1.
Oceanography
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Oceanography, also known as oceanology, is the study of the physical and the biological aspects of the ocean. Paleoceanography studies the history of the oceans in the geologic past, humans first acquired knowledge of the waves and currents of the seas and oceans in pre-historic times. Observations on tides were recorded by Aristotle and Strabo, early exploration of the oceans was primarily for cartography and mainly limited to its surfaces and of the animals that fishermen brought up in nets, though depth soundings by lead line were taken. Although Juan Ponce de León in 1513 first identified the Gulf Stream, Franklin measured water temperatures during several Atlantic crossings and correctly explained the Gulf Streams cause. Franklin and Timothy Folger printed the first map of the Gulf Stream in 1769-1770, information on the currents of the Pacific Ocean was gathered by explorers of the late 18th century, including James Cook and Louis Antoine de Bougainville. James Rennell wrote the first scientific textbooks on oceanography, detailing the current flows of the Atlantic, during a voyage around the Cape of Good Hope in 1777, he mapped the banks and currents at the Lagullas. He was also the first to understand the nature of the intermittent current near the Isles of Scilly, Robert FitzRoy published a four-volume report of the Beagles three voyages. In 1841–1842 Edward Forbes undertook dredging in the Aegean Sea that founded marine ecology, the first superintendent of the United States Naval Observatory, Matthew Fontaine Maury devoted his time to the study of marine meteorology, navigation, and charting prevailing winds and currents. His 1855 textbook Physical Geography of the Sea was one of the first comprehensive oceanography studies, many nations sent oceanographic observations to Maury at the Naval Observatory, where he and his colleagues evaluated the information and distributed the results worldwide. Despite all this, human knowledge of the oceans remained confined to the topmost few fathoms of the water, almost nothing was known of the ocean depths. The Royal Navys efforts to all of the worlds coastlines in the mid-19th century reinforced the vague idea that most of the ocean was very deep. As exploration ignited both popular and scientific interest in the regions and Africa, so too did the mysteries of the unexplored oceans. The seminal event in the founding of the science of oceanography was the 1872-76 Challenger expedition. As the first true oceanographic cruise, this laid the groundwork for an entire academic. In response to a recommendation from the Royal Society, The British Government announced in 1871 an expedition to explore worlds oceans, charles Wyville Thompson and Sir John Murray launched the Challenger expedition. The Challenger, leased from the Royal Navy, was modified for scientific work, under the scientific supervision of Thomson, Challenger travelled nearly 70,000 nautical miles surveying and exploring. On her journey circumnavigating the globe,492 deep sea soundings,133 bottom dredges,151 open water trawls and 263 serial water temperature observations were taken, around 4,700 new species of marine life were discovered. The result was the Report Of The Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H. M. S, Murray, who supervised the publication, described the report as the greatest advance in the knowledge of our planet since the celebrated discoveries of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
2.
Marine engineering
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Marine engineering includes the engineering of boats, ships, oil rigs and any other marine vessel or structure, as well as oceanographic engineering. It includes but is not limited to power and propulsion plants, machinery, piping, automation and control systems for vehicles of any kind, such as surface ships. The purely mechanical ship operation aspect of engineering has some relationship with naval architecture. In some cases, the responsibilities of each industry collide and is not specific to either field, propellers are examples of one of these types of responsibilities. For naval architects a propeller is a hydrodynamic device, for marine engineers a propeller acts similarly to a pump. Hull vibration, excited by the propeller, is another such area, noise control and shock hardening must be the joint responsibility of both the naval architect and the marine engineer. In fact, most issues caused by machinery are responsibilities in general, not all marine engineering is concerned with moving vessels. Archimedes is traditionally regarded as the first marine engineer, having developed a number of engineering systems in antiquity. Modern marine engineering dates back to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, in 1712 Thomas Newcomen, a blacksmith, created a steam powered engine to pump water out of mines. In 1807 Robert Fulton successfully used an engine to propel a vessel through the water. Fultons ship used the engine to power a small paddle wheel as its propulsion system. The integration of steam engines into ships was the start of the engineering profession. Before the integration of engines in ships, the maritime professions consisted of deck department jobs and this was because there was no engine for engineers to work on. The type of propulsion used before the engine powered paddle wheel was wind power, paddle wheel ships were the front runner of the industry for the next 30 years till the next type of propulsion came around. Only twelve years after Fulton’s Clermont had her first voyage, the Savannah marked the first sea voyage from America to Europe. Around 50 years later the steam powered paddle wheels had a peak with the creation of the Great Eastern, the Great Eastern was said to be ahead of its time and was destined for failure. Since the 1800s there have many improvements to the design of engines. The maritime industry holds 90% of all international trade, Marine engineers work on more than just engines in ships
3.
President (corporate title)
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The President is a leader of an organization, company, community, club, trade union, university or other group. In many organizations, it is the legally recognized highest titled corporate officer, the president may also be the chairman. The relationship between the president and the Chief Executive Officer varies, depending on the structure of the specific organization, in a similar vein to the Chief Operating Officer, the title of corporate President as a separate position is also loosely defined. The powers of the president vary widely across organizations and such powers come from specific authorization in the bylaws, originally, the term president was used to designate someone who presided over a meeting, and was used in the same way that foreman or overseer is used now. It has now come to mean chief officer in terms of administrative or executive duties. In addition to the administrative or executive duties in organizations, the president has the duties of presiding over meetings, in committees or small boards, the president votes along with the other members. However, in assemblies or larger boards, the president should vote only when it can affect the result, at a meeting, the president only has one vote. The powers of the president vary widely across organizations, the amount of power given to the president depends on the type of organization, its structure, and the rules it has created for itself. If the president exceeds the given authority, engages in misconduct, or fails to perform the duties, such procedures may include censure, suspension, or removal from office. The rules of the organization would provide details on who can perform these disciplinary procedures. Usually, whoever appointed or elected the president has the power to discipline this officer, some organizations may have a position of President-Elect in addition to the position of President. Generally the membership of the organization elects a President-Elect and when the term of the President-Elect is complete, some organizations may have a position of Immediate Past President in addition to the position of President. In those organizations, when the term of the President is complete, the organization can have such a position only if the bylaws provide it. The duties of such a position would also have to be provided in the bylaws, riding Shotgun, The Role of the COO. National Association of Parliamentarians®, Education Committee, independence, MO, National Association of Parliamentarians®
4.
Employment
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Employees in some fields or sectors may receive gratuities, bonus payment or stock options. In some types of employment, employees may receive benefits in addition to payment, benefits can include health insurance, housing, disability insurance or use of a gym. Employment is typically governed by employment laws or regulations or legal contracts, employers must balance interests such as decreasing wage constraints with a maximization of labor productivity in order to achieve a profitable and productive employment relationship. The main ways for employers to workers and for people to find employers are via jobs listings in newspapers and online. Employers and job seekers also find each other via professional recruitment consultants which receive a commission from the employer to find, screen. However, a study has shown that such consultants may not be reliable when they fail to use established principles in selecting employees, a more traditional approach is with a Help Wanted sign in the establishment. Evaluating different employees can be quite laborious but setting up different techniques to analyze their skill to measure their talents within the field can be best through assessments, employer and potential employee commonly take the additional step of getting to know each other through the process of job interview. Training and development refers to the effort to equip a newly hired employee with necessary skills to perform at the job. An appropriate level of training and development helps to improve job satisfaction. There are many ways that employees are paid, including by hourly wages, by piecework, by yearly salary, in sales jobs and real estate positions, the employee may be paid a commission, a percentage of the value of the goods or services that they have sold. In some fields and professions, employees may be eligible for a bonus if they meet certain targets, employee benefits are various non-wage compensation provided to employee in addition to their wages or salaries. In some cases, such as with workers employed in remote or isolated regions, employee benefits can improve the relationship between employee and employer and lowers staff turnover. Organizational justice is a perception and judgement of employers treatment in the context of fairness or justice. The resulting actions to influence the relationship is also a part of organizational justice. Employees can organize into trade or labor unions, which represent the force to collectively bargain with the management of organizations about working. Usually, either an employee or employer may end the relationship at any time and this is referred to as at-will employment. The contract between the two parties specifies the responsibilities of each when ending the relationship and may include such as notice periods, severance pay. In some professions, notably teaching, civil servants, university professors, and some jobs, some employees may have tenure
5.
Woods Hole, Massachusetts
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Woods Hole is a census-designated place in the town of Falmouth in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. It lies at the extreme southwest corner of Cape Cod, near Marthas Vineyard, the population was 781 at the 2010 census. Historically, Woods Hole included one of the few good harbors on the side of Cape Cod. The community became a center for whaling, shipping, and fishing, prior to its dominance today by tourism, other notable businessmen established homes on Gansett Point, Nobska Point, and at Quissett Harbor, further from the village center. Woods Hole is located at the southwest tip of the town of Falmouth at 41°31′36″N 70°39′47″W, the term Woods Hole refers to a passage for ships between Vineyard Sound and Buzzards Bay known for its extremely strong current, approaching four knots. The strait separates Cape Cod from the Elizabeth Islands and it is one of four straits allowing maritime passage between Buzzards Bay and the Vineyard Sound. The others are Canapitsit Channel, Quicks Hole and Robinsons Hole, ferries operated by the Steamship Authority run regularly between Woods Hole and Marthas Vineyard. In the past ferries also ran between Woods Hole and Nantucket, but these have been discontinued in recent decades, much of Woods Hole centers around the enclosed harbor of Eel Pond. A drawbridge at the mouth of the harbor allows boats to enter, the local lighthouse at Nobska Point is operated by the United States Coast Guard, and the accompanying house is the home of the commander of the Coast Guard base at Little Harbor. Local landmark The Knob is a rocky outcropping that overlooks Buzzards Bay and it is a part of the privately owned Salt Pond bird sanctuaries. According to the United States Census Bureau, the Woods Hole CDP has an area of 3.9 square miles. 2.1 square miles of it is land, and 1.8 square miles of it is water, the annual Falmouth Road Race brings thousands of runners to Woods Hole in August each year. The Woods Hole School is the home of the Childrens School of Science, founded in 1913, this institution provides science classes for students between 8 and 15 years old that focus on scientific investigation by observation. Students regularly visit ecosystems around the village to study the organisms in their natural environments, the Childrens School of Science draws upon the talent brought to the village by the research institutions but also educates the children of both scientists and locals. Some mention of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is made in the 1975 blockbuster film Jaws as having been the center of research for the fictional character Matt Hooper, Hooper is described as a marine biologist, focusing on the study of sharks. Coincidentally, a white shark was spotted some years later near Woods Hole in September 2004. Woods Hole is part of the Falmouth public school district, served by Mullen-Hall Elementary, Morse Pond Middle School, Lawrence Junior High School, Woods Hole students also often attend Upper Cape Cod Regional Technical High School, Sturgis Charter Public School, and Falmouth Academy. As of the census of 2000, there were 925 people,459 households, there were 942 housing units at an average density of 168. 4/km²
6.
Nonprofit organization
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A nonprofit organization is an organization whose purpose is something other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. This is known as the non-distribution constraint, the decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on. The terms nonprofit and not-for-profit are not consistently differentiated across jurisdictions, in laymans terms they are usually equivalent in concept, although in various jurisdictions there are accounting and legal differences. The nonprofit landscape is varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do make up an often high-profile or visible aspect of the sector, overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. e. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving its members. Many NPOs use the model of a bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit. Although NPOs are permitted to generate revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors, many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and executives who work with or without compensation. In some countries, where there is a fee, in general. The extent to which an NPO can generate surplus revenues may be constrained or use of surplus revenues may be restricted. Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization, they may be organized as a corporation or as a trust. Their goal is not to be successful in terms of wealth, NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. Some of the above must be expressed in the charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the authority at each particular jurisdiction. While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose, most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes
7.
Engineering
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The term Engineering is derived from the Latin ingenium, meaning cleverness and ingeniare, meaning to contrive, devise. Engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the wedge, lever, wheel, each of these inventions is essentially consistent with the modern definition of engineering. The term engineering is derived from the engineer, which itself dates back to 1390 when an engineer originally referred to a constructor of military engines. In this context, now obsolete, a referred to a military machine. Notable examples of the obsolete usage which have survived to the present day are military engineering corps, the word engine itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin ingenium, meaning innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention. The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep, as one of the officials of the Pharaoh, Djosèr, he probably designed and supervised the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630–2611 BC. Ancient Greece developed machines in both civilian and military domains, the Antikythera mechanism, the first known mechanical computer, and the mechanical inventions of Archimedes are examples of early mechanical engineering. In the Middle Ages, the trebuchet was developed, the first steam engine was built in 1698 by Thomas Savery. The development of this gave rise to the Industrial Revolution in the coming decades. With the rise of engineering as a profession in the 18th century, similarly, in addition to military and civil engineering, the fields then known as the mechanic arts became incorporated into engineering. The inventions of Thomas Newcomen and the Scottish engineer James Watt gave rise to mechanical engineering. The development of specialized machines and machine tools during the revolution led to the rapid growth of mechanical engineering both in its birthplace Britain and abroad. John Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer and is regarded as the father of civil engineering. He was an English civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbours and he was also a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Smeaton designed the third Eddystone Lighthouse where he pioneered the use of hydraulic lime and his lighthouse remained in use until 1877 and was dismantled and partially rebuilt at Plymouth Hoe where it is known as Smeatons Tower. The United States census of 1850 listed the occupation of engineer for the first time with a count of 2,000, there were fewer than 50 engineering graduates in the U. S. before 1865. In 1870 there were a dozen U. S. mechanical engineering graduates, in 1890 there were 6,000 engineers in civil, mining, mechanical and electrical. There was no chair of applied mechanism and applied mechanics established at Cambridge until 1875, the theoretical work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century gave rise to the field of electronics
8.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
9.
National Science Foundation
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The National Science Foundation is a United States government agency that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National Institutes of Health, with an annual budget of about US$7.0 billion, the NSF funds approximately 24% of all federally supported basic research conducted by the United States colleges and universities. In some fields, such as mathematics, computer science, economics, and the social sciences, the current NSF director, confirmed in March 2014, is astronomer France A. Córdova, former president of Purdue University. The NSF seeks to fulfill its mission chiefly by issuing competitive, the NSF also makes some contracts. Some proposals are solicited, and some are not, the NSF funds both kinds, the NSF does not operate its own laboratories, unlike other federal research agencies, notable examples being the NASA and the National Institutes of Health. The NSF receives over 50,000 such proposals each year and those funded are typically projects that are ranked highest in a merit review process, the current version of which was introduced in 1997. For example, reviewers cannot work at the NSF itself, nor for the institution that employs the proposing researchers, all proposal evaluations are confidential, the proposing researchers may see them, but they do not see the names of the reviewers. However, both already had been mandated for all NSF merit review procedures in the 2010 re-authorization of the America COMPETES Act. The Act also includes an emphasis on promoting potentially transformative research, most NSF grants go to individuals or small groups of investigators, who carry out research at their home campuses. Other grants provide funding for research centers, instruments. Still, others fund national-scale facilities that are shared by the community as a whole. In addition to researchers and research facilities, NSF grants also support science, engineering, Undergraduates can receive funding through Research Experiences for Undergraduates summer programs. K-12 and some community college instructors are eligible to participate in compensated Research Experiences for Teachers programs, the NSFs workforce numbers about 1,700, nearly all working at its Arlington headquarters. In June 2013 it was announced that the NSF would relocate its headquarters to Alexandria, Virginia in 2017. S, examples include initiatives in, Nanotechnology The science of learning Digital libraries The ecology of infectious diseases The NSF was established by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950. Its stated mission is To promote the progress of science, to advance the health, prosperity, and welfare. Some historians of science have argued that the result was a compromise between too many clashing visions of the purpose and scope of the federal government. The NSF was certainly not the government agency for the funding of basic science. By 1950, support for areas of research had already become dominated by specialized agencies such as the National Institutes of Health
10.
RV Atlantis (AGOR-25)
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R/V Atlantis is an oceanographic research vessel operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution as part of the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System fleet. She is the host vessel of DSV Alvin and she is named for the first research vessel operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, R/V Atlantis for which the Space Shuttle Atlantis is also named. Atlantis was built by Halter Marine Inc and she was laid down in August 1994 and launched in February 1996. She was delivered to the U. S. Navy on 25 February 1998, winches Traction -30,000.68 EM or 9/16 wire Hydro -33,000 3-cond. The three sister ships are R/V Thomas G. Thompson, R/V Roger Revelle and NOAAS Ronald H. Brown, navSource Online, Service Ship Photo Archive - T-AGOR-25 Atlantis R/V Atlantis Specifications Where are the Ships Now
11.
RV Neil Armstrong (AGOR-27)
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The ship was ordered in May 2010 as a replacement for RV Knorr, operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution since 1970. The ship was constructed by Dakota Creek Industries of Anacortes, Washington and it was launched on 29 March 2014, christened by Carol Armstrong, passed sea trials 7 August 2015 and delivered to the Navy on 23 September 2015. A sister ship, RV Sally Ride, was launched 9 August 2014 to be operated by Scripps Institution of Oceanography under a renewable charter-party agreement, the ship will be powered by a multi-drive low-voltage diesel electric propulsion system for efficiency and lower maintenance and fuel costs. Both Neil Armstrong Class ships have state of the art oceanographic equipment allowing deep ocean mapping and information technology for ship monitoring, RV Sally Ride - Sister Ship RRS James Cook - British equivalent Oceanography
12.
RV Tioga
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R/V Tioga is a coastal research vessel operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Tioga is a fast coastal vessel designed to take advantage of weather windows and breaking events. Currently Tioga is heavily involved in the tagging and studying of the right whales. She is the third of the Challenger class research vessels
13.
DSV Alvin
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Alvin is a manned deep-ocean research submersible owned by the United States Navy and operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. The vehicle was built by General Mills Electronics Group in Minneapolis, named to honor the prime mover and creative inspiration for the vehicle, Allyn Vine, Alvin was commissioned on 5 June 1964. The submersible is launched from the deep submergence support vessel RV Atlantis, Research conducted by Alvin has been featured in nearly 2,000 scientific papers. Alvin was designed as a replacement for bathyscaphes and other less maneuverable oceanographic vehicles and its more nimble design was made possible in part by the development of syntactic foam, which is buoyant and yet strong enough to serve as a structural material at great depths. It allows for two scientists and one pilot to dive for up to nine hours at 4,500 meters, the submersible features two robotic arms and can be fitted with mission-specific sampling and experimental gear. The plug hatch of the vessel is 0.48 m in diameter and somewhat thicker than the 2-inch thick titanium pressure hull. In an emergency, if Alvin were stuck underwater with occupants inside, the titanium sphere would then rise to the surface uncontrolled. Harold E. Froehlich was one of the designers of the Alvin. Alvin, first of its class of deep submergence vehicle, was built to dive to 2,440 meters. Each of the Alvin-class DSVs have different depth capabilities, however Alvin is the only one seconded to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, with the others staying with the United States Navy. Alvins first deep sea tests took place off Andros Island, the Bahamas, on 20 July 1965 Alvin made its first 6, 000-foot manned dive for the Navy to obtain certification. On 17 March 1966, Alvin was used to locate a submerged 1. 45-megaton hydrogen bomb lost in a United States Air Force midair accident over Palomares, the bomb, found resting nearly 910 m deep, was raised intact on 7 April. On 6 July 1967, the Alvin was attacked by a swordfish during dive 202, the swordfish became trapped in the Alvins skin, and the Alvin was forced to make an emergency surface. The attack took place at 2,000 feet below the surface, the fish was recovered at the surface and cooked for dinner. Lulu, a vessel created from a pair of decommissioned U. S. Navy pontoon boats with a structure added on, was lowering Alvin over the side when two steel cables snapped. There were three crew members aboard Alvin at the time, and the hatch was open, situated between the pontoons with no deck underneath, Alvin hit the water and rapidly began to sink. Severe weather prevented the recovery of Alvin throughout late 1968, Alvin was found to be upright and appeared intact except for damage to the stern. It was decided to attempt recovery, although no object of Alvins size had ever recovered from a depth of 5,000 feet
14.
REMUS (AUV)
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The REMUS series are autonomous underwater vehicles made by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and designed by their Oceanographic Systems Lab. More recently REMUS vehicles have been manufactured by the spinoff company Hydroid Inc, the series are designed to be low cost and can be operated from a laptop computer. There are several designs of vehicle, though all are torpedo-shaped vessels and they vary in size from the largest, the REMUS6000 at 3.84 metres, to the smallest in diameter, the REMUS100. The midsized REMUS600 was previously known as the REMUS12.75 and it was renamed to the 600 to correspond to the maximum depth it can operate at. Three REMUS6000 units were used in the AF447 search, a picture of the types of REMUS units produced
15.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, often cited as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. Researchers worked on computers, radar, and inertial guidance during World War II, post-war defense research contributed to the rapid expansion of the faculty and campus under James Killian. The current 168-acre campus opened in 1916 and extends over 1 mile along the bank of the Charles River basin. The Institute is traditionally known for its research and education in the sciences and engineering, and more recently in biology, economics, linguistics. Air Force and 6 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT, the school has a strong entrepreneurial culture, and the aggregated revenues of companies founded by MIT alumni would rank as the eleventh-largest economy in the world. In 1859, a proposal was submitted to the Massachusetts General Court to use newly filled lands in Back Bay, Boston for a Conservatory of Art and Science, but the proposal failed. A charter for the incorporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rogers, a professor from the University of Virginia, wanted to establish an institution to address rapid scientific and technological advances. The Rogers Plan reflected the German research university model, emphasizing an independent faculty engaged in research, as well as instruction oriented around seminars, two days after the charter was issued, the first battle of the Civil War broke out. After a long delay through the war years, MITs first classes were held in the Mercantile Building in Boston in 1865, in 1863 under the same act, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts founded the Massachusetts Agricultural College, which developed as the University of Massachusetts Amherst. In 1866, the proceeds from sales went toward new buildings in the Back Bay. MIT was informally called Boston Tech, the institute adopted the European polytechnic university model and emphasized laboratory instruction from an early date. Despite chronic financial problems, the institute saw growth in the last two decades of the 19th century under President Francis Amasa Walker. Programs in electrical, chemical, marine, and sanitary engineering were introduced, new buildings were built, the curriculum drifted to a vocational emphasis, with less focus on theoretical science. The fledgling school still suffered from chronic financial shortages which diverted the attention of the MIT leadership, during these Boston Tech years, MIT faculty and alumni rebuffed Harvard University president Charles W. Eliots repeated attempts to merge MIT with Harvard Colleges Lawrence Scientific School. There would be at least six attempts to absorb MIT into Harvard, in its cramped Back Bay location, MIT could not afford to expand its overcrowded facilities, driving a desperate search for a new campus and funding. Eventually the MIT Corporation approved an agreement to merge with Harvard, over the vehement objections of MIT faculty, students. However, a 1917 decision by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court effectively put an end to the merger scheme, the neoclassical New Technology campus was designed by William W. Bosworth and had been funded largely by anonymous donations from a mysterious Mr. Smith, starting in 1912. In January 1920, the donor was revealed to be the industrialist George Eastman of Rochester, New York, who had invented methods of production and processing
16.
RV Atlantis
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RV Atlantis is a sailboat that served as the first and also the main research vessel for the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution from 1931 to 1964. Several ships, including RV Atlantis and the Space Shuttle Atlantis were named after Atlantis, the former Atlantis is now commissioned as an oceanographic research vessel in the Argentine Naval Prefecture as the Dr. Bernardo A. Houssay. Having sailed over 1,300,000 miles to date, the 460-ton Marconi Ketch originally carried a crew of 17 and had room for 5 scientists. Columbus Iselin II, her first master and an influence in her design, felt that steadiness, silence. After her construction was complete, WHOI searched for a name for the new vessel. Alexander Forbes, a trustee of WHOI, had bought a schooner named Atlantis from Iselin. Mr. Forbes rechristened his schooner so the new research vessel could be named Atlantis and this plain, located to the south of Newfoundland, is now known as the Sohm Abyssal Plain. Following this discovery many other examples were found in all the oceans, the A- boat made 299 cruises and covered 700,000 miles, doing all types of ocean science. In 1966, Atlantis was sold to Argentina, refurbished, and she was used as a research vessel by the CONICET, crewed by Argentine naval personnel. In 1996 she was registered as a ship under the name Dr. Bernardo A. Houssay. She was overhauled and refurbished in 2009 at the Tandanor shipyard in Buenos Aires
17.
Research vessel
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A research vessel is a ship or boat designed, modified, and/or equipped to carry out research at sea. Research vessels carry out a number of roles, some of these roles can be combined into a single vessel but others require a dedicated vessel. Due to the nature of the work, research vessels are often constructed around an icebreaker hull. The research ship had origins in the voyages of exploration. By the time of James Cooks Endeavour, the essentials of what today we would call a ship are clearly apparent. In 1766, the Royal Society hired Cook to travel to the Pacific Ocean to observe, the Endeavour was a sturdy boat, well designed and equipped for the ordeals she would face, and fitted out with facilities for her research personnel, Joseph Banks. And, as is common with contemporary research vessels, Endeavour carried out more than one kind of research, some other notable early research vessels were HMS Beagle, RV Calypso, HMS Challenger, USFC Albatross, and the Endurance and Terra Nova. The names of early research vessels have been used to later research vessels. A hydrographic survey ship is a designed to conduct hydrographic research. Nautical charts are produced from this information to ensure safe navigation by military, hydrographic survey vessels also conduct seismic surveys of the seabed and the underlying geology. Apart from producing the charts, this information is useful for detecting geological features which are likely to bear oil or gas, in practice, hydrographic survey vessels are often equipped to perform multiple roles. Some function also as oceanographic research ships, naval hydrographic survey vessels often do naval research, for example, on submarine detection. An example of a survey vessel is CCGS Frederick G. Creed. For an example of the employment of a survey ship see HMS Hydra and these vessels often also carry scientific divers and unmanned underwater vehicles. Since the requirements of both oceanographic and hydrographic research are very different from those of fisheries research, these boats often fulfill dual roles, examples of an oceanographic research vessel include the NOAAS Ronald H. Brown and the Chilean Navy Cabo de Hornos. An example of a research vessel is FRV Scotia. Naval research vessels investigate naval concerns, such as submarine and mine detection, sonar, an example of a naval research vessel is the Planet of the German Navy. Polar research vessels are constructed around a hull, allowing them to operate in polar waters
18.
National Academy of Sciences
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The National Academy of Sciences is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization. NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, along with the National Academy of Engineering, as a national academy, new members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research. Election to the National Academies is one of the highest honors in the scientific field, members serve pro bono as advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine. The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code, … to provide scientific advice to the government whenever called upon by any government department. The Academy receives no compensation from the government for its services, as of 2016, the National Academy of Sciences includes about 2,350 members and 450 foreign associates. It employed about 1,100 staff in 2005, the current members annually elect new members for life. Approximately 200 members have won a Nobel Prize, the National Academy of Sciences is a member of the International Council for Science. Although there is no relationship with state and local academies of science. The National Academies is governed by a 17-member Council, made up of five officers and 12 Councilors, the National Academy of Sciences meets annually in Washington, D. C. which is documented in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, its scholarly journal. The National Academies Press is the publisher for the National Academies, since 2004, the National Academy of Sciences has administered the Marian Koshland Science Museum to provide public exhibits and programming related to its policy work. The museums current exhibits focus on change and infectious disease. The National Academy of Sciences maintains multiple buildings around the United States, the building has a neoclassical architectural style and was built by architect Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue. The building was dedicated in 1924 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the building is used for lectures, symposia, exhibitions, and concerts, in addition to annual meetings of the NAS, NAE, and NAM. The 2012 Presidential Award for Math and Science Teaching ceremony was held here on March 5,2014, approximately 150 staff members work at the NAS Building. More than 1,000 National Academies staff members work at The Keck Center of the National Academies at 500 Fifth Street in northwest Washington, the Keck Center provides meeting space and houses the National Academies Press Bookstore. The NAS also maintains conference centers in California and Massachusetts, the J. Erik Jonsson Conference Center located at 314 Quissett Avenue in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, is another conference facility. The Act of Incorporation, signed by President Abraham Lincoln on March 3,1863, created the National Academy of Sciences, many of the original NAS members came from the so-called Scientific Lazzaroni, an informal network of mostly physical scientists working in the vicinity of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts was to name Agassiz to the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, Agassiz was to come to Washington at the governments expense to plan the organization with the others
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Rockefeller Foundation
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The Rockefeller Foundation is a private foundation based at 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City. It was established by the six-generation Rockefeller family, the Foundation was started by Standard Oil owner John D. Rockefeller, along with his son John D. Rockefeller Jr. Its stated mission is promoting the well-being of humanity throughout the world, as of 2015, the Foundation was ranked as the 39th largest U. S. foundation by total giving. By year-end 2008 assets were tallied at $3.1 billion from $4.6 billion in 2007, on January 5,2017, the Board of Trustees announced the unanimous selection of Dr. Rajiv Shah to serve as the 13th president of the foundation. Shah became the youngest person, at 43, and first-ever Indian-American to serve as president of the foundation. He assumed the position March 1, succeeding Dr. Judith Rodin who served as president for twelve years and announced her retirement, at age 71. Rodin in turn had succeeded Gordon Conway in 2005, a former president of the University of Pennsylvania, Rodin was the first woman to head the foundation. It was in that year he gave the first $100,000 to fund the University of Chicago, over the next two decades, $35 million dollars were gifted to the institution by Rockefeller. It was also in 1906 that the Russell Sage Foundation was established, though its program was limited to working women, Rockefellers would thus not be the first foundation in America, but it brought to it unprecedented international scale and scope. On May 14,1913, New York Governor William Sulzer approved a charter for the foundation - two years after the Carnegie Corporation - with Junior becoming the first president. With its large-scale endowment, a part of Seniors fortune was insulated from inheritance taxes. On December 5, the Board made its first grant of $100,000 to the American Red Cross to purchase property for its headquarters in Washington, D. C. At the beginning the foundation was global in its approach and concentrated in its first decade entirely on the sciences, public health and medical education. In 1913 the foundation set up the International Health Commission, the first appropriation of funds for work outside the US and its early field research on hookworm, malaria, and yellow fever provided the basic techniques to control these diseases and established the pattern of modern public health services. In 1913 it also began a 20-year support program of the Bureau of Social Hygiene, whose mission was research and education on birth control, maternal health and sex education. Also in 1914, the set up a new Department of Industrial Relations. The foundation henceforth confined itself to funding responsible organizations involved in this and other controversial fields, during its first few years of work, the LSRM awarded funds primarily to social workers, with its funding decisions guided primarily by John D. Rockefeller Jr. In January 1929, LSRM funds were folded into the Rockefeller Foundation, John D. Rockefeller Jr. became the foundation chairman in 1917
20.
IFREMER
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The Institut français de recherche pour lexploitation de la mer is an oceanographic institution in France. Robert Ballard for an expedition to locate the wreck of the RMS Titanic. In 1994 Ifremer assisted in the salvage of the cargo from the SS John Barry, Ifremer operates a number of vessels, including the submarine Nautile. In 2008, Ifremer partnered with Dr. Bruce Shillito for the testing and initial operations of the PERISCOP, Ifremer is located in 26 sites, including 5 main centres, a headquarters
21.
Robert Ballard
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He is most known for the discoveries of the wrecks of the RMS Titanic in 1985, the battleship Bismarck in 1989, and the aircraft carrier USS Yorktown in 1998. He discovered the wreck of John F. Kennedys PT-109 in 2002 and visited Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana and he leads ocean exploration on E/V Nautilus. Ballard grew up in Pacific Beach, San Diego, California to a mother of German heritage, at North American, he worked on North Americans failed proposal to build the submersible Alvin for the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. In 1965, Ballard graduated from the University of California, Santa Barbara, earning degrees in chemistry. While a student in Santa Barbara, California, he joined Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity and his first graduate degree was in geophysics from the University of Hawaiis Institute of Geophysics where he trained porpoises and whales. Subsequently, he returned to Andreas Rechnitzers Ocean Systems Group at North American Aviation, Ballard was working towards a Ph. D. in marine geology at the University of Southern California in 1967 when he was called to active duty. Upon his request, he was transferred from the Army into the US Navy as an oceanographer, the Navy assigned him as a liaison between the Office of Naval Research and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Four years later he received a Ph. D. in marine geology, Ballards first dive in a submersible was in the Ben Franklin in 1969 off the coast of Florida during a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution expedition. In summer 1970, he began a field mapping project of the Gulf of Maine for his doctoral dissertation. It used an air gun that sent sound waves underwater to determine the structure of the ocean floor and the submersible Alvin. A1979 expedition was aided by deep-towed still camera sleds that were able to take pictures of the ocean floor, when Alvin inspected one of the sites they located, the scientists observed black smoke billowing out of the vents, something not observed at the Galápagos Rift. Ballard and geophysicist Jean Francheteau went down in Alvin the day after the black smokers were first observed and they were able to take an accurate temperature reading of the active vent, and recorded 350 °C. They continued searching for more vents along the East Pacific Rise between 1980 and 1982, Ballard joined the United States Army in 1965 through the Armys Reserve Officers Training program. He was designated as an officer and initially received a commission as a second lieutenant in the Army Reserve. When called to duty in 1967, he asked to fulfill his obligation in the United States Navy. His request was approved, and he was transferred to the Navy Reserve on the active duty list. He retired from the Navy as a commander in 1995 after reaching the statutory service limit, while Ballard had been interested in the sea since an early age, his work at Woods Hole and his scuba diving experiences off Massachusetts spurred his interest in shipwrecks and their exploration. As early as 1973, he saw this as way of searching for the wreck of the Titanic, in 1977, he led his first expedition, which was unsuccessful
22.
RMS Titanic
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Of the 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history. Thomas Andrews, her architect, died in the disaster, the first class accommodation was designed to be the pinnacle of comfort and luxury, with an on-board gymnasium, swimming pool, libraries, high-class restaurants and opulent cabins. A high-power radiotelegraph transmitter was available for sending passenger marconigrams and for the operational use. Titanic only carried enough lifeboats for 1,178 people—slightly more than half of the number on board, after leaving Southampton on 10 April 1912, Titanic called at Cherbourg in France and Queenstown in Ireland before heading west to New York. On 14 April, four days into the crossing and about 375 miles south of Newfoundland, the collision caused the ships hull plates to buckle inwards along her starboard side and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea, she could only survive four flooding. Meanwhile, passengers and some members were evacuated in lifeboats. A disproportionate number of men were left aboard because of a women and children first protocol for loading lifeboats, at 2,20 a. m. she broke apart and foundered—with well over one thousand people still aboard. Just under two hours after Titanic sank, the Cunard liner RMS Carpathia arrived at the scene, where she brought aboard an estimated 705 survivors. The disaster was greeted with shock and outrage at the huge loss of life. Public inquiries in Britain and the United States led to improvements in maritime safety. One of their most important legacies was the establishment in 1914 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, which still governs maritime safety today. Additionally, several new regulations were passed around the world in an effort to learn from the many missteps in wireless communications—which could have saved many more passengers. The wreck of Titanic, first discovered over 70 years after the sinking, remains on the seabed, since her discovery in 1985, thousands of artifacts have been recovered and put on display at museums around the world. Titanic has become one of the most famous ships in history, her memory is kept alive by numerous works of culture, including books, folk songs, films, exhibits. Titanic is the second largest ocean liner wreck in the world, only beaten by her sister HMHS Britannic, the name Titanic was derived from Greek mythology and meant gigantic. They were by far the largest vessels of the British shipping company White Star Lines fleet, Teutonic was replaced by Olympic while Majestic was replaced by Titanic. Majestic would be back into her old spot on White Stars New York service after Titanics loss. The ships were constructed by the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff, cost considerations were relatively low on the agenda and Harland and Wolff was authorised to spend what it needed on the ships, plus a five percent profit margin
23.
Newfoundland and Labrador
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Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province of Canada. Situated in the countrys Atlantic region, it comprises the island of Newfoundland and mainland Labrador to the northwest, in 2013, the provinces population was estimated at 526,702. About 92% of the population lives on the island of Newfoundland. The province is Canadas most linguistically homogeneous, with 97. 6% of residents reporting English as their mother tongue in the 2006 census, historically, Newfoundland was also home to unique varieties of French and Irish, as well as the extinct Beothuk language. In Labrador, local dialects of Innu-aimun and Inuktitut are also spoken, Newfoundland and Labradors capital and largest city, St. Johns, is Canadas 20th-largest census metropolitan area and is home to almost 40 percent of the provinces population. St. Johns is the seat of government, home to the House of Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the highest court in the jurisdiction and it became the tenth province to enter the Canadian Confederation on March 31,1949, as Newfoundland. On December 6,2001, an amendment was made to the Constitution of Canada to change the official name to Newfoundland. The name Newfoundland is a translation of the Portuguese Terra Nova, the influence of early Portuguese exploration is also reflected in the name of Labrador, which derives from the surname of the Portuguese navigator João Fernandes Lavrador. Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province in Canada, and is located at the corner of North America. The Strait of Belle Isle separates the province into two divisions, Labrador, which is a large area of mainland Canada, and Newfoundland. The province also includes over 7,000 tiny islands, each side is about 400 km long, and its area is 108,860 km2. Newfoundland and its small islands have a total area of 111,390 km2. Newfoundland extends between latitudes 46°36′N and 51°38′N, Labrador is an irregular shape, the western part of its border with Quebec is the drainage divide of the Labrador Peninsula. Lands drained by rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean are part of Labrador, most of Labradors southern boundary with Quebec follows the 52nd parallel of latitude. Labradors extreme northern tip, at 60°22′N, shares a border with Nunavut. Together, Newfoundland and Labrador make up 4. 06% of Canadas area, Labrador is the easternmost part of the Canadian Shield, a vast area of ancient metamorphic rock comprising much of northeastern North America. Colliding tectonic plates have shaped much of the geology of Newfoundland, gros Morne National Park has a reputation as an outstanding example of tectonics at work, and as such has been designated a World Heritage Site. The Long Range Mountains on Newfoundlands west coast are the northeasternmost extension of the Appalachian Mountains, the north-south extent of the province, prevalent westerly winds, cold ocean currents and local factors such as mountains and coastline combine to create the various climates of the province
24.
Air France Flight 447
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Air France Flight 447 was a scheduled passenger flight from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to Paris, France, which crashed on 1 June 2009. The accident was the deadliest in the history of Air France and it was also the Airbus A330s second and deadliest accident, and its first in commercial passenger service. The aircraft left Brazilian Atlantic radar surveillance at 01,49 UTC, the Airbus A330 is designed to be flown by a crew of two pilots. With three pilots on board, each of them can take a rest during the flight, and for purpose the A330 has a rest cabin. In accordance with practice, the captain had sent one of the co-pilots for the first rest period with the intention of taking the second break himself. At 01,55 UTC, he woke the second pilot, hes going to take my place. After having attended the briefing between the two co-pilots, the left the cockpit to rest at 02,01,46 UTC. At 02,06 UTC, the pilot warned the crew that they were about to enter an area of turbulence. Probably two to three minutes after this the airplane encountered icing conditions and ice started to accumulate in the pitot tubes. The pilots turned the aircraft slightly to the left and decreased its speed from Mach 0.82 to Mach 0.8. At 02,10,05 UTC the autopilot disengaged because the blocked pitot tubes were no longer providing valid airspeed information, the engines auto-thrust systems disengaged three seconds later. Without the auto-pilot, the aircraft started to roll to the due to turbulence. One consequence of the change to alternate law was an increase in the sensitivity to roll. During the next 30 seconds, the aircraft rolled alternately left, at the same time he made an abrupt nose-up input on the side-stick, an action that was unnecessary and excessive under the circumstances. The aircrafts stall warning sounded briefly twice due to the angle of attack tolerance being exceeded, the aircrafts angle of attack increased, and the aircraft started to climb. By the time the pilot had control of the aircrafts roll, the icing event had lasted for just over a minute. The pilot continued making nose-up inputs, the trimmable horizontal stabilizer moved from three to 13 degrees nose-up in about one minute, and remained in that latter position until the end of the flight. At 02,11,10 UTC, the aircraft had climbed to its altitude of around 38,000 feet
25.
Autonomous underwater vehicle
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An autonomous underwater vehicle is a robot that travels underwater without requiring input from an operator. In military applications a AUV is more often referred to simply as unmanned undersea vehicle, Underwater gliders are a subclass of AUVs. The first AUV was developed at the Applied Physics Laboratory at the University of Washington as early as 1957 by Stan Murphy, Bob Francois and later on, the Special Purpose Underwater Research Vehicle, or SPURV, was used to study diffusion, acoustic transmission, and submarine wakes. Other early AUVs were developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the 1970s, one of these is on display in the Hart Nautical Gallery in MIT. At the same time, AUVs were also developed in the Soviet Union, until relatively recently, AUVs have been used for a limited number of tasks dictated by the technology available. With the development of more advanced processing capabilities and high power supplies, AUVs are now being used for more and more tasks with roles. The AUV allows survey companies to conduct surveys of areas where traditional bathymetric surveys would be less effective or too costly. Also, post-lay pipe surveys are now possible, which includes pipeline inspection, the use of AUVs for pipeline inspection and inspection of underwater man-made structures is becoming more common. Scientists use AUVs to study lakes, the ocean, and the ocean floor, a variety of sensors can be affixed to AUVs to measure the concentration of various elements or compounds, the absorption or reflection of light, and the presence of microscopic life. Examples include conductivity-temperature-depth sensors, fluorometers, and pH sensors, additionally, AUVs can be configured as tow-vehicles to deliver customized sensor packages to specific locations. Many roboticists construct AUVs as a hobby, several competitions exist which allow these homemade AUVs to compete against each other while accomplishing objectives. Like their commercial brethren, these AUVs can be fitted with cameras, lights, as a consequence of limited resources and inexperience, hobbyist AUVs can rarely compete with commercial models on operational depth, durability, or sophistication. Finally, these hobby AUVs are usually not oceangoing, being operated most of the time in pools or lake beds, a simple AUV can be constructed from a microcontroller, PVC pressure housing, automatic door lock actuator, syringes, and a DPDT relay. Some participants in competitions create open-source designs, submarines that travel autonomously to a destination by means of GPS navigation have been made by illegal drug traffickers. Vehicles range in size from man portable lightweight AUVs to large vehicles of over 10 metres length. Large vehicles have advantages in terms of endurance and sensor payload capacity, some manufacturers have benefited from domestic government sponsorship including Bluefin and Kongsberg. The market is split into three areas, scientific, commercial offshore and military application. The majority of these utilize a similar design and operate in a cruise mode
26.
Side-scan sonar
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Side-scan sonar is a category of sonar system that is used to efficiently create an image of large areas of the sea floor. In addition, the status of pipelines and cables on the seafloor can be investigated using side-scan sonar, side-scan data are frequently acquired along with bathymetric soundings and sub-bottom profiler data, thus providing a glimpse of the shallow structure of the seabed. Side-scan sonar is used for fisheries research, dredging operations. It also has applications including mine detection. The intensity of the reflections from the seafloor of this fan-shaped beam is recorded in a series of cross-track slices. When stitched together along the direction of motion, these form an image of the sea bottom within the swath of the beam. The sound frequencies used in side-scan sonar usually range from 100 to 500 kHz, higher frequencies yield better resolution, the earliest side-scan sonars used a single conical-beam transducer. Next, units were made with two transducers to cover both sides, the transducers were either contained in one hull-mounted package or with two packages on either side of the vessel. Next the transducers evolved to fan-shaped beams to produce a better sonogram or sonar image, in order to get closer to the bottom in deep water the side-scan transducers were placed in a towfish and pulled by a tow cable. Up until the mid-1980s, commercial sidescan images were produced on paper records, the early paper records were produced with a sweeping plotter that burned the image into a scrolling paper record. Later plotters allowed for the plotting of position and ship motion information onto the paper record. Currently data is stored on hard drives or solid-state media. His work is documented in US Patent 4,197,591 which was first disclosed in Aug 1958, experimental side-scan sonar systems were made during the 1950s in laboratories including Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Hudson Laboratories and by Dr. Harold Edgerton at MIT. Military side-scan sonars were made in the 1950s by Westinghouse and this group also produced the first and only working Angle Look Sonar that could trace objects while looking under the vehicle. The first commercial system was the Kelvin Hughes Transit Sonar. In 1963 Dr. Harold Edgerton, Edward Curley, and John Yules used a conical-beam 12 kHz side-scan sonar to find the sunken Vineyard Lightship in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. A team led by Martin Klein at Edgerton, Germeshausen & Grier developed the first successful towed, Martin Klein is generally considered to be the father of commercial side-scan sonar. In 1967, Edgerton used Kleins sonar to help Alexander McKee find Henry VIIIs flagship Mary Rose and that same year Klein used the sonar to help archaeologist George Bass find a 2000-year-old ship off the coast of Turkey
27.
Open-access mandate
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For a full index of institutional and funder open-access mandates adopted to date, see the Registry of Open Access Mandatory Archiving Polices. Mandates are classified and ranked by some of these properties in MELIBEA, universities can adopt open-access mandates for their faculty. All such mandates make allowances for special cases, tenured faculty cannot be required to publish, nor can they be required to make their publications open access. Research funders such as government funding agencies or private foundations can adopt open-access mandates as contractual conditions for receiving funding, Mandate can mean either authorize or oblige. Both senses are important in inducing researchers to provide OA, open-access advocate Peter Suber has remarked that mandate is not a good word. For open-access policies. but neither is any other English word, other ways to describe a mandate include shifting the default publishing practice to open access in the case of university faculty or putting an open-access condition on grant recipients. Mandates are stronger than policies which either request or encourage open access, some mandates allow the author to opt out if they give reasons for doing so. Encouragement policies - These are not requirements but merely recommendations to open access. Loophole mandates - These require authors to provide open access if, mandates with a rights-retention clause - These policies typically extend to the parent institution a non-exclusive license to exercise any and all copyrights in the article. Copyright remains with the author until they transfer copyright to a publisher, in so doing, authors are free to publish wherever they prefer, while granting the institution the right to post a version of the article on the open web via an institutional repository. The benefit of the clause is that neither the author, nor the institution, need negotiate open access with the publisher. Upon acceptance or publication, the author or their representative deposits the article into their institutional repository, waivers are generally available in cases where authors do not desire open access for a given article. Most institutional open-access mandates require that authors self archive their papers in their own institutional repository, some funder mandates specify institutional deposit, some specify institution-external deposit, and some allow either. Mandates may require deposit immediately upon publication or after an allowable embargo, mandates may require opening access to the deposit immediately upon publication or after an allowable embargo. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research proposed a mandate in 2006 and adopted it in September 2007, on February 27,2015 a Tri-Agency Open Access Policy on Publications was announced. The policy is effective for grants awarded from May 1,2015 onward, on May 1,2015 the International Development Research Centre adopted a new open access policy. The policy is effective for proposals received on or after July 20,2015, in May 2006, the US Federal Research Public Access Act was proposed toward improving the NIH Public Access Policy. Besides points about making open access mandatory, to which the NIH complied in 2008, in addition, the FRPAA would no longer stipulate that the self-archiving must be central, the deposit can now be in the authors own institutional repository
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Open access
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Open access refers to online research outputs that are free of all restrictions on access and free of many restrictions on use. These additional usage rights are granted through the use of various specific Creative Commons licenses. There are multiple ways authors can provide access to their work. One way is to publish it and then self-archive it in a repository where it can be accessed for free, such as their institutional repository and this is known as green open access. Some publishers require delays, or an embargo, on when an output in a repository may be made open access. Several initiatives provide an alternative to the American and English language dominance of existing publication indexing systems, including Index Copernicus, SciELO and Redalyc. A second way authors can make their work open access is by publishing it in such a way that makes their research output immediately available from the publisher. This is known as open access, and within the sciences this often takes the form of publishing an article in either an open access journal. Pure open access journals do not charge fees, and may have one of a variety of business models. Many, however, do charge an article processing fee, widespread public access to the World Wide Web in the late 1990s and early 2000s fueled the open access movement, and prompted both the green open access way and the creation of open access journals. Conventional non-open access journals cover publishing costs through access tolls such as subscriptions, some non-open access journals provide open access after an embargo period of 6–12 months or longer. The Budapest statement defined open access as follows, There are many degrees, despite these statements emerging in the 2000s, the idea and practise of providing free online access to journal articles began at least a decade before the term open access was formally coined. Computer scientists had been self-archiving in anonymous ftp archives since the 1970s, the Subversive Proposal to generalize the practice was posted in 1994. Gratis OA refers to online access, and libre OA refers to free online access plus some additional re-use rights. The Budapest, Bethesda, and Berlin definitions had corresponded only to libre OA, the re-use rights of libre OA are often specified by various specific Creative Commons licenses, these almost all require attribution of authorship to the original authors. Open access itself began to be sought and provided worldwide by researchers when the possibility itself was opened by the advent of Internet, the momentum was further increased by a growing movement for academic journal publishing reform, and with it gold and libre OA. Electronic publishing created new benefits as compared to paper publishing but beyond that, rather than applying traditional notions of copyright to academic publications, they could be libre or free to build upon. The intended audience of research articles is usually other researchers, Open access helps researchers as readers by opening up access to articles that their libraries do not subscribe to
29.
Henry Bryant Bigelow
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Henry Bryant Bigelow was an American oceanographer and marine biologist. After graduating from Harvard in 1901, he working with famed ichthyologist Alexander Agassiz. Bigelow accompanied Agassiz on several major marine science expeditions including one aboard the Albatross in 1907 and he began working at the Museum of Comparative Zoology in 1905 and joined Harvards faculty in 1906 where he worked for 62 years. In 1911, Bigelow was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and he helped found the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1930 and was its founding director. During his life he published more than one hundred papers and several books and he was a world-renowned expert on coelenterates and elasmobranchs. In 1948 Bigelow was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the National Academy of Sciences, bigelows Fishes of the Gulf of Maine continues to be a useful reference today. Bigelow described numerous new species to science,110 of which are recognized today according to the World Register of Marine Species, on the other hand, some 26 species and two genera are named after him. The Henry Bryant Bigelow Medal in Oceanography is awarded by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to honor those who make significant inquiries into the phenomena of the sea, Bigelow was the first recipient of the medal in 1960. He was honored by the naming of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration research vessel NOAAS Henry B, Bigelow Laboratory Bigelow Biography National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
30.
Henry Stommel
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Henry Hank Melson Stommel was a major contributor to the field of physical oceanography. Beginning in the 1940s, he advanced theories about global ocean circulation patterns, widely recognized as one of the most influential and productive oceanographers of his time, Stommel was both a groundbreaking theoretician and an astute, seagoing observer. Stommel was born in Wilmington, Delaware, an anomaly among modern scientists, Stommel became a full professor without an earned doctorate. He received his B. S. in astronomy from Yale University and served there as instructor in mathematics and he was research associate at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution from 1944 to 1959 where the Office of Naval Research generously supported his projects. Stommel established the PANULIRUS station in Bermuda, PANULIRUS was the name of a wooden, round bilged research vessel operated by the Bermuda Biological Station for Research for many years. On a monthly schedule, the vessel obtained sea water samples a vertical intervals from the surface to great depths, because the sea bottom falls away very sharply, particularly to the East-south-east of Bermuda, it is possible to obtain a representative sampling within a few miles of land. The resulting data set constitutes the longest such data series of character in the North Atlantic Ocean. Stommel was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1962, in subtropical latitudes, the western boundary currents are important in transporting the excess heat the earth receives in the tropics towards the poles. This work, based on studies, predated the discovery of such boundary currents. Stommel also developed models of the thermohaline circulation which suggested that it might have more than one stable state. In addition to his work on ocean currents, Stommel did research on a variety of problems in oceanography. These include work on the classification of estuaries, estimates of turbulent diffusion, Stommel married Elizabeth Brown, daughter of Huntington Brown, professor of English at the University of Minnesota, and Elizabeth Waldo Wentworth Brown, originally of Boston, on December 6,1950. They had three children, Matthew, Elijah, and Abigail Stommel Adams, Science of the Seven Seas, Cornell Maritime Press,1945. The Gulf Stream, A Physical and Dynamical Description, Second Edition, ISBN 0-520-01223-2 Lost Islands, The Story of Islands That Have Vanished from Nautical Charts, University of British Columbia Press,146 pages,1984. ISBN 0-7748-0210-3 A view of the sea, A Discussion between a Chief Engineer and an Oceanographer about the Machinery of the Ocean Circulation, Princeton University Press,184 pages,1987 and this book has been translated into Chinese by Shanghai Scientific & Technological Education Publishing House,2001. ISBN 7-5428-2738-3 An Introduction to the Coriolis Force, Columbia University Press,297 pages,1989, ISBN 0-231-06637-6 Biographical Memoirs, Henry Stommel, by Carl Wunsch, The National Academies Press,1987. Biography at The National Academies Press Biography at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
31.
Frederick Vine
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Frederick John Vine FRS is an English marine geologist and geophysicist. Vine was born in Chiswick, London, and educated at Latymer Upper School and St Johns College, Cambridge where he studied Natural Sciences, vines PhD thesis was on Magnetism in the Seafloor, supervised by Drummond Matthews. Having met Harry Hess he was aware of sea floor spreading, specifically they supported Dietzs idea that sea floor spreading was occurring at mid-ocean ridges. Vine and Matthews showed that basalt created at a mid-ocean ridge records earths current magnetic field polarity, furthermore, they showed that magnetic reversals frozen into these rocks, as suggested by Allan Cox, can be seen as parallel strips as you travel perpendicularly away from the ridge crest. Vine worked with E. M. Moores on the Ophiolite in the Troodos mountains of southern Cyprus and he worked with R. A. Livermore and A. G. Smith on the history of the Earths magnetic field. In 1970 he moved to the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia and he served as Dean from 1977–1980, and again from 1993–1998. Since 1998, he has been a Professorial Fellow of the University of East Anglia, as of 2008 he was an Emeritus Professor there. An insiders history of the theory of the Earth. Electrical conductivity of carbon bearing granulite at raised temperatures and pressures, electrical conductivity of the continental crust. Vine, F. J. Matthews, D H, Vine, F. J. Ophiolites, ocean crust formation and magnetic studies, a personal view. Newcomb, S. Ophiolite concept and the evolution of geological thought, geological Society of America Special Paper. Kearey, Philip, Klepeis, Keith A. Vine, Frederick J. Global tectonics, first edition,1990, second edition,1996. Geomagnetism – Wikipedia book List of geophysicists Faculty page Fred Vine explaining Paleomagnetic reversals on YouTube
32.
Bruce C. Heezen
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Bruce Charles Heezen was an American geologist. He worked with oceanographic cartographer Marie Tharp at Columbia University to map the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the 1950s, Heezen was born in Vinton, Iowa. An only child, he moved at age six with his parents to Muscatine, Iowa and he received his B. A. from the University of Iowa in 1947. He received his M. A. in 1952 and a Ph. D in 1957 from Columbia University, Heezen collaborated extensively with cartographer Marie Tharp. Heezen died of an attack in 1977 while on a research cruise to study the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near Iceland aboard the NR-1 submarine. Heezen was christened in honor of him in 1999, Bruce Heezen explaining formation of oil traps on the ocean floor on YouTube Bruce Heezen explaining turbidity currents on YouTube
33.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
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Deepsea Challenger
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Deepsea Challenger is a 7. 3-metre deep-diving submersible designed to reach the bottom of Challenger Deep, the deepest-known point on Earth. On 26 March 2012, Canadian film director James Cameron piloted the craft to accomplish this goal in the second manned dive reaching the Challenger Deep. Deepsea Challenger was secretly built in Australia, in partnership with the National Geographic Society and with support from Rolex, the construction of the submersible was headed by Australian engineer Ron Allum. Many of the developer team members hail from Sydneys cave-diving fraternity including Allum himself with many years cave-diving experience. The foam is composed of small hollow glass spheres suspended in an epoxy resin. The foam supersedes gasoline-filled tanks for flotation as used in the historic submarine, Allum also built many innovations, necessary to overcome the limitations of existing products. Allum gained much of his developing the electronic communication used in Camerons Titanic dives in filming Ghosts of the Abyss, Bismarck. Power systems for the submarine were supplied by batteries that were housed within the foam. The lithium battery charging systems were designed by Ron Allum, the submersible contains over 180 onboard systems, including batteries, thrusters, life support, 3D cameras, and LED lighting. These interconnected systems are monitored and controlled by a programmable automation controller from Temecula, the crucial structural elements, such as the backbone and pilot sphere that carried Cameron, were engineered by the Tasmanian company Finite Elements. The submersible features a pilot sphere measuring 1.1 metres in diameter, the sphere, with steel walls 64 mm thick, was tested for its ability to withstand the required 114 megapascals of pressure in a pressure chamber at Pennsylvania State University. The sphere sits at the base of the 11. 8-tonne vehicle, the vehicle operates in a vertical attitude, and carries 500 kg of ballast weight that allows it to both sink to the bottom, and when released, rise to the surface. In late January 2012, to test systems, Cameron spent three hours in the submersible while submerged just below the surface in Australias Sydney Naval Yard. On 21 February 2012, a test dive intended to reach a depth of over 1,000 m was aborted after only an hour because of problems with cameras and life support systems. On 28 February 2012, during a dive, Cameron spent six hours in the submersible at a depth of 3,700 m. Power system fluctuations and unforeseen currents presented unexpected challenges, on 4 March 2012, a record-setting dive to more than 7,260 m stopped short of the bottom of the New Britain Trench when problems with the vertical thrusters led Cameron to return to the surface. Days later, with the problem solved, Cameron successfully took the submersible to the bottom of the New Britain Trench. There, he found a plain of loose sediment, anemones, jellyfish
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James Cameron
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James Francis Jim Cameron is a Canadian filmmaker, director, producer, screenwriter, inventor, engineer, philanthropist, and deep-sea explorer. He first found success with the science fiction action film The Terminator. He then became a popular Hollywood director and was hired to write and direct Aliens and he found further critical acclaim for his use of special effects in Terminator 2, Judgment Day. After his film True Lies Cameron took on his biggest film at the time, Titanic, despite Avatar being his only movie made to date in 3D, Cameron is the most successful 3D film-maker in terms of box-office revenue. In the time between making Titanic and Avatar, Cameron spent several years creating many documentary films and co-developed the digital 3D Fusion Camera System, described by a biographer as part scientist and part artist, Cameron has also contributed to underwater filming and remote vehicle technologies. On March 26,2012, Cameron reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench and he is the first person to do this in a solo descent, and is only the third person to do so ever. In total, Camerons directorial efforts have grossed approximately US$2 billion in North America, not adjusted for inflation, Camerons Titanic and Avatar are the two highest-grossing films of all time at $2.19 billion and $2.78 billion respectively. Cameron also holds the achievement of having directed two of the three films in history to gross over $2 billion worldwide, in March 2011, he was named Hollywoods top earner by Vanity Fair, with estimated 2010 earnings of $257 million. Cameron was born in 1954 in Kapuskasing, Ontario, Canada, the son of Shirley, an artist and nurse, and Phillip Cameron and his paternal great-great-great-grandfather emigrated from Balquhidder, Scotland, in 1825. Cameron grew up in Chippawa, Ontario, and attended Stamford Collegiate School in Niagara Falls and his family moved to Brea, California in 1971, when Cameron was 17 years old. He dropped out of Sonora High School, then attended Brea Olinda High School to further his secondary education, Cameron enrolled at Fullerton College, a two-year community college, in 1973 to study physics. He switched to English, then dropped out before the start of the fall 1974 semester, next, he worked several jobs, including as a truck driver, writing when he had time. That way I could sit down and read it, and if theyd let me photocopy it, Cameron quit his job as a truck driver to enter the film industry after seeing Star Wars in 1977. When Cameron read Syd Fields book Screenplay, it occurred to him that science and art was possible. They raised money, rented camera, lenses, film stock and they dismantled the camera to understand how to operate it and spent the first half-day of the shoot trying to figure out how to get it running. He was the director, writer, producer, and production designer for Xenogenesis and he then became a production assistant on a film called Rock and Roll High School, though uncredited, in 1979. While continuing to educate himself in film-making techniques, Cameron started working as a miniature-model maker at Roger Corman Studios, making rapidly produced, low-budget productions taught Cameron to work efficiently and effectively. He soon found employment as an art director in the sci-fi movie Battle Beyond the Stars and he did special effects work design and direction on John Carpenters Escape from New York, acted as production designer on Galaxy of Terror, and consulted on the design of Android
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Nereus (underwater vehicle)
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Nereus was a hybrid unmanned autonomous underwater vehicle built by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Constructed as a vehicle to operate at depths of up to 11,000 metres, it was designed to explore Challenger Deep. On 10 May 2014, Nereus was lost while exploring the Kermadec Trench at a depth of 9,900 metres, communications were cut off at around 2 p. m. local time, and debris retrieved later revealed that it imploded due to high pressure. Being a hybrid ROV means that the vehicle could operate untethered or tethered with an optic fiber cable. The latter enabled it to deep dives while being highly maneuverable. The optic fiber tether has the diameter of a human hair. It is made up of a layer of plastic surrounding a slender glass fiber core. The vehicle carried approximately 40 kilometers of cable wound in two small canisters that play out the fiber as the vehicle descends and this slim tether is smaller, lighter, and more cost effective than cable. Nereus weighed approximately 3 tons in air and was about 4.25 meters long and 2.3 meters wide, approximately 2,000 lithium-ion batteries provided its power. The vehicle made use of precisely designed ceramic spheres rather than the much heavier syntactic foam that is used for submersible vehicles. Each hull contained between 700 and 800 9-cm hollow spheres that were designed to handle intense pressure. Nereus had a robotic manipulator arm to conduct the sample collecting that operates hydraulically and was able to perform under intense pressure. As an alternative to the tether, the Nereus could be switched to a free-swimming mode and operated as an autonomous vehicle to survey the ocean floor. The Challenger Deep is located in the Western Pacific Ocean near the island of Guam in the Mariana Trench, the deepest known part of an ocean on earth, and the deepest known location on earth. The May 2009 dive by the Nereus achieved a depth of 10,902 metres, making it the worlds deepest-diving vehicle then in operation, to accomplish this dive, the vehicle had to sustain pressures over 1,000 times the atmospheric pressure at the Earths surface. It hovered over the trench for more than 10 hours and sent back live video to the mother ship, Nereus is the third vehicle in the world to reach the bottom of the Pacific Oceans Challenger Deep. The first was the manned Bathyscaphe Trieste, which carried U. S. Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh and Swiss engineer Jacques Piccard, as of 2012 this had been the only manned voyage to the Challenger Deep. The Nereus dive aimed for the same spot, on 24 March 1995 a Japanese robotic deep-sea probe called Kaikō made the first unmanned trip to the Challenger Deep
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Arctic Ocean
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The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the worlds five major oceans. Alternatively, the Arctic Ocean can be seen as the northernmost part of the all-encompassing World Ocean, located mostly in the Arctic north polar region in the middle of the Northern Hemisphere, the Arctic Ocean is almost completely surrounded by Eurasia and North America. It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter, the summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%. The US National Snow and Ice Data Center uses satellite data to provide a record of Arctic sea ice cover. The Arctic may become ice free for the first time in human history within a few years or by 2040, for much of European history, the north polar regions remained largely unexplored and their geography conjectural. He was probably describing loose sea ice known today as growlers or bergy bits, his Thule was probably Norway, early cartographers were unsure whether to draw the region around the North Pole as land or water. The makers of navigational charts, more conservative than some of the more fanciful cartographers, tended to leave the region blank and this lack of knowledge of what lay north of the shifting barrier of ice gave rise to a number of conjectures. In England and other European nations, the myth of an Open Polar Sea was persistent, john Barrow, longtime Second Secretary of the British Admiralty, promoted exploration of the region from 1818 to 1845 in search of this. In the United States in the 1850s and 1860s, the explorers Elisha Kane, even quite late in the century, the eminent authority Matthew Fontaine Maury included a description of the Open Polar Sea in his textbook The Physical Geography of the Sea. Nevertheless, as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the reported, the polar ice cap is quite thick. Fridtjof Nansen was the first to make a crossing of the Arctic Ocean. The first surface crossing of the ocean was led by Wally Herbert in 1969, in a dog sled expedition from Alaska to Svalbard, with air support. The first nautical transit of the pole was made in 1958 by the submarine USS Nautilus. Since 1937, Soviet and Russian manned drifting ice stations have extensively monitored the Arctic Ocean, scientific settlements were established on the drift ice and carried thousands of kilometres by ice floes. In World War II, the European region of the Arctic Ocean was heavily contested, the Arctic Ocean occupies a roughly circular basin and covers an area of about 14,056,000 km2, almost the size of Antarctica. The coastline is 45,390 km long and it is surrounded by the land masses of Eurasia, North America, Greenland, and by several islands. It is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Bering Strait and to the Atlantic Ocean through the Greenland Sea, countries bordering the Arctic Ocean are, Russia, Norway, Iceland, Greenland, Canada and the United States. There are several ports and harbours around the Arctic Ocean In Alaska, in Canada, ships may anchor at Churchill in Manitoba, Nanisivik in Nunavut, Tuktoyaktuk or Inuvik in the Northwest territories
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52-hertz whale
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The 52-hertz whale is an individual whale of unidentified species, which calls at the very unusual frequency of 52 Hz. This pitch is a higher frequency than that of the other whale species with migration patterns most closely resembling this whales – the blue whale or fin whale. It has been detected regularly in many locations since the late 1980s and it has been described as the worlds loneliest whale. The sonic signature is that of a whale, albeit at a unique frequency, at 52 hertz, it is just higher than the lowest note on a tuba. The call patterns resemble neither blue nor fin whales, being higher in frequency, shorter. Blue whales usually vocalize at 10–39 Hz, fin whales at 20 Hz, the calls have deepened slightly to around 49 hertz since 1992, suggesting the whale has grown or matured. The track of the 52-hertz whale is unrelated to the presence or movement of other whale species and its movements have been somewhat similar to that of blue whales, but its timing has been more like that of fin whales. It is detected in the Pacific Ocean every year beginning in August–December and it travels as far north as the Aleutian and Kodiak Islands, and as far south as the California coast, swimming between 30 and 70 km each day. Its distance traveled per season has ranged from a low of 708 km to a high of 11,062 km in 2002–03, scientists at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution have been unable to identify the species of the whale. They speculate that it could be malformed, or possibly a blue whale/fin whale hybrid, the research team has been contacted by deaf people who believe the whale may be deaf. Whatever biological cause underlies its unusually high frequency voice does not seem to be detrimental to its survival, the fact that the whale has survived and apparently matured indicates it is probably healthy. Still, its call is the only one of its kind detected anywhere and there is only one such source per season. Because of this, the animal has been called the loneliest whale in the world, the 52-hertz whale was discovered by a team from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Its call was first detected in 1989, then again in 1990 and 1991, as of 2014, the whale had been detected every year since. Research by scientists at Woods Hole has been supported by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U. S. Department of Defense, and the National Marine Fisheries Service, in addition to the U. S. Navy. A feature-length documentary entitled 52, The Search for the Loneliest Whale is in production, shot by Joshua Zeman, the director of Cropsey, funded through a Kickstarter campaign, the film is due for release sometime in 2017. The Loneliest, a mockumentary film about two women searching for the loneliest whale, was made in April 2014 by Lilian Mehrel. Montreal-based saxophone player and composer Colin Stetsons 2013 album New History Warfare Vol.3, when I play this song, I cant help but think about this whale, who right at this very minute is singing alone
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Liquid Jungle Lab
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The Liquid Jungle Lab is a tropical marine research station on the island of Canales de Tierra on the western coast of Pacific Panamá along a primary marine biological corridor. The island laboratory is adjacent to two large bays, Bahia Honda, Veraguas Province and Pixvae Bay, which are important mangrove, estuarine. The island and laboratory serve as a base for ecologic research of the Coiba National Park. The LJL was founded by Jean Pigozzi, a Swiss venture capitalist, photographer, the local fauna includes a long list of avian species such as toucans, owls humming birds, manakins pelicans and a plethora of other marine birds. Many mammals, unique to Central America inhabit the island such as monkeys, capuchin monkeys coatis, raccoons, pacas, agoutis or nueques, tayras, bats sloths margays. Besides the thousands of species of plants and insects endemic to this region of the tropical Americas, many reptile, even occasionally the rare jungle cat is spotted in the dense jungle surrounding nearby Bahia Honda and Pixvae. Geography of Panama The Gulf of Chiriquí contains several prominent, offshore island complexes including Isla Coiba, Isla Cébaco Islas Ladrones, Islas Secas, Coastal areas in the gulf are a mélange of mid to late Tertiary volcanics, and much newer Quaternary period alluvial sedimentary series. Smaller island clusters are predominantly basalt outcrops once associated with the mainland before sea level rise, Coiba Island, the largest in the region, shares geomorphologies similar to the mainland Azuero peninsula. As a result of these punctuated seasonal movements of the ITCZ and this wind stress creates seasonal Ekman spiral pumping and displaces nutrient-poor coastal surface water with cool, nutrient rich, water masses. This nutrient rich upwelling such as occurs in the Gulf of Panama, can stimulate Plankton production leading to blooms of centric, colonial, zooplankton populations often respond to this by subsequently increasing growth and reproduction rates. Scientists are now able to quantify the abundance and diversity of microscopic organisms in-situ with sensors such as the Video Plankton Recorder. PLUTO is a fiber-optic cabled observatory deployed in January 2006 in approximately 18 m of water 1.5 km to the south west of Isla de Canales de Tierra. A remotely controlled, high definition pan and tilt underwater camera displays rapid image updates of the habitat surrounding the PLUTO sensors. The data are distributed via satellite back to WHOI and made available on the web, coral reefs usually exist in the euphotic zone along coastal or island areas, and require clear, oligotrophic water in a narrow temperature and salinity range. The Eastern Tropical Pacific is a known for intrinsically low coral species diversity which unfortunately enhances the potential threats to these coral reef systems. Besides the direct effects of overfishing, anchor damage, and coral mining, fungiidae, Cyclocerus curvata Milleporadea, Millepora intricata Dendrophyllidae, Tubastraea coccinea Bibliography of scientific research conducted at the Liquid Jungle Lab, Panama Almany, G. R. M. L. Thorrold, S. Planes, and G. P. Jones, larval dispersal, marine reserves and the replenishment of fish populations. Science Bowen, J. L. and Ivan Valiela Using δ15N to Assess Coupling between Watersheds and Estuaries in Temperate and Tropical Regions, journal of Coastal Research Vol 24,3, pp. 804–813
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