1.
Hubei
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Hubei is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located in the Central China region. The name of the province north of the lake, referring to its position north of Dongting Lake. The provincial capital is Wuhan, a major thoroughfare and the political, cultural. It borders Henan to the north, Anhui to the east, Jiangxi to the southeast, Hunan to the south, Chongqing to the west, the high-profile Three Gorges Dam is located at Yichang, in the west of the province. The Hubei region was home to sophisticated Neolithic cultures, by the Spring and Autumn period, the territory of todays Hubei was part of the powerful State of Chu. During the Warring States period Chu became the major adversary of the upstart State of Qin to the northwest, which began to assert itself by outward expansionism. As wars between Qin and Chu ensued, Chu lost more and more land, first its dominance over the Sichuan Basin, then its heartland, which correspond to modern Hubei. In 223 BC Qin chased down the remnants of the Chu regime, Qin founded the Qin dynasty in 221 BC, the first unified state in the region. Qin was succeeded by the Han dynasty in 206 BC, which established the province of Jingzhou in what is now Hubei, the Qin and Han played an active role in the agricultural colonization of Hubei, maintaining a system of river dikes to protect farmland from summer floods. Towards the end of the Han Dynasty in the beginning of the 3rd century, the incursion of northern nomadic peoples into the region at the beginning of the 4th century began nearly three centuries of division into a nomad-ruled north and a Han Chinese-ruled south. Hubei, to the South, remained under southern rule for this entire period, until the unification of China by the Sui dynasty in 589. After the Tang dynasty disintegrated in the 10th century, Hubei came under the control of several regional regimes, Jingnan in the center, Wu to the east, and the Five Dynasties to the north. The Song dynasty reunified the region in 982 and placed most of Hubei into Jinghubei Circuit, Mongols conquered the region in 1279, and under their rule the province of Huguang was established, covering Hubei, Hunan, and parts of Guangdong and Guangxi. The Ming dynasty drove out the Mongols in 1368 and their version of Huguang province was smaller, and corresponded almost entirely to the modern provinces of Hubei and Hunan combined. While Hubei was geographically removed from the centers of the Ming power, during the last years of the Ming, todays Hubei was ravaged several times by the rebel armies of Zhang Xianzhong and Li Zicheng. The Manchu Qing dynasty which had much of the region in 1644, soon split Huguang into the provinces of Hubei. The Huangshi/Daye area, south-east of Wuhan, became an important center of mining, in 1911 the Wuchang Uprising took place in modern-day Wuhan, overthrowing the Qing dynasty and establishing the Republic of China. In 1927 Wuhan became the seat of a government established by left-wing elements of the Kuomintang, led by Wang Jingwei, during World War II the eastern parts of Hubei were conquered and occupied by Japan while the western parts remained under Chinese control
2.
Tongshan County
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Tongshan is a county of Xianning City, in the southeastern part of Hubei province, Peoples Republic of China, bordering Jiangxi to the south. The county is located along Hubeis mountainous south-eastern border with Jiangxi and its best known tourist attraction is the Jiugong Mountain National Park, located in the Jiugong Range, south of Jiugongshan Town. The county is coterminous with the upper part of the basin of the Fushui River, which flows eastward, into the neighboring Yangxin County. A fairly large Fushui Reservoir is formed on river and its tributaries within Tongshan County by a dam thats actually built in Yangxin County. There are also a few smaller reservoirs on the Fushuis tributaries, the county seat is in the town of Tongyang, as it is customary in China, this location is usually labeled on less-detailed maps simply as Tongshan County or Tongshan. The county is served by China National Highway 106, which joins with G316 near the tip of the county. Xianning Nuclear Power Plant is under construction near Tongshan Countys Dafan Town, towns ： Tongyang, Nanlinqiao, Huangshapu, Xiapu, Chuangwang, Honggang, Dafan, Jiugong Shan
3.
Yuan dynasty
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The Yuan dynasty, officially the Great Yuan, was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan. His realm was, by point, isolated from the other khanates and controlled most of present-day China and its surrounding areas. Some of the Mongolian Emperors of the Yuan mastered the Chinese language, while others used their native language. The Yuan dynasty is considered both a successor to the Mongol Empire and an imperial Chinese dynasty and it was the khanate ruled by the successors of Möngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven, following the Song dynasty, the dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu. In addition to Emperor of China, Kublai Khan also claimed the title of Great Khan, supreme over the other khanates, the Chagatai, the Golden Horde. As such, the Yuan was also referred to as the Empire of the Great Khan. However, while the claim of supremacy by the Yuan emperors was at times recognized by the khans, their subservience was nominal. In 1271, Kublai Khan imposed the name Great Yuan, establishing the Yuan dynasty, dà Yuán is from the clause 大哉乾元 in the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes section regarding Qián. The counterpart in Mongolian language was Dai Ön Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus, in Mongolian, Dai Ön is often used in conjunction with the Yeke Mongghul Ulus, resulting in Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus, meaning Great Mongol State. Nevertheless, both terms can refer to the khanate within the Mongol Empire directly ruled by Great Khans before the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271. Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and he and his successors expanded the Mongol empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis third son, Ögedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234, Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei. Kublai was unable to read Chinese but had several Han Chinese teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother Sorghaghtani and he sought the counsel of Chinese Buddhist and Confucian advisers. Möngke Khan succeeded Ögedeis son, Güyük, as Great Khan in 1251 and he granted his brother Kublai control over Mongol held territories in China. Kublai built schools for Confucian scholars, issued paper money, revived Chinese rituals and he adopted as his capital city Kaiping in Inner Mongolia, later renamed Shangdu. Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin, two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze, Liu Heima, and the Khitan Xiao Zhala defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Ogödei Khan, Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols
4.
Qing dynasty
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It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the base for the modern Chinese state. The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria, in the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Banners, military-social units that included Jurchen, Han Chinese, and Mongol elements. Nurhaci formed the Jurchen clans into an entity, which he renamed as the Manchus. By 1636, his son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of Liaodong and declared a new dynasty, in 1644, peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the Ming capital, Beijing. The Ten Great Campaigns of the Qianlong Emperor from the 1750s to the 1790s extended Qing control into Central Asia, the early rulers maintained their Manchu ways, and while their title was Emperor, they used khan to the Mongols and they were patrons of Tibetan Buddhism. They governed using Confucian styles and institutions of government and retained the imperial examinations to recruit Han Chinese to work under or in parallel with Manchus. They also adapted the ideals of the system in dealing with neighboring territories. The Qianlong reign saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, corruption set in, rebels tested government legitimacy, and ruling elites did not change their mindsets in the face of changes in the world system. Following the Opium War, European powers imposed unequal treaties, free trade, the Taiping Rebellion and the Dungan Revolt in Central Asia led to the deaths of some 20 million people, most of them due to famines caused by war. In spite of disasters, in the Tongzhi Restoration of the 1860s, Han Chinese elites rallied to the defense of the Confucian order. The initial gains in the Self-Strengthening Movement were destroyed in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895, in which the Qing lost its influence over Korea, New Armies were organized, but the ambitious Hundred Days Reform of 1898 was turned back by Empress Dowager Cixi, a conservative leader. Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionaries competed with reformist monarchists such as Kang Youwei, after the deaths of Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor in 1908, the hardline Manchu court alienated reformers and local elites alike. The Wuchang Uprising on October 11,1911, led to the Xinhai Revolution, General Yuan Shikai negotiated the abdication of Puyi, the last emperor, on February 12,1912. Nurhaci declared himself the Bright Khan of the Later Jin state in both of the 12–13th century Jurchen Jin dynasty and of his Aisin Gioro clan. His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty Great Qing in 1636, there are competing explanations on the meaning of Qīng. The character Qīng is composed of water and azure, both associated with the water element and this association would justify the Qing conquest as defeat of fire by water
5.
Jiangxi
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Jiangxi is a province in the Peoples Republic of China, located in the southeast of the country. The name Jiangxi derives from the circuit administrated under the Tang dynasty in 733, the short name for Jiangxi is 赣, for the Gan River which runs across from the south to the north and flows into the Yangtze River. Jiangxi is also alternately called Ganpo Dadi which literally means the Great Land of Gan, Jiangxi is centered on the Gan River valley, which historically provided the main north-south transport route of south China. The corridor along the Gan River is one of the few easily traveled routes through the otherwise mountainous, as a result, Jiangxi has been strategically important throughout much of Chinas history. Jiangxi was outside the sphere of influence of early Chinese civilization during the Shang dynasty and it is likely that peoples collectively known as the Baiyue inhabited the region. During the Spring and Autumn period, the part of modern Jiangxi formed the western frontier of the state of Wu. After Wu was conquered by the state of Yue in 473 BC, Chu subjugated Yue in 333 BC. In 223 BC, when Qin conquered Chu, majority of Jiangxi area was recorded to be put under Jiujiang Commandary situated in Shouchun, however the commandary was ineffective and ended shortly when Qin falls. It was named after the Yuzhang River, the name of Gan River. Gan has become the abbreviation of the province, in 201, eight counties were added to the original seven of Qin, and three more were established in later years. Throughout most of the Han dynasty the commanderys eighteen counties covered most of the province of Jiangxi. The county seats of Nanchang, Gan, Yudu, Luling among others were located at the sites of major cities. Other counties, however, have moved or abolished in later centuries. Under the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty, Yuzhang Commandery was assigned to Yangzhou Province, in 291 AD, during the Western Jin dynasty, Jiangxi became its own Zhou called Jiangzhou. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Jiangxi was under the control of the dynasties. During the Sui dynasty, there were seven commanderies and twenty-four counties in Jiangxi, during the Tang dynasty, another commandery and fourteen counties were added. Commanderies were then abolished, becoming zhou, circuits were established during the Tang dynasty as a new top-level administrative division. At first Jiangxi was part of the Jiangnan Circuit, in 733, this circuit was divided into western and eastern halves
6.
Yangtze
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The Yangtze River, known in China as the Cháng Jiāng or the Yángzǐ Jiāng, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world. The river is the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country and it drains one-fifth of the land area of the Peoples Republic of China and its river basin is home to one-third of the countrys population. The Yangtze is the sixth-largest river by volume in the world. The Yangtze River plays a role in the history, culture. The prosperous Yangtze River Delta generates as much as 20% of the PRCs GDP, for thousands of years, the river has been used for water, irrigation, sanitation, transportation, industry, boundary-marking and war. The Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River is the largest hydro-electric power station in the world, in recent years, the river has suffered from industrial pollution, agricultural run-off, siltation, and loss of wetland and lakes, which exacerbates seasonal flooding. Some sections of the river are now protected as nature reserves, a stretch of the upstream Yangtze flowing through deep gorges in western Yunnan is part of the Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In mid-2014 the Chinese government announced it was building a transport network, comprising railways, roads and airports. Because the source of the Yangtze was not ascertained until modern times, Yangtze was actually the name of Chang Jiang for the lower part from Nanjing to the river mouth at Shanghai. In modern Chinese, Yangtze is still used to refer to the part of Chang Jiang from Nanjing to the river mouth. Yangtze never stands for the whole Chang Jiang, Chang Jiang is the modern Chinese name for the lower 2,884 km of the Yangtze from its confluence with the Min River at Yibin in Sichuan Province to the river mouth at Shanghai. Chang Jiang literally means the Long River, in Old Chinese, this stretch of the Yangtze was simply called Jiang/Kiang 江, a character of phono-semantic compound origin, combining the water radical 氵 with the homophone 工. Krong was probably a word in the Austroasiatic language of local peoples such as the Yue, similar to *krong in Proto-Vietnamese and krung in Mon, all meaning river, it is related to modern Vietnamese sông and Khmer kôngkea. By the Han Dynasty, Jiang had come to any river in Chinese. The epithet 長, means long, was first formally applied to the river during the Six Dynasties period, various sections of Chang Jiang have local names. From Yibin to Yichang, the river through Sichuan and Chongqing Municipality is also known as the Chuan Jiang or Sichuan River, in the Hubei Province, the river is also called the Jing Jiang or the Jing River after Jingzhou. In Anhui Province, the takes on the local name Wan Jiang after the shorthand name for Anhui. And Yangzi Jiang t 揚子江s 扬子江, p Yángzǐjiāng) or the Yangzi River, the name likely comes from an ancient ferry crossing called Yangzi or Yangzijin
7.
Jiujiang
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Jiujiang, formerly transliterated Kiukiang or Kew Keang, is a prefecture-level city located on the southern shores of the Yangtze River in northwest Jiangxi Province, Peoples Republic of China. It is the second-largest prefecture-level city in Jiangxi province, after the provincial capital Nanchang and its population was 4,728,778 inhabitants at the 2010 census whom 704,986 in the built up area made of 2 urban districts. In 2007, the city is named Chinas top ten cities by Chinese Cities Brand Value Report. In ancient times it was told that nine rivers converged near where Jiujiang sprang up to become Jiangxis main water port today, during the Xia through the Shang Dynasties Jiujiang was a capital of several states. In the Spring & Autumn Period Jiujiang bordered between the states of Wu and Chu, tao Yuanming a famous Chinese philosopher lived at the base of Lushan. He was once appointed magistrate of nearby Pengze County and after 83 days resigned due to the involved in administering justice. He retired back to his village to pen an essay called Peach Blossom Spring, in 757, Li Po was implicated in An-Shi disturbances and imprisoned at Jiujiang. Bai Juyi wrote a poem called Lute Song, which is about his sadness, in the 13th century Zhu Xi was a Confucian philosopher who practiced at the White Deer Grotto Academy, on Lushans eastern flanks. Jiujiang has also known as Jiangzhou and Xunyang in former times. During the Qin Dynasty it was known as Sin Yang, the Liang dynasty it was called Jiang Zhou, the Sui Dynasty saw its name as Jiujiang and the Song Dynasty called it Ting Jiang. The Ming dynasty, gave it Jiujiang which has retained its name to this day and it was a Taiping stronghold for five years after they devastated the town to only leave one street with buildings intact. A member of Lord Elgins committee arriving in 1858 to survey Chinese ports for treaty status noted, a single dilapidated street, composed only of a few mean shops, was all that existed of this once thriving populous city. The remainder of the vast area composed within its massive walls 9-10 kilometers in circumference, contained nothing but ruins, weeds, after becoming an open treaty port in 1862, it was exporting Jiangxis vast rice crop. In 1904, more than 160,000 kilos of opium were moved through its customs house and it became one of the three centers of the tea trade in China along with Hankou and Fuzhou. The Russians had two brick tea producing factories, but ceased operations after 1917, the British surrendered their concession in 1927 after being robbed and its Chinese workers mutineered their posts to the marauding crowds. An economic recession had set in over the decades as Indian and Chelonian teas made for greater competition, Jiujiang languished as a port and much of its export trade was siphoned off with the connecting Nanchang to coastal rail lines built in 1936-37. Until 1949 Jiujiang had very little industry except for local handicrafts, manufacturing is Jiujiangs backbone today with auto, machinery, petrochemical, shipbuilding and textiles as its cornerstones. The city suffered only slight damage in the 2005 Ruichang earthquake, the city administers a total population of approximately 4,728,778 at the 2010 census of whom approximately 704,986 are urban living in the built-up area
8.
Hankou
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Hankou, formerly romanized as Hankow, was one of the three cities whose merging formed modern-day Wuhan municipality, the capital of the Hubei province, China. It stands north of the Han and Yangtze Rivers where the Han falls into the Yangtze, Hankou is connected by bridges to its former sister cities Hanyang and Wuchang. Hankou is the port of Hubei province. The citys name literally means Mouth of the Han, from its position at the confluence of the Han with the Yangtze River, the name appears in a Tang Dynasty poem by Liu Changqing. Other historical names for the city include Xiakou, Miankou, Hankou, from the Ming to late Qing, was under the administration of the local government in Hanyang, although it was already one of the four major national markets in Ming dynasty. It was not until 1899 that Zhang Zhidong decided to separate Hankou from Hanyang, Hankou was then divided into four districts, which are Juren, Youyi, Xunli, and Dazhi. Some of the names can still be found in modern-day Wuhan, where there are names such as Xunlimen, Jurenmen. In 1926, Hankou was officially established as a city, where its government was built in Jianghan district. In the same year, the Northern Expedition reached Hankou, and merged Hankou with adjacent Wuchang and Hanyang to make it the seat of the national capital, Wuhan. But in 1927, when Nanjing succeeded in the fight to be the capital, Wuhan was returned to its original form. This time Hankou was established as a Special Municipality, which resembles a direct-controlled municipality in present day, before 1949, Hankou has shifted between being a special municipality and a provincial city. In 1949, Hankou was finally merged with Hanyang and Wuchang to become Wuhan, Hankou was the destination on the escape route of groups of missionaries fleeing the Boxers in the Northern provinces around 1900. The flight of some missionaries from the Tai-yüan massacre in Shan-si is recorded in the work A Thousand Miles of Miracles in China, by Reverend A E Glover], one of the fleeing missionaries. The Qing Dynasty Army recaptured Hankou later, but as the spread throughout China, eventually the town. Hankou used to have five foreign concessions belonging to the United Kingdom, France, Russia, Germany, the German and Russian concessions ended in 1917 and 1920 respectively and those areas were administered by the Chinese government as the First and the Second Special Area. The Chen-OMalley Agreement of February 1927 provided for a combined British-Chinese administration of the concession, from then on it was administered by the Chinese authorities as the Third Special Area. While the event as such was comparatively minor, as was the territory involved, the government of Vichy France relinquished the French concession in 1943 while the Japanese concession came to an end with the surrender of Japan in 1945. Hankou was captured by the Japanese invaders in 1938, an important logistical center, the city was heavily bombed in December 1944 by the US aircraft based in the Chengdu area
9.
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
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The Huazhong University of Science and Technology is a public, coeducational research university located in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. As a national key university, HUST is directly affiliated to the Ministry of Education of China, HUST manages Wuhan National Laboratories for Opto-electronics at Wuchang, which is one of the five national laboratories in China. In 1952, the Central Government of China sought to construct a new education system for the rapid development of economy, science. In March 1953, the charter was signed by the South-Central China Government under the approval of the Central Government of China. In the original planning, the south of the Yujia Hill was chosen for the three campuses. Physicist Qian Zha was appointed as chair of the three-institute initiative, economist Peigang Zhang was appointed as chief in planning to lead the HIT initiative. In June 1953, the south of the East Lake was chosen as the campus of South-Central China Institute of Water Conservancy. The same year, the South-Central China government decided not to establish an independent South-Central China Institute of Power Engineering, all the programs related to power engineering were administered by Huazhong Institute of Technology. The institute formally opened on October 15,1953, hITs first classes were held in spaces at those institutions. There were eight undergraduate programs,314 full-time faculty members and 2,639 undergraduate students at that time, the first president is physicist Qian Zha, Dean of School of Engineering of Wuhan University. The first provost is Gancai Liu, in 1960, HIT was evaluated to be a national key university under the direct administration of the Ministry of Education of China. In 1971, most of the Wuhan Mechanical Institute was merged into the institute, there were 20 undergraduate programs,1,097 faculty members. The number of students reached to 6,087. Graduate students began to be enrolled in 1978, and in 1984, by approval of the State Education Committee, the institute was renamed Huazhong University of Science and Technology in 1988. With Chinas global strategy and the reform of the economy, HUST led a series of pivotal reforms among technical institutions in China, the history of Tongji Medical College can be traced back to 1907 when Tongji German Medical School was founded by Erich Paulun in Shanghai. The name Tongji suggests cooperating by riding the same boat, in 1927, with the development of the institution, it expanded to include engineering programs. After the establishment of National Tongji University in 1927, the Tongji Medical College was affiliated to the university as one of the schools. In 1950, the school was moved to Wuhan from Shanghai
10.
Huangshi
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Huangshi is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Hubei province, Peoples Republic of China. Its population was 2,429,318 inhabitants at the 2010 census,1,601,687 of whom lived in the area made up of 4 urban districts plus the city of Daye. Huangshi is located in southeastern Hubei province, along the bank of one of the major bends in the Yangtze River. It is located 100 kilometres south-east of Wuhan, and borders Jiangxi province to the south and its area was reported by the local government as 4,583 square kilometres, elsewhere, the number of 4,630 square kilometres was given. The terrain is mostly small mountains and hills, the tallest mountain is 7 Summit Mountain with an elevation of 860 metres above sea level. Huangshi is also located in a lake district between Hunans Dongting Lake and Jiangxis Poyang lake and has dozens of large lakes. Average annual temperature is 17 °C and precipitation is 1,400 mm, there are 264 frost free days. It snows between December and February, Huangshi has 4 districts,1 county, and 1 county-level city. More than 99% of the population belong to the Han ethnic group, according to Google Map there are 686.894 people in Huangshi, this refers, presumably, to Huangshis urban core, and excludes the far-flung Yangxin County, Daye, and Tieshan. Huangshis GDP for 2003 was 27.5 billion CNY and its proximity to Wuhan and location along major rail lines and the Yangtze River make Huangshi an important logistics, distribution, and transportation hub. Mineral resources are plentiful in Huangshi giving it the nickname The Southern Cornucopia, metals include iron, manganese, gold, copper, tungsten, molybdenum, zinc, lead, cobalt, silver, gallium, and thallium. Other mineral resources include germanium, indium, selenium, tellurium, sulfur, calcite, limestone, celestine, plaster, agriculture is also a major part of Huangshis economy. There are more than 3000 species of plants in Huangshi, many of them used for food, pharmaceuticals, other industries include metallurgy, textiles, construction materials, energy, light manufacturing, electronics, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and food processing. The prefecture-level city is served by G45 Daqing–Guangzhou Expressway, G50 Shanghai–Chongqing Expressway, National Highways 106 and 316, the city has two Yangtze River crossings, the Huangshi Yangtze River Bridge and the Edong Yangtze River Bridge. Many of the trains traveling on the Wuhan–Jiujiang Railway between Wuhan and the points southeast make stops at the Huangshi and Yangxin stations. The Huangshi Station is located within the borders of Daye County-level city. The Yangxin Station is near Yangxin Countys county seat, Xingguo Town, although Huangshis main urban area is some distance away from the Wuhan–Jiujiang Railway mainline, it is connected to it by a dead-end branch, of considerable importance for the local industries. It runs all the way to Huangshis river port on the Yangtze, there was even a downtown passenger station on this branch, but, as of 2012, it was served by very few trains, and by 2015, was not in operation anymore
![A local shrine in Xinwupu Township[citation needed] in Yangxin County](/wiki/File:Xinwupu-0035.JPG)
