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X-ray crystallography
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X-ray crystallography is the experimental science of determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract in specific direct
A powder X-ray diffractometer in motion
A powder X-ray diffractometer in motion
Drawing of square (A) and hexagonal (B) packing from Kepler's work, Strena seu de Nive Sexangula.
Drawing of square (A) and hexagonal (B) packing from Kepler's work, Strena seu de Nive Sexangula.
One of the copper sulfate X-ray interference patterns published in Von Laue's 1912 paper.
One of the copper sulfate X-ray interference patterns published in Von Laue's 1912 paper.
Although diamonds (top left) and graphite (top right) are identical in chemical composition—being both pure carbon—X-ray crystallography revealed the
Although diamonds (top left) and graphite (top right) are identical in chemical composition—being both pure carbon—X-ray crystallography revealed the arrangement of their atoms (bottom). In diamond, the carbon atoms are arranged tetrahedrally and held together by single covalent bonds. By contrast, graphite is composed of stacked sheets. Within the sheet, the bonding is covalent and has hexagonal symmetry, but there are no covalent bonds between the sheets.