1.
Shyriiwook
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The Star Wars science fiction universe, created by George Lucas, features dialogue that is not spoken in natural languages. The lingua franca of the franchise, for which the language the works are dubbed or written stand in, is Galactic Basic. Characters often speak languages other than Basic, notably Shyriiwook spoken by Chewbacca, droidspeak spoken by R2-D2 and BB-8, the fictional languages were approached as sound design and developed largely by Ben Burtt, sound designer for both the original and prequel trilogy of films. He created alien dialogue out of the sounds of primarily non-English languages, such as Quechua, Haya and this methodology was also used in The Force Awakens by Sara Forsberg. Lucas also insisted that written throughout the films look as dissimilar from the English alphabet as possible. The languages constructed for the films were criticized as not being true constructed languages, the usage of heavily accented English for alien characters was also criticized as contributing to the suggestion of racial stereotypes. Language development was approached as sound design and was handled by Ben Burtt and he also used English, as in the original Star Wars where he synthesized originally English dialogue from a Western film until it sounded alien. This methodology to create the sound of alien languages was carried into production of The Force Awakens. Director J. J. Forsberg was asked to listen to Euro-Asian languages, and she drew from Gujarati, Hindi and she also listened to languages she did not understand to better structure the words and sentences to sound believable. Galactic Basic, often simply Basic, is the lingua franca of the Star Wars universe, Lucas intended to balance American accents and British accents between the heroes and villains of the original film so that each side had each. He also strove to keep accents very neutral, noting Alec Guinnesss and Peter Cushings mid-Atlantic accents, to decide on the sound of Nute Gunray, a Neimoidian character portrayed by Silas Carson, Lucas and Rick McCallum listened to actors from different countries reading Carsons lines. Eventually, they chose a heavily Thai-accented English, and Carson rerecorded the dialogue to mimic the Thai actors accent, gunrays accent was described by critics to be Hollywood Oriental that contributed to criticism of Gunray as an Asian stereotype. Wattos accent was similarly criticized as lending to anti-Semitic and anti-Arab connotations, yoda characteristically speaks a non-standard syntax of Basic, primarily constructing sentences in object-subject-verb word order rare in natural languages. This sentence construction is cited as a device for making him seem very alien and characterizes his dialogue as vaguely riddle-like. This was cited as a trait that led to criticism of the Gungan species as an offensive stereotype. Aurebesh is a language used to represent spoken Galactic Basic and is the most commonly seen alphabet in the Star Wars franchise. The alphabet was based on shapes designed by Joe Johnston for the original trilogy, in the early 1990s, Stephen Crane, art director at West End Games, became intrigued with the shapes as they appeared on the Death Star. After copying the letters from screenshots by hand, he standardized the letters based on similar to the Eurostile font
2.
Xaczik
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The Star Wars science fiction universe, created by George Lucas, features dialogue that is not spoken in natural languages. The lingua franca of the franchise, for which the language the works are dubbed or written stand in, is Galactic Basic. Characters often speak languages other than Basic, notably Shyriiwook spoken by Chewbacca, droidspeak spoken by R2-D2 and BB-8, the fictional languages were approached as sound design and developed largely by Ben Burtt, sound designer for both the original and prequel trilogy of films. He created alien dialogue out of the sounds of primarily non-English languages, such as Quechua, Haya and this methodology was also used in The Force Awakens by Sara Forsberg. Lucas also insisted that written throughout the films look as dissimilar from the English alphabet as possible. The languages constructed for the films were criticized as not being true constructed languages, the usage of heavily accented English for alien characters was also criticized as contributing to the suggestion of racial stereotypes. Language development was approached as sound design and was handled by Ben Burtt and he also used English, as in the original Star Wars where he synthesized originally English dialogue from a Western film until it sounded alien. This methodology to create the sound of alien languages was carried into production of The Force Awakens. Director J. J. Forsberg was asked to listen to Euro-Asian languages, and she drew from Gujarati, Hindi and she also listened to languages she did not understand to better structure the words and sentences to sound believable. Galactic Basic, often simply Basic, is the lingua franca of the Star Wars universe, Lucas intended to balance American accents and British accents between the heroes and villains of the original film so that each side had each. He also strove to keep accents very neutral, noting Alec Guinnesss and Peter Cushings mid-Atlantic accents, to decide on the sound of Nute Gunray, a Neimoidian character portrayed by Silas Carson, Lucas and Rick McCallum listened to actors from different countries reading Carsons lines. Eventually, they chose a heavily Thai-accented English, and Carson rerecorded the dialogue to mimic the Thai actors accent, gunrays accent was described by critics to be Hollywood Oriental that contributed to criticism of Gunray as an Asian stereotype. Wattos accent was similarly criticized as lending to anti-Semitic and anti-Arab connotations, yoda characteristically speaks a non-standard syntax of Basic, primarily constructing sentences in object-subject-verb word order rare in natural languages. This sentence construction is cited as a device for making him seem very alien and characterizes his dialogue as vaguely riddle-like. This was cited as a trait that led to criticism of the Gungan species as an offensive stereotype. Aurebesh is a language used to represent spoken Galactic Basic and is the most commonly seen alphabet in the Star Wars franchise. The alphabet was based on shapes designed by Joe Johnston for the original trilogy, in the early 1990s, Stephen Crane, art director at West End Games, became intrigued with the shapes as they appeared on the Death Star. After copying the letters from screenshots by hand, he standardized the letters based on similar to the Eurostile font
3.
Bipedalism
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Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an organism moves by means of its two rear limbs or legs. An animal or machine that moves in a bipedal manner is known as a biped /ˈbaɪpɛd/. Types of bipedal movement include walking, running, or hopping, few modern species are habitual bipeds whose normal method of locomotion is two-legged. A larger number of modern species intermittently or briefly use a bipedal gait, several non-archosaurian lizard species move bipedally when running, usually to escape from threats. Many primate and bear species will adopt a bipedal gait in order to reach food or explore their environment, several arboreal primate species, such as gibbons and indriids, exclusively walk on two legs during the brief periods they spend on the ground. Many animals rear up on their hind legs whilst fighting or copulating, some animals commonly stand on their hind legs, in order to reach food, to keep watch, to threaten a competitor or predator, or to pose in courtship, but do not move bipedally. The word is derived from the Latin words bi two and ped- foot, as contrasted with quadruped four feet, limited and exclusive bipedalism can offer a species several advantages. While upright, non-locomotory limbs become free for other uses, including manipulation, flight, digging, even though bipedalism is slower at first, over long distances, it has allowed humans to outrun most other animals according to the endurance running hypothesis. Bipedality in kangaroo rats has been hypothesized to improve locomotor performance, zoologists often label behaviors, including bipedalism, as facultative or obligate. Even this distinction is not completely clear-cut — for example, humans other than infants normally walk and run in biped fashion, but almost all can crawl on hands and knees when necessary. Even if one ignores exceptions caused by some kind of injury or illness, there are many cases, including the fact that normal humans can crawl on hands. This article therefore avoids the terms facultative and obligate, and focuses on the range of styles of locomotion used by various groups of animals. There are a number of states of movement commonly associated with bipedalism, in most bipeds this is an active process, requiring constant adjustment of balance. One foot in front of another, with at least one foot on the ground at any time, one foot in front of another, with periods where both feet are off the ground. Moving by a series of jumps with both feet moving together, the great majority of living terrestrial vertebrates are quadrupeds, with bipedalism exhibited by only a handful of living groups. Humans, gibbons and large birds walk by raising one foot at a time, on the other hand, most macropods, smaller birds, lemurs and bipedal rodents move by hopping on both legs simultaneously. Tree kangaroos are able to walk or hop, most commonly alternating feet when moving arboreally, there are no known living or fossil bipedal amphibians. Many species of lizards become bipedal during high-speed, sprint locomotion, including the worlds fastest lizard, the first known biped is the bolosaurid Eudibamus whose fossils date from 290 million years ago
4.
Star Wars
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Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise, centered on a film series created by George Lucas. It depicts the adventures of characters a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away. The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars and it was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, which received mixed-to-negative reactions, a sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars, The Force Awakens. All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards and have been successes, with a combined box office revenue of over $7.5 billion. Spin-off films include Star Wars, The Clone Wars and Rogue One, Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the Most successful film merchandising franchise. In 2015, the value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at USD $42 billion. In 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion and earned the rights to all subsequent Star Wars films. Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films, the events depicted in the Star Wars franchise take place in an unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the distant past. Many species of creatures are depicted. Robotic droids are also commonplace and are built to serve their owners. Space travel is common, and many planets in the galaxy are members of a single galactic government. In the prequel trilogy, this is depicted in the form of the Galactic Republic, at the end of the trilogy and throughout the original trilogy. Preceding and during the trilogy, this government is the New Republic. One of the prominent elements of Star Wars is the Force and it is described in the first produced film as an energy field created by all living things surrounds us, penetrates us, binds the galaxy together. While the Force can be used for good, known as the side, it also has a dark side that, when pursued, imbues users with hatred, aggression. The sequel trilogy introduces the Knights of Ren, an order of practitioners of the side of the Force aligned with the First Order. The first film in the series, Star Wars, was released on May 25,1977 and this was followed by two sequels, The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21,1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25,1983
5.
Humanoid
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A humanoid is something that has an appearance resembling a human being. The earliest recorded use of the term, in 1870, referred to indigenous peoples in areas colonized by Europeans, by the 20th century, the term came to describe fossils which were morphologically similar, but not identical, to those of the human skeleton. Although this usage was common in the sciences for much of the 20th century, American psychologist and Dinosaur intelligence theorist Harry Jerison suggested the possibility of sapient dinosaurs. In a 1978 presentation at the American Psychological Association, he speculated that dromiceiomimus could have evolved into an intelligent species like human beings. In his book, Wonderful Life, Stephen Jay Gould argues that if the tape of life were re-wound and played back, over geologic time, Russell noted that there had been a steady increase in the encephalization quotient or EQ among the dinosaurs. Russell had discovered the first Troodontid skull, and noted that, while its EQ was low compared to humans, if the trend in Troodon evolution had continued to the present, its brain case could by now measure 1,100 cm3, comparable to that of a human. Troodontids had semi-manipulative fingers, able to grasp and hold objects to a certain degree, Russell proposed that this Dinosauroid, like most dinosaurs of the troodontid family, would have had large eyes and three fingers on each hand, one of which would have been partially opposed. As with most modern reptiles, he conceived of its genitalia as internal, Russell speculated that it would have required a navel, as a placenta aids the development of a large brain case. However, it would not have possessed mammary glands, and would have fed its young, as birds do and he speculated that its language would have sounded somewhat like bird song. Russells thought experiment has been met with criticism from other paleontologists since the 1980s, gregory S. Paul and Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. A humanoid robot does not necessarily look convincingly like a real person, an android or gynoid is a humanoid robot designed to look as much like a real person as possible, although these words are frequently perceived to be synonymous with humanoid. While there are many humanoid robots in fictional stories, some humanoid robots have been developed since the 1990s. Similarly to robots, virtual avatars may also be called humanoid when resembling humans, deities are often imagined in human shape, sometimes as hybrids. In animism in general, the spirits innate in certain objects are typically depicted in human shape, e. g. spirits of trees, of the woodlands, of wells or waterways, many aliens in television and science fiction films are presented as humanoid. This is usually attributed to budget constraints, as human actors can more easily portray human-like aliens, in much of science fiction, the reason for the abundance of humanoid aliens is not explained and usually requires suspension of disbelief. In some cases, however, explanations have been offered for this, in the field of ufology, humanoid refers to any of the claimed extraterrestrials which abduct human victims, such as the Greys, the Reptilians, Nordics, and Martians. In fantasy settings the term humanoid is used to refer to a fantastical creature, such as a dwarf, elf, gnome, halfling, goblin, troll, orc or an ogre. Animals that are humanoid are also shown in fantasy, humanoids are also used in some old horror movies, for example in Creature From the Black Lagoon, made in 1954 by Jack Arnold
6.
Chewbacca
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Chewbacca, nicknamed Chewie, is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. He is a Wookiee, a tall, hirsute biped and intelligent species from the planet Kashyyyk, Chewbacca is the loyal friend and associate of Han Solo, and serves as co-pilot on Solos spaceship, the Millennium Falcon. The character has appeared on television, in books, comics. To repay this debt, Chewbacca protected Han for the rest of his life, standing at 8 feet tall, Chewbacca is covered with long hair, and wears only a bandolier. His weapon of choice is the Wookiee bowcaster, Chewbacca was named one of the greatest sidekicks in film history by Entertainment Weekly. In Italy the name of Chewbacca was changed to Chewbecca and his nickname is Chewbe, Chewbaccas creation as a gentle, hairy, non-English-speaking co-pilot was inspired by George Lucas seeing his own dog sitting up on the passenger seat of his car. It is said that Chewbaccas name is derived from собака, the Russian word for dog, in all five screen appearances, Chewbacca was played by Peter Mayhew, who was chosen for his height of 73. Five identical costumes were made for Mayhew, in the three films and a holiday special, the suits were made of yak hair and mohair. In Revenge of the Sith, the suit was made of more comfortable materials, only Mayhews blue eyes could be seen in his costume, but fans easily recognize him by his gestures, and his co-workers claimed the ability to tell when a stand-in was taking his place. Chewbaccas voice was created by the films sound designer, Ben Burtt, from recordings of walruses, lions, camels, bears, rabbits, tigers. The individual recordings were mixed at different ratios for Chewbaccas different utterances, one of the most prominent elements in the voice was a black bear named Tarik, from Happy Hollow Zoo in San Jose, California. The original costume was created by Stuart Freeborn and his wife Kay Freeborn, First appearing in Star Wars, Chewbacca and Han Solo accept a charter to take Luke Skywalker, Obi-Wan Kenobi, and droids C-3PO and R2-D2 to the planet Alderaan. When they find the destroyed by the Death Star, the two smugglers are drawn into the Rebel Alliance. As part of a plan to rescue Leia, Luke tries to put handcuffs on Chewbacca to make it look like hes a prisoner. Chewbacca almost attacks Luke believing him to be selling him and Solo out, after rescuing Leia and taking her to the rebel base on Yavin IV, the two smugglers are given reward money in the value of a payload lost by him to which he owes Jabba The Hutt. Somehow, Chewbacca is able to convince Han to put his debt to Jabba aside for the time being and they manage to save Luke from being killed, also allowing him to be the one to destroy the space station. In The Empire Strikes Back, Chewbacca finds a dismantled C-3PO in a pile in Cloud City. He later tries to him, but does a terrible job at it
7.
First officer (aeronautics)
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In commercial aviation, the first officer is the second pilot of an aircraft. The first officer is second-in-command of the aircraft to the captain, in the event of incapacitation of the captain, the first officer will assume command of the aircraft. Even when the first officer is the pilot, however, the captain remains ultimately responsible for the aircraft, its passengers. In typical day-to-day operations, the job tasks remain fairly equal. Many airlines promote by seniority only within their own company, as a consequence, an airline first officer may be older and/or have more flight experience than a captain, by virtue of having experience from other airlines or the military. Traditionally, the first officer sits on the side of a fixed-wing aircraft. Other airlines may designate the senior of two first officers operating a long-haul sector together with a captain in an enlarged crew as the senior first officer. The senior first officer will then sit in the seat when the captain takes his rest. In the rank of senior first officer the pilot will also sit in the right hand seat, the pilot is therefore on hold as a senior first officer until a position as captain becomes available, when they will receive their command line check. Aircrew Captain Second officer Third officer Citations Bibliography Harris, Tom, how Airline Crews Work, HowStuffWorks. com website, June 14,2001. Patrick Smiths Ask The Pilot, When a Pilot Dies in Flight, AskThePilot. com website,2013, cockpit Confidential, Everything You Need to Know About Air Travel, Questions, Answers, and Reflections, Sourcebooks,2013, ISBN1402280912, ISBN 978-1402280917. Flying the World in Clipper Ships at flightjournal. com,2007
8.
Han Solo
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Han Solo is a character in the Star Wars franchise. In the original trilogy, Han and his co-pilot, Chewbacca. During the course of the Star Wars story, he becomes a figure in the Alliance. Star Wars creator George Lucas described the character as a loner who realizes the importance of being part of a group and helping for the common good. Han owes crime lord Jabba the Hutt a great deal of money and has a price on his head, Han and his passengers are attacked by Imperial stormtroopers, but escape by accelerating to light speed. When they arrive at Alderaan, however, they discover that the planet has been destroyed, the Falcon is then captured and held within the Death Star, a moon-sized battle station constructed by the Empire. Han and company hide from detection inside the Falcons smuggling bays and they discover that Princess Leia Organa is a prisoner on board, and Luke convinces Han to help rescue her by promising him a huge reward. They rescue Leia and escape, though Obi-Wan is killed by Sith Lord Darth Vader, after delivering Luke, Leia, C-3PO, and R2-D2 to the Rebel Alliance, Han and Chewbacca receive a payment for their services and prepare to leave. Luke asks Han to stay and help the Rebels attack the Death Star, Han has a change of heart and returns to save Lukes life during the films climactic battle scene, ultimately enabling Luke to destroy the Death Star. For his heroics, Han is presented with a medal of honor, Han helps Chewbacca join his family on the Wookiee homeworld Kashyyyk. He faces Imperial forces on Kashyyyk, and later joins Luke, Leia, R2-D2, C-3PO, Chewbacca, Han returns with the Rebel Alliance to Echo Base on the frozen planet of Hoth. While out on patrol with Luke, they witness a meteor strike the surface, Han returns to base while Luke decides to investigate. Han informs Leia and the General of Echo Base that he must leave in order to clear his debt with Jabba, before he can depart, it is discovered that Luke has not returned from his reconnaissance. Han rides out alone into the frozen Hoth wastelands, soon finding Luke badly injured, using his friends lightsaber, Han cuts open his tauntaun, providing Luke warmth while he builds a shelter until they can be rescued the next morning. Later, Han and Chewbacca are sent out to investigate another meteor strike and they discover that the meteor is actually an Imperial Probe Droid. The two succeed in destroying the probe, but not before the Empire is alerted to the location of Echo Base, when the Empire attacks Echo Base, Han, Chewie, Leia, and C-3PO narrowly escape on board the Millennium Falcon. Han evades a squad of Imperial TIE fighters by flying through an asteroid field, Han and Leia fall in love during the long journey. They manage to hide from the Imperial fleet long enough to escape, bounty hunter Boba Fett secretly follows the Falcon during this getaway
9.
Star Wars (film)
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Star Wars is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas. The first installment in the Star Wars film series, it stars Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Peter Cushing, David Prowse, James Earl Jones, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, and Peter Mayhew co-star in supporting roles. The plot focuses on the Rebel Alliance, led by Princess Leia, and its attempt to destroy the Galactic Empires space station and this conflict disrupts the isolated life of farmhand Luke Skywalker, who inadvertently acquires a pair of droids that possess stolen architectural plans for the Death Star. Star Wars was released theatrically in the United States on May 25,1977 and it earned $461 million in the U. S. and $314 million overseas, totaling $775 million. It surpassed Jaws to become the film of all time until the release of E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial. When adjusted for inflation, Star Wars is the film in North America. It received ten Academy Award nominations, winning seven and it was among the first films to be selected as part of the U. S. Library of Congress National Film Registry as being culturally, historically, at the time, it was the most recent film on the registry and the only one chosen from the 1970s. Its soundtrack was added to the U. S. National Recording Registry in 2004, today, it is often regarded as one of the best films of all time, as well as one of the most important films in the history of motion pictures. It launched an industry of tie-in products, including TV series spinoffs, novels, comic books, and video games, the films success led to two critically and commercially successful sequels, The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, followed by a trilogy beginning in 2015. In 2016, Rogue One was released as a prequel to the original Star Wars film. The galaxy is in the midst of a civil war, spies for the Rebel Alliance have stolen plans to the Galactic Empires Death Star, a heavily armed space station capable of destroying an entire planet. Rebel leader Princess Leia has the plans, but her ship is captured by Imperial forces under the command of the evil Darth Vader, before she is captured, Leia hides the plans in the memory of an astromech droid, R2-D2, along with a holographic recording. R2-D2 flees to the surface of the desert planet Tatooine with C-3PO, the droids are captured by Jawa traders, who sell them to moisture farmers Owen and Beru Lars and their nephew Luke Skywalker. While cleaning R2-D2, Luke accidentally triggers part of Leias message, the next morning, Luke finds R2-D2 searching for Obi-Wan, and meets Ben Kenobi, an old hermit who lives in the hills and reveals himself to be Obi-Wan. Contrary to his uncles statements, Luke learns that his father, Anakin, Obi-Wan tells Luke that Vader was his former pupil who turned to the dark side of the Force and killed Anakin. Obi-Wan then presents to Luke his fathers weapon – a lightsaber, Obi-Wan views Leias complete message, in which she begs him to take the Death Star plans to her home planet of Alderaan and give them to her father for analysis
10.
George Lucas
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George Walton Lucas Jr. is an American filmmaker and entrepreneur. He is best known as the creator of the Star Wars and Indiana Jones franchises, as well as the founder of Lucasfilm and he was the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Lucasfilm, before selling it to The Walt Disney Company in 2012. Upon graduating from the University of Southern California in 1967, Lucas co-founded American Zoetrope with fellow filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola, Lucas wrote and directed THX1138, based on his earlier student short Electronic Labyrinth, THX1138 4EB, which was a critical success but a financial failure. His next work as a writer-director was the film, American Graffiti, inspired by his teen years in early 1960s Modesto, California, the film was critically and commercially successful, and received five Academy Award nominations including Best Picture. Following the first Star Wars film, Lucas produced and co-wrote the following installments in the trilogy, The Empire Strikes Back, along with Steven Spielberg, Lucas co-created and wrote the Indiana Jones films Raiders of the Lost Ark, Temple of Doom, and The Last Crusade. Lucas also produced and/or wrote a variety of films through Lucasfilm in the 1980s and 1990s, Lucas also returned to directing with the Star Wars prequel trilogy, consisting of The Phantom Menace, Attack of the Clones, and Revenge of the Sith. He later collaborated on the story for the Indiana Jones sequel Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, five of Lucass seven features are among the 100 highest-grossing movies at the North American box office, adjusted for ticket-price inflation. Lucas is one of the American film industrys most financially successful filmmakers, Lucas is considered a significant figure in the New Hollywood era. Lucas was born and raised in Modesto, California, the son of Dorothy Ellinore Lucas and George Walton Lucas and he is of German, Swiss-German, English, Scottish, and distant Dutch and French descent. Growing up, Lucas had a passion for cars and motor racing, on June 12,1962, while driving his souped-up Autobianchi Bianchina, another driver broadsided him, flipping over his car, nearly killing him, causing him to lose interest in racing as a career. He attended Modesto Junior College, where he studied anthropology, sociology and he also began shooting with an 8 mm camera, including filming car races. At this time, Lucas and his friend John Plummer became interested in Canyon Cinema, screenings of underground, avant-garde 16 mm filmmakers like Jordan Belson, Stan Brakhage, and Bruce Conner. Lucas and Plummer also saw classic European films of the time, including Jean-Luc Godards Breathless, François Truffauts Jules et Jim, thats when George really started exploring, Plummer said. Through his interest in racing, Lucas met renowned cinematographer Haskell Wexler, another race enthusiast. Wexler, later to work with Lucas on several occasions, was impressed by Lucas talent, George had a very good eye, and he thought visually, he recalled. Lucas then transferred to the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts, USC was one of the earliest universities to have a school devoted to motion picture film. During the years at USC, Lucas shared a room with Randal Kleiser. Along with classmates such as Walter Murch, Hal Barwood, and John Milius and he also became good friends with fellow acclaimed student filmmaker and future Indiana Jones collaborator, Steven Spielberg
11.
Indiana Jones (franchise)
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The Indiana Jones franchise is an American media franchise based on the adventures of Dr. Henry Indiana Jones, Jr. a fictional archaeologist. It began in 1981 with the film Raiders of the Lost Ark, a prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, followed in 1984, and a sequel, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, was released in 1989. A fourth film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, was released in 2008, the series was created by George Lucas, the films star Harrison Ford and are directed by Steven Spielberg. The Walt Disney Company has owned the Indiana Jones intellectual property since its acquisition of Lucasfilm, a fifth film is planned for release on July 19,2019, with both Spielberg and Ford returning. Marvel Comics began publishing The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones in 1983, numerous Indiana Jones video games have been released since 1982. The first film, Raiders of the Lost Ark is set in 1936, Indiana Jones is hired by government agents to locate the Ark of the Covenant before the Nazis. The Nazis have teams searching for artifacts, including the Ark. The Nazis are being helped by Indianas nemesis René Belloq, with the help of his old flame Marion Ravenwood and Sallah, Indiana manages to recover the Ark in Egypt. The Nazis steal the Ark and capture Indiana and Marion, Belloq and the Nazis perform a ceremony to open the Ark, but when they do so, they are all killed gruesomely by the Arks wrath. Indiana and Marion, who survived by closing their eyes, manage to get the Ark to the United States, the second film, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is set in 1935, a year before Raiders of the Lost Ark. Indiana escapes Chinese gangsters with the help of singer/actress Willie Scott, the trio crash-land in India, where they come across a village whose children have been kidnapped. A destructive cult led by Mola Ram has also taken the holy Sankara Stones, Indiana manages to overcome Mola Rams evil power, rescues the children and returns the stones to their rightful place, overcoming his own mercenary nature. Indiana and his friend Marcus Brody are assigned by American businessman Walter Donovan to find the Holy Grail and they are teamed up with Dr. Elsa Schneider, following on from where Indianas estranged father Henry left off before he disappeared. It transpires that Donovan and Elsa are in league with the Nazis, however, Indiana recovers his fathers diary filled with his research, and manages to rescue him before finding the location of the Grail. Both Donovan and Elsa fall to the temptation of the Grail, while Indiana, the fourth film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull is set in 1957, nineteen years after The Last Crusade, thus acknowledging the real-life passing of years between films. Indiana is having a quiet life teaching before being thrust into a new adventure and he races against agents of the Soviet Union, led by Irina Spalko for a crystal skull. His journey takes him across Nevada, Connecticut, Peru, in 1973, George Lucas wrote The Adventures of Indiana Smith. Like Star Wars, it was an opportunity to create a version of the movie serials of the 1930s and 1940s
12.
THX 1138
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THX1138 is a 1971 American social science fiction film directed by George Lucas in his feature film directorial debut. THX1138 was developed from Lucass student film Electronic Labyrinth, THX1138 4EB, the feature film was produced in a joint venture between Warner Bros. and Francis Ford Coppolas production company, American Zoetrope. A novelization by Ben Bova was published in 1971, emotions, coitus, and the concept of family are a taboo. Everyone is clad in uniforms and has shaven heads to emphasize equality, except the police androids. Instead of names, people have designations – reminiscent of licence plates – with three letters and four digits, shown on an identity badge worn at all times. At their jobs in central video CCTV control centers, SEN5241, LUH has a male roommate, THX1138, who works in a factory producing android police officers. On the way home, he stops at a booth in a row of many. A soothing voice greets THX, and OMM ends every confession with a salutation, You are a true believer, blessings of the State. Work hard, increase production, prevent accidents and be happy, at home, THX takes his drugs, and watches holo-broadcasts while engaging with a masturbatory device. LUH secretly substitutes pills in her possession for THXs medications, whereupon THX eventually suffers physical discomfort along with mental/emotional changes, the drug substitution also leads to LUH and THX becoming involved romantically, resulting in the two engaging in intercourse. THX later is confronted by SEN, who arranges THX as his new roommate, without drugs in his system, THX falters during a critical and hazardous phase of his job, and a control center engages a mind lock on THX which raises the level of danger. After the release of the lock, THX makes the necessary correction to that work phase. THX enjoys a reunion with LUH, disrupted shortly after she reveals her pregnancy. At THXs trial, THX is sentenced to prison, alongside SEN, most of the prisoners seem uninterested in escape, but eventually THX and SEN find an exit, they are later joined by hologram SRT5752, who starred in the holo-broadcasts. During the escape, THX and SRT are separated from SEN, SEN eventually escapes to an area reserved for the monks of OMM, where a lone monk notices that SEN has no identification badge. SEN attacks him and later wanders into an area, strikes up a conversation with children. THX and SRT steal two cars, but SRT crashes his into a concrete pillar, pursued by two police androids on motorcycles, THX flees to the limits of the city and escapes into a ventilation shaft. It is then revealed that the city is entirely underground, from the 1969 incarnation of American Zoetrope
13.
Animal Planet
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Animal Planet is an American basic cable and satellite television channel owned by Discovery Communications. Originally focused on more educationally-based television shows, the network has featured more reality programming since 2008 and it is available throughout the United States, as well as in over 70 countries around the world. Country-specific versions of the channel have been created in Canada, India, Japan, Taiwan, as of February 2015, approximately 94,288,000 American households receive Animal Planet. Animal Planet was launched on October 1,1996, it was created by Discovery Communications in cooperation with the British Broadcasting Corporation, in late 2005, as part of a multimillion-dollar expansion, the National Aquarium in Baltimore opened an exhibit called Animal Planet Australia, Wild Extreme. The partnership also allowed the possibility of future productions of television programs about the National Aquarium in Baltimores research, in 2006, BBC Worldwide sold its 20% interest in the flagship Animal Planet U. S. network back to Discovery Communications. Animal Planet is additionally a member of the Caribbean Cable Cooperative. During the late 2000s, Genius Products announced a U. S. distribution agreement involving Animal Planet, jakks Pacific also entered into a licensing agreement to develop Animal Planet-branded pet products. On February 3,2008, Animal Planet relaunched itself as part of a new branding campaign that sheds its soft and furry side for programming and an image with more bite. As part of the relaunch, Animal Planet replaced its elephant, the goal is to move from being perceived by viewers as paternalistic, preachy, and observation-based to being seen as active, entertaining and edgy. That means targeting adults 25-49, rather than families, with less voice-of-God narration and more visceral imagery. Think of it as swapping a drab narrator saying that a lion is about to kill its prey for the scream of the doomed creature as it meets its demise. This rebranding effort continued in 2010 with a change of the slogan, from Same Planet. Recent additions to the channel, such as Meerkat Manor and Orangutan Island, reflect its shift toward predation programming, Animal Planet intended the new direction to help revitalize stagnating ratings, after primetime viewership of the network dropped by 9% in 2007. Animal Planet added pseudo-scientific documentary, reality television, and sitcom shows to its line-up, the 1080i high definition simulcast of Animal Planet launched on September 1,2007, it is available on all major cable and satellite providers. It was also launched on February 3,2009 in Norway for Canal Digital, Norway is the first country outside the U. S. to receive a high definition feed of Animal Planet. D. C. Thomson & Co. partnered with Discovery Communications to publish Animal Planet Magazine in the United Kingdom, the magazines first issue was released on February 16,2011. The deal also constitutes a first-look deal, giving Revision3 first right to distribute all co-developed shows, Animal Planet originally aired Mermaids, The Body Found on May 27,2012, and a sequel called Mermaids, The New Evidence about a year later. They tell a story of a scientific teams investigative efforts to uncover the source behind mysterious underwater recordings of an unidentified marine body, included is the generally discredited aquatic ape hypothesis as evidence that mermaids exist, along with digitally manufactured video
14.
Orangutan
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The orangutans are the two exclusively Asian species of extant great apes. Native to Indonesia and Malaysia, orangutans are found in only the rainforests of Borneo. Classified in the genus Pongo, orangutans were considered to be one species, since 1996, they have been divided into two species, the Bornean orangutan and the Sumatran orangutan. In addition, the Bornean species is divided three subspecies. Based on genome sequencing, the two extant orangutan species evidently diverged around 400,000 years ago, the ancestors of the Ponginae subfamily split from the main ape line in Africa 16 to 19 million years ago and spread into Asia. Orangutans are the most arboreal of the apes and spend most of their time in trees. Their hair is typically reddish-brown, instead of the brown or black hair typical of chimpanzees, males and females differ in size and appearance. Dominant adult males have distinctive cheek pads and produce long calls that attract females, younger males do not have these characteristics and resemble adult females. Orangutans are the most solitary of the apes, with social bonds occurring primarily between mothers and their dependent offspring, who stay together for the first two years. Fruit is the most important component of a diet, however. They can live over 30 years in both the wild and captivity, orangutans are among the most intelligent primates, they use a variety of sophisticated tools and construct elaborate sleeping nests each night from branches and foliage. The apes have been studied for their learning abilities. There may even be distinctive cultures within populations, field studies of the apes were pioneered by primatologist Birutė Galdikas. Both orangutan species are considered to be critically endangered, human activities have caused severe declines in the populations and ranges of both species. Threats to wild populations include poaching, habitat destruction. Several conservation and rehabilitation organisations are dedicated to the survival of orangutans in the wild, the name orangutan is derived from the Malay and Indonesian words orang meaning person and hutan meaning forest, thus person of the forest. Orang Hutan was originally not used to refer to apes, the Malay words used to refer specifically to the ape are maias and mawas, but it is unclear if those words refer to just orangutans, or to all apes in general. The word appeared in several German-language descriptions of Indonesian zoology in the 17th century, the likely origin of the word comes specifically from the Banjarese variety of Malay
15.
Lemur
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Lemurs are a clade of strepsirrhine primates endemic to the island of Madagascar. As with other primates, such as lorises, pottos. In this regard, lemurs are often confused with ancestral primates, when in actuality, lemurs did not give rise to monkeys and apes, due to Madagascars highly seasonal climate, lemur evolution has produced a level of species diversity rivaling that of any other primate group. Until shortly after humans arrived on the island around 2,000 years ago, ranging in weight from the 30-gram mouse lemur to the 9-kilogram indri, lemurs share many common, basal primate traits, such as divergent digits on their hands and feet and nails instead of claws. However, their brain-to-body size ratio is smaller than that of anthropoid primates, lemurs are generally the most social of the strepsirrhine primates and communicate more with scents and vocalizations than with visual signals. Many lemur adaptations are in response to Madagascars highly seasonal environment, lemurs have relatively low basal metabolic rates and may exhibit seasonal breeding, dormancy, or female social dominance. Most eat a variety of fruits and leaves, while some are specialists. Although many share similar diets, different species of lemur share the same forests by differentiating niches, Lemur research during the 18th and 19th centuries focused on taxonomy and specimen collection. Although field observations trickled in from early explorers, modern studies of lemur ecology, initially hindered by political instability and turmoil on Madagascar during the mid-1970s, field studies resumed in the 1980s and have greatly increased the understanding of these primates. Research facilities like the Duke Lemur Center have provided research opportunities under more controlled settings, lemurs are important for research because their mix of ancestral characteristics and traits shared with anthropoid primates can yield insights on primate and human evolution. However, many species are threatened with extinction due to habitat loss. Although local traditions generally help protect lemurs and their forests, illegal logging, widespread poverty, Carl Linnaeus, the founder of modern binomial nomenclature, gave lemurs their name as early as 1758, when he used it in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae. He included three species under the genus Lemur, Lemur tardigradus, Lemur catta, and Lemur volans, although the term lemur was first intended for slender lorises, it was soon limited to the endemic Malagasy primates, which have been known as lemurs ever since. The name derives from the Latin term lemures, which refers to specters or ghosts that were exorcised during the Lemuria festival of ancient Rome, according to Linnaeus own explanation, the name was selected because of the nocturnal activity and slow movements of the slender loris. Being familiar with the works of Virgil and Ovid and seeing an analogy that fit with his naming scheme, Linnaeus adapted the term lemur for these nocturnal primates. However, Dunkel et al. noted in 2012 that it has been commonly and falsely assumed that Linnaeus was referring to the appearance, reflective eyes. Lemurs are primates belonging to the suborder Strepsirrhini, like other strepsirrhine primates, such as lorises, pottos, and galagos, they share ancestral traits with early primates. In this regard, lemurs are popularly confused with ancestral primates, however, lemurs did not give rise to monkeys, instead, they evolved independently in isolation on Madagascar
16.
Bigfoot
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Bigfoot is a simian-like creature of American folklore that is said to inhabit forests, especially in the Pacific Northwest. Bigfoot is usually described as a large, hairy, bipedal humanoid, the term sasquatch is an Anglicized derivative of the Halkomelem word sásqets. Scientists discount the existence of Bigfoot and consider it to be a combination of folklore, misidentification, occasional new reports of sightings sustain a small group of self-described investigators. Many reports of sightings are attributed to being various animals, particularly black bears, individuals claiming to have seen Bigfoot describe it as a large, hairy, muscular, bipedal ape-like creature, roughly 2–3 metres covered in hair described as black, dark brown, or dark reddish. Some descriptions include details such as eyes, a pronounced brow ridge. The top of the head has been described as rounded and crested, the creature has been reported as having a strong, unpleasant smell. The enormous footprints for which the creature is named are claimed to be as large as 24 inches long and 8 inches wide. Some footprint casts have also contained claw marks, making it likely that they came from animals, such as bears. Proponents of Bigfoots existence claim that the creature is omnivorous and mainly nocturnal, wild men stories are found among the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Ecologist Robert Pyle argues that most cultures have human-like giants in their folk history, each language had its own name for the creature featured in the local version of such legends. Many names meant something along the lines of wild man or hairy man, although other names described common actions it was said to perform, such as eating clams or shaking trees. A story told to Charles Hill-Tout by Chief Mischelle of the Nlakapamux at Lytton, British Columbia in 1898 gives another Salishan variant of the name, members of the Lummi tell tales about Tsemekwes, the local version of Bigfoot. The stories are similar to other in the general descriptions of Tsemekwes. Some regional versions contained more nefarious creatures, the stiyaha or kwi-kwiyai were a nocturnal race that children were told not to say the names of lest the monsters hear and come to carry off a person—sometimes to be killed. In 1847, Paul Kane reported stories by the people about skoocooms. Less-menacing versions exist, such as the one recorded by Reverend Elkanah Walker, in 1840, Walker, a Protestant missionary, recorded stories of giants among the Native Americans living near present-day Spokane, Washington. The Indians said that these giants lived on and around the peaks of nearby mountains, local stories were compiled by Indian Agent J. W. Burns in a series of Canadian newspaper articles in the 1920s recounting stories told to him by the StsAiles people of Chehalis and others. The StsAiles maintain, as do other indigenous peoples of the region, according to StsAiles eyewitness accounts, the Sasquatch prefer to avoid white men, and speak the Lillooet language of the people at Port Douglas, British Columbia at the head of Harrison Lake
17.
Hoth
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Hoth is a fictional ice planet that appears in the Star Wars fictional universe. It first appeared in the 1980 filmThe Empire Strikes Back and has also been a setting in Star Wars books, Hoth is depicted as the sixth planet of a remote system of the same name. It is a terrestrial planet blanketed by snow and ice, many meteorites from a nearby asteroid belt pelt the planets surface, making temporary craters in the planets ever-moving snow drifts. Hoth has six moons, all uninhabited and its native creatures include the wampa and the tauntaun, both of these creatures appear in The Empire Strikes Back. Hoth is the sixth and outermost planet of the remote Hoth system and it is a small habitable world with a freezing climate, too cold for intelligent life to develop. Hoth was close to the Hoth asteroid belt, and meteors regularly hit the planet, Hoth was home to few species, including the towering, predatory Wampa, and gray snow lizards known as Tauntauns. In the 1980 film The Empire Strikes Back, Hoth is the home of the Rebel Alliances secret base, the Rebels patrol the planet by riding indigenous tauntauns. At the start of the film, Luke Skywalker and his tauntaun are attacked by a wampa, Skywalker eventually escapes and is rescued by Han Solo. When one of the Galactic Empires probe droids uncovers the base, the Empire arrives and deploys ground forces to destroy the base, but the Rebels battle the AT-ATs with ground artillery and snowspeeders to stall them and effectively evacuate. Hoth has also appeared in Star Wars books and video games, in the novel Darksaber, Luke Skywalker and his lover Callista travel to Hoth. In Shadows of the Empire, Hoth is one of several settings for Dash Rendars adventures, the draft also depicted Hoths wampas attacking the rebel base. The Hardangerjøkulen glacier near Finse, Norway served as the location for Hoth in The Empire Strikes Back. Scenes were filmed in subzero temperatures, for the battle scene, miniatures were used on a set that used microscopic glass bubbles and baking soda to mimic the snowy territory. The planetary attributes of the fictional planet Hoth has been scrutinized for scientific accuracy, space. com said Hoth most resembled the extrasolar planet OGLE-2006-BLG-390, With a surface temperature of -364 degrees Fahrenheit, it is nearly as frigid as Pluto. Bruce Betts of The Planetary Society said the asteroid belt near Hoth meant that the planet would have difficulty staying in place, with Hoth being bombarded frequently by asteroids, Betts said it would be unlikely for natural lifeforms to evolve on the planet. Since Hoth has complex lifeforms, Cavolos said the age may be older. The author said Hoth could be similar to Earth in age but lack neighboring planets like Jupiter and she also said with the asteroid belt depicted in the film as close to Hoth that the belt was a likely source for meteoroids. CJ Miozzi, writing for The Escapist, said that Hoth was realistic as a single-biome planet, Miozzi said the planet was depicted in the Star Wars books as being geologically active and having additional smaller lifeforms, including lichen
18.
Tatooine
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Tatooine orbits two main sequence binary stars and it has three moons, Ghomrassen, Guermessa and Chenini. Its G-type twin stars heat its surface, making water and shade hard to come by, the planets lack of resources, brutal heat, and decentralized population have made governing the planet nearly impossible. The planet fell into the clutches of the Hutts, a clan of gangsters, since Tatooine was beyond the reach of the Galactic Republic, the Hutts presided over the lawless planet with little outside interference. When the Galactic Empire subsumed the Old Republic, the new regime established only a token presence on Tatooine, Jabba remained the assumed ruler of Tatooine until his death in the Battle of Carkoon. Its name is derived from a city in Tunisia, Tataouine near to where various scenes were filmed, most were planted by an exiled Ithorian. Bestine, the capital of Tatooine, is situated far west of Mos Eisley near the south-western Dune Sea and it was also one of the earliest settlements on the planet but never thrived economically, sharing the same problems as many other settlements on the dry world. The Galactic Empire eventually established its base of operations here and placed its regional governor in the citys Main Hall and it is featured prominently in Star Wars, Galaxies. The Dune Sea is a sandy desert, near the cities of Anchorhead, Mos Eisley. It is inhabited solely by Tusken Raiders, Jawas, wraids, dewbacks, moisture farmers often have many moisture vaporators located in the Dune Sea to collect the scarce water vapor from the air. The Great Pit of Carkoon is located within the Dune Sea and it is a large hollow in the desert sand created by the Sarlacc, a large omnivorous creature that uses the pit to capture prey. The Great Pit of Carkoon is the site of a skirmish that takes place between Luke Skywalker and the forces of Jabba the Hutt, the Hutt crime lord and most of his minions were killed during the battle. Jabbas Palace is located in the known as the Dune Sea and was home to the gangster high boss and crime lord. It is introduced as the setting of the beginning of Return of the Jedi. Jabbas palace is also the setting in Tales From Jabbas Palace, edited by Kevin J.0 and Lego Star Wars III. The palace was originally a monastery built by the mysterious Bomarr monks, Jabbas Palace is very much infamous for bounty hunters, mercenaries, rogues, thieves, and many other known assassins to claim rewards. The Jundland Wastes occupy most of Tatooines temperate area, a region known for its numerous cliffs. Obi-Wan Kenobi lived in a dwelling on the edge of the Jundland Wastes after he took the infant Luke Skywalker to live on a moisture farm with relatives to hide the boy from Darth Vader. This area is also a level in the video games LEGO Star Wars II, The Original Trilogy, LEGO Star Wars, The Complete Saga and Star Wars, Luke Skywalker spent his first nineteen years living with his Uncle Owen and Aunt Beru on a moisture farm
19.
Endor (Star Wars)
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Endor is a planet in the Star Wars universe best known for its moon, known as the sanctuary moon, a forested world covered by giant trees. Endor first appears in Return of the Jedi, in which it is the body in orbit the second Death Star is constructed. The moon later appears in the Ewok TV movies Caravan of Courage, An Ewok Adventure and Ewoks, The Battle for Endor, as well as the animated Marvel Comics series and Star Wars, Ewoks. However, another character dismisses this as a myth, saying that most of the Death Stars mass was obliterated in the explosion, and that the Rebels took care of the rest. The Endor film scenes were recorded at Redwood National and State Parks in California, list of Star Wars planets and moons Cavelos, Jeanne. The Science of Star Wars, An Astrophysicists Independent Examination of Space Travel, Aliens, Planets, Endor at the Star Wars Databank Endor on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki Endor Holocaust at Star Wars Technical Commentaries
20.
Millennium Falcon
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The Millennium Falcon is a spaceship in the Star Wars universe commanded at one time by Corellian smuggler Han Solo and his Wookiee first mate, Chewbacca. The highly modified Corellian Engineering Corporation YT-1300 light freighter first appears in Star Wars, the ship also makes a brief cameo appearance in Revenge of the Sith. Additionally, the Falcon appears in a variety of Star Wars expanded universe materials, including books, comics, the ship originally had a more elongated appearance, but this designs similarity to the Eagle Transporters in Space,1999 prompted Lucas to change the Falcons design. The original model was modified, re-scaled, and used as Princess Leias ship, modelmaker Joe Johnston had about four weeks to redesign the Falcon, and Lucass only suggestion to Johnston was to think of a flying saucer. Johnston did not want to produce a basic flying saucer, so he created the offset cockpit, forward cargo mandibles, the design was simple enough to create in the four-week window. Johnston called production of the new Falcon design one of his most intense projects, to this, sound designer Ben Burtt added the hum of the cooling fans on the motion-control rig at Industrial Light & Magic. Visually, the Millennium Falcon was represented by models and external and internal sets. For Star Wars, an exterior set was constructed and the set dressed as Docking Bay 94. Besides the functional landing gear, an additional support held up the structure and was disguised as a fuel line, the interior set included the starboard ring corridor, the boarding ramp, cockpit access tunnel, gun turret ladder, secret compartments, and the forward hold. The cockpit was constructed as a set that could be rocked when the ship was supposed to shake. Several inconsistencies exist between the set and the external set, the cockpit access tunnel angle being the most noticeable. The effects models for Star Wars matched the design of the exterior set, the primary model was 5 feet long and detailed with various kit parts. The ship was represented by a painting when Princess Leia sees it for the first time. For the 1997 Special Edition, a digital model replaces the effects model in several shots, for The Empire Strikes Back, a new external set was constructed. Built in secrecy under the code name Magic Roundabout, the company leased the 1930s Western Sunderland Flying Boat hangar in Pembroke Dock. It was then disassembled and shipped to Elstree Studios, Hertfordshire, today, the Pembroke Dock museum has an exhibit about the project. The new model, which measured at approximately 32 inches in length, had several features that differed from the five-foot model including updated landing gear. The 32 model was the version of the Millennium Falcon most depicted in toys, model kits, the model was reused for Star Wars, Episode VI, Return of the Jedi
21.
C-3PO
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C-3PO or See-Threepio is a humanoid robot character from the Star Wars franchise who appears in the original Star Wars films, the prequel trilogy and the sequel trilogy. Created by Anakin Skywalker, C-3PO was designed as a protocol droid intended to assist in etiquette, customs, along with his astromech droid counterpart and friend R2-D2, C-3PO provides comic relief within the narrative structure of the films, and serving as foils. C-3PO also appears frequently in the Star Wars Canon and Star Wars Legends continuities of novels, comic books, and video games, and was a major character in the ABC television show Droids. In Star Wars, C-3PO is introduced to the audience when he, when R2-D2 attempts to leave the ship to deliver a secret message to Obi-Wan Kenobi, C-3PO follows R2-D2 into an escape pod, which lands on the planet Tatooine. There, C-3PO and R2-D2 are captured by Jawas, and are taken to be sold, in the process of being sold to Owen Lars, C-3PO convinces his new owner to buy R2-D2 as well. The duo ultimately lead Lars nephew, Luke Skywalker, to Obi-Wan, when the ship is taken hostage on the Death Star, C-3PO helps R2-D2 shut down the space stations trash computer, saving their human companions lives, before escaping on board the Falcon. When R2-D2 is damaged during the Battle of Yavin, a grief-stricken C-3PO offers to donate his spare parts to repair his counterpart. C-3PO and a repaired R2-D2 are present at the celebration of the Death Stars destruction at the end of the film, throughout the film C-3PO is a foil to R2-D2s antics, even when C-3PO translates R2-D2s machine speech for the audience. When R2 is damaged in the Battle of Yavin, C-3PO offers to donate any mechanical parts helpful in his repair, C-3PO also displays the ability to deceive humans. In The Empire Strikes Back, C-3PO is responsible for identifying the Empires probe droid, C-3PO escapes with Han, Chewbacca, and Leia in the Millennium Falcon, while R2-D2 joins Luke in his search for Yoda. During this time C-3PO and Solo are often shown as foils, C-3PO quoting odds, after a chase through the Hoth asteroid field, the Falcon escapes to Cloud City on Bespin. While exploring a room in Cloud City, C-3PO is blasted by an off-camera stormtrooper, in search of R2-D2, Chewbacca heads to the Ugnaught recycling facility where he finds the dismembered parts of the droid. When Darth Vader reveals his presence to the group that day, Chewbacca is sent into a holding cell, but is permitted to rebuild the droid. Thereafter, Chewbacca carries the partially rebuilt C-3PO on his back during Hans encasement in carbonite, with the help of the citys administrator, Lando Calrissian, Princess Leia, Chewbacca, and C-3PO escape the city. Having C-3PO on Chewbaccas back proves to be beneficial, in that when Boba Fett escapes the city with Han Solo, while escaping Vaders flagship Executor, R2-D2 begins repairing C-3PO. After making their way to the Rebels rendezvous point, C-3PO is fully repaired, in Return of the Jedi, Luke commands C-3PO and R2-D2 to deliver a message to Jabba the Hutt, whereby C-3PO is used as Jabbas translator while R2-D2 serves on his flying sail barge. C-3POs first translation for the lord is of the bounty hunter Boushh — Leia in disguise — claiming the bounty for Chewbacca. When Luke attempts escape, R2-D2 tosses him his lightsaber, with which he attacks Jabbas guards, in the midst of the battle, C-3PO is attacked by Salacious Crumb, who pulls out his right photoreceptor before being driven off by R2-D2
22.
Stormtrooper (Star Wars)
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A stormtrooper is a fictional soldier in the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas. In The Force Awakens, the upgraded stormtroopers serve the First Order, under the leadership of Supreme Leader Snoke and his commanders, most notably Kylo Ren, General Hux, the order of battle of the Stormtrooper Corps is unspecified in the Star Wars universe. They are shown in collective groups of varying organizational sizes ranging from squads to legions and for some, their armor and training are modified for special operations and environments. Introduced in Star Wars, the Imperial stormtroopers serve as the army of the Galactic Empire, establishing Imperial authority and putting down any revolts. In the prequel film Star Wars, Episode II – Attack of the Clones, in Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Chancellor Palpatine orders them to slay their Jedi generals in the Great Jedi Purge. As established in Star Wars, The Force Awakens, after Palpatines death the stormtroopers continue to serve under the factions that broke apart from the Empire, with redesigned armor, they eventually serve under the leadership of the First Order. In this film, it is established that an undisclosed number of stormtroopers were conscripted as young children, given serial numbers for names. Stormtrooper FN-2187, later known as Finn, plans his escape when his resistance to this conditioning puts him in line to be reprogrammed, Star Wars Legends expanded universe media such as games and comics feature a number of specialized stormtrooper units. The Marvel-produced comics of the late 1970s and early 1980s featured Shadow Troopers, others, such as the Beach Troopers, are for comical effect. Appearing only briefly in Lego Star Wars II, The Original Trilogy, they are clad in a Speedo, in Lego Star Wars, The Complete Saga, they also wear life jackets. Shadowtroopers appear in Star Wars Jedi Knight II, Jedi Outcast wearing black armour made from a lightsaber-resistant metal called cortosis and this armour has a green synthetic gem set into the breastplate which gives the wearer Force powers. Their armour can also render them invisible, with only a small area of blue discoloration giving them away. They use this ability to lie in wait and ambush the enemy, most often the games protagonist and these troopers also possess the invisible feature and use this tactic to ambush their enemies, but only if stormtrooper officers call out for support. Disloyalty or failures were heavily punished and individualism was discouraged, command structure was sacred and this meant Imperial Stormtroopers lacked improvisation and were highly ineffective when cut off from command, but also allowed the best trained soldiers who prefer death over retreat. First Order Stormtroopers are regularly put through mental indoctrination and propaganda programs, to make sure that they remain fanatically loyal, being taken from their families at birth, these soldiers are not even given individual names for themselves but merely serial numbers, such as FN-2187. Based on conceptual drawings by Ralph McQuarrie, Liz Moore and Nick Pemberton sculpted designs for the helmet, Muir, who was also responsible for sculpting the Darth Vader costume, worked out of the Art Department at Elstree Studios. The suit was molded and initially cast in plaster, with Muir sharpening the detail at the plaster stage, the plaster casts were then remolded and cast in fiberglass to use as the tools for the vacuum forming process. The suits were produced in house by Tashy Baines, the resident vacuum former, as Shepperton Design Studios had already been used to vacuum form the helmets, the fiberglass molds for the armor were then sent to them for vacuum forming the suits
23.
The Empire Strikes Back
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The Empire Strikes Back is a 1980 American epic space opera film directed by Irvin Kershner. Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan wrote the screenplay, with George Lucas writing the films story, the film is set three years after Star Wars. The Galactic Empire, under the leadership of the villainous Darth Vader and the Emperor, is in pursuit of Luke Skywalker, while Vader chases a small band of Lukes friends—Han Solo, Princess Leia Organa, and others—across the galaxy, Luke studies the Force under Jedi Master Yoda. When Vader captures Lukes friends, Luke must decide whether to complete his training and become a full Jedi Knight or to confront Vader, following a difficult production, The Empire Strikes Back was released on May 21,1980. The film ranks #3 on Empires 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time and it became the highest-grossing film of 1980 and, to date, has earned more than $538 million worldwide from its original run and several re-releases. When adjusted for inflation, it is the sequel of all time. The film was followed by a sequel, titled Return of the Jedi, in 2010, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant. Three years after the destruction of the Death Star, the Rebel Alliance has been driven from their base on Yavin IV by the Galactic Empire. The Rebels, led by Princess Leia, have set up their new base on the ice planet Hoth, the Imperial fleet, led by Darth Vader, continues to hunt for the Rebels’ new base by dispatching probe droids across the galaxy. While investigating a meteor strike, Luke Skywalker is injured and captured by a wampa. He manages to escape from its cave with his lightsaber, the ghost of his late mentor, Obi-Wan Kenobi, instructs him to go to the Dagobah system to train under Jedi Master Yoda. He is found by Han Solo, who kills his tauntaun, Han and Luke make it through the night and are rescued by a search party. On patrol, Han and Chewbacca discover the meteor Luke had planned to investigate is actually a probe droid, the Empire launches a large-scale attack, using AT-AT Walkers to capture the base. Despite heavy resistance, the Walkers destroy the shield generator. Han and Leia escape on the Millennium Falcon with C-3PO and Chewbacca and they hide in an asteroid field, where Han and Leia grow closer, and eventually, kiss. Vader summons bounty hunters, including the notorious Boba Fett, to assist in finding the Falcon, Luke, meanwhile, escapes with R2-D2 in his X-wing fighter and crash-lands on the swamp planet Dagobah. He meets a creature who is revealed to be Yoda, after conferring with Obi-Wans spirit. Yoda trains Luke as a Jedi and raises his sunken ship from the swamp with the power of the Force, after evading the Empire, Han sets a course for Cloud City, a floating colony in the skies of the gas giant planet Bespin
24.
Walker (Star Wars)
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Walkers are vehicles from the Star Wars universe that traverse the landscape on mechanical legs. They are used by the Old Republic and the Galactic Empire for ground assault or transport, throughout the saga, walkers have played a pivotal role in the fate of characters and the outcome of battles. Industrial Light and Magic is responsible for their animation and design, often using models, stop-motion animation, there are a variety of walkers, The Empire Strikes Back introduces the All Terrain Armored Transport and All Terrain Scout Transport. Walker variants have been merchandised and featured in popular culture, the All Terrain Armored Transport, or AT-AT walker, is a giant quadruped mechanized infantry combat vehicle used by the Imperial ground forces. Standing over 20 meters tall with blast-impervious armor plating, these constructs are used as much for psychological effect as they are for tactical advantage. The AT-AT was first introduced in The Empire Strikes Back and also appears in Return of the Jedi, the AT-AT also appears in a destroyed form in Star Wars, The Force Awakens. Johnston said Lucas wanted the walkers to look like anthropomorphic walking tanks to make them frightening, for The Empire Strikes Back, however, the final design was a four-legged walker. Inspiration for the AT-AT came from Paraceratherium, an extinct rhino, ILM created models ranging from 6 to 50 centimeters in height. Additionally, ILM studied elephants to determine the best way to animate the four-legged AT-ATs, although the stop-motion animation style gave the AT-ATs a jerky, staccato-like effect on film, ILM found this movement acceptable because of the AT-ATs mechanical nature. The sound of the AT-AT walking was created by Sound Designer Ben Burtt, the AT-AT, designed to favor fear over function, it can carry up to five speeder bikes and 40 Imperial stormtroopers. Operating in groups of two, they operated the walkers driving and firing controls, and were overseen by a commander who also occupied the walkers cockpit. The walkers themselves carry two blasters and two laser cannons, manufactured by Kuat Drive Yards, Expanded Universe sources describe the AT-AT as being either 15 metres or 22.5 metres tall. Their armor is resistant to most standard blaster weapons, however, the AT-AT is the primary assault vehicle during the Battle of Hoth, first depicted in The Empire Strikes Back. In the film, the AT-ATs are responsible for destroying the shield protecting the Rebel headquarters, taking out many soldiers, vehicles. Wedge Antilles is able to wrap his cable around one, causing its collapse, skywalker destroys another by hoisting himself underneath it, slicing open the chassis with his lightsaber, and tossing in an explosive. An AT-AT makes a appearance in Return of the Jedi. A ruined AT-AT appears in Star Wars, The Force Awakens as the home of the scavenger Rey on the planet Jakku. The AT-ST is a two-legged digitigrade walker introduced in The Empire Strikes Back, due to their design and movement, they are often dubbed chicken walkers
25.
Princess Leia
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Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan, later known as General Leia Organa, is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed in films by Carrie Fisher. Introduced in the original Star Wars film in 1977, Leia is princess of the planet Alderaan, a member of the Imperial Senate and she thwarts the sinister Sith Lord Darth Vader and helps bring about the destruction of the Empires cataclysmic superweapon, the Death Star. In The Empire Strikes Back, Leia commands a Rebel base and evades Vader as she falls in love with the smuggler, Han Solo. In Return of the Jedi, Leia leads the operation to rescue Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt, and is revealed to be Vaders daughter and the twin sister of Luke Skywalker. The prequel film Revenge of the Sith establishes that the mother is Senator Padmé Amidala of Naboo. Leia is adopted by Senator Bail and Queen Breha Organa of Alderaan, in The Force Awakens, Leia is the founder and General of the Resistance against the First Order and has a son with Han named Ben, who goes by the name Kylo Ren. She becomes the Chief of State of the New Republic and a Jedi Master, One of the more popular Star Wars characters, Leia has been called a 1980s icon, a feminist hero and model for other adventure heroines. She has appeared in many works and merchandising, and has been referenced or parodied in several TV shows. Her cinnamon buns hairstyle from Star Wars and metal bikini from Return of the Jedi have become cultural icons, Leia was created by Star Wars creator George Lucas. In 1999, Lucas explained his early development of Leia, Luke and Obi-Wan Kenobi, The first talked about a princess, the second version involved a father, his son, and his daughter, the daughter was the heroine of the film. Now the daughter has become Luke, Mark Hamills character, There was also the story of two brothers where I transformed one of them into a sister. The older brother was imprisoned, and the sister had to rescue him. In the fourth draft it was established that Leia Organa came instead from Alderaan, Fisher was 19 when she was cast as Princess Leia, with actresses including Amy Irving, Cindy Williams and Jodie Foster also up for the role. Asked about Streep in 2015, Fisher said, Bullshit, but Jodie Foster was up for it. That one I knew the most, the second draft of the Return of the Jedi screenplay contained dialogue in which Obi-Wan tells Luke he has a twin sister. She and their mother were sent to the protection of friends in a distant system, the mother died shortly thereafter, and Lukes sister was adopted by Bens friends, the governor of Alderaan and his wife. Fisher explained in 1983, Leias real father left her mother when she was pregnant, I was adopted and grew up set apart from other people because I was a princess. Composer John Williams created a musical leitmotif for Leia which recurs throughout the Star Wars saga, Princess Leias Theme was recorded as a concert suite for the score of the 1977 film
26.
Luke Skywalker
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Luke Skywalker is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the original film trilogy of the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas. The character, portrayed by Mark Hamill, is an important figure in the Rebel Alliances struggle against the Galactic Empire. The now non-canon Star Wars expanded universe depicts him as a powerful Jedi Master, husband of Mara Jade, in 2015, the character was selected by Empire magazine as the 50th greatest movie character of all time. On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters, Fandomania. com ranked the character at number 14, Luke Skywalker was initially called Anakin Starkiller, and went through multiple design changes. The character was at one point designed as a 60-year-old grizzled war hero, later as a Jedi Master, the last name Starkiller remained for the first few months of production, Hamill on-camera using the name Luke Starkiller the sole time he referred to himself during filming. Starkiller was dropped due to what Lucas called unpleasant connotations, after Hamill was involved in a car accident, the Wampa attack at the beginning of The Empire Strikes Back was written in to explain his facial injuries. An alternative ending pitched by George Lucas for Return of the Jedi was Luke assuming his fathers role as Darth Vader after the latters death, though Lawrence Kasdan favored the idea, Lucas ultimately declined, since the films were made for children. Another conclusion to the featured the character disappearing into the wilderness akin to Clint Eastwood in the spaghetti westerns. During the filming of the original Star Wars trilogy, George Lucas informed Hamill that he would be needed to reprise the role when he was middle aged, Lucas further explained that his role as Luke would be handing Excalibur to the next generation. Hamill had no reaction at the time, as he thought of making Star Wars films decades in the future as an abstract concept, Hamill learned of the sequel trilogy over the summer of 2012 at a Star Wars celebration during lunch where Lucas told him one was in development. Hamill recalled shaving his beard to portray The Trickster in The Flash, Hamill attended meetings for script readings, and helped conceal Lukes role in the film, instead of dialogue, he read stage directions. Abrams said it allowed him to remain involved and that his reading helped make an experience for everyone. In the prequel film, Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Luke is born to Senator Padmé Amidala along with his twin sister, Luke Skywalker lives on a moisture farm on Tatooine with his Uncle Owen and Aunt Beru. Luke takes his first steps toward his destiny when he buys the droids C-3PO, when R2-D2 goes missing, Luke goes out to find him and encounters Obi-Wan Kenobi, an old hermit. Luke discovers that R2-D2 contains a message for Obi-Wan from Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan beseeching him to help her defeat the Galactic Empire, Obi-Wan says that he and Lukes father were once Jedi Knights, and that his father was murdered by a traitorous Jedi named Darth Vader. Obi-Wan presents Luke with his fathers lightsaber and offers to him to Alderaan and train him in the ways of the Force. Luke changes his mind when he returns home to find that Imperial stormtroopers have killed his aunt, Obi-Wan deactivates the tractor beam and he later sacrifices his life in a duel with Vader so that Luke and his friends can board the Falcon and escape. During the films battle scene, Luke joins the Rebel Alliance in attacking the Death Star
27.
The Force (Star Wars)
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The Force is a metaphysical and ubiquitous power in the Star Wars fictional universe. It is wielded by characters in the films and in many of its spin-off books, games. In the story, the Jedi utilize the light side of the Force, the Force has been compared to aspects of several world religions, and the iconic phrase May the Force be with you has become part of the popular culture vernacular. George Lucas created the concept of the Force to address character and he also wanted to awaken a certain kind of spirituality in young audiences, suggesting a belief in God without endorsing any specific religion. He developed the Force as a religious concept, distill the essence of all religions, premised on the existence of God and distinct ideas of good. Lucas said there is a choice between good and bad, and the world works better if youre on the good side, the power of the Force of Others is kept secret by the Jedi Bendu of the Ashla, an aristocratic cult in the second draft. The second draft offers an explanation of the Force of Others and introduces its Ashla light side. The Ashla and Bogan are mentioned 10 and 31 times, respectively, in the second draft, Luke Starkillers mission is to retrieve the Kiber Crystal, which can intensify either the Ashla or Bogan powers. The films shorter third draft has no references to the Ashla, Lucas finished the fourth and near-final draft on January 1,1976. Producer Gary Kurtz, who studied comparative religion in college, had discussions with Lucas about religion. Kurtz told Lucas he was unhappy with drafts in which the Force was connected with the Kiber Crystal, Lucas and screenwriter Leigh Brackett decided that the Force and the Emperor would be the main concerns in The Empire Strikes Back. The focus on the Emperor was later shifted to the film, Return of the Jedi. Lucas based the concept on symbiogenesis, calling midi-chlorians a loose depiction of mitochondria, and its really a way of saying we have hundreds of little creatures who live on us, and without them, we all would die. They are necessary for us, we are necessary for them, using them in the metaphor, saying society is the same way, says we all must get along with each other. After selling Lucasfilm to Disney in 2012, Lucas said his biggest concern about the future was the Force being muddled into a bunch of gobbledegook. When writing The Force Awakens with Lawrence Kasdan, J. J. Abrams respected that Lucas had established midi-chlorians effect on some characters ability to use the Force. Abrams retained the idea of the Force having a light and a dark side, Star Wars Rebels producer Dave Filoni cites several influences on how the Force is used in the show. Filoni credits the films for better developing the concept of the Force
28.
Languages in Star Wars
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The Star Wars science fiction universe, created by George Lucas, features dialogue that is not spoken in natural languages. The lingua franca of the franchise, for which the language the works are dubbed or written stand in, is Galactic Basic. Characters often speak languages other than Basic, notably Shyriiwook spoken by Chewbacca, droidspeak spoken by R2-D2 and BB-8, the fictional languages were approached as sound design and developed largely by Ben Burtt, sound designer for both the original and prequel trilogy of films. He created alien dialogue out of the sounds of primarily non-English languages, such as Quechua, Haya and this methodology was also used in The Force Awakens by Sara Forsberg. Lucas also insisted that written throughout the films look as dissimilar from the English alphabet as possible. The languages constructed for the films were criticized as not being true constructed languages, the usage of heavily accented English for alien characters was also criticized as contributing to the suggestion of racial stereotypes. Language development was approached as sound design and was handled by Ben Burtt and he also used English, as in the original Star Wars where he synthesized originally English dialogue from a Western film until it sounded alien. This methodology to create the sound of alien languages was carried into production of The Force Awakens. Director J. J. Forsberg was asked to listen to Euro-Asian languages, and she drew from Gujarati, Hindi and she also listened to languages she did not understand to better structure the words and sentences to sound believable. Galactic Basic, often simply Basic, is the lingua franca of the Star Wars universe, Lucas intended to balance American accents and British accents between the heroes and villains of the original film so that each side had each. He also strove to keep accents very neutral, noting Alec Guinnesss and Peter Cushings mid-Atlantic accents, to decide on the sound of Nute Gunray, a Neimoidian character portrayed by Silas Carson, Lucas and Rick McCallum listened to actors from different countries reading Carsons lines. Eventually, they chose a heavily Thai-accented English, and Carson rerecorded the dialogue to mimic the Thai actors accent, gunrays accent was described by critics to be Hollywood Oriental that contributed to criticism of Gunray as an Asian stereotype. Wattos accent was similarly criticized as lending to anti-Semitic and anti-Arab connotations, yoda characteristically speaks a non-standard syntax of Basic, primarily constructing sentences in object-subject-verb word order rare in natural languages. This sentence construction is cited as a device for making him seem very alien and characterizes his dialogue as vaguely riddle-like. This was cited as a trait that led to criticism of the Gungan species as an offensive stereotype. Aurebesh is a language used to represent spoken Galactic Basic and is the most commonly seen alphabet in the Star Wars franchise. The alphabet was based on shapes designed by Joe Johnston for the original trilogy, in the early 1990s, Stephen Crane, art director at West End Games, became intrigued with the shapes as they appeared on the Death Star. After copying the letters from screenshots by hand, he standardized the letters based on similar to the Eurostile font
29.
Solo: A Star Wars Story
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An upcoming untitled space Western film centered on the Star Wars character Han Solo is being directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller from a screenplay by Lawrence Kasdan and Jon Kasdan. It is being produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, the film is set in the Star Wars universe before the original 1977 film Star Wars and explores Han Solo and Chewbaccas adventures, including meeting Lando Calrissian. Filming began in January 2017, with principal photography starting the following month, the film is scheduled to be released on May 25,2018. Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo, a cynical smuggler, Woody Harrelson as Beckett, a criminal and Hans mentor. Emilia Clarke Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian, a scoundrel on the rise in the galaxys underworld, Thandie Newton Phoebe Waller-Bridge Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca Michael K. Williams and Ian Kenny are also cast in an undisclosed roles. In February 2013, Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two films, each individually written by Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg. Shortly after, it was reported that Disney was working on two films featuring Han Solo and Boba Fett, Disney CFO Jay Rasulo described the standalone films as origin stories. Kathleen Kennedy explained that the films would not crossover with the films of the sequel trilogy, stating. The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga, right now, Episode VII falls within that canon. The spin-off movies, or we may come up some other way to call those films. There is no attempt being made to characters in and out of the saga episodes. Consequently, from the creative standpoint, its a roadmap that George made pretty clear, in April 2015, Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology series. The project would be directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller from a script by Lawrence Kasdan, Kennedy would serve as a producer on the film, with Lawrence Kasdan and Jason McGatlin executive producers, Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel also produce. The Han Solo project was separate from a film that was originally being developed by Josh Trank, Solos friend, the Wookiee, Chewbacca, would also appear in the film. In May 2016, Lawrence Kasdan stated that filming would start in January 2017, in March 2016, it was reported that Alden Ehrenreich, Reynor and Taron Egerton were on a shortlist of actors considered for the young Han Solo role. In May 2016, Ehrenreich was reported to have been cast as the young Han Solo, Miller called casting the role one of the hardest casting challenges of all time adding they saw over 3,000 people for the part. Glover was confirmed for Calrissian shortly after, with Clarke cast as the lead the following month. In early January 2017, Woody Harrelson was revealed to be in negotiations to portray Han Solos mentor, in February 2017, Phoebe Waller-Bridge joined the cast in an undisclosed roles, said to be a CGI-driven performance similar to Alan Tudyk in Rogue One as the droid K-2SO
30.
Star Wars expanded universe
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The Star Wars expanded universe is a collective term for all Star Wars fictional material produced by Lucasfilm or officially licensed by it. This restructuring left the Star Wars theatrical films, the Clone Wars animated film, a number of works have subsequently been produced, including the Rebels animated TV series, the 2015 film The Force Awakens, and multiple novels and comic book series. Fosters 1978 novel Splinter of the Minds Eye was commissioned by Lucas as the basis for a potential sequel to Star Wars should the film prove unsuccessful. A Star Wars comic book series from Marvel Comics ran from April 1977 to May 1986, former Marvel Editor-In-Chief Jim Shooter credited the titles strong sales for saving Marvel financially in 1977 and 1978. Marvels Star Wars series was one of the top selling titles in 1979 and 1980. The material was used as a resource by some novelists that followed, StarWars. com wrote in 2014 that the novel jumpstarted a publishing program that endures to this day and formalized the Expanded Universe. It introduced, among others, the popular characters Grand Admiral Thrawn and Mara Jade and this so-called Thrawn trilogy is widely credited with revitalizing the Star Wars franchise. In The Secret History of Star Wars, Michael Kaminski suggests that this renewed interest was a factor in Lucass decision to create the prequel trilogy. Around this same time, Dark Horse Comics acquired the Star Wars license and launched a number of series set after the film trilogy. In 1999, Star Wars book publishing moved from Bantam Spectra to Del Rey Books, New Jedi Order, set 25 to 30 years after the original films, introduced a new threat, the Yuuzhan Vong, a powerful alien race attempting to invade and conquer the entire galaxy. The bulk of Expanded Universe storytelling explores the time period after Return of the Jedi, subsequent novels and comics were set before, concurrent with, and after the events of these works. In 2004, USA Today reported that over 1,100 Star Wars titles had been published, including novels, comics, non-fiction, then-president of Lucas Licensing, Howard Roffman, estimated that there were more than 65 million Star Wars books in print. He said, The books are a way of extending the fantasy of Star Wars, the movies have had a really profound effect on a couple of generations. Star Wars has become a cultural touchpoint, and our fans are avidly interested in exploring more stories, the animated television series Star Wars, The Clone Wars ran from 2008 to 2014 and was set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith. Lucas discussed ideas for a sequel trilogy several times after the conclusion of the original trilogy, in October 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion. In April 2014, Lucasfilm rebranded the Expanded Universe material as Star Wars Legends, the companys focus would be shifted towards a restructured Star Wars canon based on new material. The announcement called these works the immovable objects of Star Wars history and it was also made clear that a planned Star Wars sequel trilogy, and subsequent works developed within the restructured canon, would not be based on Legends material but could possibly draw from it. Lucas had previously used the character Aayla Secura, introduced in 2000 in the Star Wars, Republic comic book series, in Attack of the Clones
31.
Jedi
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The Jedi /ˈdʒɛˌdaɪ/ are the main protagonists in the Star Wars universe. They are depicted as an ancient monastic and academic meritocratic organization whose origin dates back to c.25,000 BBY. The Jedi Order mostly consists of polymaths, teachers, philosophers, scientists, engineers, physicians, diplomats and warriors, by serving others, the Jedi give of themselves through acts of charity, citizenship, and volunteerism. A Jedis ideology and strict way of life as a challenge to live up to is a recurring theme in the Star Wars universe. Their traditional weapon is the lightsaber, a device which generates a blade-like plasma controlled by a crystal, the fictional organization has inspired a real-world new religious movement, Jediism. As depicted in the canon, the Jedi study and utilize the Force, in order to help, like their counterparts, the Sith, their main weapon is the lightsaber. By training the mind and the body the Jedi seek to improve themselves by gaining unfettered access to the Force while also seeking to improve those individuals, the film Rogue One suggests that it relates to the planet Jedha, source of the kyber crystals used in lightsabers. George Lucas acknowledged Jedi concepts have been inspired by many sources, the work of the mythologist Joseph Campbell, especially his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, directly influenced Lucas, and was what drove him to create the modern myth of Star Wars. The Lost Twenty was the given to a group of Jedi Masters—numbering twenty in total—who left the Jedi Order throughout its history. The first twelve of these ‘Lost Twenty’ left the Jedi Order before the Third Great Schism, these twelve Masters later became Dark Jedi who eventually founded the first Sith Empire. In the years preceding the Clone Wars, Jedi Master Dooku left the Jedi Order as a result of differences with his fellow Jedi, to commemorate these former Jedi, memorial statue busts were displayed at the Jedi Temple on Coruscant. The prequel films depict the Jedi in their prime, dealing with the presence of the dark side of the Force and determined to fight their mortal enemies. Once corrupted, Vader helps Palpatine hunt down and destroy all of the Jedi, leaving very few left, such as Jedi Masters Yoda. The first person to be issued this order was Clone Commander Cody, Darth Vader led Operation, Knightfall against the Jedi Temple with the 501st Legion while the rest of the clone army around the galaxy carried out Order 66. Palpatine convinced the people of the Republic that Jedi were corrupted warmongers responsible for prolonging the Clone Wars, Darth Vader continued to hunt and execute surviving Jedi by the thousands during the first 10 years of the Empires history. The Jedi are first introduced in the 1977 motion picture Star Wars as an order of monks who serve as the guardians of peace and justice in the galaxy. Obi-Wan Kenobi explains that the Galactic Empire had all but exterminated the Jedi some twenty years before the events of the film, Darth Vader is also established as the Jedis main enemy. By the end of the film, Luke is on the path to becoming a Jedi, the third film in the original trilogy, Return of the Jedi, ends with Luke redeeming Vader and helping to destroy the Empire, thus fulfilling his destiny as a Jedi
32.
Crossbow bolt
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A quarrel or bolt is the arrow used in a crossbow. The name quarrel is derived from the French carré, meaning square, although their lengths vary, they are typically shorter than traditional arrows. A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration, and Use of Arms and Armor in All Countries and in All Times. Mike
33.
Yavin
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Yavin is a fictional planet in the Star Wars universe. It has a system and is best known for the Battle of Yavin over one of its moons, Yavin IV, depicted in Star Wars. The Galactic Standard Calendar was the measurement of time in the Star Wars galaxy. It centered on the Coruscant tropical year, the Coruscant solar cycle was 368 days long, with a day consisting 360 NET degrees. Numerous epochs were used to determine calendar eras, the most recent of these calendar eras used the Battle of Yavin as its epoch, or year zero, BBY, and ABY. The earliest date in the Expanded Universe as a whole is 13,000,000,000 BBY, as seen in Star Wars, the Yavin planet is an especially large red gas giant, with a diameter of around 123,000 Miles. The Super Star Destroyer Knight Hammer was destroyed here when it was diverted towards the core after a collision with a Rebel vessel. Yavin 4 or Yavin IV is one of Yavins many moons and it was home to the Rebel Alliances main military base in Star Wars. In Star Wars, the featuring the scenery of Yavin 4 were filmed in Tikal. The Rebels established their base in the ancient Massassi ruins found in the jungles of Yavin 4 following the abandonment of their previous base on the planet Dantooine. Jyn Erso was brought to Yavin 4 upon her liberation from an Imperial prison on Wobani, there she was asked to make contact with Saw Gerrera on the moon of Jedha, in an effort to find out the location of her father. Galen Erso had for years been forced to work on the Empires latest super-weapon. Divided, the council voted the measure down, only to reverse their position once the successful infiltration was underway. The Empire sought to use the Death Star to destroy the jungle moon. A force of twenty-two X-wing and eight Y-wing starfighters were sent to destroy the battle station, all but three Rebel Alliance craft were destroyed in the attack, the only survivors being Luke Skywalker, Wedge Antilles, and an unnamed Y-wing pilot. Following the Death Stars destruction a ceremony was held, during which Leia Organa presented medals of honor to Luke Skywalker and this battle became known as the Battle of Yavin, and its date is used as a place-marker for events in the expanded Star Wars universe. Events before the Battle of Yavin are marked by BBY, the Yavin 4 moon was also the site of giant Massassi Temples built ages ago by the Massassi to worship Naga Sadow, a Sith Lord who had enslaved and mutated the Massassi using Sith Alchemy. The Temple later housed the Rebel Alliance, who used it for shelter, the Alliance built tall observation towers to monitor entries and exits from their hidden base
34.
Star Wars Holiday Special
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The Star Wars Holiday Special is a 1978 American musical science fiction television film set in the Star Wars galaxy. It stars the series first films main cast while introducing the character Boba Fett and it is one of the first official Star Wars spin-offs and was directed by Steve Binder. In the storyline that ties the special together, Chewbacca and Han Solo visit Kashyyyk, Chewbaccas home world and they are pursued by agents of the Galactic Empire, who are searching for members of the Rebel Alliance on the planet. The program also features many other Star Wars characters, including Luke Skywalker, C-3PO, R2-D2, Darth Vader and Princess Leia, the program includes stock footage from Star Wars, and also features a cartoon produced by Toronto-based Nelvana that officially introduces the bounty hunter Boba Fett. Scenes also take place in space and in spacecraft including the Millennium Falcon. The variety-show segments and cartoon also take place in a few locales, such as a Mos Eisley cantina on the desert planet of Tatooine. The special is notorious for its negative reception and has never been rebroadcast or officially released on home video. It has therefore become something of a legend, because of the underground quality of its existence. It has been viewed and distributed in off-air recordings made from its original telecast by fans, on Life Day, Chewbacca, accompanied by Han Solo, is headed home to see his family. Along the way, the duo are chased by two Star Destroyers, but they escape into hyperspace, meanwhile, on Kashyyyk, Chewbaccas family is preparing for his return. Hoping to find the Millennium Falcon, his wife, Malla, runs a scan for starships in the area. Malla contacts Luke Skywalker, who, along with R2-D2, is working on his X-wing starfighter, Luke tells her that he does not know what happened. Malla contacts Saun Dann, a local human trader and he tells her through a carefully worded message that Han and Chewbacca are on their way and should be arriving soon. Malla then attempts to prepare a meal, the instructions of which are being aired via a local cooking show by an eccentric four-armed alien cook, Saun Dann arrives with Life Day gifts for everyone, including a virtual reality fantasy program for Itchy. Back on the Falcon, Chewbacca and Han have just come out of hyperspace not far from Kashyyyk, Han notices an increased Imperial presence, so they decide to land in an unguarded area to the north. As they enter the atmosphere, Lumpy hears the roaring of the ship, believing Han and Chewie might be arriving, Malla opens the door, but instead finds two stormtroopers and officers. The Imperials force their way into the house, an officer orders a search for Chewbacca. As they search, Saun Dann and the attempt to distract them with food
35.
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)
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The series debuted on the US version of Cartoon Network on October 3,2008. Each episode has a time of 22 minutes to fill a half-hour time slot. In 2007, Star Wars creator George Lucas stated there will be at least 100 episodes produced, dave Filoni is the supervising director of the series. There is also a comic, depicting story-snippets between the single episodes. The first trailer for the series was released on the official Star Wars website on May 8,2007, the series was launched with an animated feature film, which was released in theaters on August 15,2008. Season 2 ended on April 30,2010, Season 3 premiered on September 17,2010, with the complete second season releasing on Blu-ray Disc and DVD October 26,2010. Season 4 premiered on September 16,2011 with the Complete Season 3 on Blu-ray Disc, the fourth season was released for Blu-ray Disc and DVD release on October 23,2012. Season 5 premiered on September 29,2012 with a new slot of 9,30 A. M. Season 5 and the series in the Collectors Edition Box set were both released in October 15,2013. On March 11,2013, Lucasfilm announced that Star Wars, super RTL, a German TV network, began airing the episodes on February 15,2014. The sixth-season episodes were available in the U. S. for streaming on Netflix, along with the entirety of the series. A project known as The Clone Wars Legacy adapted unproduced story arcs into other formats beginning in August 2014. After viewing some of the footage of the early episodes on a big screen. Christopher Lee, Anthony Daniels, and Samuel L. Jackson reprised their roles as Count Dooku, C-3PO, Season 1 shows a wide variety of battles and adventures with Grievous and Dooku as the lead antagonists. Many of the episodes are stand-alone, but a common thread throughout the season is that the Republic, in Season 2, the Sith resort to hiring bounty hunters and mercenaries to steal objects and intel or to assassinate targets for them. Meanwhile, the Jedi lead the Republic forces in an assault on the battle droid manufacturing facility. The first half of both Season 3 and Season 4 are diplomatic in nature, Season 3, in particular, has many stories that take away from the battlefield. How different races and planets are affected by the war are shown
36.
Ahsoka Tano
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Ahsoka Tano is a character in the Star Wars franchise. Introduced as the Padawan apprentice of Anakin Skywalker, she is a protagonist of the 2008 animated film Star Wars, The Clone Wars, Ahsoka reappears in Star Wars Rebels, is the main character of an eponymous novel, and is featured in other Star Wars media. Although initially not popular, Ahsoka developed into a well-rounded, complex character who received positive popular, Ahsoka serves as an important foil for Anakin Skywalker, and she has been highlighted as one of the stronger female characters in the franchise. Star Wars creator George Lucas, who had two daughters, also wanted the character to appeal to girls, early in development, Ahsokas name was Ashla. Clone Wars supervising director and writer Dave Filoni wrote a fable about Ahsokas early childhood to develop the character. He imagined the discovery that she has the stuff to become a Jedi would be a cause for celebration in her hometown. Filoni said he is protective of the Ahsoka character, giving Anakin responsibility for a Padawan was meant to place the character in a role that forced him to become more cautious and responsible. It would also give him insight into his relationship with his own master, Obi-Wan Kenobi, Ahsoka and Anakins relationship was seen as an essential story arc spanning both the animated film and Clone Wars television series. Filoni initially struggled with writing Ahsoka because he had zero perspective on what it was like to be a 14-year-old girl and he therefore shifted his focus and instead wrote Ahsoka primarily as a Jedi who just happens to be an adolescent female. Filoni said he has always had a story in mind for Ahsokas overall development, because production was a year ahead of what was broadcast, with Ahsoka developing over that time, Eckstein implored fans to be patient with the characters growth. Although Ahsoka leaves the Jedi Order at the end of The Clone Wars fifth season, Filoni said this would be the normal arc and suggested to Lucas that she instead remain expelled, Lucas agreed. Lucas believed Ahsoka survived Order 66, the command that led the Republics clone army to murder the Jedi, the Fulcrum character introduced early in Star Wars Rebels was always conceived as being Ahsoka. Filoni, who serves as producer and co-creator of Rebels. Filoni also collaborated with executive producer Simon Kinberg and season one executive producer Greg Wiseman on developing Ahsokas role as a Rebel agent, the shows writers were excited for Ahsokas return in the second season, and Filoni was anxious about Rebels instead becoming The Ahsoka Tano Show. Consequently, Filoni required that Ahsoka play a role in service of Rebels main characters, Ezra and Kanan, although Ahsoka is more mature in Rebels, Filoni wanted aspects of that kid who was there to shine through. He initially envisioned Ahsoka as a more passive player not engaged in combat, Ahsokas presence was necessary to allow Darth Vader to encounter the shows lead characters without the latter being destroyed, Ahsoka can stand toe-to-toe with Vader. Filoni cites fans passion for the character as one reason for Ahsokas prominence in Clone Wars, Eckstein also credits the casting of Matt Lanter as Anakin, which occurred halfway through the first season, with helping solidify the Ahsoka character. Eckstein reprised the role of Ahsoka for Rebels, although she did not do all of Fulcrums voice work and she learned about Ahsokas return about a year before the first seasons finale aired and said it was hard to keep it a secret
37.
Jedi Praxeum
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The Jedi /ˈdʒɛˌdaɪ/ are the main protagonists in the Star Wars universe. They are depicted as an ancient monastic and academic meritocratic organization whose origin dates back to c.25,000 BBY. The Jedi Order mostly consists of polymaths, teachers, philosophers, scientists, engineers, physicians, diplomats and warriors, by serving others, the Jedi give of themselves through acts of charity, citizenship, and volunteerism. A Jedis ideology and strict way of life as a challenge to live up to is a recurring theme in the Star Wars universe. Their traditional weapon is the lightsaber, a device which generates a blade-like plasma controlled by a crystal, the fictional organization has inspired a real-world new religious movement, Jediism. As depicted in the canon, the Jedi study and utilize the Force, in order to help, like their counterparts, the Sith, their main weapon is the lightsaber. By training the mind and the body the Jedi seek to improve themselves by gaining unfettered access to the Force while also seeking to improve those individuals, the film Rogue One suggests that it relates to the planet Jedha, source of the kyber crystals used in lightsabers. George Lucas acknowledged Jedi concepts have been inspired by many sources, the work of the mythologist Joseph Campbell, especially his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, directly influenced Lucas, and was what drove him to create the modern myth of Star Wars. The Lost Twenty was the given to a group of Jedi Masters—numbering twenty in total—who left the Jedi Order throughout its history. The first twelve of these ‘Lost Twenty’ left the Jedi Order before the Third Great Schism, these twelve Masters later became Dark Jedi who eventually founded the first Sith Empire. In the years preceding the Clone Wars, Jedi Master Dooku left the Jedi Order as a result of differences with his fellow Jedi, to commemorate these former Jedi, memorial statue busts were displayed at the Jedi Temple on Coruscant. The prequel films depict the Jedi in their prime, dealing with the presence of the dark side of the Force and determined to fight their mortal enemies. Once corrupted, Vader helps Palpatine hunt down and destroy all of the Jedi, leaving very few left, such as Jedi Masters Yoda. The first person to be issued this order was Clone Commander Cody, Darth Vader led Operation, Knightfall against the Jedi Temple with the 501st Legion while the rest of the clone army around the galaxy carried out Order 66. Palpatine convinced the people of the Republic that Jedi were corrupted warmongers responsible for prolonging the Clone Wars, Darth Vader continued to hunt and execute surviving Jedi by the thousands during the first 10 years of the Empires history. The Jedi are first introduced in the 1977 motion picture Star Wars as an order of monks who serve as the guardians of peace and justice in the galaxy. Obi-Wan Kenobi explains that the Galactic Empire had all but exterminated the Jedi some twenty years before the events of the film, Darth Vader is also established as the Jedis main enemy. By the end of the film, Luke is on the path to becoming a Jedi, the third film in the original trilogy, Return of the Jedi, ends with Luke redeeming Vader and helping to destroy the Empire, thus fulfilling his destiny as a Jedi
38.
Solo family
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The Solo family is a fictional family of characters in the Star Wars franchise. Introduced in the 1977 film Star Wars, smuggler Han Solo is initially a morally ambiguous character and he is also a major character in the sequels The Empire Strikes Back, Return of the Jedi and Star Wars, The Force Awakens. In The Force Awakens, Han and Princess Leia have a son named Ben Solo, Han first appears in Star Wars, A New Hope where he is played by Harrison Ford. He and his Wookiee co-pilot, Chewbacca are initially hired to transport Luke Skywalker, Han and Chewbacca later become involved in the Rebel Alliance and are committed to its cause. Over the course of the franchise, Han becomes a leader for the Alliance, falls in love with and marries Leia Organa. Leia first appears in Star Wars, A New Hope, played by Carrie Fisher and she is princess of the planet Alderaan, a member of the Imperial Senate and also an agent for the Rebel Alliance. She is later revealed to be the daughter of Darth Vader, over the course of the franchise, Leia becomes a leader among the Alliance and later of the New Republic. She falls in love with and marries Han Solo, with whom she has a son named Ben, following the events of Return of the Jedi, Leia and Han have a son, Ben Solo. He is taught the ways of the Force by his uncle, Luke Skywalker, taking up the name Kylo Ren, he sets out to destroy the First Orders enemy and his mothers militant force, the Resistance, as well as kill his former master, Luke. The characters below are no longer considered to be officially canon after the acquisition of Star Wars by Disney, King Berethon e Solo ruled the planet Corellia during the Golden Age of the Old Republic, and set up a constitutional monarchy in 312 BBY. His descendants continued to rule Corellia until the establishment of the Diktat centuries later, by 29 BBY, their declining status had driven them out of rule and into poverty. Han Solo was born during this time, following the events of the original film trilogy, Han is a hero of the Rebel Alliance, and marries Rebel leader Princess Leia in The Courtship of Princess Leia by Dave Wolverton. Han and Leia have a son and daughter in Timothy Zahns The Last Command. Leia becomes the Chief of State of the New Republic by the time of the Jedi Academy trilogy by Kevin J. Anderson, all three of the Solo children become Jedi Knights under the tutelage of their maternal uncle Luke Skywalker. The Solo children were ranked as the 16th top Star Wars heroes, Jaina Solo and her twin brother Jacen were created by Timothy Zahn in the Star Wars expanded universe novel The Last Command. She is the eldest child of Han Solo and Leia Organa Solo, and has appeared in various novels, Jaina, named after Hans mother, is born five minutes before her brother Jacen in the Thrawn trilogy. The twins, and eventually their younger brother, live at various safe havens for their first few years under the protection of Leias handmaiden Winter, the twins play a small role in Kevin J. Andersons Jedi Academy trilogy. In Champions of the Force, Jaina helps her brother defend their unconscious uncle from the spirit of Sith Lord Exar Kun, in Vonda McIntyres The Crystal Star, Jaina is kidnapped and used in a plot, along with her siblings, to take advantage of their Force powers
39.
R2-D2
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R2-D2 is a fictional robot character in the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas, who appears in the original trilogy, the prequel trilogy, the sequel trilogy, and Rogue One. A small astromech droid, R2-D2 is a character and appears in all Star Wars films to date. Throughout the course of the films, he joins or supports Padmé Amidala, Anakin Skywalker, Leia Organa, Luke Skywalker, in the sequel trilogy, Baker was credited as consultant for the The Force Awakens, however Jimmy Vee also co-performed the character in some scenes. Vee later took over the beginning in The Last Jedi. R2-D2s sounds and vocal effects were created by Ben Burtt, R2-D2 was designed in artwork by Ralph McQuarrie, co-developed by John Stears and built by Tony Dyson. Lucas and artist Ralph McQuarrie also drew inspiration from the robots Huey, Dewey, the name is said to derive from when Lucas was making one of his earlier films, American Graffiti. Sound editor Walter Murch states that he is responsible for the utterance which sparked the name for the droid, Murch asked for Reel 2, Dialog Track 2, in the abbreviated form R-2-D-2. R2-D2 stands for Second Generation Robotic Droid Series-2, according to a Star Wars encyclopedia published after the release of the film Star Wars. Tony Dyson, owner of the special effects studio The White Horse Toy Company, was commissioned to fabricate the design, two were used by Baker, and two were stunt double models made for the scene where the droid was shot from the swamp onto the shore on Dagobah. In Star Wars, both R2-D2 and C-3PO are introduced on board the Tantive IV, along with Princess Leia of Alderaan, Leia inserts into R2-D2 an information disc containing the plans for the Death Star battle station, and encodes a distress message on the droids holographic projector. The droids then escape in a pod that crashes on Tatooine near Obi-Wan Kenobis desert abode, R2-D2 and C-3PO are then abducted by Jawas and bought by Owen Lars, step-uncle of Luke Skywalker. That night, R2-D2 leaves the farm to seek out Obi-Wan, soon, by way of fate, Luke is forced to leave Tatooine with Obi-Wan, Han Solo, and Chewbacca, and they attempt to deliver R2-D2 to the Rebel Alliance. Along the way, they are pulled in by the Death Stars tractor beam, R2-D2 delivers the plans to the Rebel Alliance, and serves as Lukes astromech droid during the attack on the station. R2-D2 is severely damaged during the battle, but is restored before the ceremony at the end of the film. In The Empire Strikes Back, R2-D2 accompanies Luke to Dagobah, and later to Cloud City and he also manages to fix the Millennium Falcons hyperdrive, resulting in a last-minute escape from Imperial forces. In Return of the Jedi, R2-D2 plays a role in rescuing Luke, Leia. He later joins the Rebel strike team on Endor and he is badly damaged during the fight between the Imperial troops and the Rebels, but is repaired in time for the celebration marking the second Death Stars destruction and the end of the Empire. The sole survivor of the four, R2-D2 becomes part of Qui-Gon Jinns party on Tatooine and meets C-3PO, later still, he serves as the astromech droid for Anakins starfighter during the Battle of Naboo
40.
Chess
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Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a chessboard, a checkered gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Chess is played by millions of people worldwide, both amateurs and professionals, each player begins the game with 16 pieces, one king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Each of the six piece types moves differently, with the most powerful being the queen, the objective is to checkmate the opponents king by placing it under an inescapable threat of capture. To this end, a players pieces are used to attack and capture the opponents pieces, in addition to checkmate, the game can be won by voluntary resignation by the opponent, which typically occurs when too much material is lost, or if checkmate appears unavoidable. A game may result in a draw in several ways. Chess is believed to have originated in India, some time before the 7th century, chaturanga is also the likely ancestor of the Eastern strategy games xiangqi, janggi and shogi. The pieces took on their current powers in Spain in the late 15th century, the first generally recognized World Chess Champion, Wilhelm Steinitz, claimed his title in 1886. Since 1948, the World Championship has been controlled by FIDE, the international governing body. There is also a Correspondence Chess World Championship and a World Computer Chess Championship, online chess has opened amateur and professional competition to a wide and varied group of players. There are also many variants, with different rules, different pieces. FIDE awards titles to skilled players, the highest of which is grandmaster, many national chess organizations also have a title system. However, these are not recognised by FIDE, the term master may refer to a formal title or may be used more loosely for any skilled player. Until recently, chess was a sport of the International Olympic Committee. Chess was included in the 2006 and 2010 Asian Games, since the 1990s, computer analysis has contributed significantly to chess theory, particularly in the endgame. The computer IBM Deep Blue was the first machine to overcome a reigning World Chess Champion in a match when it defeated Garry Kasparov in 1997, the rise of strong computer programs that can be run on hand-held devices has led to increasing concerns about cheating during tournaments. The official rules of chess are maintained by FIDE, chesss international governing body, along with information on official chess tournaments, the rules are described in the FIDE Handbook, Laws of Chess section. Chess is played on a board of eight rows and eight columns. The colors of the 64 squares alternate and are referred to as light, the chessboard is placed with a light square at the right-hand end of the rank nearest to each player
