1.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Wyoming Valley
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The Wyoming Valley is a historic industrialized region of Northeastern Pennsylvania once famous for fueling the industrial revolution in the United States with its many anthracite coal mines. As a metropolitan area, it is known as the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre area, the 97th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, greater Pittston makes up the center of the valley. Scranton is the most populated city in the area with a population of 77,114. The city of Scranton has grown in population after the 2015 mid term census while Wilkes-Barre has declined in population, Wilkes-Barre is still the second most populated city in the metropolitan area and Hazleton is third. The airport for this area are Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International Airport and the Wilkes-Barre Wyoming Valley Airport, the valley is a crescent-shaped depression, a part of the ridge-and-valley or folded Appalachians. The Susquehanna River occupies the part of the valley, which is notable for its deposits of anthracite. Deep mining of anthracite has declined throughout the greater Coal Region, however, the Pocono Mountains, a ridgeline away, are often visible from higher elevations to the east and to the southeast of the Wyoming Valley. The Scranton–Wilkes-Barre–Hazleton, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area covers Lackawanna, Luzerne and it had a combined population of 558,166 in 2015. The counties adjacent to the Wyoming Valley include Monroe County, Susquehanna County, Wayne County, Columbia County, Bradford County, Carbon County, Sullivan County, when metropolitan areas were first defined in 1950, Scranton and Wilkes-Barre were in separate metropolitan areas. Lackawanna County was defined as the Scranton Standard Metropolitan Area, while Luzerne County was defined as the Wilkes-Barre–Hazleton Standard Metropolitan Area, the two metropolitan areas were merged after the 1970 census as the Northeast Pennsylvania Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, with Monroe County added as a component. It was renamed the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Metropolitan Statistical Area after the 1980 census, Hazleton was added as a primary city in the 1990 census, while Monroe County lost its metropolitan status. After the 2000 census, Columbia County lost metropolitan status, while Hazleton was removed as a primary city. Scranton is the largest city in Lackawanna County as well as the metropolitan area by a large margin. Yellow, the largest county by area and population The name Wyoming derives from the Lenape Munsee name xwé, wamənk, meaning at the smaller river hills. According to the Jesuit Relation of 1635, the Wyoming Valley was inhabited by the Scahentoarrhonon people, by 1744 it was inhabited by Lenape, Mahican, Shawnee and others who had been pushed out of eastern areas by the Iroquois Confederacy. From the 1740s to the 1760s, the valley was the site of Moravian mission work among the Native Americans living there and they envisioned a settlement for Christian Indians. But the violence of the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, drove these settlers away with David Zeisberger, the Moravian Apostle to the Indians. After Yankee settlers from Connecticut founded the town of Wilkes-Barre in 1769, armed bands of Pennsylvanians tried without success to them in 1769-70
4.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
5.
Tunkhannock, Pennsylvania
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Tunkhannock is a borough in Wyoming County, Pennsylvania,31 miles northwest of Wilkes-Barre. In the past, lumbering was carried on extensively, today, many residents are employed by the Procter & Gamble plant in nearby Washington Township. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,836. It is the county seat of Wyoming County, Tunkhannock is in the Scranton–Wilkes-Barre–Hazleton, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The name Tunkhannock comes from the Minsi-Lenapi term Ptukhannaunk, which means Bend-in-river-place, especially to the towns west, according to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.9 square mile, all of it land. Skyhaven Airport is a public use airport located one mile south of the central business district of Tunkhannock. As of the census of 2010, there are 1,836 people,817 households, the population density is 2,040 people per square mile. There are 871 housing units at a density of 967.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough is 95. 9% White,0. 9% African American,0. 2% Native American,1. 1% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 35% from other races, and 1. 45% from two or more races. 1. 3% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race,40. 4% of all households are made up of individuals and 20% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.15 and the family size is 2.92. In the borough the population is out with 22. 3% under the age of 18, 57% from 18 to 64. The median age is 43.5 years, the median income for a household in the borough is $37,071, and the median income for a family is $56,250. Males have an income of $43,098 versus $31,313 for females. The per capita income for the borough is $23,110,2. 4% of the population and 6. 9% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the population, none of those under the age of 18 and 8. 6% of those 65. The borough is represented by a council-manager government, the Wyoming County Historical Society and Genealogical Library offers a major source of research material. The collection includes books on New England ancestry, newspapers dating back to 1797
6.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
7.
Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district
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Pennsylvanias 11th congressional district is in the east-central part of the state. The district was redrawn by the state legislature in the course of the 2012 redistricting after the 2010 census. Republican Lou Barletta has represented the district since 2011, the first Republican to do so in almost 30 years, from 2003 to 2013 the district included Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Hazleton and most of the Poconos. With a strong base in areas of industry and ethnic groups, former longtime Democratic incumbent Paul Kanjorski faced his closest contest ever in 2008, narrowly defeating Lou Barletta, the Republican mayor of Hazleton,138,849 to 129,358. In 2010, Kanjorski fell victim to a GOP and anti-incumbent wave and was unseated by Barletta in a 45%–55% vote, District created in 1795 from Pennsylvanias At-large congressional district List of United States congressional districts Pennsylvanias congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present Congressional redistricting in Pennsylvania Presidential Election Results by Congressional District
8.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
9.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
10.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
11.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
12.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
13.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
14.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
15.
Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
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Luzerne County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 906 square miles. It is Northeastern Pennsylvania’s second-largest county by total area, as of the 2010 census, the population was 320,918, making it the most populous county in the northeastern part of the state. Other populous communities include Hazleton, Kingston, Nanticoke, and Pittston, Luzerne County is included in the Scranton–Wilkes-Barre–Hazleton Metropolitan Statistical Area, which has a total population of 558,166. On September 25,1786, Luzerne County was formed part of Northumberland County. It was named after Chevalier de la Luzerne, French ambassador to the United States, the county gained prominence in the 19th and 20th centuries as an active anthracite coal mining region, drawing a large portion of its labor force from European immigrants. At its peak, the population was 445,109. By the early 21st century, many factories and coal mines were closed, like most counties in the Rust Belt, Luzerne witnessed population loss and urban decay. The Luzerne County Historical Society maintains the storehouse for the memory of Luzerne County. It records and interprets the history, traditions, events, people,1769, The Pennamite-Yankee War began when settlers from Connecticut and Pennsylvania fought over land claims along the North Branch of the Susquehanna River in the present Wyoming Valley. July 1,1778, During the Revolutionary War, Fort Jenkins was surrendered to the British and it was later burned to the ground. In 1928, a bridge connecting West Pittston and Pittston City was constructed and named in its honor, july 3,1778, A force of British soldiers, led by John Butler, with the assistance of about 700 Indians, attacked and killed nearly 300 Wyoming Valley settlers. Today in the Borough of Wyoming, a monument marks the gravesite of the victims from the Battle of Wyoming, july 4,1778, Fort Pittston surrendered to the British and some of it was partially destroyed. It was later restored and used until the end of the Revolutionary War, September 11,1780, Reports of Tory activity in the region caused Captain Daniel Klader and a platoon of 40 to 50 men from Northampton County, Pennsylvania, to investigate. Captain Kladers men made it as far north as present-day Conyngham,18 of Kladers men were killed in what is known as the Sugarloaf Massacre. September 25,1786, Luzerne County was formed part of Northumberland County. It was named after Chevalier de la Luzerne, French ambassador to the United States, September 6,1869, A mine fire killed 110 people in Avondale, an unincorporated community in Plymouth Township. June 28,1896, The Newton Coal Companys Twin Shaft Mine in Pittston City caved-in, September 10,1897, Sheriff James Martin formed a posse and fired on a group of unarmed miners in what is known today as the Lattimer massacre
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Scranton, Pennsylvania
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Scranton is the sixth-largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania behind Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie and Reading. It is the county seat of Lackawanna County in Northeastern Pennsylvanias Wyoming Valley, with a population of 77,118, it is the largest city in the Scranton–Wilkes-Barre–Hazleton, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which has a population of about 570,000. Scranton was incorporated on February 14,1856, as a borough in Luzerne County and it became a major industrial city, a center of mining and railroads, and attracted thousands of new immigrants. It was the site of the Scranton General Strike in 1877, people in northern Luzerne County began to seek a new county in 1839 but the Wilkes-Barre area resisted losing its assets. Lackawanna County did not gain independent status until 1878, under legislation allowing the issue to be voted by residents of the proposed territory, voters favored the new county by a proportion of 6 to 1, with Scranton residents providing the major support. The city was designated as the county seat when Lackawanna County was established in 1878, the city took its first step toward earning its reputation as the Electric City when electric lights were introduced in 1880 at Dickson Locomotive Works. Six years later, the nations first streetcars powered exclusively by electricity began operating in the city, rev. David Spencer, a local Baptist minister, later proclaimed Scranton as the Electric City. Present-day Scranton and its area had been long inhabited by the native Lenape tribe. In 1778, Isaac Tripp, the areas first known European-American settler, built his home here, it stands in North Scranton. More settlers from Connecticut came to the area in the late 18th and early 19th centuries after the American Revolutionary War and they gradually established mills and other small businesses in a village that became known as Slocum Hollow. People in the village during this time carried the traits and the accent of their New England settlers, though anthracite coal was being mined in Carbondale to the north and Wilkes-Barre to the south, the industries that precipitated the citys early rapid growth were iron and steel. It initially started producing nails, but that venture failed due to low-quality iron. The Erie Railroads construction in New York State was delayed by its having to iron rails as imports from England. The Scrantons firm decided to focus to producing T-rails for the Erie. In 1851, the Scrantons built the Lackawanna and Western Railroad northward, with recent Irish immigrants supplying most of the labor, to meet the Erie Railroad in Great Bend, thus they could transport manufactured rails from the Lackawanna Valley to New York and the Midwest. They also invested in mining operations in the city to fuel their steel operations. In 1856, they expanded the railroad eastward as the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad and this railroad, with its hub in Scranton, would be Scrantons largest employer for almost one hundred years. The Pennsylvania Coal Company built a gravity railroad in the 1850s through the city for the purpose of transporting coal, the gravity railroad was replaced by a steam railroad built in 1886 by the Erie and Wyoming Valley Railroad
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Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
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Wilkes-Barre is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Luzerne County. It is one of the cities in the Scranton–Wilkes-Barre–Hazleton, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Located at the center of the Wyoming Valley, it is second in size to the city of Scranton. Wilkes-Barre and the surrounding Wyoming Valley are framed by the Pocono Mountains to the east, the Endless Mountains to the west, the Susquehanna River flows through the center of the valley and defines the northwestern border of the city. Wilkes-Barre was founded in 1769 and formally incorporated in 1806, the city grew rapidly in the 19th century after the discovery of nearby coal reserves and the arrival of hundreds of thousands of immigrants who provided a labor force for the local mines. The coal mining fueled industrialization in the city, which reached the height of its prosperity in the first half of the 20th century and its population peaked at more than 86,000. However, Following World War II, the economy declined due to the collapse of industry. The Knox Mine disaster accelerated this trend after large portions of the coal mines were flooded. Today the city has a population of 41,498, making it the the largest city in Luzerne County, in the early 18th century, the Wyoming Valley had been long inhabited by the Shawanese and Delaware Indian tribes. By 1769, a group led by John Durkee were the first recorded Europeans to reach the area and they established a frontier settlement named Wilkes-Barre after John Wilkes and Isaac Barré, two British members of Parliament who supported colonial America. The initial settlers were aligned with colonial Connecticut, which had a claim on the land that rivaled Pennsylvanias, armed men loyal to Pennsylvania twice attempted to evict the residents of Wilkes-Barre in what came to be known as the Pennamite–Yankee War. After the American Revolution, the conflict was resolved between the states, and Connecticut gave up its claim, the settlers retained title to their lands but transferred their allegiance to Pennsylvania. In 1797, several decades after the founding, Louis Philippe, later the King of France from 1830 to 1840. Wilkes-Barres population exploded due to the discovery of coal in the 19th century. Hundreds of thousands of immigrants flocked to the city, seeking jobs in the mines and collieries that sprang up. New industries were established and the Vulcan Iron Works was a manufacturer of railway locomotives from 1849 to 1954. Railroads were being constructed across the state and country, in addition, the demolished Old Fell House on Northampton Street is believed to be the first place in the entire world where anthracite was burned for heat. It is said that Babe Ruth hit one of the longest home runs in history in Wilkes-Barre early in the 20th century, suiting up for Hughestown, the Yankee slugger challenged Larksvilles hurler Ernie Corkran to throw him his best stuff—a fastball right down the heart of the plate
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Hazleton, Pennsylvania
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Hazleton is a city in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 25,340 at the 2010 census, the population of Greater Hazleton was 77,187. Hazleton is the 2nd largest city in Luzerne County and the 17th largest city in Pennsylvania, because of reports of Tory activity in the region, Captain Daniel Klader and a platoon of 41 men from Northampton County were sent to investigate. They traveled north from the Lehigh Valley along a known as Warriors Trail. This route connects the Lehigh River in Jim Thorpe to the Susquehanna River in Berwick, Captain Kladers men made it as far north as present-day Conyngham when they were ambushed by Tory militiamen and members of the Seneca tribe. In all,15 men were killed on September 11,1780, the Moravians, a Christian denomination, had been using Warriors Trail since the early 18th century after the Moravian missionary Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf first used it to reach the Wyoming Valley. This particular stretch of Warriors Trail had an abundance of hazel trees, though the Moravians called the region St. Anthonys Wilderness, it eventually became known as Hazel Swamp, a name which had been used previously by the Indians. The Moravian missionaries were sent from their settlements in Bethlehem to the site of the Sugarloaf Massacre to bury the dead soldiers, because of the aesthetic natural beauty of the Conyngham Valley, some Moravians decided to stay. In 1782, they built a settlement along the Nescopeck Creek, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Warrior Trail was revamped and widened. It was renamed the Berwick Turnpike, later, a road was built to connect Wilkes-Barre to McKeansburg. This road intersected with the Berwick Turnpike, an entrepreneur named Jacob Drumheller decided that this intersection was the perfect location for a rest stop, so in 1809, he built the first building in what would later be known as Hazleton. Though a few buildings and houses were erected nearby, the area remained a wilderness for nearly 20 years. At the time, the area offered little more than small-scale logging, Jacob Drumheller is buried at Conyngham Union Cemetery. In 1818, anthracite coal deposits were discovered in nearby Beaver Meadows by prospectors Nathaniel Beach and Tench Coxe and this caught the attention of railroad developers in Philadelphia. A young engineer from New York was hired to survey the topography of Beaver Meadows, Pardee, knowing that the area of Beaver Meadows was already controlled by Coxe and Beach, bought many acres of the land in present-day Hazleton. The investment proved to be extraordinarily lucrative, the land contained part of a massive anthracite coal field. Pardee will forever be known as the father of Hazleton. Pardee incorporated the Hazleton Coal Company in 1836, the year the rail link to the Lehigh Valley market was on the brink of being completed
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Susquehanna River
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The Susquehanna River is a major river located in the northeastern United States. At 464 miles long, it is the longest river on the American east coast that drains into the Atlantic Ocean, with its watershed, it is the 16th-largest river in the United States, and the longest river in the continental United States without commercial boat traffic today. The Susquehanna rises and flows through New York, Pennsylvania, and it forms from two main branches, the North Branch, which rises in upstate New York and is regarded by federal mapmakers as the main branch, and the West Branch Susquehanna. Both of these waterways were improved by navigations throughout the 1820s and 1830s as the Pennsylvania Canal, together with facilities of the Allegheny Portage Railroad, loaded barges were transferred from the canal and hoisted across the mountain ridge into the Pittsburgh area. The 82-mile Union Canal was completed in 1828 to connect Schuylkill River in Reading to the Susquehanna above Harrisburg, an 82-mile leg connecting the Susquehanna with the Delaware River was instead developed as the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, built by the Pennsylvania Canal Commission. The shorter West Branch, which rises in western Pennsylvania, joins the stem of the Susquehanna near Northumberland in central Pennsylvania. The river drains 27,500 square miles, including half of the land area of Pennsylvania. The river empties into the end of the Chesapeake Bay at Havre de Grace, Maryland. The Chesapeake Bay is the ria of the Susquehanna, while less prevalent since their contraction in the 1950–1960s, the rivers shores still support a wide ranging rail transportation infrastructure. Also called the Main Branch Susquehanna, the branch of the river rises at the outlet of Otsego Lake in Cooperstown. From there, the branch of the river runs west-southwest through rural farmland and dairy country, receiving the Unadilla River at Sidney. It dips south into Pennsylvania briefly to turn north at Susquehanna Depot hooking back into New York. A couple miles south, just across the New York state line and it makes a right-angle curve between Sayre and Towanda to cut through the Endless Mountains in the Allegheny Plateau of Pennsylvania. The origin of the official West Branch is near Northern Cambria County, Pennsylvania near the junction of Mitchel Road and it travels northeasterly through Curwensville, into and through Clearfield, Pennsylvania, where its joined by the Clearfield Creek right bank tributary. The West Branch turns to the southeast and passes through Lock Haven, the North Branch joins the West Branch from the northwest at Northumberland, just above Sunbury. It receives the Juniata River from the northwest at Duncannon, then passes through its last water gap, downtown Harrisburg developed on the east side of the river, which is nearly a mile wide here. It crosses into northern Maryland approximately 30 miles northeast of Baltimore and is joined by Octoraro Creek, the river enters the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay at Havre de Grace. Concord Point Light was built here in 1827 to accommodate the increasing navigational traffic, Susquehanna comes from the Lenapi term Sisawehakhanna, which means Oyster River
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Tunkhannock Creek (Susquehanna River tributary)
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Tunkhannock Creek is a 42. 3-mile-long tributary of the Susquehanna River in northeastern Pennsylvania, United States. English translations of the Lenni-Lenape Tunkhannock vary, including meeting of the waters, small stream, wilderness stream, most sources note, however, that hanna, as in Susque-, Toby-, Loyal-, Tunkhannock, and Lackawanna, suggests moving water. Tunkhannock Creek is traced northeast along PA Highway 92 to its source of Cheraine Pond near Jackson and it has an East Branch that rises in Herrick Township to the east and north of Elk Mountain and a South Branch that rises near Montdale in Scott Township. Tunkhannock Creeks major tributaries include, Nine Partners Creek, East Branch Tunkhannock Creek Horton Creek, Martins Creek, Hop Bottom Creek, the 2, 400-foot-long Erie Lackawanna Railway Tunkhannock Viaduct, featuring high, multiple concrete arches, passes over the creek near Nicholson. Tunkhannock Creek empties into the Susquehanna at Tunkhannock in Wyoming County, the South Branch joins the main branch approximately 1.8 miles downstream of the community of East Lemon, and approximately 6.3 miles upstream of the Susquehanna River. List of rivers of Pennsylvania U. S. Geological Survey, PA stream gaging stations
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Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania
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Susquehanna County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 43,356, the county was created on February 21,1810, from part of Luzerne County and later organized in 1812. It is named for the Susquehanna River, the first settlers began to move into the area from Philadelphia and Connecticut in the mid 1700s. At the time, the area was part of Luzerne County, as more and more people from Connecticut moved in, there began to be some conflict. Under Connecticuts land grant, they owned everything from present day Connecticut to the Pacific Ocean and this meant their land grant overlapped with Pennsylvanias land grant. In the end, the Connecticut government was asked to surrender their claim on the area, in 1810, Susquehanna County was formed out of Luzerne County and later in 1812, Montrose was made the county seat. Susquehanna County was one of the stops on the Underground Railroad. Although this is not completely backed up by fact, there are many pointers saying this is true and these pointers say Montrose was the main hub. Here slaves would take refuge in the homes of citizens, after the Civil War, coal started to be mined. Following this, railways and roads were built into the county allowing for people to come. At one point the county had nearly 50,000 people, coal became, as with neighboring counties, the back bone of the economy. This boom in coal would allow for an age of prosperity in the county, when the Great Depression hit, the coal industry suffered horribly. Within months the industry was struggling. During World War II the coal industry picked up again, soon after the economy in the county failed. Between the 1950s and 1990s many mines were closed, railways were torn apart, unemployment rose and population decline increased. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 832 square miles. Susquehanna County is very mountainous, with concentrations of mountains in the east and smaller. The highest mountain in the county is North Knob just west of Union Dale, most people live in one of the several long and mostly narrow valleys
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Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania
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Lackawanna County is a county in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 214,437 and its county seat and largest city is Scranton. The county was created on August 13,1878, following decades of trying to gain its independence from Luzerne County and it is Pennsylvanias last county to be created. It is named for the Lackawanna River, Lackawanna County is included in the Scranton–Wilkes-Barre–Hazleton, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is the second largest County within the metropolitan area and it lies northwest of the Pocono Mountains. Lackawanna County is located approximately 40 miles from the New Jersey border in Montague, New Jersey and also located approximately 33 miles from upstate New York in Windsor, New York. Lackawanna County is a region that was developed for production and anthracite coal mining in the nineteenth century. Scranton, then part of Luzerne County, became a center of mining. It was the site of the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company, in 1877 at the time of the Scranton General Strike, the company was managed by William Walker Scranton, whose father had been president until his death in 1872. Two of his cousins had been founders of the company and the city, the county was created on August 13,1878, following decades of trying to gain its independence from Luzerne County. It is Pennsylvanias last county to be created and it is named for the Lackawanna River. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 465 square miles. Susquehanna County Wayne County Monroe County Luzerne County Wyoming County I-81 I-84 I-380 I-476 / Penna Turnpike NE Extension US6 US6 Bus, US11 PA307 PA407 PA438 As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 214,437 people residing in the county. 92. 0% were White,2. 5% Black or African American,1. 7% Asian,0. 2% Native American,2. 0% of some other race and 1. 5% of two or more races. 20. 1% identified as of Italian,19. 9% Irish,13. 0% Polish and 11. 4% German ancestry. As of the census of 2000, there were 213,295 people,86,218 households, the population density was 465 people per square mile. There were 95,362 housing units at a density of 208 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 96. 65% White,1. 31% Black or African American,0. 09% Native American,0. 75% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 53% from other races, and 0. 66% from two or more races
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Sullivan County, Pennsylvania
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Sullivan County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 6,428, the county was created on March 15,1847, from part of Lycoming County and named for Charles C. Sullivan, leader of the Pennsylvania Senate at that time, the land which became Sullivan County was originally purchased from the Iroquois by the Province of Pennsylvania in 1768, as part of the first Treaty of Fort Stanwix. It was then part of Northumberland County, then part of Lycoming County when it was formed in 1795. Sullivan County itself was formed from the part of Lycoming County on March 15,1847. It was the thirteenth and last county formed at least partly from Lycoming County, according to the official state publication Pennsylvania Local Government, Sullivan County was named for Pennsylvania state senator Charles C. Sullivan, who took a part in procuring passage of the bill establishing the county. However, according to Frederic A. Godcharles, the county is named for General John Sullivan, who led the Sullivan Expedition against the Iroquois in 1779. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 452 square miles. Elevation ranges from 2593 ft at North Mountain in Davidson Township to 779 ft on Loyalsock Creek at the Lycoming County line, the county is served by Pennsylvania Route 87, Pennsylvania Route 487, and U. S. Route 220. The major rivers in the county are Loyalsock Creek, Little Loyalsock Creek, Muncy Creek, the majority of the land in Sullivan County is forest, but there is some farmland, especially in the northern part of the county. There are numerous valleys in the southern and western parts of Sullivan County. The southern border of the county is approximately at the Allegheny Front, the mountains within the county are part of the Endless Mountains. The stratigraphic record of rocks within the county spans from the Devonian Lock Haven Formation to the coal-bearing Pennsylvanian Allegheny Formation. Generally, the Catskill Formation underlies most of the lowlands, and sandstones of the Huntley Mountain, Burgoon, Mauch Chunk, no igneous or metamorphic rocks exist within the county, other than possible glacial erratics. Structurally, the bedrock of Sullivan County is gently folded, with the axes of two major anticlines and two major synclines each trending roughly east-west, There are three mapped faults in the Allegheny Formation between the towns of Murray and Ringdale. Nearly all of Sullivan County was glaciated several times in the past, during the Pleistocene epoch, most of the county is covered by glacial till of Late Wisconsinan age. Late Illinoian Stage deposits may underlie the Late Wisconsinan deposits, the major rivers in Sullivan County are Loyalsock Creek and Muncy Creek
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Bradford County, Pennsylvania
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Bradford County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 62,622, the county was created on February 21,1810, from parts of Lycoming and Luzerne counties. Bradford County comprises the Sayre, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, the county is not to be confused with the city of Bradford, which is in McKean County,141 miles to the west via U. S. Route 6. As noted above, Bradford County was originally named Ontario County, the county was reorganized and renamed in 1812. However, a section of north Philadelphia in which major east–west streets are named after Pennsylvania counties retains an Ontario Street, There are two short Bradford Streets in northeast Philadelphia, approximately four miles from Ontario Street. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,161 square miles. It is the second-largest county in Pennsylvania by land area and third-largest by total area, the population density was 54 people per square mile. There were 28,664 housing units at a density of 25 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 94% White,0. 40% Black or African American,0. 31% Native American,0. 45% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 19% from other races, and 0. 69% from two or more races. 0. 63% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,32. 4% were of English, 19% German,12. 6% Irish and 6. 4% Italian ancestry according to the 2012 American Community Survey. 24. 70% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.99. In the county, the population was out with 25. 50% under the age of 18,6. 80% from 18 to 24,27. 20% from 25 to 44,24. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 95.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.10 males, birth rate The Bradford County live birth rate was 901 births in 1990. The Countys live birth rate in 2000 was 710 births, while in 2011 it was 740 babies, from 1960 to 2010, rural Pennsylvania has experienced a decline in the number of residents under 18 years old. Teen pregnancy rate Bradford County had a 511 babies born to teens in 2011, in 2015, the number of teen births in Bradford County declined to 490. 9% in 2014. The statewide poverty rate was 13. 6% in 2014, the child poverty rate is collected by the school districts as part of the federal free school lunch program. The United States Office of Management and Budget has designated Bradford County as the Sayre, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area
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U.S. Route 6 in Pennsylvania
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It is the longest highway segment in the Commonwealth. Most of it is a rural highway, with some freeway bypasses around larger towns. Except east of Scranton, where it is paralleled by Interstate 84, what is now Interstate 80—the Keystone Shortway—was once planned along the US6 corridor as a western extension of I-84. The corridor was originally the Roosevelt Highway from Erie, Pennsylvania to Port Jervis, New York, the PA7 designation soon disappeared, but as US6 was extended and relocated, the Roosevelt Highway followed it. The Pennsylvania section of US6 was renamed the Grand Army of the Republic Highway in 1946, US6 meets with U. S. Route 19 near Meadville, where it turns north with US19 to a point east of Edinboro. There it turns east and passes through the Northern Tier of Pennsylvania, at Towanda it turns more southeasterly to reach Scranton, then turning back northeast out of Scranton to Carbondale and generally east and southeast to New York. As approved by the American Association of State Highway Officials on November 11,1926, the west end of US6 was at Kane, where U. S. Route 120 continued west to Erie. US6 also used present Pennsylvania Route 706, U. S. Route 11 and Pennsylvania Route 106 between Wyalusing and Carbondale, while U. S. Route 106 took the southerly route via Scranton. By the end of 1927, US6 had replaced US120 in running west from Kane to Erie, and had swapped places with US106 via Scranton, by 1930 its west end was at 26th Street and State Street in Erie. S. Route 15 Business west of Mansfield Pennsylvania Route 92 and Pennsylvania Route 307, Tunkhannock to Clarks Summit In 1931, US6 was extended west to Greeley, since then, only minor realignments and bypasses have been made to the route of US6. Roads portal Pennsylvania portal PA Route 6 Tourist Association
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U.S. Route 11 in Pennsylvania
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U. S. Route 11 roughly parallels Interstate 81 in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. Between those two cities, US11 follows the Susquehanna River, while I-81 follows a route over the mountains. US11 enters Pennsylvania parallel to Interstate 81 south of Greencastle in Antrim Township, the two routes head to the northeast, running parallel to each other as they pass through Chambersburg, where they intersect U. S. Route 30, Shippensburg, and Carlisle. Northeast of Carlisle in Middlesex, US11 interchanges with the Pennsylvania Turnpike, the stretch of US11 between I-76 and I-81 is known as the Miracle Mile since it contains plenty of traveler services including restaurants, gas stations, lodging, truck stops, shops, etc. There is no interchange between the two interstates, so travelers must use this stretch, or travel through downtown Carlisle, to get from one interstate to the other. US11, now to the south of I-81, continues eastward into the suburbs of Harrisburg as the Carlisle Pike. This road serves a major route in eastern Cumberland County. Rumored to have originally been a Native American trail, it is now a significant center of urban sprawl serving much of Harrisburgs western suburbs, the road passes through Middlesex Township, the small unincorporated village of New Kingstown, Silver Spring and Hampden Township. Upon reaching Pennsylvania Route 581, US11 splits from Carlisle Pike, in Camp Hill, a close suburb of Harrisburg, US11 stops paralleling I-81 and joins U. S. Route 15 northward through the western suburbs of Harrisburg, crossing I-81 in this area. As the road exits the Harrisburg area, US11 and US15 begin to parallel the Susquehanna River as both head northward, Route 322 near Duncannon and U. S. Route 522 in Selinsgrove. The two routes remain overlapped to an intersection in Shamokin Dam, where US15 branches off to the northwest, US11, in contrast, continues to parallel the main Susquehanna River, passing through municipalities such as Danville, Bloomsburg, and Berwick prior to reaching Wilkes-Barre. North of Wilkes-Barre in Pittston, US11 breaks from the Susquehanna, from Wilkes-Barre, the highway goes through nearby Scranton, becoming the North Scranton Expressway north of downtown. It carried unsigned State Route 3027 until State Routes 0011 and 0307 were moved off their routes to match the signed US11. SR3027 still runs along Mulberry Street from Jefferson Avenue, where US11, in the northwest corner of Scranton, US11 intersects U. S. Route 6. US6 joins US11 westward to Factoryville, where US11 separates from US6 and this stretch was originally built from 1918-1922 on the old route of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, and is called the Lackawanna Trail. Prior to 1941, US11 followed Walnut Bottom Road between Shippensburg and Carlisle while PA33 ran along the Governor Rittner Highway, in 1941, US11 and PA33 swapped alignments, with US11 moving to Governor Rittner Highway and PA33 moving to Walnut Bottom Road. Prior to 1989, US11 followed an older alignment bypassing Downtown Scranton, from Pittston Avenue, US11 turned right onto Moosic Street and climbed the hill. At Crown Avenue, it turned left, joining PA307 which was coming from the direction on Moosic Street
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Pennsylvania Route 29
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Pennsylvania Route 29 is a 118-mile-long north–south state highway that runs through most of eastern Pennsylvania. The route currently exists in two segments, a segment and a northern segment. The southernmost terminus of the designation is at U. S. Route 30 in Malvern, the northernmost end is at the New York-Pennsylvania border near Brookdale, Pennsylvania, where the route becomes New York State Route 7. The route was continuous until 1966, when Route 29 was split into the two segments that exist today, the southernmost 5 miles of PA 29s northern segment is a limited-access highway known as the South Cross Valley Expressway. The southern section of PA29 begins at an intersection with US30 near the borough of Malvern in East Whiteland Township, Chester County, heading north on six-lane divided South Morehall Road. The road passes businesses and office parks, curving northwest and crossing the Chester Valley Trail before coming to an interchange with the US202 freeway. The route passes to the west of the Penn State Great Valley Campus and becomes North Morehall Road, narrowing to four lanes, PA29 runs through wooded areas before curving north and passing through more of the Great Valley Corporate Center. The road runs between a quarry to the west and a lake to the east before it comes to an E-ZPass-only ramp providing access to the Pennsylvania Turnpike, past here, the route becomes undivided passes near more commercial development, crossing into Charlestown Township and curving northwest. The road passes under the Pennsylvania Turnpike and crosses a railroad line before it comes to the community of Devault. At this point, PA29 turns north onto two-lane undivided State Road, the road curves northwest and passes to the west of a quarry before continuing through forests. The route turns north and passes through the community of Aldham before it makes a curve to the northeast, PA29 passes under the abandoned railroad line and enters Schuylkill Township, heading through a mix of woods and fields with some homes parallel to the creek. The road turns east and then northeast, heading away from the Pickering Creek, the route becomes the border between the borough of Phoenixville to the northwest and Schuylkill Township to the southeast before fully entering Phoenixville as Main Street, passing homes. PA29 heads to the east of Phoenixville Hospital before it comes to an intersection with PA23, at which point Main Street splits to the north, the route continues through residential areas, turning north onto Starr Street. PA29 heads north into the downtown of Phoenixville, where it turns east onto Bridge Street. The route continues east and passes under Norfolk Southerns Harrisburg Line before it comes to the Mont Clare Bridge over the Schuylkill River, the road runs past a mix of homes and businesses, passing under an abandoned railroad line. The route continues through residential areas before heading into a mix of fields and woods with some homes, PA29 passes southeast of a golf course and becomes South Collegeville Road, passing near business parks and widening to four lanes. The road becomes a highway and comes to an interchange with the US422 freeway. Past this interchange, the route becomes a divided highway
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Pennsylvania Route 87
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Pennsylvania Route 87 is a 69. 3-mile-long north–south state highway located in northern Pennsylvania. The southern terminus of the route is at exit 21 of Interstate 180, the northern terminus is at U. S. Route 6 in Washington Township. The road is called Loyalsock Avenue at its terminus in Montoursville. It joins PA154 for 200 yards in Forksville and US220 for 1,200 yards in Dushore. While in Dushore, it serves as the terminus of PA487, and is also known as South German Street, East Main Street, Mill Street. PA87 begins at an interchange with I-180/US220 in Montoursville, Lycoming County, heading north on Loyalsock Avenue, the route immediately crosses into Fairfield Township and becomes an undivided, unnamed road, running between farmland to the west and woodland with homes to the east. The road continues into Upper Fairfield Township and heads through agricultural areas with some residences. PA87 heads through farmland and woodland with some homes to the east of the Loyalsock Creek, passing through Loyalsockville. The road passes more farm fields with some woods and residences in a narrow valley. PA87 heads north through forests with a few homes. The road runs northeast through woods with a few fields and residences, PA87 enters Hillsgrove Township in Sullivan County and turns east, passing through more forests along the south bank of the Loyalsock Creek. The road continues through forested areas with a few fields and homes, curving northeast. The route crosses the creek and turns northeast into agricultural areas, PA87 runs through more farmland with some woods and homes, crossing Loyalsock Creek again and turning southeast into forests. The road curves northeast again and heads into forested areas with some fields, heading east before crossing into Forks Township. The route heads north before a turn to the east, heading into Forksville, here, PA87 passes through rural areas of homes and businesses, crossing the Loyalsock Creek and coming to an intersection with PA154. At this point, PA154 turns east to form a concurrency with PA87. After this, PA154 splits from PA87 by turning northwest and PA87 heads into forests, turning north, the road continues into a narrow agricultural valley with some woods and homes, curving east at Millview. The route heads east into forested areas to the north of Little Loyalsock Creek
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Pennsylvania Route 92
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Pennsylvania Route 92 is a 66-mile-long north–south state highway located in northeast Pennsylvania. The southern terminus of the route is at U. S. Route 11 in West Pittston, the northern terminus is at the New York-Pennsylvania border in Oakland Township, where PA92 continues northward as New York State Route 79. PA92 begins at an intersection with US11 in West Pittston, Luzerne County, the road heads through residential areas, crossing a Luzerne and Susquehanna Railway line before continuing past more homes with some businesses. The route heads into Exeter and turns north onto Exeter Avenue, PA92 curves northwest and continues into forested areas to the southwest of the river, crossing into Exeter Township and becoming Sullivan Trail. The road heads north past homes in the community of Harding, running through farmland with some development before continuing northeast into more forests. The route turns northwest at Stanton Station and continues west along the bank of the North Branch Susquehanna River, curving north into rural areas of homes. PA92 enters Exeter Township in Wyoming County and becomes an unnamed road, the road continues through wooded areas with some homes and curves north, intersecting the eastern terminus of PA292. At this point, PA92 turns northwest to run to the northeast of the railroad tracks, the road heads farther north from the river and railroad line, passing through wooded areas with a few homes. PA92 crosses into Tunkhannock Township and becomes Osterhout Road, turning to the northeast, the road curves to the northwest again and intersects the northern terminus of PA307 in Osterhout. The route becomes Roosevelt Highway and heads west through farmland before heading into wooded areas of homes, PA92 turns north and heads into forested areas to the east of the railroad line and the river, becoming an unnamed road. The route heads into commercial areas before intersecting US6, at which point it turns east to form a concurrency with that route, the road crosses the Tunkhannock Creek and intersects the eastern terminus of US6 Business through Tunkhannock. At this point, US 6/PA92 becomes Grand Army of the Republic Highway and heads northeast through wooded areas with some development, the two routes cross the Tunkhannock Creek a third time before curving to the east and widening into a divided highway. PA92 splits from US6 by turning north onto an unnamed two-lane undivided road, the road continues through woodland with some fields and homes, running along the west bank of the creek. The route heads into dense forests with residences and curves to the east, turning north again. PA92 turns northeast and passes through East Lemon, turning east into farmland, the road enters Nicholson Township and heads into forests turning north as it continues alongside the Tunkhannock Creek. The route heads through wooded areas with some homes and curves east. PA92 winds east through woodland with some fields to the north of the creek, heading into Nicholson. The road passes homes and heads into areas, interchanging with US11
30.
Pennsylvania Route 107
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Pennsylvania Route 107 is a 17. 3-mile-long state highway located in Wyoming and Lackawanna Counties in Pennsylvania. The western terminus is at U. S. Route 6 /US11 in Factoryville, the eastern terminus is at an interchange with the US6 freeway in Jermyn. The length of this serves as a shortcut for through traffic on US6 creating a bypass of Scranton. PA107 is an undivided road that runs through mostly rural areas in the northern part of Lackawanna County. The route intersects PA407 in Fleetville, Interstate 81 in Benton Township, PA247 in Scott Township, PA107 was designated in 1928 between US11 in Factoryville and US6 at Washington Avenue in Jermyn. The entire route was paved in the 1930s, the eastern terminus was cut back to US6 at Scranton-Carbondale Highway in the 1940s. PA107 was extended back to unnumbered Washington Avenue in the 1970s, PA107 begins at an intersection with US 6/US11 on the border of Factoryville and Clinton Township in Wyoming County, heading north into Clinton Township on a two-lane undivided road. The route heads through forested areas, curving north-northeast and passing under Norfolk Southerns Sunbury Line, the road crosses into Nicholson Township and heads northeast through more wooded areas with some homes, turning east and passing to the south of Lake Sheridan. The road heads through rural areas, coming to an interchange with I-81 before crossing into Scott Township. The route runs through woods with farmland and residences, becoming Heart Lake Road. PA107 passes through Tompkinsville prior to turning southeast to fully enter Scott Township, the road heads through more farmland and woodland with some homes, crossing into Carbondale Township. Here, the crosses a forested mountain. PA107 heads into Mayfield and comes to an interchange with US6 Bus, the route passes over the Lackawanna River and a Delaware–Lackawanna Railroad line, heading into wooded areas and crossing back into Mayfield. PA107 comes to its terminus at an interchange with the US6 freeway on the border of Mayfield and Archbald. When Pennsylvania first legislated routes in 1911, what is now PA107 was not given a number, PA107 was designated in 1928 to run from US11 in Factoryville east to US6 in Jermyn along an unpaved road. By 1930, the section of the route between PA407 in Fleetville and PA247 was under construction, the entire length of PA107 was paved in the 1930s. The eastern terminus of the route was cut back to the relocated US6 at the Scranton-Carbondale Highway in the 1940s, PA107 was extended back east to unnumbered Washington Avenue in Jermyn in the 1970s. In 1995, PA107 was extended east from Washington Avenue to the newly-constructed US6 freeway along a new two-lane road
31.
Pennsylvania Route 187
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Pennsylvania Route 187 is a 43. 1-mile-long state highway located in Wyoming and Bradford Counties in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at PA87 in Lovelton, the northern terminus is at the New York state line, north of Windham Center. The route continues as NY282 for a few north to its terminus at NY 17C. PA187 begins at an intersection with PA87 in North Branch Township, Wyoming County, the road passes through Lovelton and heads north-northwest through forested areas with some farm fields and homes. The route heads into areas and turns to the west. PA187 enters Wilmot Township in Bradford County and curves to the northwest, the road heads into more forested areas, turning to the north-northeast at Hollenback. The route winds north through forests with some small fields and homes, turning northwest at Sugar Run. PA187 continues through rural areas along the riverbank, crossing into Terry Township. In Hortons Corners, the route turns west away from the river, the road passes through Viall Hill before turning northwest into Asylum Township, continuing into more forested areas and running more north. PA187 turns northwest into areas, curving to the north in Durell and running through farms. The road curves to the northwest again and runs to the southwest of the North Branch Susquehanna River, past this intersection, PA187 turns northeast and runs through farm fields before heading into a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes, passing through Myersburg. The road continues through rural areas to the west Wysox Creek. The route heads into wooded areas with some homes and crosses into Rome Township. PA187 heads into areas with some homes and enters Rome. The road heads past homes, curving to the north-northeast, the route heads into farmland with some homes and crosses back into Rome Township, continuing northeast as an unnamed road. PA187 runs through fields and woods with some homes, crossing into Orwell Township. The route curves northwest through forested areas with homes before passing through Windham Center. PA187 reaches its terminus at the New York border
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Pennsylvania Route 267
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Pennsylvania Route 267 is a 30. 78-mile-long state highway located in Wyoming and Susquehanna Counties in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at US6 in Meshoppen, the northern terminus is the New York state line in Choconut Township. PA267 begins at an intersection with US6 in Meshoppen, Wyoming County, the route crosses the Meshoppen Creek, turning west onto Canal Street and curving northwest past a mix of homes and businesses. PA267 heads north onto Oak Street and leaves Meshoppen for Meshoppen Township, the road curves northwest before heading to the north again. PA267 enters Auburn Township in Susquehanna County and heads through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes, the road curves to the north-northeast and runs through more rural areas, turning north and passing through Auburn Center. The route runs through agricultural and wooded areas with some residences, passing through Rushboro before turning northwest. PA267 heads north-northwest through more forested areas with fields and homes. The road continues northwest and comes to an intersection with PA706 a short distance later, at this point, PA267 turns east-southeast for a concurrency with PA706, crossing the East Branch Wyalusing Creek. PA267 splits from PA706 by turning northeast, heading through forests with some fields, the road curves to the north and runs through more rural areas, turning northeast and passing through a small corner of Middletown Township before heading into Forest Lake Township. The route passes through Birchardville and curves to the north again as it runs through forests with some farm fields. The road continues north through rural areas of forests, entering Choconut Township. PA267 heads through forested areas with some farmland and homes to the east of Choconut Creek. At this point, the continues north into that state as NY26
33.
Pennsylvania Route 292
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Pennsylvania Route 292 is an 11. 5-mile-long state highway located in Wyoming County, Pennsylvania. The western terminus is at PA29 near Evans Falls, the eastern terminus is at PA92 in Exeter Township. The route is an undivided road that passes through rural areas in the southern part of Wyoming County, serving the communities of Vernon. PA292 was designated in 1928 between PA92 and U. S. Route 309, with the route east of Center Moreland following Creamery Road, Schoolhouse Road, and Keelersburg Road. The route was moved to its current alignment east of Center Moreland by 1930, PA292 begins at an intersection with PA29 in Eaton Township, heading east on a two-lane undivided road. The route immediately crosses into Monroe Township as it heads through wooded areas with some homes, PA292 turns south and runs through woodland with some fields and residences, curving to the east. The road briefly heads through Eaton Township again before continuing southeast into Northmoreland Township, the route runs through more farmland and woodland with some homes, turning south at Vernon before resuming southeast. PA292 continues through areas, turning east at Center Moreland. The road passes through Finchs Corners and enters Exeter Township, heading into forested areas with some homes, PA292 comes to its eastern terminus at an intersection with PA92. When Pennsylvania first legislated routes in 1911, what is now PA292 was not given a number, at this time, the entire length of the route was unpaved. By 1930, PA292 was shifted to ts current alignment between Center Moreland and US309, which was unpaved, the entire length of PA292 was paved in the 1930s. The entire route is in Wyoming County
34.
Pennsylvania Route 307
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Pennsylvania Route 307 is a north–south route of the Pennsylvania Highway System that runs for 31 miles. The southern terminus is Pennsylvania Route 435 in Covington Township and the terminus is Pennsylvania Route 92 in Tunkhannock Township. The highway is called Scranton - Pocono Highway south of Scranton, PA307 begins at a Y intersection with PA435 in Covington Township in Lackawanna County, heading northwest on four-lane undivided Scranton-Pocono Highway. The road runs through forested areas with homes, coming to an intersection with PA502 in the community of Fells Corners. The route heads through woodland with some fields and development. Past this interchange, PA307 continues through forests with some homes and enters Spring Brook Township, the road continues through rural land and enters Roaring Brook Township, where it heads across the forested Moosic Mountains, passing east of Coon Hill. The route heads to the east of the Williams Bridge Reservoir and curves to the north, narrowing to a road with one northbound lane. The road heads into a section of the borough of Dunmore, PA307 enters the city of Scranton and becomes two-lane Moosic Street, passing to the north of Lake Scranton and curving west. The road gains a center lane and runs west-southwest through wooded areas with homes. The route becomes a road with one northbound lane and two southbound lanes and bends to the west-northwest, running through woodland and passing under an abandoned railroad line. PA307 widens into a divided highway and crosses I-81. Past this interchange, the route runs past businesses and becomes an undivided road with two northbound lanes and one southbound lane, heading through residential areas. The road narrows to two lanes and continues northwest to an intersection with US11, at this point, PA307 turns north to form a concurrency with US11 on a divided road and comes to an interchange with the northern terminus of the Central Scranton Expressway. US 11/PA307 turns northeast onto city-maintained Jefferson Avenue, with one northbound lane, the road runs past downtown commercial development as it heads to the west of the University of Scranton campus. The two routes turn northwest onto state-maintained four-lane undivided Mulberry Street and runs past more businesses, upon crossing Wyoming Avenue, the road becomes a divided highway and continues to an intersection with Mifflin Avenue. At this point, US 11/PA307 becomes a freeway called the North Scranton Expressway and passes over a Delaware–Lackawanna Railroad line. The highway comes to an interchange with Providence Road that provides a connection to 7th Avenue, from here, the freeway heads north near residential and commercial development and runs parallel to Norfolk Southerns Sunbury Line to the west, coming to a diamond interchange with North Main Avenue. The highway continues north-northeast through more of the city alongside the railroad tracks, PA307 splits from the US11 freeway at a diamond interchange by heading west on four-lane undivided Keyser Avenue, passing under the Norfolk Southern tracks
35.
Pennsylvania Route 309
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Pennsylvania Route 309 is a major highway which runs for 134 miles through Pennsylvania in the United States. It connects Philadelphia and its suburbs to Allentown, Hazleton. A limited-access highway portion of PA309 in the Wilkes-Barre area is known as the North Cross Valley Expressway, a limited-access highway portion of PA309 in Montgomery County is known as the Fort Washington Expressway. PA309 parallels the newer Interstates 476 and 81 for much of its length, from this interchange, the route heads northwest on four-lane divided Cheltenham Avenue along the border between Cheltenham Township and Philadelphia. A short distance past the PA611 interchange, the comes to an intersection with the northern terminus of Broad Street. PA309 continues northwest as an undivided road through residential and business areas. The road crosses Washington Lane and passes to the south of the Cheltenham Square Mall before it comes to an intersection with Ogontz Avenue north of the West Oak Lane neighborhood of Philadelphia. At this point, PA309 turns north-northwest onto four-lane divided Ogontz Avenue and fully enters Cheltenham Township in Montgomery County, the route intersects Limekiln Pike and assumes that name, passing near residential development in the community of Cedarbrook. PA309 becomes a freeway called the Fort Washington Expressway. From here, the route heads northwest and passes to the southwest of Arcadia University before it runs near wooded areas and suburban residential development, the freeway curves west and comes to an interchange at Paper Mill Road, where it makes a turn to the northwest. PA309 reaches an interchange with PA73 and continues through suburban areas, crossing into Whitemarsh Township. The route heads north-northeast and comes to a bridge over SEPTAs Lansdale/Doylestown Line before it bends north, PA309 enters Upper Dublin Township and comes to an interchange with the Pennsylvania Turnpike and Pennsylvania Avenue in Fort Washington. From here, the passes near business parks before heading north-northwest through wooded residential areas. The route heads north through suburban development to the east of the borough of Ambler and comes to a northbound exit. PA309 curves northwest and comes to an exit and northbound entrance at Butler Pike a short distance later. PA309 continues north on Bethlehem Pike, a divided highway with a Jersey barrier. The route comes to an intersection with PA63, at which point it crosses into Horsham Township, here, the road narrows to four lanes and passes shopping centers, crossing into Montgomery Township. The route bends to the northwest and continues through commercial areas, PA309 passes more businesses and comes to an interchange with the US202 parkway
36.
Pennsylvania Route 367
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Pennsylvania Route 367 is a 12. 53-mile long state highway located in Wyoming, Bradford, and Susquehanna counties in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at US6 in Braintrim Township near the borough of Laceyville, the northern terminus is at PA267 in the hamlet of Lawton, part of Rush Township. Route 367 begins at an intersection with U. S. Route 6 in the hamlet of Skinners Eddy, the route progresses northeastward as a two-lane road, paralleling Eddy Mountain Road through some houses. After curving further to the northeast, the road becomes predominantly rural, in Bradford County, Route 367 enters Tuscarora Township. Just after the county line, Quadrant Route 1014 terminates at Route 367, the route remains wooded, weaving its way northward through Tuscarora Township along the side of a pond. After the pond, the highway makes a beeline to the northwest before turning northward once again. A short distance after the curve, the route once again. There, the forks to the northeast out of the woods intersecting with Quadrant Routes 1002,1003 and 1001. After Route 1001, Route 367 turns eastward out of Silvara, after crossing into Susquehanna County, Route 367 passes to the south of a large pond and intersects with Quadrant Route 3005, where the main road turns to the north. Paralleling the pond, Route 367 enters Auburn Township and the hamlet of West Auburn, through Auburn, Route 367 passes some residences and an intersection with Quadrant Route 3004. At the intersection with Township Road 337, Route 367 leaves West Auburn, Route 367 becomes rural, weaving northward for several miles. At the intersection with Sink Road, the turns to the northeast. Route 367 passes a pond and intersects with Township Road 210. The route returns to its progression and intersects with Township Roads 600 and 422. There, the route turns northeastward into Rush Township, through Rush Township, Route 367 changes directions several times and curves one final time to the northeast. Soon, Route 367 enters the hamlet of Lawton, where it intersects with Route 267, the road continues as a township road to the intersection with Route 706 nearby. Roads portal Pennsylvania portal Kitsko, Jeffrey J. PA367
37.
1860 United States Census
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The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States starting June 1,1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321, the total population included 3,953,761 slaves, representing 12. 6% of the total population. By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, as a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the Census staff to produce a display, including preparing maps of Southern states. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including population, slave population, predominant agricultural products. The 1860 census Schedule 1 was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States, the other was Schedule 2, aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. National data reveals that farmers made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations, farm laborers represent the next highest percent with 3. 2%, followed by general laborers at 3. 0%. More localized data shows that other occupations were common, in the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making. IPUMS data also notes that the share of the population that had enrolled in school or marked as Student stood at 0. 2%. The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property, G. G. Kennedy U. S. Federal Cens us Mortality Schedules 1850-1880 Adam Goodheart, The Census of Doom, NY Times
38.
1890 United States Census
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The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2,1890. The data was tabulated by machine for the first time, the data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. Data was entered on a machine readable medium, punched cards, the total population of 62,947,714, the family, or rough, count, was announced after only six weeks of processing. The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was believed that the right answer was at least 75,000,000. The United States census of 1890 showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in America, down from 400,764 Native Americans identified in the census of 1850. The 1890 census announced that the region of the United States no longer existed. Up to and including the 1880 census, the country had a frontier of settlement, by 1890, isolated bodies of settlement had broken into the unsettled area to the extent that there was hardly a frontier line. This prompted Frederick Jackson Turner to develop his Frontier Thesis, the original data for the 1890 Census is no longer available. Almost all the schedules were damaged in a fire in the basement of the Commerce Building in Washington. Some 25% of the materials were presumed destroyed and another 50% damaged by smoke, the damage to the records led to an outcry for a permanent National Archives. The Librarian was asked by the Bureau to identify any records which should be retained for historical purposes, congress authorized destruction of that list of records on February 21,1933, and the surviving original 1890 census records were destroyed by government order by 1934 or 1935. The other censuses for which information has been lost are the 1800 and 1810 enumerations. Mayo-Smith, Richmond, The Eleventh Census of the United States
39.
1910 United States Census
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The 1910 Census switched from a portrait page orientation to a landscape orientation. The column titles in the form are as follows, LOCATION. Number of dwelling house in order of visitation, Number of family in order of visitation. NAME of each person whose place of abode on April 15,1910, was in this family, enter surname first, then the given name and middle initial, if any. Include every person living on April 15,1910, omit children born since April 15,1910. Relationship of this person to the head of the family, whether single, married, widowed, or divorced. Number of years of present marriage, Mother of how many children, Number born. Mother of how children, Number now living. Place of birth of each person and parents of each person enumerated, if born in the United States, give the state or territory. If of foreign birth, give the country, place of birth of this Person. Place of birth of Father of this person, place of birth of Mother of this person. Year of immigration to the United States, whether able to speak English, or, if not, give language spoken. Trade or profession of, or particular kind of work done by person, as spinner, salesman, laborer. General nature of industry, business, or establishment in which this works, as cotton mill, dry goods store, farm. Whether as employer, employee, or work on own account, whether out of work on April 15,1910. Number of weeks out of work during year 1909, attended school any time since September 1,1909. Whether a survivor of the Union or Confederate Army or Navy, special Notation, In 1912, New Mexico and Arizona would become the 47th and 48th states admitted to the Union. The 1910 population count for each of these areas was 327,301 and 204,354 respectively
40.
1920 United States Census
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In 1929, Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided for a permanent method of reapportionment and fixed the number of Representatives at 435. The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in the 1940s, the microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administration. Several organizations also host images of the census online. Microdata from the 1920 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files,1921 U. S Census Report Contains 1920 Census results Historic US Census data 1920 Census,1920 United States Census for Genealogy & Family History Research 1920 Census
41.
1930 United States Census
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The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in 1949, after which the original sheets were destroyed. The microfilmed census is located on 2,667 rolls of microfilm, several organizations also host images of the microfilmed census online, and digital indices. Microdata from the 1930 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System
42.
1940 United States Census
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The census date of record was April 1,1940. A number of new questions were asked including where people were 5 years before, highest educational grade achieved and this census introduced sampling techniques, one in 20 people were asked additional questions on the census form. Other innovations included a field test of the census in 1939, the 1940 census collected the following information, In addition, a sample of individuals were asked additional questions covering age at first marriage, fertility, and other topics. Full documentation on the 1940 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Following completion of the census, the original sheets were microfilmed. As required by Title 13 of the U. S. Code, non-personally identifiable information Microdata from the 1940 census is freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Also, aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, on April 2, 2012—72 years after the census was taken—microfilmed images of the 1940 census enumeration sheets were released to the public by the National Archives and Records Administration. The records are indexed only by enumeration district upon initial release, several organizations are compiling indices, why the huge interest in the 1940 Census. 1940 Census Questions Hosted at CensusFinder. com
43.
1950 United States Census
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Full documentation on the 1950 census, including census forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 1950 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2022. Historic US Census data 1951 U. S Census Report Contains 1950 Census results
Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). "Wyoming. II. A N. E. county of Pennsylvania". The American Cyclopædia.
Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). "
