1.
Ground zero
–
In terms of nuclear explosions and other large bombs, the term ground zero describes the point on the Earths surface closest to a detonation. In the case of an explosion above the ground, ground zero refers to the point on the ground directly below the nuclear detonation and is called the hypocenter. Generally, the term is used in relation to earthquakes, epidemics. The term is distinguished from the zero point in that the latter can also be located in the air, underground. The origins of the ground zero began with the Trinity test in Jornada del Muerto desert near Socorro, New Mexico. William Laurence, a reporter with the Manhattan Project, reported that Zero was the code name given to the spot chosen for the test in 1945. The term was military slang, used at the Trinity site where the tower for the first nuclear weapon was at point zero. At Hiroshima, the hypocenter of the attack was Shima Hospital, during the Cold War, The Pentagon, the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense in Arlington County, Virginia, was an assured target in the event of nuclear war. The open space in the center of the Pentagon became known informally as ground zero, a snack bar that used to be located at the center of this open space was nicknamed Cafe Ground Zero. The destroyed World Trade Center site soon known as ground zero. Rescue workers also used the phrase The Pile, referring to the pile of rubble that was left after the buildings collapsed, in advance of the 10th anniversary of the attacks, New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg urged that the ground zero moniker be retired, saying. The time has come to call those 16 acres what they are, The World Trade Center and the National September 11th Memorial and Museum
2.
September 11 attacks
–
The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11,2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and it was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed respectively. Suspicion for the attack fell on al-Qaeda. The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks. Although al-Qaedas leader, Osama bin Laden, initially denied any involvement, al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U. S. support of Israel, the presence of U. S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as motives. Having evaded capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U. S. Navy in May 2011. S. many closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002, on November 18,2006, construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site. The building was opened on November 3,2014. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets. Under the guidance of Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical, in 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed, Muslim legal scholars have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries, according to bin Laden. Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially denied but later admitted involvement, in November 2001, U. S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi, on December 27,2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said, It has become clear that the West in general and it is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, the transcript refers several times to the United States specifically targeting Muslims. He said that the attacks were carried out because, we are free, and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours, Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
3.
Lower Manhattan
–
Lower Manhattan is defined most commonly as the area delineated on the north by 14th Street, on the west by the Hudson River, on the east by the East River, and on the south by New York Harbor. The Lower Manhattan business district forms the core of the area below Chambers Street and it includes the Financial District and the World Trade Center site. At the islands southern tip is Battery Park, City Hall is just to the north of the Financial District, also south of Chambers Street are the planned community of Battery Park City and the South Street Seaport historic area. The neighborhood of TriBeCa straddles Chambers on the west side, at the streets east end is the giant Manhattan Municipal Building, North of Chambers Street and the Brooklyn Bridge and south of Canal Street lies most of New Yorks oldest Chinatown neighborhood. Many court buildings and other government offices are located in this area. The Lower East Side neighborhood straddles Canal, North of Canal Street and south of 14th Street are the neighborhoods of SoHo, the Meatpacking District, the West Village, Greenwich Village, Little Italy, Nolita, and the East Village. Between 14th and 23rd streets are lower Chelsea, Union Square, the Flatiron District, Gramercy, the area that would eventually encompass modern day New York City was inhabited by the Lenape people. These groups of culturally and linguistically identical Native Americans traditionally spoke an Algonquian language now referred to as Unami, European settlement began with the founding of a Dutch fur trading post in Lower Manhattan, later called New Amsterdam in 1626. The first fort was built at the Battery to protect New Netherland, soon thereafter, most likely in 1626, construction of Fort Amsterdam began. Later, the Dutch West Indies Company imported African slaves to serve as laborers, they helped to build the wall that defended the town against English, early directors included Willem Verhulst and Peter Minuit. Willem Kieft became director in 1638 but five years later was embroiled in Kiefts War against the Native Americans, the Pavonia Massacre, across the Hudson River in present-day Jersey City resulted in the death of 80 natives in February 1643. Following the massacre, Algonquian tribes joined forces and nearly defeated the Dutch, the Dutch Republic sent additional forces to the aid of Kieft, leading to the overwhelming defeat of the Native Americans and a peace treaty on August 29,1645. On May 27,1647, Peter Stuyvesant was inaugurated as director general upon his arrival, the colony was granted self-government in 1652, and New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. The first mayors of New Amsterdam, Arent van Hattem and Martin Cregier, were appointed in that year, in 1664, the English conquered the area and renamed it New York after the Duke of York. At that time, people of African descent made up 20% of the population of the city, with European settlers numbering approximately 1,500, during the mid 1600s, farms of free blacks covered 130 acres where Washington Square Park later developed. The Dutch briefly regained the city in 1673, renaming the city New Orange, the new English rulers of the formerly Dutch New Amsterdam and New Netherland renamed the settlement New York. As the colony grew and prospered, sentiment also grew for greater autonomy, by 1700, the Lenape population of New York had diminished to 200. By 1703, 42% of households in New York had slaves, the 1735 libel trial of John Peter Zenger in the city was a seminal influence on freedom of the press in North America
4.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
5.
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
–
This 1, 500-square-mile port district is generally encompassed within a 25-mile radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument. The Port Authority is headquartered at 4 World Trade Center and is a member of the Real Estate Board of New York, the agency has its own 1, 600-member Port Authority Police Department. The Port of New York and New Jersey comprised the main point of embarkation for U. S. troops and supplies sent to Europe during World War I, the solution was the 1921 creation of the Port Authority under the supervision of the governors of the two states. By issuing its own bonds, it was independent of either state. It became one of the agencies of the metropolitan area for large-scale projects. In the early years of the 20th century, there were disputes between the states of New Jersey and New York over rail freights and boundaries. At the time, rail lines terminated on the New Jersey side of the harbor, while shipping was centered on Manhattan. Freight had to be shipped across the Hudson River in barges, the Harbor Development Commission, a joint advisory board set-up in 1917, recommended that a bi-state authority be established to oversee efficient economic development of the port district. The Port of New York Authority was established on April 30,1921 and this was the first such agency in the United States, created under a provision in the Constitution of the United States permitting interstate compacts. The idea for the Port Authority was conceived during the Progressive Era, with the Port Authority at a distance from political pressures, it was able to carry longer-term infrastructure projects irrespective of the election cycles and in a more efficient manner. In 1972 it was renamed the Port Authority of New York, throughout its history, there have been concerns about democratic accountability, or lack thereof at the Port Authority. The Port District is irregularly shaped but comprises a 1, 500-square-mile area roughly within a 25-mile radius of the Statue of Liberty, at the beginning of the 20th century, there were no road bridge or tunnel crossings between the two states. The initial tunnel crossings were completed privately by the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad in 1908 and 1909, under an independent agency, the Holland Tunnel was opened in 1927, with some planning and construction pre-dating the Port Authority. With the rise in traffic, there was demand for more Hudson River crossings. Using its ability to issue bonds and collect revenue, the Port Authority has built, early projects included bridges across the Arthur Kill, which separates Staten Island from New Jersey. The Goethals Bridge, named chief engineer of the Panama Canal Commission General George Washington Goethals, connected Elizabeth, New Jersey and Howland Hook. At the south end of Arthur Kill, the Outerbridge Crossing was built and named after the Port Authoritys first chairman, construction of both bridges was completed in 1928. The Bayonne Bridge, opened in 1931, was built across the Kill van Kull, connecting Staten Island with Bayonne, the bridge was completed in October 1931, ahead of schedule and well under the estimated costs
6.
Silverstein Properties
–
Silverstein Properties, Inc. is New York Citys 5th largest commercial landlord, a privately held, full-service real estate development, investment and management firm based in New York City. Founded in 1957 by Chairman Larry Silverstein, the company specializes in developing, acquiring, and managing office, residential, hotel, retail, Silverstein Properties is currently headquartered at 7 World Trade Center in Manhattan, New York City. Perhaps best known for developing and owning the World Trade Center complex, SPI has developed, owned, and managed more than 40 million SF of commercial, residential, and retail space. Prior to joining the firm, SPIs executives and professionals developed in excess of 100 million SF in the United States, SPIs portfolio includes 13.4 million square feet of office, residential and retail properties and $10 billion of current development
7.
Lower Manhattan Development Corporation
–
It is a subsidiary of the Empire State Development Corporation, which is a state public-benefit corporation. The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation was formed in November 2001 by then-Governor George Pataki, the LMDC is a joint State-City corporation governed by a 16-member Board of Directors, half appointed by the Governor of New York and half by the Mayor of New York. As a result, Pataki and Giuliani appointees dominate the LMDC and its original chairman was John C. Whitehead, a former Deputy Secretary of State and head of Goldman Sachs, in February 2003, the LMDC chose Daniel Libeskinds master plan for the reconstruction of the World Trade Center complex. Having distributed its funds, the LMDC in July 2006 announced plans to dissolve and transfer its responsibilities to other existing agencies and foundations, Memorial Foundation, and the Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center. LMDC does not own the World Trade Center site and this has created problems in its dealings with Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and Larry Silverstein. Former Attorney General Democrat Eliot Spitzer became Governor in 2007, rethought his condemnation, Mayor Bloomberg welcomed the Governors renewed interest at the time. However, in September 2008, Mayor Bloomberg condemned the LMDC as a contributor to a progress in rebuilding. The LMDC obtained a patent for one of its 9/11 Memorial endeavors in 2005, engraving for a National Memorial, U. S. Patent D506,860, designed by Michael Anthony Stahl of Huntsville, patent and Trademark Office on June 28,2005. Empire State Development Corporation Economy of New York City Shifting dollars, approaches its final days Official website
8.
Daniel Libeskind
–
Daniel Libeskind is a Polish-American architect, artist, professor and set designer of Polish Jewish descent. Libeskind founded Studio Daniel Libeskind in 1989 with his wife, Nina and his portfolio also includes several residential projects. Libeskinds work has exhibited in major museums and galleries around the world, including the Museum of Modern Art, the Bauhaus Archives, the Art Institute of Chicago. On February 27,2003, Libeskind won the competition to be the master architect for the reconstruction of the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan. Born in Łódź, Poland, Libeskind was the child of Dora and Nachman Libeskind. As a young child, Libeskind learned to play the accordion and quickly became a virtuoso and he won a prestigious America Israel Cultural Foundation scholarship in 1959 and played alongside a young Itzhak Perlman. Libeskind lived in Poland for 13 years and can speak, read. In 1957, the Libeskinds moved to Kibbutz Gvat, Israel, in his autobiography, Breaking Ground, An Immigrants Journey from Poland to Ground Zero, Libeskind spoke of how the kibbutz experience influenced his concern for green architecture. In the summer of 1959, the Libeskinds moved to New York City on one of the last immigrant boats to the United States, in New York, Libeskind lived in the Amalgamated Housing Cooperative in the northwest Bronx, a union-sponsored, middle-income cooperative development. He attended the Bronx High School of Science, the print shop where his father worked was on Stone Street in Lower Manhattan, and Libeskind watched the original World Trade Center being built in the 1960s. Libeskind became a United States citizen in 1965, Libeskind met Nina Lewis, his future wife and business partner, at the Bundist-run Camp Hemshekh in upstate New York in 1966. They married a few years later and, instead of a traditional honeymoon, Nina now serves as COO for Studio Daniel Libeskind. In 1968, Libeskind briefly worked as an apprentice to architect Richard Meier, the same year, he was hired to work at Peter Eisenmans New York Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies, but he quit almost immediately. Since 2007, Libeskind has been a professor at the Leuphana University Lüneburg in Lüneburg. He is both a U. S. and Israeli citizen, Nina and Daniel Libeskind have three children, Lev, Noam, and Rachel. Libeskind began his career as an architectural theorist and professor, holding positions at institutions around the world. Libeskind completed his first building at the age of 52, with the opening of the Felix Nussbaum Haus in 1998, prior to this, critics had dismissed his designs as unbuildable or unduly assertive. In 1987, Libeskind won his first design competition for housing in West Berlin, but the Berlin Wall fell shortly thereafter, Libeskind won the first four projects competitions he entered
9.
Vesey Street
–
Vesey Street is a street in New York City that runs east-west in Lower Manhattan. The street is named after Rev. William Vesey, the first rector of nearby Trinity Church, prior to the construction of the World Trade Center it ran as continuous street from Broadway to the Hudson River. As of 2013, it is still a street, but it has four discontinuous segments with mixed uses, From Broadway to Church Street for motor vehicles. From Church Street to West Street for pedestrians only and this portion was widened during construction of the World Trade Center, and separates WTC on the streets south side from the Verizon Building on the streets north side. In Battery Park City, from West Street to North End Avenue for motor vehicles, from North End Avenue to River Terrace and the Irish Hunger Memorial, for pedestrians only. The eastern extension of the street at Broadway is Ann Street, adjacent to Vesey Street is St. Pauls Chapel, the Church Street Station Post Office, and the World Trade Center. The street next to the World Trade Center was closed to pedestrians after the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001, and has not yet been reopened to vehicular traffic. A structure left standing after the collapse of the adjacent buildings is known as the Survivors Staircase which has been preserved, in the area from Church Street to Washington Street, tourists attempt to view the ongoing construction, pending the future museum and memorial at the site. The World Trade Center PATH station is accessible from the street at the World Trade Center site, just past the western end of the street is the Irish Hunger Memorial. This end of the street is in the part of Battery Park City. Vesey Street was the birthplace of The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, archived from the original on March 10,2009
10.
West Side Highway
–
The West Side Highway is a mostly surface section of New York State Route 9A that runs from West 72nd Street along the Hudson River to the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City. It replaced the West Side Elevated Highway, built between 1929 and 1951, which was shut down in 1973 due to neglect and lack of maintenance, and was dismantled by 1989. The term West Side Highway is often used, particularly by the news media traffic reporters. The current highway was complete by 2001, but required some reconstruction due to damage sustained in the 9/11 attacks and it uses the surface streets that existed before the elevated highway was built, West Street, Eleventh Avenue and Twelfth Avenue. A short section of 12th Avenue still runs between 125th and 138th Streets, under the Riverside Drive Viaduct, Eleventh Avenue is a separate street north of 22nd Street. The portion between West 42nd Street and Canal Street is part of the Lincoln Highway, the highway is a six-to-eight lane urban boulevard, with the northernmost section, from 59th Street to 72nd Street, elevated above a former rail yard adjacent to tracks still used by Amtrak. Trucks and buses are allowed only on the surface section, the West Side Highways surface section takes three names, West Street from the Battery Park Underpass north to Tenth Avenue, then 11th Avenue to 22nd Street, and finally 12th Avenue to 59th Street. The highway begins from Battery Park close to the mouth of the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel where it also accepts traffic from the terminus of the Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive. From there, the route passes close to the site of the World Trade Center at Vesey Street, the route continues with this name passing by numerous piers along the Hudson River until Gansevoort Street in the Meatpacking District where it becomes Eleventh Avenue. Eleventh Avenue begins just north of the intersection with Tenth Avenue, the highway is concurrent with Eleventh Avenue north of this point, passing by the 14th Street Park at 14th Street. The highway continues with this name alongside the Chelsea Piers until it reaches 22nd Street where the branches off from Eleventh Avenue onto Twelfth Avenue. At 22nd Street, the highway continues as Twelfth Avenue passing by the Chelsea Waterside Park and it passes just west of the Javits Center from 34th Street to 38th Street and over the Lincoln Tunnel at 39th Street. The road continues past the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum and Piers 84 to 92, at 54th Street, 12th Avenue attains a highway with service roads character, with the service roads running as far as 59th Street. From there, Twelfth Avenue becomes elevated and at 72nd Street, various proposals circulated in the 1920s to build an expressway on the west side. It would eliminate 106 grade crossings over 84 blocks and it ran into opposition because of fears that it would create a rail monopoly. The highway would run on top of the ten-story buildings, a similar alternative was offered by Benjamin Battin. The proposal immediately ran into stiff opposition, the City Club and New York City Mayor James J. Walker objected to the highway on the grounds that it would block waterfront-bound freight traffic. They believed that the plans should wait until the railroad tracks were removed in the area
11.
Liberty Street (Manhattan)
–
Liberty Street is a street in New York City that stretches east-west from the middle of Lower Manhattan almost to the East River. A FDNY Firehouse, Engine Co. #10 and Ladder Co, #10, is located at 124 Liberty Street, directly across from Ground Zero. Before the American Revolution, Liberty Street was known as Crown Street, the present Liberty Street and the present Maiden Lane between Liberty and Pearl Streets. The name was changed to Liberty Street in 1793, with the part east of the junction being added to Maiden Lane. Between the 1860s and the 1960s the Central Railroad of New Jerseys main ferry ran from the foot of the street on the Hudson River to Communipaw Terminal in Jersey City. In the late 1960s, all buildings that ran along the side of the street from Church Street to West Street were demolished to make way for the World Trade Center. The western portion of the street was extensively damaged by the September 11 attacks. This section of the road, adjacent to the South Tower of the World Trade Center, was crushed by debris and blanketed with dust, rebuilding efforts continue near the World Trade Center site. The Deutsche Bank Building, located at 130 Liberty Street, sustained damage that morning and was later demolished. Other buildings on Liberty Street were also ravaged by the events, the Burger King on the corner was used as a temporary NYPD headquarters in the days following the attacks. Notes Media related to Liberty Street at Wikimedia Commons
12.
Church Street (Manhattan)
–
Church Street is a short, but heavily travelled, north-south street in Lower Manhattan in New York City. Its southern end is at Trinity Place, of which it is a continuation, Trinity Place begins at Battery Place and runs uptown, passing west of Trinity Church, the Trinity and United States Realty Buildings and Zuccotti Park. It then forms the part of the eastern boundary of the World Trade Center site before becoming Church Street. A few blocks before Canal Street, Church Street connects to the end of Avenue of the Americas. Church Street is named after Trinity Church, an historic Gothic-style parish church on Broadway at Wall Street, Extended in 1784, part of the street was owned by the church, but was given to the city in 1804. Trinity Place is also a namesake of the church, being named so in 1834, prior to which it was known at times as Lumber Street. The work, plagued by delays and, allegedly, corruption, was completed by the end of 1872, other notable buildings include the rear of the 1765 St. Pauls Chapel, the residential tower under construction at 99 Church Street, and St. Peters Church. Near Rector Street, Trinity Place passes under the Trinity Place bridge, completed in 1989, the bridge is a private elevated walkway connecting the rear side of Trinity Church to its parish house across Trinity Place. The IND Eighth Avenue Line in the New York City Subway runs below Church Street from Liberty Street to Sixth Avenue, a portion of the BMT Broadway Line runs under Church Street south of Vesey Street. The Cortlandt Street station, damaged in the September 11 attacks, is adjacent to the site of the Twin Towers. Notes Media related to Church Street at Wikimedia Commons
13.
7 World Trade Center
–
7 World Trade Center refers to two buildings that have existed at the same location in the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The current structure is the building to bear that name. The original structure, part of the old World Trade Center, was completed in 1987 and was destroyed in the September 11 attacks, the current building opened in 2006. Both buildings were developed by Larry Silverstein, who holds a lease for the site from the Port Authority of New York. The original 7 World Trade Center was 47 stories tall, clad in red masonry, an elevated walkway connected the building to the World Trade Center plaza. The building was situated above a Consolidated Edison power substation, which imposed unique structural design constraints, when the building opened in 1987, Silverstein had difficulties attracting tenants. In 1988, Salomon Brothers signed a lease, and became the main tenants of the building. On September 11,2001,7 WTC was damaged by debris when the nearby North Tower of the World Trade Center collapsed, the debris also ignited fires, which continued to burn throughout the afternoon on lower floors of the building. Construction of the new 7 World Trade Center began in 2002 and was completed in 2006, the building is 52 stories tall, making it the 28th-tallest in New York. It is built on a smaller footprint than the original, allowing Greenwich Street to be restored from Tribeca through the World Trade Center site, the new building is bounded by Greenwich, Vesey, Washington, and Barclay streets. A small park across Greenwich Street occupies space that was part of the buildings footprint. The current buildings design emphasizes safety, with a concrete core, wider stairways. It also incorporates numerous green design features and it was also one of the first projects accepted to be part of the Councils pilot program for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design – Core and Shell Development. The original 7 World Trade Center was a 47-story building, designed by Emery Roth & Sons, the building was 610 feet tall, with a trapezoidal footprint that was 330 ft long and 140 ft wide. Tishman Realty & Construction managed construction of the building, which began in 1983, in May 1987, the building opened, becoming the seventh structure of the World Trade Center. The building was constructed above a Con Edison substation that had been on the site since 1967, the substation had a caisson foundation designed to carry the weight of a future building of 25 stories containing 600,000 sq ft. The final design for 7 World Trade Center was for a larger building than originally planned when the substation was built. The structural design of 7 World Trade Center therefore included a system of gravity column transfer trusses and girders, existing caissons installed in 1967 were used, along with new ones, to accommodate the building
14.
Larry Silverstein
–
Larry A. Silverstein is an American businessman. Silverstein was born in Brooklyn, and became involved in real estate, together with his father, Silverstein separated from his business partner, Bernard Mendik, in 1977, and bought a number of large office buildings in Midtown and Lower Manhattan in the late 1970s. In 1980, Silverstein won a bid from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey to construct 7 World Trade Center, to the north of the World Trade Center site. Silverstein was interested in acquiring the entire World Trade Center complex, Silverstein won the bid when a deal between the initial winner and the Port Authority fell through, and he signed the lease on July 24,2001.55 billion coverage per event. A settlement was reached in 2007, with insurers agreeing to pay out $4.55 billion, Silverstein also ran into multiple disputes with other parties in the rebuilding effort, including with the Port Authority. Silverstein was born in Bedford-Stuyvesant, in Brooklyn in 1931 into a Jewish family, growing up, Silverstein enjoyed classical music and played the piano. He attended the High School of Music and Art in New York, during college, Silverstein worked at a summer camp, where he met his wife, Klara. The couple married in 1956, and had three children, Lisa, Roger and Sharon and his wife worked as a school teacher, supporting the family on her salary for the first few years of their marriage while Silverstein attended classes at Brooklyn Law School. Silverstein became involved in real estate, together with his father, Harry G. Silverstein, in 1957, they established Silverstein Properties, as Harry G. Silverstein & Sons, and bought their first building, in Manhattan. Mendik and Silverstein continued the business after the elder Silversteins death in 1966, in 1977, Mendik divorced Annette Silverstein Mendik, with the business partnership also splitting up at that time. Mendik also cited disagreements over real estate strategies, with Mendik wanting to buy buildings while Silverstein wanted to build, after splitting with Mendik, both remained involved in the real-estate industry, but in separate firms. By 1978, Silverstein owned five buildings on Fifth Avenue, as well as 44 Wall Street, in 1980, he renovated the building at 11 West 42nd Street, and acquired the lease for the Equitable Building at 120 Broadway. In 1983, Silverstein sold the building at 711 Fifth Avenue to Coca-Cola for $57.6 million, also in 1980, Silverstein bought the building at 120 Wall Street, which was constructed in 1930. In 1980, Silverstein won a bid to lease and develop the last undeveloped parcel from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, to build the 47-story building 7 World Trade Center. During the 1990s, New York was suffering from the effects of the 1987 stock market crash, george Pataki became Governor of New York in 1995 on a campaign of cutting costs, including privatizing the World Trade Center. A sale of the property was considered too complex, so it was decided by the Port Authority to open a 99-year lease to competitive bidding. In January 2001, Silverstein, via Silverstein Properties and Westfield America, Silverstein was outbid by $30 million by Vornado Realty, with Boston Properties and Brookfield Properties also competing for the lease. However, Vornado withdrew and Silversteins bid for the lease to the World Trade Center was accepted on July 24,2001 and this was the first time in the buildings 31-year history that the complex had changed management
15.
Adriaen Block
–
He is credited with being the first European to enter Long Island Sound and the Connecticut River and to determine that Manhattan and Long Island are islands. Though spending much of his time at sea, Block called Amsterdam his home, there, on October 26,1603, he married Neeltje Hendricks van Gelder, with whom he would have five children between 1607 and 1615. In 1606 they moved into a house called De Twee Bontecraijen on Amsterdams Oude Waal street, in the 1590s, Block already was active in the shipping trade, transporting wood from Northern Europe to deforested Spain. He is for example mentioned delivering Norwegian wood in April 1596 in Bilbao, from there he headed for Ribadeo to buy goods for Cádiz. In April 1601, he was part of a convoy of ships leaving Amsterdam for the Dutch East Indies, at that time probably as far as the Moluccas, returning home in 1603. In the spring of 1604, after delivering goods in Liguria and this trade fell through, and he headed home to Amsterdam. Passing Lisbon, he came upon a Lübeck-based ship returning from a trip to Brazil and he had written permission from Dutch authorities to capture enemy ships, which he put to use, taking the ship and its load to Amsterdam. Though the ship and some of its goods were returned to its owners, Block made a lot of money, cornelis Rijser, successfully returned in the St. It took about ten weeks to sail to New Netherland, sometimes longer, in 1613, he made a fourth voyage to the lower Hudson in the Tyger accompanied by several other ships especially equipped for trading. While moored along southern Manhattan, the Tyger was accidentally destroyed by fire, over the winter, he and his men, with help from the Lenape, built the 44. 5-foot ship 16-ton Onrust. In this later ship, he explored the East River and was the first known European to navigate the Hellegat and to enter Long Island Sound. Travelling along Long Island Sound, he entered the Housatonic River and the Connecticut River, leaving Long Island Sound, he charted Block Island, which is named for him and Narragansett Bay, where he possibly named Roode Eylandt after the red color of its soil. On Cape Cod, he rendezvoused with one of the ships of the expedition. Block set up colonies in Connecticut, one of the first is present day Windsor. The life was hard, as it was settled in the winter as a result of the Connecticut river turning to ice, Block sailed up the Connecticut River, and originally created the Dutch base that later became Hartford. He is credited with naming Fishers Island after a shipmate, Fishers Island is today part of New York rather than Connecticut. Upon returning, Block compiled a map of his voyage together with information of the time. The Block map was the first to apply the name New Netherland to the area between English Virginia and French Canada, as well as the first to show Long Island as an island
16.
Sloop
–
A sloop is a sailing boat with a single mast and a fore-and-aft rig. A sloop has only one head-sail, if a vessel has two or more head-sails, the cutter is used, and its mast may be set further aft than on a sloop. The most common rig of modern sailboats is the Bermuda-rigged sloop, typically, a modern sloop carries a mainsail on a boom aft of the mast, with a single loose-footed head-sail forward of the mast. Sloops are either masthead-rigged or fractional-rigged, on a masthead-rigged sloop, the forestay attaches at the top of the mast. The mainsail may be smaller than the headsail, which is called a genoa jib. On a fractional-rigged sloop, the forestay attaches to the mast at a point below the top, typically 3/4 of the way to top, or perhaps 7/8 or some other fraction. The mast of a fractional-rigged sloop may be placed forward, compared to a masthead-rigged sloop. After the cat rig, which has only a mainsail, the rig is one of the simpler sailing rig configurations. A sloop typically has two sails, a mainsail and a headsail, while the cutter has a mainsail and two or more headsails, next in complexity are the ketch, the yawl and the schooner, each of which has two masts and a minimum of three sails. A sloop has a system of mast rigging — a forestay. By having only two sails, the sails of a sloop are larger than those of an equivalent cutter. Until the advent of lightweight sailcloth and modern sail-handling systems, the sails of a sloop could be a handful. So, until the 1950s, sailboats over 10 metres Length Over All would typically use a rig or a two-mast rig. After the advent of modern winches and light sailcloth, the became the dominant sailing rig type for all. No rig type is perfect for all conditions, sloops, with their paucity of spars and control lines tend to impart less aerodynamic drag. Compared to other rigs, sloops tend to very well when sailing close hauled to windward. Cutters, ketches and yawls are often preferred to sloops when venturing far offshore, because it is easier to reef small sails as the wind increases, while still keeping the boat balanced. To maximize the amount of sail carried, the classic sloop may use a bowsprit, for downwind sailing, the typical foresail may be replaced by larger curved sails known as spinnakers or gennakers
17.
Radio Row
–
Radio Row is a nickname for an urban street or district specializing in the sale of radio and electronic equipment and parts. Radio Rows arose in cities with the 1920s rise of broadcasting. New York Citys Radio Row, which existed from 1921 to 1966, was a district on the Lower West Side of Manhattan. Harry Schneck opened City Radio on Cortlandt Street in 1921, creating Radio Row, Radio Row was torn down in 1966 to make room for the World Trade Center. It held several blocks of stores, with Cortlandt Street as its central axis. The used radios, war surplus electronics, junk, and parts often piled so high they would spill out onto the street, according to a business writer, it also was the origin of the electronic component distribution business. The New York Times made a reference to Radio Row in 1927. Cortlandt Street is Radio Row, while Broadway is just a thoroughfare, later, my brothers went there with him in search of television components. Radio Row was a piece of all our interior maps, in 1930, the Times described Radio Row as located on Greenwich Street where Cortlandt Street intersects it and the Ninth Avenue Elevated forms a canopy over the roadway. It estimated 40 or 50 stores in the vicinity, all going full blast at the same time, there may be regulations prohibiting this vociferous practice, but if the radio dealers have anything to say it about it, it will never have the slightest effect along Radio Row. The clamor is heard even as one walks through the tunnel to the street exit. The first impression, and in fact the one, is auditory, a reverberating bedlam. It noted, in addition to merchants selling radio sets, others display mostly accessories, one shopkeeper last week featured a crystal set small enough to fit into a pocket, and another gave prominent position to a bucket of condensers about an inch in side. After the decision was made to raze the streets on the west side for the World Trade Center, sam Slate reported on this for WCBS Radio in 1962, Shaping up in New York City is a legal battle of overriding importance. Its outcome will conceivably affect us all, if the considerable power of the Port Authority is allowed to dispossess the merchants of Radio Row, then, it is our conviction, no home or business is safe from the caprice of government. The city also objected to the compensation given for the streets themselves obscured by the superblock, oscar Nadel headed the committee of small business owners opposing the condemnation proceedings. He estimated that 30,000 people worked in businesses generating $300 million per year, the Port Authority offered $3,000 to each business as compensation regardless of the size or length of time it had been located in the area. The court case was titled Courtesy Sandwich Shop v. Port of New York Authority, after the closing of these stores, the concentration of radio retailers was not duplicated elsewhere in New York
18.
History of the world's tallest buildings
–
The tallest building in the world is Burj Khalifa. Before Burj Khalifa, the title of worlds tallest building has been borne by various buildings, such as Rouen Cathedral, the skyscraper was invented in Chicago in 1884. For the next hundred years, the worlds tallest building was always in the United States with New York City accumulating 87 years, after just over a century the distinction moved to the Eastern Hemisphere. Before the current era of commercial skyscrapers, there was an era where the tallest buildings were Christian churches/cathedrals, dominated by England, before this time, it is not possible to conclusively state what was the tallest building in the world. For instance, the Lighthouse of Alexandria was very tall, for thousands of years, the Great Pyramid in Egypt was the tallest structure in the world, but the Great Pyramid is not considered a building since it was not inhabitable. From then until the completion of the Washington Monument the worlds tallest buildings were churches or cathedrals, later, the Eiffel Tower and, still later, some radio masts and television towers were the worlds tallest structures. However, though all of these are structures, some are not buildings in the sense of being regularly inhabited or occupied and it is in this sense of being regularly inhabited or occupied that the term building is generally understood to mean when determining what is the worlds tallest building. Tall churches and cathedrals occupy a middle ground, their areas are regularly occupied. Whether a church or cathedral is a building or merely a structure for the purposes of determining the title of worlds tallest building is a matter of definition. The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat based in Chicago uses three different criteria for determining the height of a building, each of which may give a different result. From the 13th century until 1901, the worlds tallest building was always a church or cathedral, in the 13th century Old St Pauls Cathedral with its spire was completed. Completed in the early 14th century, the spire of Lincoln Cathedral surpassed it. In 1549 this spire collapsed, beginning a sequence where the status of worlds tallest building was borne by shorter and shorter buildings. On the collapse of Lincoln Cathedrals spire, then St. Marys Church in Stralsund became the worlds tallest building, in 1647, the bell tower of St. Marys burned down, thus making the shorter Strasbourg Cathedral the worlds tallest building. It was not until the completion of the Ulm Minster in 1890 that the worlds tallest building was also the tallest building ever. * – Also set record at time of completion as tallest building ever built, the 524 feet height of Lincoln Cathedral is disputed by some, but accepted by most sources. The completion date for the spire is given as 1311 rather than 1300 by some sources. Also the 489 feet height of the spire of Old St Pauls Cathedral, destroyed by lightning in 1561, is disputed, for example Christopher Wren judged that an overestimate and gave height 460 feet
19.
Marriott World Trade Center
–
The Marriott World Trade Center was a 22-story steel-framed hotel building with 825 rooms. It was sold in 1995 to Host Marriott Corporation, the hotel was connected to the North and South towers, and many went through the hotel to get to them. It also housed a gym that was the largest of any hotel in New York at the time, the hotel also had 26,000 square feet of meeting space on the entire 3rd floor, along with the New Amsterdam Ballroom on the main floor. It was considered a hotel by AAA. The hotel was destroyed beyond repair as a result of the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001, the hotel will not be replaced as part of the new World Trade Center complex, but will rather share its name with the new office tower. On Friday, February 26,1993, the hotel was damaged as a result of the World Trade Center bombing. Terrorists affiliated with al-Qaeda took a Ryder truck loaded with 1,500 pounds of explosives, at 12,18 PM, the explosion destroyed or seriously damaged the lower and sub levels of the World Trade Center complex. After extensive repairs, the hotel reopened in November 1994, on Tuesday, September 11,2001, the hotel was at full capacity, and had over 1,000 registered guests. In addition, the National Association for Business Economics was holding its yearly conference at the hotel, when American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower at 8,46 AM, its landing gear fell on the hotels roof. Firefighters used the lobby as an area, and were also in the hotel to evacuate guests that may have still been inside. Firefighters also reported Human remains or entire corpses on the roof from people that had jumped or accidentally fallen from the burning towers,14 people who had been trying to evacuate the partially destroyed hotel after the first collapse managed to survive the second collapse in this small section. The section of the hotel that had managed to survive the collapse of the Twin Towers had been upgraded after the 1993 bombing, as a result of the collapse of the Twin Towers, the hotel was destroyed beyond repair. Only the southern part of three-stories of the building were still standing, in the remnants of the lobby, picture frames with the pictures inside them were still hanging on the walls. Approximately 40 people died in the hotel, including 2 hotel employees, in January 2002, the remnants of the hotel were completely dismantled. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum now exists where the hotel once stood, the building and its survivors were featured in the television special documentary film Hotel Ground Zero, which premiered September 11,2009 on the History Channel
20.
4 World Trade Center
–
4 World Trade Center is a skyscraper that is part of the new World Trade Center complex in New York City. It opened to tenants and the public on November 13,2013 and it is located on the southeast corner of the 16-acre World Trade Center site, where the original nine-story 4 World Trade Center stood. Pritzker Prize-winning architect Fumihiko Maki was awarded the contract to design the 978-foot-tall building, the total floor space of the building includes 1.8 million square feet of office and retail space. The buildings groundbreaking took place in January 2008, the original 4 World Trade Center was a 9-story low-rise office building completed in 1975 that was 118 ft tall and in the southeast corner of the site, in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The buildings major tenants were Deutsche Bank and the New York Board of Trade, the building reached street level in November 2009. The safety cocoon was installed December 2010, the first glass was installed May 2011. In November 2010, three PureCell fuel cells were delivered at the World Trade Center site which together provide about 30% of the tower’s power. The structural engineer for the building is Leslie E. Robertson Associates, on February 16,2012, one of the buildings construction crane cables snapped while lifting steel, causing the steel to fall 40 stories from the building, landing on a flat bed truck. Construction on the building resumed after the accident. On June 25,2012, steel topped out at floor 72, structural steel and concrete completed by June 1,2013, followed rapidly by the removal of construction fencing in September 2013 and the buildings opening in November 13,2013. Cost of construction of 4 World Trade Center was 1.67 billion USD, funded by insurance funds, the first tenants to move in were two government agencies, and as of July 2015, the building is 62% leased. The above-ground portion of the building dedicated for use, will accommodate offices using two distinct floor shapes. From floors 7 through 46, the floor space is 36,350 square feet in the shape of a parallelogram. The tower includes five levels of mechanical floors, the New York Power Authority selected UTC Power to provide 12 PureCell Model 400 fuel cells that will be used to provide electricity, water and heat. According to the developer, the combined will rank as one of the largest installations of fuel cells in the world. The upper floors of the building have no interior columns, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey plans to lease approximately 600,766 square feet in 4 World Trade Center for its new headquarters. PANYNJ was formerly headquartered in 1 World Trade Center before it was destroyed, the Port Authority signed a 30-year lease. The lower levels of the building are used by businesses, including Eataly
21.
5 World Trade Center
–
5 World Trade Center is a planned skyscraper at the World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The site is across Liberty Street, to the south of the main 16-acre World Trade Center site, the project is currently on standby while the Port Authority explores a potential sale of the lot to a developer and also finds tenants to occupy the skyscraper. The Port Authority has no plans to construct a building at 130 Liberty Street, although it is open to development of the site as office, retail, hotel. In June 2007, JPMorgan Chase announced plans to develop the building as the headquarters of its J. P. Morgan Investment Bank. However, JPMorgan Chases acquisition of Bear Stearns in March 2008 put those plans in doubt, five World Trade Center was originally a steel-framed nine-story low-rise office building built in 1970–72 at New York Citys World Trade Center and was 118 ft tall. It suffered severe damage and partial collapse on its upper floors as a result of the September 11 attacks in 2001, the entire building was demolished by December 2001 to make way for reconstruction. The structure was L-shaped and occupied the northeast corner of the WTC site, overall dimensions were 330 by 420 feet, with an average area of 120,000 square feet per floor. The Chambers Street – World Trade Center subway station/terminal was located under the building, in 1984, artist Joanna Gilman Hyde painted the 10, 000-square-foot canvas titled Self Organizing Galaxy on the roof of 5 World Trade Center. Floors 4 through 9 suffered partial collapse and/or fire damage during the September 11 attacks, some of the collapse was due to impact from steel and debris from World Trade Center 1. Other collapsed sections were due to fire damage, portions of internal collapse and burnout were found on upper floors, mainly floors 6–8. The exterior facade suffered severe fire damage, the upper floors were on fire after the second tower collapse. A section of the fuselage from United Airlines Flight 175 landed on the top of the building, WTC5 was the least damaged building of the complex. The Borders bookstore was undamaged after both towers collapsed, the building, was the location of the Survivors Staircase, which was recovered from the buildings underground after 5 World Trade Center was demolished. The building was demolished by weakening its structure and using cables to pull down the rest of the structure. The last standing section of 5 WTC was removed by December 2001, the Federal Emergency Management Agency /ASCE Building Performance Study Team found that some connections between the structural steel beams failed in the fire. This was most apparent in the collapse of 5 World Trade Center, the structural failure didnt cause the entire building to collapse, as seen after the attacks that the structural skeleton remained intact. 2 World Trade Center will stand at the site where the original 5 World Trade Center once stood,5 World Trade Center was expected to be designed for residential or mixed use in the original master plan for the complex by Daniel Libeskind. The building was to have a limit of no more than 900 feet
22.
Six World Trade Center
–
Six World Trade Center was an eight-story building in Lower Manhattan in New York City. It opened in 1973 and was the building in the World Trade Center complex that had the fewest stories, the building served as the U. S. Customs House for New York. It was destroyed in 2001 due to the collapse of the North Tower during the September 11 attacks, Six World Trade Center was first proposed in 1968 as part of the original World Trade Center complex. The building was designed by Emery Roth & Sons, along with Yamasaki Associates, the original Six World Trade Center was home to the U. S. Customs Service for the state of New York, from 1974 to 2001. It was a 537, 693-square-foot, eight-story building, the shortest in the World Trade Center complex. From the Austin J. Tobin Plaza level, on which the structure was built. After burning for less than two hours, both 110-story towers collapsed, the collapse of the North Tower destroyed Six World Trade Center beyond repair, and the remnants of the building were pulled down using cables. AMEC Construction handled the demolition, in which the building was weakened, the new One World Trade Center stands at the site where 6 World Trade Center originally stood. Marriott World Trade Center Emporis entry on this building Tenants of 6 World Trade Center via CNN
23.
Financial District, Manhattan
–
The neighborhood roughly overlaps with the boundaries of the New Amsterdam settlement in the late 17th century. The Financial District has witnessed growth in its population to approximately 43,000 as of 2014, the Financial District encompasses roughly the area south of City Hall Park in Lower Manhattan but excludes Battery Park and Battery Park City. The former World Trade Center complex was located in the neighborhood until the September 11 attacks, the heart of the Financial District is often considered to be the corner of Wall Street and Broad Street, both of which are contained entirely within the district. Until the late 20th and early 21st century, the neighborhood was considered to be primarily a destination for daytime traders and office workers from around New York City, the Financial District is part of Manhattan Community Board 1, which also includes five other neighborhoods. The Financial District has a number of tourist attractions such as the adjacent South Street Seaport Historic District, the New York City Police Museum, bowling Green is the starting point of traditional ticker-tape parades on Broadway, where here it is also known as the Canyon of Heroes. The Museum of Jewish Heritage and the Skyscraper Museum are both in adjacent Battery Park City which is home to the World Financial Center
24.
1993 World Trade Center bombing
–
The 1,336 pounds urea nitrate–hydrogen gas enhanced device was intended to send the North Tower crashing into the South Tower, bringing both towers down and killing tens of thousands of people. It failed to do so but killed six people and injured over a thousand, the attack was planned by a group of terrorists including Ramzi Yousef, Mahmud Abouhalima, Mohammad Salameh, Nidal A. Ayyad, Abdul Rahman Yasin, and Ahmed Ajaj. They received financing from Khaled Sheikh Mohammed, Yousefs uncle, in March 1994, four men were convicted of carrying out the bombing, Abouhalima, Ajaj, Ayyad, and Salameh. The charges included conspiracy, explosive destruction of property, and interstate transportation of explosives, in November 1997, two more were convicted, Ramzi Yousef, the mastermind behind the bombings, and Eyad Ismoil, who drove the truck carrying the bomb. Yousef arrived illegally in the United States on September 1,1992, traveling with Ahmed Ajaj from Pakistan, Ajaj tried to enter with a forged Swedish passport, though it had been altered and thus raised suspicions among INS officials at John F. Kennedy International Airport. When officials put Ajaj through secondary inspection, they discovered bomb-making instructions and other materials in his luggage, the name Abu Barra, an alias of Mohammed Jamal Khalifa, appeared in the manuals. Yousef tried to enter with a false Iraqi passport, claiming political asylum, Yousef was allowed into the United States, and was given a hearing date. Yousef set up residence in Jersey City, New Jersey, traveled around New York and New Jersey and called Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman, a controversial blind Muslim cleric, via cell phone. He ordered chemicals from his room when injured in a car crash – one of three accidents caused by Salameh in late 1992 and early in 1993. El Sayyid Nosair, one of the blind men, was arrested in 1991 for the murder of Rabbi Meir Kahane. According to prosecutors, the Red Mahmud Abouhalima, also convicted in the bombing, in the initial court case in NYS Criminal Court Nosair was acquitted of murder but convicted of gun charges. According to the journalist Steve Coll, Yousef mailed letters to various New York newspapers just before the attack, in which he claimed he belonged to Liberation Army, Fifth Battalion. He stated that the attack on the World Trade Center would be merely the first of such attacks if his demands were not met. In his letters, Yousef admitted that the World Trade Center bombing was an act of terrorism and they parked on the underground B-2 level. Yousef ignited the 20-foot fuse, and fled, twelve minutes later, at 12,17,37 p. m. the bomb exploded in the underground garage, generating an estimated pressure of 150,000 psi. The bomb opened a 30-m wide hole through four sublevels of concrete, the detonation velocity of this bomb was about 15,000 ft/s. Initial news reports indicated a main transformer may have blown, before it became clear that a bomb had exploded in the basement, the bomb instantly cut off the World Trade Centers main electrical power line, knocking out the emergency lighting system. With thick smoke filling the stairwells, evacuation was difficult for building occupants, telephone service for much of Lower Manhattan was also disrupted
25.
American Airlines Flight 11
–
American Airlines Flight 11 was a domestic passenger flight that was hijacked by five al-Qaeda members on September 11,2001, as part of the September 11 attacks. Mohamed Atta deliberately crashed the plane into the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing all 92 people aboard and an unknown number in the buildings impact zone. Fifteen minutes into the flight, the injured at least three people, forcibly breached the cockpit, and overpowered the captain and first officer. Atta, a member and licensed commercial pilot, took over the controls. Air-traffic controllers noticed the flight was in distress when the crew was no longer responding and they realized the flight had been hijacked when Mohamed Attas announcements for passengers were transmitted to air traffic control. On board, flight attendants Amy Sweeney and Betty Ong contacted American Airlines, the aircraft crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center at 08,46,40 local time. Countless people in the streets of New York City witnessed the strike, documentary film maker Jules Naudet captured the only known footage of the initial impact from start to finish. Before the hijacking was confirmed, news began to report on the incident. The impact and subsequent fire caused the North Tower to collapse 102 minutes after the crash, during the recovery effort at the World Trade Center site, workers recovered and identified dozens of remains from Flight 11 victims, but many body fragments could not be identified. The American Airlines Flight 11 aircraft was a Boeing 767-223ER delivered in 1987, the capacity of the aircraft was 158 passengers, but the September 11 flight carried 81 passengers and 11 crew members. This was a load at 58.2 percent capacity. All 92 people on board were killed, including David Angell, his wife Lynn Angell, and actress Berry Berenson, family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane had been scheduled to be on the flight but arrived at the airport late. Actor Mark Wahlberg was also scheduled to be on the flight, actress Leighanne Littrell, wife of Backstreet Boys singer Brian Littrell, had also previously been booked on the flight, but like Wahlberg, changed her plans at the last minute. Mohamed Atta, the ringleader of the attacks, and a fellow hijacker, Abdulaziz al-Omari and they boarded Colgan Air Flight 5930, which was scheduled to depart at 06,00 from Portland, Maine, and fly to Boston. Both hijackers had first class tickets with a flight to Los Angeles. When they checked in, the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System selected Atta for extra luggage scrutiny, the flight from Portland departed on time and arrived in Boston at 06,45. Three other hijackers, Waleed al-Shehri, Wail al-Shehri, and Satam al-Suqami, arrived at Logan Airport at 06,45, having left their rental car in the airport parking facility. At 06,52, Marwan al-Shehhi, the pilot of United Airlines Flight 175
26.
United Airlines Flight 175
–
United Airlines Flight 175 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Logan International Airport, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Los Angeles International Airport, in Los Angeles, California. They made several attempts to contact the cockpit. Unknown to the hijackers, several passengers and crew made phone calls from the plane to loved ones and provided information about the hijackers and injuries to passengers. The aircraft crashed into Tower Two of the World Trade Center at 09,03, the Flight 175 hijacking was coordinated with that of American Airlines Flight 11, which struck the top of Tower One 17 minutes earlier. The crash of Flight 175 into the South Tower was the only impact seen live on television around the world as it happened, the impact and subsequent fire caused the South Tower to collapse 56 minutes after the crash, resulting in hundreds of additional casualties. During the recovery effort at the World Trade Center site, workers recovered and identified remains from Flight 175 victims, the team of hijackers on United Airlines Flight 175 was led by Marwan al-Shehhi, from the United Arab Emirates. Shehhi obtained a pilots license while training in south Florida, along with Flight 11 hijacker and plot coordinator. The muscle hijackers on Flight 175 included Fayez Banihammad, from the UAE, in early September 2001, the Flight 175 group of hijackers arrived in Boston from Florida. Hamza al-Ghamdi and Ahmed al-Ghamdi arrived together on September 7 and checked into the Charles Hotel in Cambridge, the next day, they relocated to the Days Inn in Boston. Fayez Banihammad flew from Florida to Boston, along with Mohand al-Shehri, on September 8, Marwan al-Shehhi arrived in Boston on September 9 and stayed at the Milner Hotel, where he shared a room with Flight 11 hijacker Mohamed Atta. The flight was operated with a Boeing 767-200, registration number N612UA, built and delivered in 1983, Hamza al-Ghamdi and Ahmed al-Ghamdi checked out of their hotel and called a taxi to take them to Logan International Airport. They arrived at the United Airlines counter in Terminal C at 06,20 Eastern Time, both hijackers indicated they wanted to purchase tickets, though they already had paper tickets. They had trouble answering the standard security questions, so the counter agent repeated the questions very slowly until the men gave the correct answers. Hijacker pilot Marwan al-Shehhi checked in a bag at 06,45. None of the hijackers were selected for scrutiny by the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System. Shehhi and the other hijackers boarded Flight 175 between 07,23 and 07,28, Banihammad boarded first and sat in first class seat 2A, while Mohand al-Shehri was in seat 2B. At 07,27, Shehhi and Ahmed al-Ghamdi boarded, and sat in business class seats 6C, a minute later, Hamza al-Ghamdi boarded, and sat in 9C. The flight was scheduled to depart at 08,00 for Los Angeles, fifty-one passengers and the five hijackers boarded the 767 through Terminal Cs Gate 19
27.
Al-Qaeda
–
It operates as a network made up of Islamic extremist, Salafist jihadists. Al-Qaeda has mounted attacks on civilian and military targets in various countries, including the 1998 U. S. embassy bombings, the September 11 attacks, the U. S. government responded to the September 11 attacks by launching the War on Terror. Characteristic techniques employed by al-Qaeda include suicide attacks and the bombing of different targets. Al-Qaeda ideologues envision a complete break from all foreign influences in Muslim countries, among the beliefs ascribed to al-Qaeda members is the conviction that a Christian–Jewish alliance is conspiring to destroy Islam. Al-Qaeda also opposes what it regards as man-made laws, and wants to replace them with a form of sharia law. Al-Qaeda has carried out attacks on targets it considers kafir. Al-Qaeda is also responsible for instigating violence among Muslims. Al-Qaeda leaders regard liberal Muslims, Shias, Sufis and other sects as heretics and have attacked their mosques, examples of sectarian attacks include the Yazidi community bombings, the Sadr City bombings, the Ashoura massacre and the April 2007 Baghdad bombings. Since the death of bin Laden in 2011, the group has been led by the Egyptian Ayman al-Zawahiri, al-Qaedas management philosophy has been described as centralization of decision and decentralization of execution. Many terrorism experts do not believe that the global jihadist movement is driven at every level by al-Qaedas leadership, marc Sageman, a psychiatrist and former Central Intelligence Agency officer, said that al-Qaeda is now just a loose label for a movement that seems to target the west. We like to create an entity called in our minds. This view mirrors the account given by Osama bin Laden in his October 2001 interview with Tayseer Allouni and this matter isnt about any specific person and. is not about the al-Qaidah Organization. We are the children of an Islamic Nation, with Prophet Muhammad as its leader, and all the true believers are brothers. So the situation isnt like the West portrays it, that there is an organization with a specific name and that particular name is very old. It was born without any intention from us, created a military base to train the young men to fight against the vicious, arrogant, brutal, terrorizing Soviet empire. So this place was called The Base, as in a base, so this name grew. We arent separated from this nation, and so we discuss the conscience of this nation. Bruce Hoffman, however, sees al-Qaeda as a network that is strongly led from the Pakistani tribal areas
28.
Aircraft hijacking
–
Aircraft hijacking is the unlawful seizure of an aircraft by an individual or a group. In most cases, the pilot is forced to fly according to the orders of the hijackers, occasionally, however, the hijackers have flown the aircraft themselves, such as the September 11 attacks. In at least three cases, the plane was hijacked by the pilot or co-pilot. Unlike the typical hijackings of vehicles or ships, skyjacking is not usually committed for robbery or theft. Most aircraft hijackers intend to use the passengers as hostages, either for monetary ransom or for political or administrative concession by authorities. Various motives have driven such occurrences, including demanding the release of inmates, highlighting the grievances of a particular community. Hijackers also have used aircraft as a weapon to target particular locations, hijackings for hostages commonly produce an armed standoff during a period of negotiation between hijackers and authorities, followed by some form of settlement. Settlements do not always meet the original demands. If the hijackers demands are deemed too great and the show no inclination to surrender. 1929, In the Fort Worth Star-Telegram daily newspaper 19 September 1970 and he was flying a postal route for the Mexican company Transportes Aeras Transcontinentales, ferrying mail from San Luis Potosí to Toreon and then on to Guadalajara. He was approached by Gen. Saturnino Cedillo, governor of the state of San Luis Potosí, Cedillo was accompanied by several other men. He was told through an interpreter that he had no choice in the matter and he stalled long enough to convey the information to his boss, who told him to cooperate. He had no maps, but was guided by the men as he flew above Mexican mountains and he landed on a road as directed, and was held captive for several hours under armed guard. He eventually was released with a Buenos from Cedillo and his staff, DeCelles kept his flight log, according to the article, but he did not file a report with authorities. He went on to work for the FAA in Fort Worth after his flying career,1931, The first recorded aircraft hijack took place on February 21,1931, in Arequipa, Peru. Byron Richards, flying a Ford Tri-Motor, was approached on the ground by armed revolutionaries and he refused to fly them anywhere and after a 10-day standoff, Richards was informed that the revolution was successful and he could go in return for flying one group member to Lima. 1939, The worlds first fatal hijacking occurred on 28 October 1939, larry Pletch shot Carl Bivens,39, a flight instructor who was offering Pletch lessons in a yellow Taylor Cub monoplane with tandem controls in the air after taking off in Brookfield, Missouri. Bivens, instructing from the front seat, was shot in the back of the head twice, Carl was telling me I had a natural ability and I should follow that line, Pletch later confessed to prosecutors in Missouri
29.
Los Angeles
–
Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
30.
Civilian
–
In general, a civilian is a person who is not a member of the military or of a police or firefighting force, as defined by Merriam Websters Dictionary. From the perspective of the U. S, in military and law enforcement slang, the term Civies or Civvies are often used to refer civilian population or civilian clothing. Under the laws of war, a civilian is one not being a member of the services and does not take a direct part of hostilities in times of armed conflict. The term civilian is slightly different from a non-combatant under the laws of war, the privileges that they enjoy under international law depends on whether the conflict is an internal one or an international one. The word civilian goes back to the late 14th century and is from Old French civilien, Civilian is believed to have been used to refer to non-combatants as early as 1829. The term non-combatant now refers to people in general who are not taking part of hostilities, there is no intermediate status, nobody in enemy hands can be outside the law. We feel that this is a satisfactory solution – not only satisfying to the mind, but also, the ICRC has expressed the opinion that If civilians directly engage in hostilities, they are considered unlawful or unprivileged combatants or belligerents. They may be prosecuted under the law of the detaining state for such action. According to Article 50 of the 1977 Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions,1, a civilian is any person who does not belong to one of the categories of persons referred to in Article 4A, and of the Third Convention and in Article 43 of this Protocol. In case of whether a person is a civilian, that person shall be considered to be a civilian. The civilian population comprises all persons who are civilians, the presence within the civilian population of individuals who do not come within the definition of civilians does not deprive the population of its civilian character. The definition is negative and defines civilians as persons who do not belong to definite categories, the categories of persons mentioned in Article 4A, and of the Third Convention and in Article 43 of the Protocol I are combatants. Therefore, the Commentary to the Protocol pointed that, any one who is not a member of the forces is a civilian. Civilians cannot take part in armed conflict, civilians are given protection under the Geneva Conventions and Protocols thereto. Article 51 describes the protection that must be given to the civilian population, chapter III of Protocol I regulates the targeting of civilian objects. The actual position of the civilian in modern war remains problematical, starting in the 1980s, it was often claimed that 90 percent of the victims of modern wars were civilians. The claim was repeated on Wikipedias Did You Know on 14 December 2010 and these claims, though widely believed, are not supported by detailed examination of the evidence, particularly that relating to wars that are central to the claims. It has lost none of its political, legal and moral salience, although it is often assumed that civilians are essentially passive onlookers of war, sometimes they have active roles in conflicts
31.
Firefighter
–
In some areas, they are also trained in Emergency Medical Services and operate ambulances in addition to being a firefighter. The fire service, or fire and rescue service, also known in countries as the fire brigade or fire department, is one of the three main emergency services. Firefighting and firefighters have become ubiquitous around the world, from wildlands to urban areas, according to Merriam-Websters Dictionary, the English word firefighter has been used since 1903. In urban areas across the world the population is protected by paid full time firefighters. The goals of firefighting are, As such, the skills required for operations are regularly practiced during training evaluations throughout a firefighters career. In the United States, the preeminent fire training and standards organization is the National Fire Protection Association, often initial firefighting skills are taught during a local, regional, or state approved fire academy. Depending on the requirements of a department, additional skills and certifications such as technical rescue, Firefighters work closely with other emergency response agencies, most particularly local and state police departments. The increasing role of firefighters in providing medical services also brings firefighters into common overlap with law enforcement. One example of this is a state law requiring all gunshot wounds to be reported to law enforcement agencies. Fire fighting has some skills, prevention, self-preservation, rescue, preservation of property, basic first aid. Firefighting is further broken down into skills which include size-up, extinguishing, ventilation, salvage, wildland firefighting includes size up, containment, extinguishment, and mop up. Search and Rescue, which has already mentioned, is performed early in any fire scenario and many times is in unison with extinguishing. Fire suppression systems have a record for controlling and extinguishing unwanted fires. Many fire officials recommend that every building, including residences, have sprinkler systems. Correctly working sprinklers in a residence greatly reduce the risk of death from a fire, with the small rooms typical of a residence, one or two sprinklers can cover most rooms. Other methods of prevention are by directing efforts to reduce known hazardous conditions or by preventing dangerous acts before tragedy strikes. Tools are generally carried at all times and are important for not only forcible entry, a self-contained breathing apparatus delivers air to the firefighter through a full face mask and is worn to protect against smoke inhalation, toxic fumes, and super heated gases. The PASS device sounds an alarm that can assist another firefighter, Firefighters often carry personal self-rescue ropes
32.
Collapse of the World Trade Center
–
Two of the four hijacked airliners crashed into the Twin Towers, one into the North Tower and the other into the South Tower. The collapse of the Twin Towers destroyed the rest of the complex, the South Tower collapsed at 9,59 am, less than an hour after being hit by the second hijacked airliner, and at 10,28 am the North Tower collapsed. Later that day,7 World Trade Center collapsed at 5,21 pm from fires that had started when the North Tower collapsed, as a result of the attacks to the towers, a total of 2,763 people died. Of the people who died in the towers,2,192 were civilians,343 were firefighters, aboard the two airplanes,147 civilians and 10 hijackers also died. They also presented recommendations for more detailed engineering studies of the disaster, the BPS team investigation was later followed by a more detailed investigation conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, which also consulted outside engineering entities. This investigation was completed in September 2005. S, the cleanup of the site involved round-the-clock operations, many contractors and subcontractors, and cost hundreds of millions of dollars. As of 2014, One World Trade Center,4 World Trade Center and 7 World Trade Center have been replaced, the towers were designed as tube in tube structures, which provided tenants with open floor plans uninterrupted by columns or walls. Numerous, closely spaced perimeter columns provided much of the strength to the structure, above the tenth floor, there were 59 perimeter columns along each face of the building, and there were 47 heavier columns in the core. All of the elevators and stairwells were located in the core, the floors consisted of 4-inch-thick lightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck. A grid of lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported the floors with shear connections to the concrete slab for composite action, the trusses had a span of 60 feet in the long-span areas and 35 feet in the short-span area. The trusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns, and were therefore on 6. 8-foot centers, the top chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to interior box columns on the interior side. The floors were connected to the perimeter spandrel plates with viscoelastic dampers, the towers also incorporated a hat truss or outrigger truss located between the 107th and 110th floors, which consisted of six trusses along the long axis of core and four along the short axis. The structural engineers working on the World Trade Center considered the possibility that an aircraft could crash into the building, in July 1945, a B-25 bomber that was lost in the fog had crashed into the 79th floor of the Empire State Building. A year later, a C-45F Expeditor crashed into the 40 Wall Street building, however, in an interview with the BBC, Robertson states, with the 707, the fuel load was not considered in the design, I dont know how it could have been considered. There would be a horrendous fire, a lot of people would be killed, he said. The building structure would still be there, in April 1970, the New York City Department of Air Resources ordered contractors building the World Trade Center to stop the spraying of asbestos as an insulating material. Fireproofing was incorporated in the construction and more was added after a fire in 1975 that spread to six floors before being extinguished. After the 1993 bombing, inspections found fireproofing to be deficient, jet fuel from the impact traveled down at least one elevator shaft and exploded on the 78th floor of the North Tower, as well as in the main lobby
33.
New York City Fire Department
–
The New York City Fire Department is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department. The FDNY employs approximately 10,200 uniformed firefighters and over 3,940 uniformed EMTs, paramedics and its regulations are compiled in title 3 of the New York City Rules. The FDNYs motto is New Yorks Bravest, the FDNY serves more than 8 million residents within a 320 square mile area. The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn, there are Three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units. One office, at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn, houses Citywide, Brooklyn, the Bronx houses Manhattan and the Bronx, and Queens houses Queens. The current Fire Commissioner is Daniel A. Nigro, who took over the position from Salvatore J. Cassano in June 2014. Staff chiefs include the seven citywide tour commanders, the Chief of Safety, the Chief of Fire Prevention, operationally and geographically, the department is nominally organized into five Borough Commands for the five traditional Boroughs of New York City. Within those five Borough Commands exists nine firefighting Divisions, each headed by a Deputy Division Chief, within each Division are four to seven Battalions, each led by a Battalion Chief. Each Battalion consists of three to eight firehouses and consists of approximately 180–200 firefighters and officers, each firehouse consists of one to three fire companies. Each fire company is led by a captain, who commands three lieutenants and nine to twenty firefighters, there are currently four shifts of firefighters in each company. Tours can be either night tours or day tours, the FDNY faces highly multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. The origins of the New York City Fire Department go back to 1648 when the first fire ordinance was adopted in what was then the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam. Peter Stuyvesant, within one year of his arrival, appointed four fire wardens to wooden chimneys of thatched-roofed wooden houses, the first four fire wardens were Martin Krieger, Thomas Hall, Adrian Wyser, and George Woolsey. Hooks, ladders and buckets were financed through the collection of fines for dirty chimneys, an organization known as the prowlers but given the nickname the rattle watch patrolled the streets with buckets, ladders and hooks from nine in the evening until dawn looking for fires. Leather shoe buckets,250 in all, were manufactured by local Dutch shoemakers in 1658, in 1664 New Amsterdam became an English settlement and was renamed New York. The first New York fire brigade entered service in 1731 equipped with two hand-drawn pumpers which had transported from London, England. These two pumpers formed Engine Company 1 and Engine Company 2, the citys first firehouse was built in 1736 in front of City Hall on Broad Street. In 1865, the fire department was abolished by a state act which created the Metropolitan Fire District
34.
Fresh Kills Landfill
–
The Fresh Kills Landfill was a landfill covering 2,200 acres in the New York City borough of Staten Island in the United States. The name comes from the location along the banks of the Fresh Kills estuary in western Staten Island. The landfill was opened in 1947 as a temporary landfill but became New York Citys principal landfill in the half of the 20th century. It was once the largest landfill, as well as human-made structure, in October 2008, reclamation of the site began on a multi-phase, 30-year site development for reuse as Freshkills Park. At the end of the usable life, new real estate would be created. The advantages appeared to outweigh any known drawbacks, so the citys sanitary code was revised to allow the landfill, specifying how deep the layers of garbage, Moses saw the project as key to the development of the island. Moses saw the possibility of more parkland, highways, industry, concern was expressed about the effect of the disappearance of the salt marsh due to Fresh Kills on migratory Eastern Seaboard birds. One Staten Island congressman, Ellsworth B, Buck, called for the federal government to step in and stop the project. Despite this, shortly after Buck made his statement, the New York City Council voted to approve funding for the Fresh Kills project, one of the first steps taken was the dredging of the marsh to allow the passage of the citys garbage scows. The landfill opened in 1947 in what was then an agricultural area. The initial plan for a temporary landfill called for Fresh Kills to be used for 20 years, then developed as an area with residential, recreational. Shortly after the landfill opened, the city changed its regulations to allow landfills to top off at 10-15 feet above sea level, by 1950, by 1948, an expansion of the landfill project was approved by the City Planning Commission. It was to become a 2, 600-acre project organized in 13 sections, Operations during the 1960s were conducted in three different locations named Plant 1, Plant 2, and Brookfield Avenue. Plant #1 was located at the site of an old factory on the side of junction of the Great Fresh Kills. It was reachable via Muldoon Avenue, Plant #2 was located a bit upstream on the north side of Fresh Kills near where Richmond Creek branches off. It was reachable from Victory Boulevard, the Brookfield Avenue site was north of the Arthur Kill Road and Brookfield Avenue intersection. Plant 1 was the headquarters, and also the main repair facility. Plant 1 and Plant 2 were marine unload operations, barges arrived from the other boroughs
35.
Staten Island
–
Staten Island /ˌstætən ˈaɪlənd/ is one of the five boroughs of New York City in the U. S. state of New York. In the southwest of the city, Staten Island is the southernmost part of both the city and state of New York, with Conference House Park at the tip of the island. The borough is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, with a 2015 Census-estimated population of 474,558, Staten Island is the least populated of the boroughs but is the third-largest in area at 58 sq mi. Staten Island is the borough of New York with a non-Hispanic White majority. The borough is coextensive with Richmond County, and until 1975 was the Borough of Richmond and its flag was later changed to reflect this. Staten Island has been called the forgotten borough by inhabitants who feel neglected by the city government. The East Shore is home to the 2. 5-mile F. D. R, Boardwalk, the fourth-longest in the world. The South Shore, site of the 17th-century Dutch and French Huguenot settlement, the West Shore is the least populated and most industrial part of the island. Motor traffic can reach the borough from Brooklyn via the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and from New Jersey via the Outerbridge Crossing, Goethals Bridge, and Bayonne Bridge. Staten Island has Metropolitan Transportation Authority bus lines and an MTA rapid transit line, the Staten Island Railway, Staten Island is the only borough that is not connected to the New York City Subway system. The free Staten Island Ferry connects the borough to Manhattan and is a popular tourist attraction, providing views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and Lower Manhattan. The landfill is being redeveloped as Freshkills Park, a devoted to restoring habitat. As in much of North America, human habitation appeared in the island fairly rapidly after the retreat of the ice sheet, archaeologists have recovered tool evidence of Clovis culture activity dating from about 14,000 years ago. This evidence was first discovered in 1917 in the Charleston section of the island, various Clovis artifacts have been discovered since then, on property owned by Mobil Oil. The island was abandoned later, possibly because of the extirpation of large mammals on the island. Rossville points are a type of arrowhead that defines a Native American cultural period that runs from the Archaic period to the Early Woodland period. They are named for the Rossville section of Staten Island, where they were first found near the old Rossville Post Office building, at the time of European contact, the island was inhabited by the Raritan band of the Unami division of the Lenape. In Lenape, one of the Algonquian languages, Staten Island was called Aquehonga Manacknong, meaning as far as the place of the bad woods, or Eghquhous, the area was part of the Lenape homeland known as Lenapehoking
36.
Winter Garden Atrium
–
The Winter Garden Atrium is a 10-story glass-vaulted pavilion on Vesey Street in New York Citys Brookfield Place office complex. Originally constructed in 1988, and substantially rebuilt in 2002, the Atrium houses various plants, trees and flowers, the rear of the building opens onto the World Financial Center Plaza and the North Cove Yacht Harbor on the Hudson River. The Winter Garden Atrium, along with the rest of the Brookfield Place, was designed by architect César Pelli in 1985. Completed in 1988 at a cost of $60 million, the Atrium was originally connected to the World Trade Center via a 400 ft pedestrian bridge that spanned West Street. Reconstruction of the Winter Garden required 2,000 panes of glass,60,000 square feet of flooring and stairs. Reopened on September 17,2002, the Winter Garden was the first major structure to be restored following the attacks. President George W. Bush was present at the reopening ceremony, the pedestrian bridge was destroyed in the same attacks and was replaced by windows facing the former site of the World Trade Center. Since its construction, the Winter Garden Atrium has hosted concerts, in the spring of 2003, an exhibit documenting the recovery process of the World Trade Center was installed by the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation in the Winter Garden. The exhibit included early designs of Libeskinds Freedom Tower, later that year, the eight finalists in the competition for the new buildings had their designs unveiled and displayed in the atrium. The Winter Garden continues to serve as a venue for art exhibits, music, World Trade Center Media related to Winter Garden Atrium at Wikimedia Commons Calendar of Events
37.
Tribute in Light
–
The Tribute in Light is an art installation of 88 searchlights placed next to the site of the World Trade Center to create two vertical columns of light in remembrance of the September 11 attacks. It is produced annually by the Municipal Art Society of New York, the two beams cost approximately $1,626 to run for 24 hours. There are 88 xenon spotlights which each consume 7,000 watts, the Tribute in Light initially ran as a temporary installation from March 11 to April 14,2002, and was launched again in 2003 to mark the second anniversary of the attack. As of 2016, it has repeated every year on September 11. It had been announced that 2008 would be its final year, on December 17,2009, it was confirmed that the tribute would continue through to the tenth anniversary of the attacks in 2011, but continued again in 2012. Those working on the project came up with the concept in the following the attack. Architects John Bennett and Gustavo Bonevardi of PROUN Space Studio distributed their Project for the Immediate Reconstruction of Manhattans Skyline and they were commissioned by The New York Times Magazine, to create an image of the project for its September 23 cover. Richard Nash Gould, a New York architect, presented the concept to the Municipal Art Society, after some consideration, it was decided to contact lighting experts in the field of high intensity light displays. A Las Vegas-based company, Light America, was chosen because of their vast knowledge of high intensity light displays, the project was originally going to be named Towers of Light, but the victims families felt that the name emphasized the buildings destroyed instead of the people killed. Since 2008, the generators that power Tribute in Light have been fueled with biodiesel made from used cooking oil collected from local restaurants provided by Tri-State Biodiesel. The lights have caused confusion for thousands of migrating birds, trapping them in the beams, to ensure the lights do not affect migrating birds, the Municipal Art Society works with the New York City Audubon on the illumination. The Tribute in Light has been featured in Boyz II Mens music video for Color of Love and it also made a notable appearance during the opening credits of Spike Lees 2002 film 25th Hour. In the Spider-Man 2 Video Game for Xbox, PlayStation 2 and GameCube, the tribute, has also been seen, and referenced in the CBS show Blue Bloods. Cathedral of light, a 1937 Nazi propaganda display with massed searchlights pointing skyward, dale Eldred, Steeple of Light, Community Christian Church, Kansas City, MO. The Municipal Art Society of New York, annual producers of The Tribute in Light Tribute in Light, presented by the National September 11 Memorial & Museum
38.
Shanksville, Pennsylvania
–
Shanksville is a borough in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United States, with a population of 237, as of the 2010 census. It is part of the Somerset, Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area and is approximately 75 miles southeast from Pittsburgh, Shanksville came to international attention during the September 11 attacks when United Airlines Flight 93 bound for San Francisco crashed in adjacent Stonycreek Township. Shanksville is located at 40°1′2″N 78°54′21″W, with the borough covering 0.2 square mile, Shanksville has the seventh-highest elevation of boroughs in Pennsylvania, at 2,230 feet. As of the census of 2000, there were 245 people comprising 96 households and 69 families residing in the borough, the population density was 1,391.9 people per square mile. There were 100 housing units at a density of 568.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 100. 00% White,22. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the family size was 3.06. In the borough, the population was out with 26. 5% under the age of 18,10. 2% from 18 to 24,28. 2% from 25 to 44,19. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 94.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.5 males, the median income for a household in the borough was $29,980, and the median income for a family was $40,833. Males had an income of $25,250 versus $22,917 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $14,500, about 4. 8% of families and 9. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4. 7% of those under the age of 18 and 12. 5% of those 65 or over. Christian Shank, a German immigrant, built a cabin on Stony Creek in 1798, later building a grist mill, emmanuel Shaffer opened a store at the site in 1828, and the following year Shank laid out the town of Shanksville. The Shanksville post office was opened in 1874, Shanksville was incorporated as a borough on January 25,1913. The hijackers had intended to fly the plane to Washington, D. C. and it was the only one of the four aircraft hijacked that day that never reached its intended target. There are two memorials to the event, the original, temporary Flight 93 National Memorial to the passengers and crew of Flight 93 was located on a hill, about 500 yards from the crash site. On July 8,2010, a new entrance and memorial were opened at an area called the Western Overlook. It is where the FBI set up their command center and where members first saw the aftermath of the crash, bringing their own memorials
39.
United Airlines Flight 93
–
United Airlines Flight 93 was a domestic scheduled passenger flight that was hijacked by four Al-Qaeda terrorists on board, as part of the September 11 attacks. It crashed into a field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, during an attempt by the passengers, all 44 people aboard were killed, including the four hijackers, but no one on the ground was injured. The hijackers stormed the aircrafts cockpit approximately 46 minutes after takeoff. C, although the specific target is not known, it is believed that the hijackers intended to crash the plane into the White House or the Capitol Building. Many of the passengers then attempted to control of the aircraft from the hijackers. C. A few people witnessed the impact from the ground, and news agencies began reporting the event within an hour, a temporary memorial was built near the crash site soon after the attacks. The hijacking of Flight 93 was led by Ziad Jarrah, a member of al-Qaeda, Jarrah was born in Lebanon to a wealthy family and had a secular upbringing. He intended to become a pilot and moved to Germany in 1996, a year later, he moved to Hamburg and began studying aeronautical engineering at the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences. While living in Hamburg, Jarrah became a devout Muslim and associated with the radical Hamburg cell, in November 1999, Jarrah left Hamburg for Afghanistan, where he spent three months. While there, he met with al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden in January 2000, Jarrah returned to Hamburg at the end of January and in February obtained a new passport containing no stamped records of his travels by reporting his passport as stolen. In May, Jarrah received a visa from the U. S. Embassy in Berlin, there, he began taking flying lessons as well as training in hand-to-hand combat. Jarrah maintained contact with his girlfriend in Germany and with his family in Lebanon in the preceding the attacks. This close contact upset Mohamed Atta, the leader of the plot. Four muscle hijackers were trained to storm the cockpit and overpower the crew, the first, Ahmed al-Nami, arrived in Miami, Florida, on May 28,2001, on a six-month tourist visa with United Airlines Flight 175 hijackers Hamza al-Ghamdi and Mohand al-Shehri. The second Flight 93 hijacker, Ahmed al-Haznawi, arrived in Miami on June 8 with Flight 11 hijacker Wail al-Shehri, the third Flight 93 muscle hijacker, Saeed al-Ghamdi, arrived in Orlando, Florida, on June 27 with Flight 175 hijacker Fayez Banihammad. On August 3,2001, an intended fifth hijacker, Mohammed al-Qahtani and he was sent back to Dubai, and subsequently returned to Saudi Arabia. Ziad Jarrah and Saeed al-Ghamdis passports were recovered from the Flight 93 crash site, jarrahs family asserted that he had been an innocent passenger on board the flight. The aircraft involved in the hijacking was a Boeing 757–222, registration N591UA, the seven crew members were Captain Jason Dahl, First Officer LeRoy Homer Jr. and flight attendants Lorraine Bay, Sandra Bradshaw, Wanda Green, CeeCee Lyles and Deborah Welsh. The four hijackers checked in for the flight between 07,03 and 07,39 Eastern Time, at 07,03, Ghamdi checked in without any luggage while Nami checked in two bags
40.
Deutsche Bank Building
–
The Deutsche Bank Building was a skyscraper at 130 Liberty Street in New York City, United States, adjacent to the World Trade Center. The building, which existed from 1974 to 2007, was designed by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon which also designed the Empire State Building, opened in 1974 as Bankers Trust Plaza, the building was acquired by Deutsche Bank when it acquired Bankers Trust in 1998. It was part of the skyline of Lower Manhattan,5 World Trade Center will eventually replace the building, expanding the ground space on which the World Trade Center stands, as this land was not part of the original World Trade Center. The structure has since been dismantled, clearing the way for the construction of 5 World Trade Center. The collapse of the South Tower during the September 11 attacks tore a 24-story gash into the facade of the Deutsche Bank Building, steel and concrete protruded from the building for months afterward. This was eventually cleaned up, but due to extensive contamination owners decided that the 39–story ruin was to be taken down, after the 9/11 attacks, netting was placed around the remains of the building. The bank maintained that the building could not be restored to habitable condition, work on the building was deferred for over two years during which the condition of the building deteriorated. In September 2005 human remains were found on the roof, in March 2006, construction workers who were removing toxic waste from the building before dismantling found more bone fragments and remains. This prompted calls from victims family members for another search of the building by forensic experts, between April 7 and April 14,2006, more than 700 human bone fragments were discovered in the ballast gravel on the roof. Workers sifted through the gravel to find more remains, in 2004, an agreement was announced to settle the disposition of the building and insurance claims. Later that year as part of agreement, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation acquired the land. An Associated Press December 7,2006 report indicated that the building would be dismantled, the report indicated that area residents were fearful of possibly toxic dust associated with the two towers collapses within the building. Two firefighters were injured by the falling debris, although they were not struck by the pipe itself. On August 18,2007 at approximately 3,40 p. m. a seven-alarm fire broke out on the 17th floor of the building, by this time, crews were removing one floor per week so the building had only 26 stories at this time. At the time of the fire, crews were removing asbestos, the fire spread in both directions, affecting a total of 10 floors. The building had not been inspected since March, when it should have been inspected every 15 days, the fire burned into the night before being extinguished, and numerous special and support units responded from the New York City Fire Department to combat the fire. Plans to dismantle the building continued as quickly as possible, in 2008, the Manhattan District Attorney indicted three construction supervisors and the demolition subcontractor, the John Galt Corporation. A city stop-work order was lifted in April 2008 and decontamination work began again in May of the same year, dismantling was originally scheduled to be completed by the end of 2008, and later by the end of 2010
41.
Deutsche Bank
–
Deutsche Bank AG is a German global banking and financial services company with its headquarters in the Deutsche Bank Twin Towers in Frankfurt. It has more than 100,000 employees in over 70 countries, and has a presence in Europe, the Americas, Asia-Pacific. In 2009, Deutsche Bank was the largest foreign exchange dealer in the world with a share of 21 percent. The company was a component of the STOXX Europe 50 stock market index until being replaced on that index on August 8,2016, the bank offers financial products and services for corporate and institutional clients along with private and business clients. Deutsche Bank’s core business is investment banking, which represents 50% of equity, 75% of leverage assets, in January 2014, Deutsche Bank reported a €1.2 billion pre-tax loss for the fourth quarter of 2013. This came after analysts had predicted a profit of nearly €600 million, revenues slipped by 16% versus the prior year. On 7 June 2015, the then co-CEOs, Juergen Fitschen and Anshu Jain, Anshu Jains resignation took effect on 30 June 2015, but he provided consultancy to the bank until January 2016. Juergen Fitschen temporarily continued as joint CEO until 19 May 2016, the appointment of John Cryan as joint CEO was announced, effective 1 July 2016, he became sole CEO at the end of Juergen Fitschens term. In January 2016, Deutsche Bank pre-announced a 2015 loss before income taxes of approximately €6.1 billion, Deutsche Bank was founded in Berlin in 1870 as a specialist bank for foreign trade. The banks statute was adopted on 22 January 1870, and on 10 March 1870 the Prussian government granted it a banking licence, three of the founders were Georg Siemens whose fathers cousin had founded Siemens and Halske, Adelbert Delbrück and L. Bamberger. Its first foray overseas came shortly afterwards, in Shanghai and London followed sometime by South America, major projects in the early years of the bank included the Northern Pacific Railroad in the US and the Baghdad Railway. In Germany, the bank was instrumental in the financing of bond offerings of steel company Krupp, the second half of the 1890s saw the beginning of a new period of expansion at Deutsche Bank. The bank formed alliances with large banks, giving itself an entrée into Germanys main industrial regions. Joint ventures were symptomatic of the then under way in the German banking industry. In addition, the bank rapidly perceived the value of specialist institutions for the promotion of foreign business, the immediate postwar period was a time of liquidations. Having already lost most of its assets, Deutsche Bank was obliged to sell other holdings. A great deal of energy went into shoring up what had been achieved, but there was new business, too, some of which was to have an impact for a long time to come. The bank played a significant role in the establishment of the production company, UFA
42.
Archaeology
–
Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, Archaeology can be considered both a social science and a branch of the humanities. In North America, archaeology is considered a sub-field of anthropology, archaeologists study human prehistory and history, from the development of the first stone tools at Lomekwi in East Africa 3.3 million years ago up until recent decades. Archaeology as a field is distinct from the discipline of palaeontology, Archaeology is particularly important for learning about prehistoric societies, for whom there may be no written records to study. Prehistory includes over 99% of the human past, from the Paleolithic until the advent of literacy in societies across the world, Archaeology has various goals, which range from understanding culture history to reconstructing past lifeways to documenting and explaining changes in human societies through time. The discipline involves surveying, excavation and eventually analysis of data collected to learn more about the past, in broad scope, archaeology relies on cross-disciplinary research. Archaeology developed out of antiquarianism in Europe during the 19th century, Archaeology has been used by nation-states to create particular visions of the past. Nonetheless, today, archaeologists face many problems, such as dealing with pseudoarchaeology, the looting of artifacts, a lack of public interest, the science of archaeology grew out of the older multi-disciplinary study known as antiquarianism. Antiquarians studied history with attention to ancient artifacts and manuscripts. Tentative steps towards the systematization of archaeology as a science took place during the Enlightenment era in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, in Europe, philosophical interest in the remains of Greco-Roman civilization and the rediscovery of classical culture began in the late Middle Age. Antiquarians, including John Leland and William Camden, conducted surveys of the English countryside, one of the first sites to undergo archaeological excavation was Stonehenge and other megalithic monuments in England. John Aubrey was a pioneer archaeologist who recorded numerous megalithic and other monuments in southern England. He was also ahead of his time in the analysis of his findings and he attempted to chart the chronological stylistic evolution of handwriting, medieval architecture, costume, and shield-shapes. Excavations were also carried out in the ancient towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum and these excavations began in 1748 in Pompeii, while in Herculaneum they began in 1738. The discovery of entire towns, complete with utensils and even human shapes, however, prior to the development of modern techniques, excavations tended to be haphazard, the importance of concepts such as stratification and context were overlooked. The father of archaeological excavation was William Cunnington and he undertook excavations in Wiltshire from around 1798, funded by Sir Richard Colt Hoare. Cunnington made meticulous recordings of neolithic and Bronze Age barrows, one of the major achievements of 19th century archaeology was the development of stratigraphy. The idea of overlapping strata tracing back to successive periods was borrowed from the new geological and paleontological work of scholars like William Smith, James Hutton, the application of stratigraphy to archaeology first took place with the excavations of prehistorical and Bronze Age sites
43.
Pier
–
A pier is a raised structure in a body of water, typically supported by well-spaced piles or pillars. Bridges, buildings, and walkways may all be supported by piers, Piers can range in size and complexity from a simple lightweight wooden structure to major structures extended over 1600 metres. In American English, pier may be synonymous with dock, thus in North America and Australia, where many ports were, until recently, built on the multiple pier model, the term tends to imply a current or former cargo-handling facility. In Europe in contrast, where more often use basins and river-side quays than piers. However, the earliest piers pre-date the Victorian age, Piers can be categorized into different groupings according to the principal purpose. However, there is overlap between these categories. Many piers are floating piers, to ensure that the piers raise and this prevents a situation where lines become overly taut or loose by rising or lowering tides. An overly taut or loose tie-line can damage boats by pulling out of the water or allowing them so much leeway that they bang forcefully against the sides of the pier. Working piers were built for the handling of passengers and cargo onto, working piers themselves fall into two different groups. Longer individual piers are found at ports with large tidal ranges. Such piers provided an alternative to impounded docks where cargo volumes were low, or where specialist bulk cargo was handled. The other form of working pier, often called the pier, was built at ports with smaller tidal ranges. Here the principal advantage was to give a greater available quay length for ships to berth against compared to a linear littoral quayside, typically each pier would carry a single transit shed the length of the pier, with ships berthing bow or stern in to the shore. Some major ports consisted of numbers of such piers lining the foreshore, classic examples being the Hudson River frontage of New York. One example, is in use in Progreso, Yucatán, where a pier extends more than 4 miles into the Gulf of Mexico, making it the longest pier in the world. The Progreso Pier supplies much of the peninsula with transportation for the fishing, many other working piers have been demolished, or remain derelict, but some have been recycled as pleasure piers. The best known example of this is Pier 39 in San Francisco, at Southport and the Tweed River on the Gold Coast in Australia, there are piers that support equipment for a sand bypassing system that maintains the health of sandy beaches and navigation channels. Pleasure piers were first built in Britain during the early 19th century, the earliest structures were Ryde Pier, built in 1813/4, Trinity Chain Pier near Leith, built in 1821, and Brighton Chain Pier, built in 1823
44.
Dendrochronology
–
Dendrochronology is the scientific method of dating tree rings to the exact year they were formed in order to analyze atmospheric conditions during different periods in history. Dendrochronology is useful for determining the timing of events and rates of change in the environment and also in works of art and architecture, such as old panel paintings on wood, buildings and it is also used in radiocarbon dating to calibrate radiocarbon ages. New growth in trees occurs in a layer of cells near the bark, a trees growth rate changes in a predictable pattern throughout the year in response to seasonal climate changes, resulting in visible growth rings. Each ring marks a complete cycle of seasons, or one year, as of 2013, the oldest tree-ring measurements in the Northern Hemisphere extend back 13,900 years. Dendrochronology derives from Ancient Greek, δένδρον, meaning tree limb, χρόνος, meaning time, and -λογία, the Greek botanist Theophrastus first mentioned that the wood of trees has rings. In his Trattato della Pittura, Leonardo da Vinci was the first person to mention that trees form rings annually, in 1737, French investigators Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau and Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon examined the effect of growing conditions on the shape of tree rings. They found that in 1709, a severe winter produced a distinctly dark tree ring, the English polymath Charles Babbage proposed using dendrochronology to date the remains of trees in peat bogs or even in geological strata. During the latter half of the century, the scientific study of tree rings. In 1859, the German-American Jacob Kuechler used crossdating to examine oaks in order to study the record of climate in western Texas, in 1866, the German botanist, entomologist, and forester Julius Ratzeburg observed the effects on tree rings of defoliation caused by insect infestations. By 1882, this observation was already appearing in forestry textbooks, in the 1870s, the Dutch astronomer Jacobus C. Kapteyn was using crossdating to reconstruct the climates of the Netherlands, in 1881, the Swiss-Austrian forester Arthur von Seckendorff-Gudent was using crossdating. From 1869 to 1901, Robert Hartig, a German professor of forest pathology, wrote a series of papers on the anatomy, in 1892, the Russian physicist Fedor Nikiforovich Shvedov wrote that he had used patterns found in tree rings to predict droughts in 1882 and 1891. During the first half of the 20th century, the astronomer A. E. Douglass founded the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research at the University of Arizona. Growth rings, also referred to as tree rings or annual rings, growth rings are the result of new growth in the vascular cambium, a layer of cells near the bark that is classified as a lateral meristem, this growth in diameter is known as secondary growth. Visible rings result from the change in speed through the seasons of the year, thus, critical for the title method. If the bark of the tree has been removed in a particular area, the rings are more visible in temperate zones, where the seasons differ more markedly. The inner portion of a ring is formed early in the growing season, when growth is comparatively rapid and is known as early wood. Many trees in temperate zones make one growth ring each year, hence, for the entire period of a trees life, a year-by-year record or ring pattern is formed that reflects the age of the tree and the climatic conditions in which the tree grew
.jpg)
