1.
Shyriiwook
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The Star Wars science fiction universe, created by George Lucas, features dialogue that is not spoken in natural languages. The lingua franca of the franchise, for which the language the works are dubbed or written stand in, is Galactic Basic. Characters often speak languages other than Basic, notably Shyriiwook spoken by Chewbacca, droidspeak spoken by R2-D2 and BB-8, the fictional languages were approached as sound design and developed largely by Ben Burtt, sound designer for both the original and prequel trilogy of films. He created alien dialogue out of the sounds of primarily non-English languages, such as Quechua, Haya and this methodology was also used in The Force Awakens by Sara Forsberg. Lucas also insisted that written throughout the films look as dissimilar from the English alphabet as possible. The languages constructed for the films were criticized as not being true constructed languages, the usage of heavily accented English for alien characters was also criticized as contributing to the suggestion of racial stereotypes. Language development was approached as sound design and was handled by Ben Burtt and he also used English, as in the original Star Wars where he synthesized originally English dialogue from a Western film until it sounded alien. This methodology to create the sound of alien languages was carried into production of The Force Awakens. Director J. J. Forsberg was asked to listen to Euro-Asian languages, and she drew from Gujarati, Hindi and she also listened to languages she did not understand to better structure the words and sentences to sound believable. Galactic Basic, often simply Basic, is the lingua franca of the Star Wars universe, Lucas intended to balance American accents and British accents between the heroes and villains of the original film so that each side had each. He also strove to keep accents very neutral, noting Alec Guinnesss and Peter Cushings mid-Atlantic accents, to decide on the sound of Nute Gunray, a Neimoidian character portrayed by Silas Carson, Lucas and Rick McCallum listened to actors from different countries reading Carsons lines. Eventually, they chose a heavily Thai-accented English, and Carson rerecorded the dialogue to mimic the Thai actors accent, gunrays accent was described by critics to be Hollywood Oriental that contributed to criticism of Gunray as an Asian stereotype. Wattos accent was similarly criticized as lending to anti-Semitic and anti-Arab connotations, yoda characteristically speaks a non-standard syntax of Basic, primarily constructing sentences in object-subject-verb word order rare in natural languages. This sentence construction is cited as a device for making him seem very alien and characterizes his dialogue as vaguely riddle-like. This was cited as a trait that led to criticism of the Gungan species as an offensive stereotype. Aurebesh is a language used to represent spoken Galactic Basic and is the most commonly seen alphabet in the Star Wars franchise. The alphabet was based on shapes designed by Joe Johnston for the original trilogy, in the early 1990s, Stephen Crane, art director at West End Games, became intrigued with the shapes as they appeared on the Death Star. After copying the letters from screenshots by hand, he standardized the letters based on similar to the Eurostile font
2.
Xaczik
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The Star Wars science fiction universe, created by George Lucas, features dialogue that is not spoken in natural languages. The lingua franca of the franchise, for which the language the works are dubbed or written stand in, is Galactic Basic. Characters often speak languages other than Basic, notably Shyriiwook spoken by Chewbacca, droidspeak spoken by R2-D2 and BB-8, the fictional languages were approached as sound design and developed largely by Ben Burtt, sound designer for both the original and prequel trilogy of films. He created alien dialogue out of the sounds of primarily non-English languages, such as Quechua, Haya and this methodology was also used in The Force Awakens by Sara Forsberg. Lucas also insisted that written throughout the films look as dissimilar from the English alphabet as possible. The languages constructed for the films were criticized as not being true constructed languages, the usage of heavily accented English for alien characters was also criticized as contributing to the suggestion of racial stereotypes. Language development was approached as sound design and was handled by Ben Burtt and he also used English, as in the original Star Wars where he synthesized originally English dialogue from a Western film until it sounded alien. This methodology to create the sound of alien languages was carried into production of The Force Awakens. Director J. J. Forsberg was asked to listen to Euro-Asian languages, and she drew from Gujarati, Hindi and she also listened to languages she did not understand to better structure the words and sentences to sound believable. Galactic Basic, often simply Basic, is the lingua franca of the Star Wars universe, Lucas intended to balance American accents and British accents between the heroes and villains of the original film so that each side had each. He also strove to keep accents very neutral, noting Alec Guinnesss and Peter Cushings mid-Atlantic accents, to decide on the sound of Nute Gunray, a Neimoidian character portrayed by Silas Carson, Lucas and Rick McCallum listened to actors from different countries reading Carsons lines. Eventually, they chose a heavily Thai-accented English, and Carson rerecorded the dialogue to mimic the Thai actors accent, gunrays accent was described by critics to be Hollywood Oriental that contributed to criticism of Gunray as an Asian stereotype. Wattos accent was similarly criticized as lending to anti-Semitic and anti-Arab connotations, yoda characteristically speaks a non-standard syntax of Basic, primarily constructing sentences in object-subject-verb word order rare in natural languages. This sentence construction is cited as a device for making him seem very alien and characterizes his dialogue as vaguely riddle-like. This was cited as a trait that led to criticism of the Gungan species as an offensive stereotype. Aurebesh is a language used to represent spoken Galactic Basic and is the most commonly seen alphabet in the Star Wars franchise. The alphabet was based on shapes designed by Joe Johnston for the original trilogy, in the early 1990s, Stephen Crane, art director at West End Games, became intrigued with the shapes as they appeared on the Death Star. After copying the letters from screenshots by hand, he standardized the letters based on similar to the Eurostile font
3.
Bipedalism
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Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an organism moves by means of its two rear limbs or legs. An animal or machine that moves in a bipedal manner is known as a biped /ˈbaɪpɛd/. Types of bipedal movement include walking, running, or hopping, few modern species are habitual bipeds whose normal method of locomotion is two-legged. A larger number of modern species intermittently or briefly use a bipedal gait, several non-archosaurian lizard species move bipedally when running, usually to escape from threats. Many primate and bear species will adopt a bipedal gait in order to reach food or explore their environment, several arboreal primate species, such as gibbons and indriids, exclusively walk on two legs during the brief periods they spend on the ground. Many animals rear up on their hind legs whilst fighting or copulating, some animals commonly stand on their hind legs, in order to reach food, to keep watch, to threaten a competitor or predator, or to pose in courtship, but do not move bipedally. The word is derived from the Latin words bi two and ped- foot, as contrasted with quadruped four feet, limited and exclusive bipedalism can offer a species several advantages. While upright, non-locomotory limbs become free for other uses, including manipulation, flight, digging, even though bipedalism is slower at first, over long distances, it has allowed humans to outrun most other animals according to the endurance running hypothesis. Bipedality in kangaroo rats has been hypothesized to improve locomotor performance, zoologists often label behaviors, including bipedalism, as facultative or obligate. Even this distinction is not completely clear-cut — for example, humans other than infants normally walk and run in biped fashion, but almost all can crawl on hands and knees when necessary. Even if one ignores exceptions caused by some kind of injury or illness, there are many cases, including the fact that normal humans can crawl on hands. This article therefore avoids the terms facultative and obligate, and focuses on the range of styles of locomotion used by various groups of animals. There are a number of states of movement commonly associated with bipedalism, in most bipeds this is an active process, requiring constant adjustment of balance. One foot in front of another, with at least one foot on the ground at any time, one foot in front of another, with periods where both feet are off the ground. Moving by a series of jumps with both feet moving together, the great majority of living terrestrial vertebrates are quadrupeds, with bipedalism exhibited by only a handful of living groups. Humans, gibbons and large birds walk by raising one foot at a time, on the other hand, most macropods, smaller birds, lemurs and bipedal rodents move by hopping on both legs simultaneously. Tree kangaroos are able to walk or hop, most commonly alternating feet when moving arboreally, there are no known living or fossil bipedal amphibians. Many species of lizards become bipedal during high-speed, sprint locomotion, including the worlds fastest lizard, the first known biped is the bolosaurid Eudibamus whose fossils date from 290 million years ago
4.
Star Wars
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Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise, centered on a film series created by George Lucas. It depicts the adventures of characters a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away. The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars and it was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, which received mixed-to-negative reactions, a sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars, The Force Awakens. All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards and have been successes, with a combined box office revenue of over $7.5 billion. Spin-off films include Star Wars, The Clone Wars and Rogue One, Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the Most successful film merchandising franchise. In 2015, the value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at USD $42 billion. In 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion and earned the rights to all subsequent Star Wars films. Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films, the events depicted in the Star Wars franchise take place in an unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the distant past. Many species of creatures are depicted. Robotic droids are also commonplace and are built to serve their owners. Space travel is common, and many planets in the galaxy are members of a single galactic government. In the prequel trilogy, this is depicted in the form of the Galactic Republic, at the end of the trilogy and throughout the original trilogy. Preceding and during the trilogy, this government is the New Republic. One of the prominent elements of Star Wars is the Force and it is described in the first produced film as an energy field created by all living things surrounds us, penetrates us, binds the galaxy together. While the Force can be used for good, known as the side, it also has a dark side that, when pursued, imbues users with hatred, aggression. The sequel trilogy introduces the Knights of Ren, an order of practitioners of the side of the Force aligned with the First Order. The first film in the series, Star Wars, was released on May 25,1977 and this was followed by two sequels, The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21,1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25,1983
5.
Humanoid
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A humanoid is something that has an appearance resembling a human being. The earliest recorded use of the term, in 1870, referred to indigenous peoples in areas colonized by Europeans, by the 20th century, the term came to describe fossils which were morphologically similar, but not identical, to those of the human skeleton. Although this usage was common in the sciences for much of the 20th century, American psychologist and Dinosaur intelligence theorist Harry Jerison suggested the possibility of sapient dinosaurs. In a 1978 presentation at the American Psychological Association, he speculated that dromiceiomimus could have evolved into an intelligent species like human beings. In his book, Wonderful Life, Stephen Jay Gould argues that if the tape of life were re-wound and played back, over geologic time, Russell noted that there had been a steady increase in the encephalization quotient or EQ among the dinosaurs. Russell had discovered the first Troodontid skull, and noted that, while its EQ was low compared to humans, if the trend in Troodon evolution had continued to the present, its brain case could by now measure 1,100 cm3, comparable to that of a human. Troodontids had semi-manipulative fingers, able to grasp and hold objects to a certain degree, Russell proposed that this Dinosauroid, like most dinosaurs of the troodontid family, would have had large eyes and three fingers on each hand, one of which would have been partially opposed. As with most modern reptiles, he conceived of its genitalia as internal, Russell speculated that it would have required a navel, as a placenta aids the development of a large brain case. However, it would not have possessed mammary glands, and would have fed its young, as birds do and he speculated that its language would have sounded somewhat like bird song. Russells thought experiment has been met with criticism from other paleontologists since the 1980s, gregory S. Paul and Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. A humanoid robot does not necessarily look convincingly like a real person, an android or gynoid is a humanoid robot designed to look as much like a real person as possible, although these words are frequently perceived to be synonymous with humanoid. While there are many humanoid robots in fictional stories, some humanoid robots have been developed since the 1990s. Similarly to robots, virtual avatars may also be called humanoid when resembling humans, deities are often imagined in human shape, sometimes as hybrids. In animism in general, the spirits innate in certain objects are typically depicted in human shape, e. g. spirits of trees, of the woodlands, of wells or waterways, many aliens in television and science fiction films are presented as humanoid. This is usually attributed to budget constraints, as human actors can more easily portray human-like aliens, in much of science fiction, the reason for the abundance of humanoid aliens is not explained and usually requires suspension of disbelief. In some cases, however, explanations have been offered for this, in the field of ufology, humanoid refers to any of the claimed extraterrestrials which abduct human victims, such as the Greys, the Reptilians, Nordics, and Martians. In fantasy settings the term humanoid is used to refer to a fantastical creature, such as a dwarf, elf, gnome, halfling, goblin, troll, orc or an ogre. Animals that are humanoid are also shown in fantasy, humanoids are also used in some old horror movies, for example in Creature From the Black Lagoon, made in 1954 by Jack Arnold
6.
Chewbacca
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Chewbacca, nicknamed Chewie, is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. He is a Wookiee, a tall, hirsute biped and intelligent species from the planet Kashyyyk, Chewbacca is the loyal friend and associate of Han Solo, and serves as co-pilot on Solos spaceship, the Millennium Falcon. The character has appeared on television, in books, comics. To repay this debt, Chewbacca protected Han for the rest of his life, standing at 8 feet tall, Chewbacca is covered with long hair, and wears only a bandolier. His weapon of choice is the Wookiee bowcaster, Chewbacca was named one of the greatest sidekicks in film history by Entertainment Weekly. In Italy the name of Chewbacca was changed to Chewbecca and his nickname is Chewbe, Chewbaccas creation as a gentle, hairy, non-English-speaking co-pilot was inspired by George Lucas seeing his own dog sitting up on the passenger seat of his car. It is said that Chewbaccas name is derived from собака, the Russian word for dog, in all five screen appearances, Chewbacca was played by Peter Mayhew, who was chosen for his height of 73. Five identical costumes were made for Mayhew, in the three films and a holiday special, the suits were made of yak hair and mohair. In Revenge of the Sith, the suit was made of more comfortable materials, only Mayhews blue eyes could be seen in his costume, but fans easily recognize him by his gestures, and his co-workers claimed the ability to tell when a stand-in was taking his place. Chewbaccas voice was created by the films sound designer, Ben Burtt, from recordings of walruses, lions, camels, bears, rabbits, tigers. The individual recordings were mixed at different ratios for Chewbaccas different utterances, one of the most prominent elements in the voice was a black bear named Tarik, from Happy Hollow Zoo in San Jose, California. The original costume was created by Stuart Freeborn and his wife Kay Freeborn, First appearing in Star Wars, Chewbacca and Han Solo accept a charter to take Luke Skywalker, Obi-Wan Kenobi, and droids C-3PO and R2-D2 to the planet Alderaan. When they find the destroyed by the Death Star, the two smugglers are drawn into the Rebel Alliance. As part of a plan to rescue Leia, Luke tries to put handcuffs on Chewbacca to make it look like hes a prisoner. Chewbacca almost attacks Luke believing him to be selling him and Solo out, after rescuing Leia and taking her to the rebel base on Yavin IV, the two smugglers are given reward money in the value of a payload lost by him to which he owes Jabba The Hutt. Somehow, Chewbacca is able to convince Han to put his debt to Jabba aside for the time being and they manage to save Luke from being killed, also allowing him to be the one to destroy the space station. In The Empire Strikes Back, Chewbacca finds a dismantled C-3PO in a pile in Cloud City. He later tries to him, but does a terrible job at it
7.
First officer (aeronautics)
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In commercial aviation, the first officer is the second pilot of an aircraft. The first officer is second-in-command of the aircraft to the captain, in the event of incapacitation of the captain, the first officer will assume command of the aircraft. Even when the first officer is the pilot, however, the captain remains ultimately responsible for the aircraft, its passengers. In typical day-to-day operations, the job tasks remain fairly equal. Many airlines promote by seniority only within their own company, as a consequence, an airline first officer may be older and/or have more flight experience than a captain, by virtue of having experience from other airlines or the military. Traditionally, the first officer sits on the side of a fixed-wing aircraft. Other airlines may designate the senior of two first officers operating a long-haul sector together with a captain in an enlarged crew as the senior first officer. The senior first officer will then sit in the seat when the captain takes his rest. In the rank of senior first officer the pilot will also sit in the right hand seat, the pilot is therefore on hold as a senior first officer until a position as captain becomes available, when they will receive their command line check. Aircrew Captain Second officer Third officer Citations Bibliography Harris, Tom, how Airline Crews Work, HowStuffWorks. com website, June 14,2001. Patrick Smiths Ask The Pilot, When a Pilot Dies in Flight, AskThePilot. com website,2013, cockpit Confidential, Everything You Need to Know About Air Travel, Questions, Answers, and Reflections, Sourcebooks,2013, ISBN1402280912, ISBN 978-1402280917. Flying the World in Clipper Ships at flightjournal. com,2007
