1990 many historic buildings have been restored, the composer Kurt Weill was born in Dessau. Since 1993 the city has hosted an annual Kurt Weill Festival, Dessau was also the birthplace of the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn, and Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, a lauded field marshal for the Kingdom of Prussia. Since January 7,2005, Dessau has gained notoriety for the death of Sierra Leonean convicted drug trafficker. According to local police, Jalloh, who was drunk and had tied to his bed because he was volatile and violent, set his own mattress on fire. A local court acquitted officers in 2008, in 2010, however, a higher federal court declared the ruling null and void, and ordered a new investigation and trial be launched. The Bauhaus College itself was constructed based on designs by Walter Adolph Georg Gropius, Dessau Hauptbahnhof has connections to Magdeburg, Berlin, Leipzig, Halle, Bitterfeld and Lutherstadt Wittenberg
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
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