1.
Town square
–
A town square is an open public space commonly found in the heart of a traditional town used for community gatherings. Other names for town square are civic center, city square, urban square, market square, public square, piazza, plaza, most town squares are hardscapes suitable for open markets, music concerts, political rallies, and other events that require firm ground. Being centrally located, town squares are surrounded by small shops such as bakeries, meat markets, cheese stores. At their center is often a fountain, well, monument, many of those with fountains are actually called fountain square. In urban planning, a city square or urban square is an open area in a city. Red Square in Moscow was originally used as a marketplace and later became the stage for Soviet military parades. Similarly, Beijings Tiananmen Square was the scene of both communist parades and anti-government protests, john-F. -Kennedy-Platz was the site of the West Berlin town hall and John F. Kennedys famous Ich bin ein Berliner speech. New York Citys Times Square as well as Bryant Park, Washington, D. C. s National Mall, trafalgar Square in London does the same for the United Kingdom. Saint Peters Square in Vatican City, the enclave within Rome. Yonge-Dundas Square in Toronto is a renowned and famous square in Canada, nathan Phillips Square is a popular square in front of Torontos landmark City Hall. Hviezdoslavovo námestie is one of the squares in Bratislava and a centre of a social life. Dam Square in Amsterdam for the Netherlands, Main Market Square in Kraków, Market Place in Warsaw and Wrocław Main Square for Poland. The City Hall Square, Copenhagen for Denmark, praça do Comércio, in Lisbon, Portugal, was formerly known as the Terreiro do Paço. It was destroyed after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake but was rebuilt, the symmetrical buildings around the square hold government bureaus and ministries. Wenceslas Square is one of the city squares in the New Town of Prague. In Mainland China, Peoples Square is a designation for the central town square of modern Chinese cities. These squares are the site of government buildings, museums and other public buildings, the probably best-known and largest such square in China is Tienanmen Square. The German word for square is Platz, which also means Place and these have been focal points of public life in towns and cities from the Middle Ages to today
2.
Granite
–
Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture. Granites can be white, pink, or gray in color. The word granite comes from the Latin granum, a grain, in reference to the structure of such a holocrystalline rock. By definition, granite is a rock with at least 20% quartz. The term granitic means granite-like and is applied to granite and a group of igneous rocks with similar textures and slight variations in composition. Occasionally some individual crystals are larger than the groundmass, in case the texture is known as porphyritic. A granitic rock with a texture is known as a granite porphyry. Granitoid is a general, descriptive field term for lighter-colored, coarse-grained igneous rocks, petrographic examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids. The extrusive igneous rock equivalent of granite is rhyolite, Granite is nearly always massive, hard and tough, and therefore it has gained widespread use throughout human history, and more recently as a construction stone. The average density of granite is between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm3, its compressive strength usually lies above 200 MPa, and its viscosity near STP is 3–6 •1019 Pa·s. The melting temperature of dry granite at ambient pressure is 1215–1260 °C, it is reduced in the presence of water. Granite has poor primary permeability, but strong secondary permeability, true granite according to modern petrologic convention contains both plagioclase and alkali feldspars. When a granitoid is devoid or nearly devoid of plagioclase, the rock is referred to as alkali feldspar granite, when a granitoid contains less than 10% orthoclase, it is called tonalite, pyroxene and amphibole are common in tonalite. A granite containing both muscovite and biotite micas is called a binary or two-mica granite, two-mica granites are typically high in potassium and low in plagioclase, and are usually S-type granites or A-type granites. A worldwide average of the composition of granite, by weight percent, based on 2485 analyses. Much of it was intruded during the Precambrian age, it is the most abundant basement rock that underlies the relatively thin veneer of the continents. Outcrops of granite tend to form tors and rounded massifs, granites sometimes occur in circular depressions surrounded by a range of hills, formed by the metamorphic aureole or hornfels. Granite often occurs as small, less than 100 km² stock masses
3.
Dundas Street
–
Dundas Street /ˈdʌnˌdæs/, is a major historic arterial road in Ontario, Canada. The road connects the city of Toronto with its western suburbs, three provincial highways—2,5, and 99—followed long sections of its course, although these highway segments have since been downloaded to the municipalities they passed through. A historic alternate name for the street was Governors Road, Dundas Street is also one of the few east–west routes to run uninterrupted through the Greater Toronto Area, from Toronto to Halton Region. Within Toronto, the TTCs 505 Dundas streetcar route serves the street from Riverdale to the Junction, the route of Dundas through the city of Toronto is irregular. The streets various sections were constructed as several smaller named streets, running parallel. Crossing the lower reaches of the Don River west of Broadview Avenue, at Yonge Street, Dundas intersects the citys unofficial heart at Yonge-Dundas Square, within sight of downtown landmarks such as the Eaton Centre and Ryerson University. Called Dundas Street West from this point westward, the route passes Canadas financial heart to the south on Bay Street, at Spadina Avenue, Dundas serves as the east–west axis of the citys largest Chinatown. West of Ossington Avenue, it meanders northwards towards Bloor Street near the intersection of Roncesvalles Avenue, proceeding due west from Keele through the Junction, Dundas parallels the CP Rail line through the mixed industrial-residential district. At Scarlett Road the route veers southwest toward a crossing over the Humber River valley. Beyond the river, Dundas serves as the boundary of the upscale Kingsway residential district. Passing the historic St. Georges Church-on-the-Hill, Dundas again heads southwest toward the village of Islington. The road passes through Mississauga, Oakville, and Burlington, the street loses the name Dundas St. west of Highway 6, as the route follows a still-provincially maintained stretch of Highway 5, entering rural Brant County near St. In London, the street ends just east of the confluence of the Thames River before it crosses the Kensington Bridge to west London, originally, this section was called Dundas Street West with the eastern portion being Dundas Street East. However, since construction in the mid-1980s, the western portion has been called Riverside Drive. Some Londoners still refer to Dundas Street East though no part of the street retains that name, immigrant communities have sprung up along the route of Dundas Street within Toronto, with most still retaining elements of their original character. This district was settled by emigrants from Portugal and Brazil. Downtown centre Dundas Street is centrally located in downtown Toronto, about midway between Front Street and Bloor Street and it serves as a major east–west thoroughfare for vehicular, transit, bicycle, and pedestrian traffic downtown and beyond. Since the building of the Eaton Centre and the Yonge-Dundas Square and it is estimated that over 56 million people pass this intersection each year
4.
Yonge Street
–
Yonge Street is a major arterial route connecting the shores of Lake Ontario in Toronto to Lake Simcoe, a gateway to the Upper Great Lakes. Yonge Street is actually 86 kilometres long, the construction of Yonge Street is designated an Event of National Historic Significance in Canada. Yonge Street was fundamental in the planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the capital with northern Ontario, today, no section of Yonge Street is a provincial highway. The street was named by Ontarios first colonial administrator, John Graves Simcoe, for his friend Sir George Yonge, in Toronto and York Region, Yonge Street is the north-south baseline from which street numbering is reckoned east and west. See the Public Transit section below, Yonge Street originates on the northern shore of Toronto Bay at Queens Quay, a four-lane arterial road proceeding north by north-west. Torontos Harbourfront is built on landfill extended into the bay, with the industrial area now converted from port, rail. The street passes under the elevated Gardiner Expressway and the rail lines of the Toronto viaduct on their approach to Union Station. The road rises slightly near Front Street, marking the pre-landfill shoreline, beyond Front Street the road passes through the east side of the Financial District, within sight of many of Canadas tallest buildings, fronting an entrance to the Allen Lambert Galleria. Between Front Street and Queen Street, Yonge Street is bounded by historic and commercial buildings, the east side has two historic performance venues, the Ed Mirvish Theatre and the Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres. In addition, Massey Hall is located just to the east on Shuter Street, opposite the Eaton Centre lies Yonge-Dundas Square. It is used for public events. Another stretch of busy retail lines both sides of Yonge Street north of Dundas Street, including Sam the Record Man until its closure on June 30,2007, the density of businesses diminishes north of Gerrard Street, residential towers flank this section. The Art Deco College Park building, a shopping complex of the T. Eaton Company, occupies most of the west side of Yonge Street from Gerrard Street north to College Street and it was converted into a residential and commercial complex after the building of the Eaton Centre. From College Street north to Bloor Street, Yonge Street serves smaller street-level retail, the intersection of Yonge and Bloor Streets is a major crossroads of Toronto, informally considered the northern edge of the downtown core. Subway Line 2 Bloor–Danforth intersects the Yonge line here, with the transfers between lines making Bloor-Yonge Station the busiest in the city. The Hudsons Bay Centre and Two Bloor West office towers dominate the corner, the Mink Miles borders extend from Yonge to Avenue Road along Bloor
5.
Toronto
–
Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
6.
Ontario
–
Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
7.
Canada
–
Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
8.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
9.
Intersection (road)
–
An intersection is an at-grade junction where two or more roads meet or cross. Intersections may be classified by number of segments, traffic controls. This article primarily reflects practice in jurisdictions where vehicles are driven on the right, if not otherwise specified, right and left can be reversed to reflect jurisdictions where vehicles are driven on the left. One way to classify intersections is by the number of segments that are involved. A three-way intersection is a junction between three segments, a T junction when two arms form one road, or a Y junction – the latter also known as a fork if approached from the stem of the Y. A four-way intersection, or crossroads, usually involves a crossing over of two streets or roads, in areas where there are blocks and in some other cases, the crossing streets or roads are perpendicular to each other. However, two roads may cross at a different angle, in a few cases, the junction of two road segments may be offset from each when reaching an intersection, even though both ends may be considered the same street. Five-way intersections are common but still exist, especially in urban areas with non-rectangular blocks. An example of this is the intersection for which the Five Points district in Atlanta is named, Seven or more approaches to a single intersection, such as at Seven Dials, London, are rare. Another way of classifying intersections is by traffic control technology, Uncontrolled intersections, for traffic coming from the same or opposite direction, that which goes straight has priority over that which turns off. Yield-controlled intersections may or may not have specific YIELD signs, stop-controlled intersections have one or more STOP signs. Two-way stops are common, while some countries also employ four-way stops, signal-controlled intersections depend on traffic signals, usually electric, which indicate which traffic is allowed to proceed at any particular time. A traffic circle is a type of intersection at which traffic streams are directed around a circle, types of traffic circles include roundabouts, mini-roundabouts, rotaries, STOP-controlled circles, and signal-controlled circles. Some people consider roundabouts to be a type of intersection from traffic circles. A box junction can be added to an intersection, generally prohibiting entry to the intersection unless the exit is clear, some intersections employ indirect left turns to increase capacity and reduce delays. The Michigan left combines a right turn and a U-turn, jughandle lefts diverge to the right, then curve to the left, converting a left turn to a crossing maneuver, similar to throughabouts. These techniques are used in conjunction with signal-controlled intersections, although they may also be used at stop-controlled intersections. A roundabout and its variants like turbo roundabouts, bowties and distributing circles like traffic circles, at intersections, turns are usually allowed, but often regulated to avoid interference with other traffic
10.
Downtown Toronto
–
Downtown Toronto is the main central business district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Located entirely within the district of Old Toronto, it is bounded by Bloor Street to the north, Lake Ontario to the south, the Don River to the east. It is also the centre of the City of Toronto. The Financial District, centred on the intersection of Bay Street and it contains the Toronto Stock Exchange, which is the largest in Canada and seventh in the world by market capitalization. The construction of skyscrapers in Downtown Toronto had started to increase during the 1960s. The retail core of the downtown is the Downtown Yonge area located along Yonge Street from Queen Street to College Street, there is a large cluster of retail centres and shops in the area, including the Toronto Eaton Centre indoor mall. There are an estimated 600 retail stores,150 bars and restaurants, in recent years the area has been experiencing a renaissance as the Business Improvement Area has brought in new retail and improved the cleanliness. The area has seen the opening of the Dundas Square public square. The area includes several live theatres, a complex at Dundas Square. Historical sites and landmarks include the Arts & Letter Club, the Church of the Holy Trinity, Mackenzie House, Maple Leaf Gardens, Old City Hall, the area of St. Lawrence to the east of the financial district is the oldest area of Toronto. It features heritage buildings, theatres, music, dining and many pubs and it is a community of distinct downtown neighbourhoods including the site of the original Town of York, which was Torontos first neighbourhood, dating back to 1793. The area boasts one of the largest concentrations of 19th century buildings in Ontario, further to the east is Corktown and the Distillery District. On Saturday there is a farmers market, to the west of the financial district is the Entertainment District. It is home to hundreds of restaurants, nightclubs, sporting facilities, boutiques, hotels, attractions, the district was formerly an industrial area and was redeveloped for entertainment purposes in the early 1980s, becoming a major centre for entertainment. The redevelopment started with the Mirvish family refurbishing of the Royal Alexandra Theatre, the area is now the site of Roy Thomson Hall and the Canadian Broadcasting Centre. The Yorkville area, to the north, north of Bloor Street and the Mink Mile, has more than 700 designer boutiques, spas, restaurants, hotels and it is a former village in its own right and since the early 1970s has developed into an up-scale shopping district. The intersection of Bloor and Yonge Streets is the intersection of the subway lines and is one of the busiest intersections in the city. At the intersection of Avenue Road and Bloor Street is the Royal Ontario Museum, the Harbourfront area to the south was formerly an industrial and railway lands area
11.
Landmark
–
A landmark is a recognizable natural or artificial feature used for navigation, a feature that stands out from its near environment and is often visible from long distances. In modern use, the term can also be applied to structures or features. In old English the word landmearc was used to describe a set up to mark the boundaries of a kingdom, estate. 1560, this understanding of landmark was replaced by a general one. A landmark became an object in a landscape. A landmark literally meant a geographic feature used by explorers and others to find their way back or through an area. For example, the Table Mountain near Cape Town, South Africa is used as the landmark to sailors to navigate around southern tip of Africa during the Age of Exploration. Artificial structures are sometimes built to assist sailors in naval navigation. The Lighthouse of Alexandria and Colossus of Rhodes are ancient structures built to lead ships to the port, in modern usage, a landmark includes anything that is easily recognizable, such as a monument, building, or other structure. In American English it is the term used to designate places that might be of interest to tourists due to notable physical features or historical significance. Landmarks in the British English sense are often used for casual navigation and this is done in American English as well. In urban studies as well as in geography, a landmark is furthermore defined as a point of reference that helps orienting in a familiar or unfamiliar environment. Landmarks are often used in verbal route instructions and as such an object of study by linguists as well as in fields of study. Landmarks are usually classified as either natural landmarks or man-made landmarks, a variant is a seamark or daymark, a structure usually built intentionally to aid sailors navigating featureless coasts. Natural landmarks can be characteristic features, such as mountains or plateaus, examples of natural landmarks are Table Mountain in South Africa, Mount Ararat in Turkey, Uluru in Australia, Mount Fuji in Japan and Grand Canyon in the United States. Trees might also serve as landmarks, such as jubilee oaks or conifers. Some landmark trees may be nicknamed, examples being Queens Oak, church spires and mosques minarets are often very tall and visible from many miles around, thus often serve as built landmarks. Also town hall towers and belfries often have a landmark character, cultural heritage management National landmark National symbol Media related to Landmarks at Wikimedia Commons
12.
Downtown Yonge
–
Downtown Yonge is a retail and entertainment district centred on Yonge Street in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. All property owners and commercial tenants within these boundaries are members of the Downtown Yonge Business Improvement Area association, the Downtown Yonge area is best known as the home of the Toronto Eaton Centre indoor mall, Toronto’s largest and most visited tourist attraction. Recently opened at the corner of Yonge and Dundas Street is Yonge-Dundas Square, the area is well known for shopping, including music retailers, mid-priced fashion stores, and jewelers. The district is home to a number of venues including the Canon Theatre, the Carlu, the Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres, Massey Hall. The area’s heritage properties include such notable sites as the Arts & Letters Club, Mackenzie House, Maple Leaf Gardens, Old City Hall, the district has been a busy shopping district for over 100 years. While the original shopping street of Toronto was King Street east of Yonge, Eaton store at Yonge and Queen Street. The store eventually grew to encompass over three city blocks on the west side of Yonge, used for stores and factories of the Eaton company. Across Queen Street from the Eaton store, the Robert Simpson department store grew to encompass the entire south-east corner block of Yonge, the Simpson store exists today as the Hudsons Bay Company store. North of Dundas Street, a store was opened by Sam Sniderman called Sam the Record Man. As the retail usage developed, so did entertainment uses, Massey Hall was built just to the east of Yonge Street on Shuter, along with the Pantages and Wintergarden theatres on Yonge between Dundas and Queen Street. Massey Hall remains mostly in the state that it was when it opened, starting in the 1960s, the T. Eaton Company made plans to redevelop its lands on the west side of Yonge Street and this eventually became the genesis of todays Toronto Eaton Centre. The Eaton store was moved to Yonge and Dundas, and is today the Sears store, all of the west side of Yonge Street from Queen to Dundas was demolished and the mall built. Only the Holy Trinity Church and the Old City Hall remain of the pre-Eaton Centre buildings from Dundas to Queen, the Downtown Yonge district is a registered business improvement area, known as the Downtown Yonge Business Improvement Area. The 2,000 businesses and property owners of the area are members of the Downtown Yonge Business Improvement Area Association, there is a volunteer Board that sets the strategic direction of the association. The Board has fourteen seats, which includes members of the association. There is a structure that reports to the Board and a small number of staff. The focus of the BIA association is on key areas that include clean streets, safe streets, social improvement, streetscape improvements, the crew supplements the work of the City and has been operating since January 2002
13.
Pedestrian scramble
–
However, it prioritises pedestrians over vehicles only during a portion of the traffic control cycle, but it prioritising vehicles over pedestrians for the remainder of the cycle. It also has benefits for pedestrian amenity and safety, which have led to new examples being installed in many countries in recent years, the name Barnes Dance commemorates traffic engineer Henry Barnes. While he did not claim to have invented it himself, Barnes was an advocate of it. He first introduced it in his city of Denver, Colorado in the late 1940s. Around this time, the scramble was being tested separately in Kansas City. Barnes later brought it to Baltimore and New York City, when Barnes became traffic commissioner of New York City in 1962, his first action was to look for intersections to implement pedestrian scrambles. The first pedestrian scramble was installed ten days after he took office at the intersection of Vanderbilt Avenue and 42nd Street, to great acclaim. Following the success of this first scramble, Barnes began adding more scrambles across the city, at Wall Street, 42nd Street at Fifth Avenue and at Madison Avenue, and Brooklyn. Barnes later said, As things stood now, a downtown shopper needed a four-leaf clover, a charm. As far as I was concerned — a traffic engineer with Methodist leanings — I didnt think that the Almighty should be bothered with problems which we, robert Moses, a New York City urban planner, disliked the scrambles because they held up traffic. In locations such as Washington, D. C. pedestrian scrambles shorten the time allotted to each traffic-signal phase by one-third, in the United States, the 2009 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices allows pedestrian scrambles. In Adelaide, there are two scrambles on either end of Rundle Mall, King William Street and another on Pulteney Street, there is another crossing at the intersection of King William Street, Waymouth Street and Pirie Street. In Darwin, there is a scramble at the CBD end of Smith St Mall. Vancouver was one of the first cities worldwide to use the concept, London, Ontario, had a Barnes Dance crosswalk in the 1960s at the intersection of Clarence and King streets. In 2015, Toronto has eliminated the Bay and Bloor scramble crossing after a study found modest positive benefits for pedestrians. The staff report also noted that sideswipe collisions at Bay and Bloor have more than doubled and rear-end type crashes have increased by 50% “likely due to increased driver frustration. ”As of September 2015, Kingston, Ontario, will have a scramble crosswalk at the corners of Union Street and University Avenue to increase the safety of Queens University students. Calgary has two pedestrian scrambles in the Eau Claire neighbourhood, quebec City and Banff also have a few pedestrian scramble intersections. Pedestrian scrambles are ubiquitous in Japan, where over 300 such intersections exist, it is known as a scramble crossing
14.
Toronto Eaton Centre
–
The Toronto Eaton Centre is a shopping mall and office complex located in the downtown core of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is owned and managed by Cadillac Fairview and it was named after the Eatons department store chain that once anchored it before the chain became defunct in the late 1990s. The Toronto Eaton Centre attracts the most visitors of any of Torontos tourist attractions and it is North America’s busiest mall, largely because of extensive transit access and tourist traffic. The number of visitors to the Toronto Eaton Centre in 2015 exceeds the total 2015 passenger counts at Toronto Pearson International Airport, the main retail mall in the centre is organized around a long arcade, running parallel to Yonge Street. The complex also contains four buildings and the Ryerson University Ted Rogers School of Management. Additionally, the Eaton Centre is linked to a 17-storey Marriott hotel, Timothy Eaton founded a dry goods store on Yonge Street in the 19th century that revolutionized retailing in Canada, and became the largest department store chain in the country. By the 20th century, the Eatons chain owned most of the bounded by Yonge, Queen, Bay and Dundas streets, with the notable exceptions of Old City Hall. The Eatons land, once the site of Timothy Eatons first store, was occupied by Eatons large Main Store, the Eatons Annex and a number of related mail order and factory buildings. As the chains warehouse and support operations were increasingly shifting to cheaper suburban locales in the 1960s, Eatons wanted to make better use of its valuable downtown landholdings. In particular, the wanted to build a massive new flagship store to replace the aging Main Store at Yonge and Queen. In the mid-1960s, Eatons announced plans for a massive office, Eatons sought to demolish Torontos Old City Hall and the Church of the Holy Trinity. The plan required the closing of a number of city streets within the block, Albert Street, Louisa Street, Terauley Street, James Street, Albert Lane, Downeys Lane. At one point, even the Old City Hall clock tower was to be demolished, after a fierce local debate over the fate of the city hall and church buildings, Eatons put its plans on hiatus in 1967. The Eaton Centre plans were resuscitated in 1971, although these plans allowed for the preservation of Old City Hall, controversy erupted anew, however, as the congregation of the Church of the Holy Trinity exhibited an increased willingness to fight the demolition plans for its church. These amendments to the plans resulted in three significant changes to the centre from the 1960s concept. This resulted in the mall being constructed with Eatons and Simpsons acting as anchors at either end, finally, the bulk of the centre was shifted east to the Yonge Street frontage, and the complex was designed so that it no longer had any frontage along Bay Street. Old City Hall and the church were saved, as was the Salvation Army headquarters building by virtue of its location between the two other preserved buildings. Eatons partnered with the Cadillac Fairview development company and the Toronto-Dominion Bank in the construction of the Eaton Centre, the complex was designed by Eberhard Zeidler and Bregman + Hamann Architects as a multi-levelled, vaulted glass-ceiling galleria, modelled after the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, Italy
15.
Ed Mirvish Theatre
–
The Ed Mirvish Theatre is a historic film and play theatre in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The theatre was first opened in 1920 and is located near Yonge-Dundas Square, the Pantages Theatre opened in 1920 as a combination vaudeville and motion picture house. Designed by the theatre architect Thomas W. Lamb, it was the largest cinema in Canada, while Famous Players retained ownership, management and booking were turned over to the Pantages organization, one of the largest vaudeville and motion picture theatre circuits in North America. The Pantages circuit had its beginnings in Canada, in the Yukon, pericles Alexander Pantages had been a sailor on a Greek merchant ship who left the sea in search of riches during the great 1897 Klondike Gold Rush. Although he found no gold, he became owner of a small theatre in Dawson City – the Orpheum – that staged vaudeville. In 1929 Alexander Pantages was convicted of the rape of a 17-year-old chorus girl, although the conviction was overturned on appeal, the scandal and the legal costs ruined Pantages. To the public, he had got away with it thanks to a clever lawyer, in 1930, he was forced to sell his theatres at a loss, most of his assets were bought up by to RKO Pictures. With the collapse of the Pantages circuit, the Pantages name came off the marquees of almost all the theatres, in 1930 the Toronto Pantages was renamed the Imperial, and became exclusively a cinema – no more live vaudeville. Management and control were taken over by Famous Players, which retained ownership for more than 50 years, in 1972, the Imperial closed after a 9-month run of The Godfather, and was divided into six separate cinemas by Toronto architect Mandel Sprachman. The Yonge façade was replaced with a front with out canopy. It was officially reopened by Mayor David Crombie in 1973 as the Imperial Six, Cinema 1 was built forward from the balcony edge toward the top half of the stage proscenium arch. Cinema 2 was located on the original balcony, Cinemas 5 and 6 were the original main floor seating divided in half by a partition wall. The TV screens were replaced by poster cases due to visibility problems with sunlight washing out the TV screens. The Imperial Six was a big money-maker for Famous Players throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, playing all the big releases including all the James Bond and Rocky releases. It had the manager, Philip A. Traynor, from well before it closed for renovations in 1972. Traynor moved to the Plaza Cinemas and subsequently retired from Famous Players following the closing of the Imperial Six, the Imperial Six sat on three separate lots. When the lease expired with no agreement in place, the owner announced her intention to approach Famous Players rival cinema chain, the representatives for Famous Players Development suggested that Cineplex Odeon would have no use for half a theatre. However, Garth Drabinsky, flew to Michigan the same day that his company was contacted by the owners lawyers, temporary walls were erected to keep Famous Players out of Cineplex Odeons space
16.
City (TV network)
–
City is a Canadian television network owned by the Rogers Media subsidiary of Rogers Communications. CHUM Limited was acquired by CTVglobemedia in 2007, to comply with Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ownership limits, the network grew through further affiliations with three Jim Pattison Group-owned stations, along with Rogers acquisition of SCN and Montreals CJNT-DT. With its studios located at 99 Queen Street East near Church Street, the station was in debt by 1975. Multiple Access Ltd. purchased a 45% interest in the station, CHUM Limited acquired the station outright in 1981. Broadcasting on UHF channel 79 during its first decade, the moved to channel 57 in 1983. In 1987, the station moved its headquarters to 299 Queen Street West, formerly known as the Ryerson Press Building, on September 8,2009, CITY moved to its current location at Yonge-Dundas Square at 33 Dundas Street East. Citytv gained a second station in Vancouver when CHUM bought CKVU from Canwest Global Communications in 2001, the station became known as Citytv Vancouver on July 22,2002. Prior to CHUMs acquisition of CKVU, some Citytv programming was syndicated to KVOS in nearby Bellingham, in 2004, CHUM bought Craig Media, parent of the A-Channel system in Manitoba and Alberta. The Craig-owned A-Channel stations were relaunched as Citytv on August 2,2005, CHUM Limited announced plans to sell its broadcasting assets to CTV parent CTVglobemedia on July 12,2006. CTVgm intended to retain CHUMs Citytv system while divesting CHUMs A-Channel stations, the Edmonton and Calgary stations also began broadcasting a daily 30-minute magazine show, Your City, instead of a full-fledged newscast. The Vancouver news operation, which had operated for 30 years under various owners, in the same month, Citytv Toronto became the first television station in Canada to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition. The following year on June 8, the CRTC approved the CTV takeover of CHUM, however, the CRTC made the deal conditional on CTV divesting itself of Citytv, because there were already CTV owned-and-operated stations serving the same cities. Without the divestment, CTV would have exceeded the CRTCs concentration of ownership limits. CTV announced on June 11,2007, that it would retain the A-Channel stations, the transaction was approved by the CRTC on September 28 and was completed on October 31,2007. On December 6,2010, CityNews Tonight Toronto anchor and continuity announcer Mark Dailey died after a battle with cancer. The change marked the first major alteration to the Citytv brand since its introduction in 1972, the new City branding was launched on December 31,2012 during its New Years Eve special. The Jim Pattison Group announced in July 2009 that its three stations in western Canada, formerly affiliated with E. would join Citytv starting on September 1,2009. These stations do not carry the City branding, instead, the continue to use the same branding
17.
Toronto subway
–
The Toronto subway is a rapid transit system in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, operated by the Toronto Transit Commission. It is a system consisting of three heavy rail lines operating predominantly underground and one elevated light metro line, collectively encompassing 69 stations and 68.3 kilometres of track. It accommodated an average of 1,066,100 passenger trips each weekday during the quarter of 2015. There are 4 rapid transit lines in Toronto plus another under construction, Line 1 Yonge–University, is the longest and busiest rapid transit line in the system. It opened as the Yonge subway in 1954 with a length of 7.4 kilometres, Today, the line is U-shaped having two northern terminals looping on its southern end via Union Station. An 8. 6-kilometre, six-station extension of Line 1 north to Vaughan is under construction, Line 2 Bloor–Danforth, opened in 1966, runs parallel to Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue between Kipling Station in Etobicoke and Kennedy Station in Scarborough. There is a plan to extend Line 2 eastwards from Kennedy Station to Scarborough Town Centre, Line 3 Scarborough is an above-ground medium-capacity rail line serving the citys eponymous suburban district. The line runs from Kennedy Station to McCowan Station passing Scarborough Town Centre and this is the only rapid transit line in Toronto to use Intermediate Capacity Transit System technology. There is a plan to close and dismantle Line 3 after Line 2 is extended to Scarborough Town Centre, Line 5 Eglinton is a 19-kilometre light rail line under construction scheduled to open in 2021. The line will have 25 stations of which 15 will be underground, here is a list of line, extension and station openings on the Toronto subway system. Canadas first subway, the Yonge subway, opened in 1954 with a length of 7.4 kilometres, the line ran under or parallel to Yonge Street between Eglinton Avenue and Union Station. It replaced the Yonge streetcar line, Canadas first streetcar line, in 1963, the line was extended under University Avenue north to Bloor Street to connect with the Bloor-Danforth subway at the double-deck St. George Station. In 1974, the line was extended from Eglinton Station north to Finch Station, the Spadina segment of the line was constructed north from St. George Station initially to Wilson Station in 1978, and eventually to Downsview Station in 1996. Part of the Spadina segment runs in the median of an expressway, four decades of extensions gave the line a U-shaped route running from its two northern terminals and looping on its southern end at Union Station. As of 1996, the line was 30.2 kilometres long, opened in 1966, the Bloor–Danforth subway runs east-west under or near Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue. It replaced the Bloor streetcar line, initially, the subway line ran between Keele Station to Woodbine Station. In 1968, the line was extended west to Islington Station and east to Warden Station, opened in 1985, the Scarborough RT is a light metro line running from Kennedy Station to McCowan station. The TTC started to construct the line to use Canadian Light Rail Vehicles and this line was never extended, and the current plan is to close and dismantle the line, replacing it with an extension of Line 2 to Scarborough Town Centre
18.
Dundas station (Toronto)
–
Dundas is a subway station on the Yonge–University line in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located at the intersection of Yonge Street and Dundas Street, wi-fi service is available at this station. Dundas Station opened in 1954 as part of the stretch of the Yonge subway line from Union to Eglinton Station. The original address,300 Yonge Street, is commonly used in TTC system maps. On 27 September 1997, 23-year-old Charlene Minkowski was killed when she was pushed onto the tracks in front of a train at Dundas by Herbert Cheoung. Cheoung was given a sentence which included no parole for 15 years, in 2002, this station became accessible with elevators. On 4 August 2014, 44-year-old Arshad Sajid sexually assaulted a female TTC transit ambassador just after 3,25 pm, transit Enforcement Officers were dispatched and the suspect was found in the station. He pleaded guilty, sentenced to 45 days in jail, and has an 18-month ban from riding the subway and he has also been fined $200 for the act, and $250 in compensation to the victim. The station is located under Yonge Street at Dundas Street and is built on three levels, the southeast, southwest, and northeast accessible entrances are located at Yonge Dundas Square, in the Eaton Centre and at 10 Dundas East inside the Cineplex Cinemas building respectively. All elevators that connect the entrance to the station are not provided by the TTC, Dundas is the only station in Toronto where the northbound and southbound platforms are in separate fare-paid areas, owing to the constrained space and difficult geology at this location. The station has connections to the Toronto Eaton Centre,10 Dundas East and the Atrium on Bay. The station features William McElcherans Cross Section, located by the northwest entrance and it depicts a vibrant urban scene of pets, shoppers, businessmen and other commuters. The piece was created out of terra cotta and fired in two-foot-square tiles, north of the station, the subway continues to travel through its tunnels underneath Yonge Street, passing over a double crossover, before entering College station. South of the station, it continues underneath Yonge Street, over Lower Queen station, nearby landmarks include Dundas Square, the north end of the Eaton Centre, the Toronto Coach Terminal, Toronto City Hall, the Ed Mirvish Theatre, and 10 Dundas East. Buildings on the campus of Ryerson University surround the station to west, north, nearby public art galleries include the Ryerson Image Centre and Gallery Arcturus
19.
PATH (Toronto)
–
PATH is a network of underground pedestrian tunnels, elevated walkways, and at-grade walkways connecting the office towers of Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is more than 30-kilometre long, according to Guinness World Records, PATH is the largest underground shopping complex in the world with 371,600 square metres of retail space. The PATH networks northerly point is the Toronto Coach Terminal at Dundas Street and Bay Street and its main axes of walkways generally parallel Yonge Street and Bay Street. It was the first underground pathway in Toronto, and is often credited as a historic precursor to the current PATH network. Another original underground linkage, built in 1927 to connect Union Station, the network of underground walkways expanded under city planner Matthew Lawson in the 1960s. Torontos downtown sidewalks were overcrowded, and new towers were removing the much-needed small businesses from the streets. Lawson thus convinced several important developers to construct underground malls, pledging that they would eventually be linked, the city originally helped fund the construction, but with the election of a reform city council this ended. This also converted low-valued basements into some of the most valuable retail space in the country, the first expansion of the network occurred in the 1970s with the construction and underground connection of the Richmond-Adelaide office tower and the Sheraton Centre hotel complex. In 1987, City Council adopted a unified wayfinding system throughout the network, a colour-coded system with directional cues was deployed in the early 1990s. Within the various buildings, pedestrians can find a PATH system map, the signage can be hard to find inside some of the various connected buildings. Building owners concerned about losing customers to neighbouring buildings insisted that the signs not dominate their buildings, the city relented and the result is the current system. Many complain that the system is hard to navigate, PATH provides an important contribution to the economic viability of the citys downtown core. Its underground location provides pedestrians with a haven from the winter cold and snow. In 2011, the City of Toronto released an expansion plan for the PATH. As part of the plan there will be 45 new entry points. Toronto planners have begun work to guide future PATH development and ensure PATH link construction is included in basement levels of key new buildings, more than 50 buildings or office towers are connected through the PATH system. It comprises twenty parking garages, five stations, two major department stores, two major shopping centres, six major hotels, and a railway terminal. Underground city Official website Official PATH map Online Directory of the PATH
20.
Times Square
–
It stretches from West 42nd to West 47th Streets. One of the worlds busiest pedestrian areas, it is also the hub of the Broadway Theater District, Times Square is one of the worlds most visited tourist attractions, drawing an estimated 50 million visitors annually. Approximately 330,000 people pass through Times Square daily, many of them tourists, the southern triangle of Times Square has no specific name, but the northernmost of the two triangles is called Father Duffy Square. Since 2008, the booth has been backed by a red, sloped, triangular set of stairs, which is used by people to sit, talk, eat. When Manhattan Island was first settled by the Dutch, three small streams united near what is now 10th Avenue and 40th street and these three streams formed the Great Kill. From there the Great Kill wound through the low-lying Reed Valley, known for fish and waterfowl, the name was retained in a tiny hamlet, Great Kill, that became a center for carriage-making, as the upland to the south and east became known as Longacre. Before and after the American Revolution, the area belonged to John Morin Scott, scotts manor house was at what is currently 43rd Street, surrounded by countryside used for farming and breeding horses. By 1872, the area had become the center of New Yorks horse carriage industry, the locality had not previously been given a name, and city authorities called it Longacre Square after Long Acre in London, where the horse and carriage trade was centered in that city. William Henry Vanderbilt owned and ran the American Horse Exchange there, in 1910 it became the Winter Garden Theatre. The first theater on the square, the Olympia, was built by cigar manufacturer, by the early 1890s this once sparsely settled stretch of Broadway was ablaze with electric light and thronged by crowds of middle- and upper-class theatre, restaurant and cafe patrons. In 1904, New York Times publisher Adolph S. Ochs persuaded Mayor George B, mcClellan, Jr. to construct a subway station there, and the area was renamed Times Square on April 8,1904. Just three weeks later, the first electrified advertisement appeared on the side of a bank at the corner of 46th Street, the north end later became Duffy Square, and the former Horse Exchange became the Winter Garden Theatre. The New York Times, according to Nolan, moved to spacious offices west of the square in 1913. The old Times Building was later named the Allied Chemical Building in 1963, now known simply as One Times Square, it is famed for the Times Square Ball drop on its roof every New Years Eve. In 1913, the Lincoln Highway Association, headed by entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, chose the intersection of 42nd Street and Broadway to be the Eastern Terminus of the Lincoln Highway. This was the first road across the United States, which originally spanned 3,389 miles coast-to-coast through 13 states to its terminus in Lincoln Park in San Francisco. Times Square grew dramatically after World War I and it became a cultural hub full of theatres, music halls, and upscale hotels. Times Square quickly became New Yorks agora, a place to gather to await great tidings and to celebrate them, advertising also grew significantly in the 1920s, growing from $25 million to $85 million over the decade
21.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
22.
Piccadilly Circus
–
Piccadilly Circus is a road junction and public space of Londons West End in the City of Westminster, built in 1819 to connect Regent Street with Piccadilly. In this context, a circus, from the Latin word meaning circle, is an open space at a street junction. Piccadilly now links directly to the theatres on Shaftesbury Avenue, as well as the Haymarket, Coventry Street, the Circus is close to major shopping and entertainment areas in the West End. Its status as a traffic junction has made Piccadilly Circus a busy meeting place. It is surrounded by several buildings, including the London Pavilion and Criterion Theatre. Directly underneath the plaza is Piccadilly Circus tube station, part of the London Underground system, the street was known as Portugal Street in 1692 in honour of Catherine of Braganza, the queen consort of King Charles II of England but was known as Piccadilly by 1743. Piccadilly Circus was created in 1819, at the junction with Regent Street, around 1858 it was briefly known as Regents Circus. The circus lost its form in 1886 with the construction of Shaftesbury Avenue. The junction has been a busy traffic interchange since construction, as it lies at the centre of Theatreland and handles exit traffic from Piccadilly. The Piccadilly Circus tube station was opened 10 March 1906, on the Bakerloo line, in 1928, the station was extensively rebuilt to handle an increase in traffic. The junctions first electric advertisements appeared in 1910, and, from 1923, traffic lights were first installed on 3 August 1926. During World War II many servicemens clubs in the West End served American soldiers based in Britain, at the start of the 1960s, it was determined that the Circus needed to be redeveloped to allow for greater traffic flow. This concept was kept throughout the rest of the 1960s. A final scheme in 1972 proposed three octagonal towers to replace the Trocadero, the Criterion and the Monico buildings. The plans were rejected by Sir Keith Joseph and Ernest Marples, the key reason given was that Holfords scheme only allowed for a 20% increase in traffic. Piccadilly Circus has since escaped major redevelopment, apart from extensive ground-level pedestrianisation around its side in the 1980s. The Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain in Piccadilly Circus was erected in 1893 to commemorate the works of Anthony Ashley Cooper. During the Second World War, the statue atop the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain was removed and was replaced by advertising hoardings, Piccadilly Circus is surrounded by several major tourist attractions, including the Shaftesbury Memorial, Criterion Theatre, London Pavilion and several major retail stores
23.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
24.
Toronto City Council
–
The Toronto City Council is the governing body of the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Members represent wards throughout the city, and are known as councillors, for ease of electoral division, wards are based upon the citys federal electoral districts as of the year 2000. While the federal districts have been redistributed since then, the boundaries remain the same. The city council has 45 members,44 ward councillors plus the mayor, the current decision making framework and committee structure at the City of Toronto was established by the City of Toronto Act and came into force January 1,2007. The decision-making process at the City of Toronto involves committees that report to City Council, Committees propose, review and debate policies and recommendations before their arrival at City Council for debate. Citizens and residents can only make deputations on policy at committees, each City Councillor sits on one committee. The Mayor is a member of all committees and is entitled to one vote, There are three types of committees at the City of Toronto, the Executive Committee, Standing Committees and other Committees of Council. The City posts agendas for council and committee meetings on its website, the Executive Committee is an advisory body chaired by the mayor. The Executive Committee is composed of the Mayor, Deputy Mayor, the role of the Executive Committee is to set the City of Torontos priorities, manage financial planning and budgeting, labour relations, human resources, and the operation of City Council. Source, City of Toronto There are eleven other committees that report to Toronto City Council, the seven standing policy committees are, There are four other committees that report to Council, Source, City of Toronto All members of Toronto city council serve on a community council. Community Councils report to City Council but they also have final decision-making power on certain items, such as front yard parking and appointments to local boards, the city is divided into four community councils. The salary for the mayor was $177,499 for 2014, the salary for a city councillor was $105,397 for 2014. In 2017, Councillor pay will be $111,955, the office of the Mayor is located on the second floor at Toronto City Hall. The general public and media can access it via stairs, office staff and the Mayor can reach the office by elevator from the ground floor or the garage. Staffing roles and hiring is directed by the Mayor and not by Council or City of Toronto, before that Toronto had a Board of Control, as did former cities North York and Etobicoke. Vacancies in a seat may be filled in one of two ways, either by the holding of a by-election or through direct appointment of an interim councillor chosen by the council in an internal vote. The process often results in public debate, however, the by-election process is widely seen as more democratic, while the appointment process is seen as less expensive for the city to undertake. Peter Leon considered registering as a candidate in the 2014 election following his appointment as a councillor in 2013
25.
Kyle Rae
–
Kyle Rae is a Canadian consultant and former politician. Rae was first elected to Toronto city council in 1991 as a left-leaning councillor filling the vacated by Jack Layton. He campaigned as an openly gay candidate and beat his closest rival by 1,003 votes, during his first term, as Chair of the Citys Personnel Committee he attempted, with Mayor June Rowlands support, to introduce affirmative action in the citys fire department. A longtime member of the Ontario New Democratic Party, he left the party because of the failure of NDP Premier Bob Raes government to pass long-promised reforms on gay rights issues. Rae led a boycott of the NDP in the 1993 by-election in the riding of St. George—St. In recent years, Rae supported John Sewells independent candidacy in the 1999 provincial election and he supported Barbara Hall against David Miller in the 2003 mayoralty election. Kyle said of Bob, He has a set of skills and experience. His candidacy has my full support, in 2000, Rae and fellow councillor David Soknacki were both acclaimed in their ridings. In 2002, he was sued for defamation by members of the Toronto Police Force after he criticized a 2000 raid on Pussy Palace. His calling the police rogue cops and goons and the operation a panty raid was criticized, a jury eventually decided that the seven officers were defamed and ordered Rae to pay $170,000. The settlement money was paid by the city from a fund that protects councillors from having to pay lawsuits from personal funds, with the legalization of same-sex marriage in 2003, Rae married Mark Reid, his partner since 1994. In May 2007, Rae renewed his call for a bylaw to protect historic buildings. The proposed bylaw would give the City of Toronto the power to charge building owners who let historic buildings fall into disrepair and it would also give the city the power to perform emergency repairs in certain cases, applying the bill to the owners taxes. Raes call came after the Walnut Hall, a historic Georgian Rowhouse, the buildings various owners sought to tear it down and were prevented because of its historical value. On December 11,2009, Rae announced that he would not run in the November 2010 municipal election and he endorsed Ken Chan, a former police officer and aide to London Mayor Boris Johnson in the Ward 27 council race and Toronto mayoral candidate George Smitherman. Chan was defeated by Kristyn Wong-Tam in the municipal election, in June 2010, Rae held a retirement party at the Rosewater Club and billed the $12,000 cost to his office budget. Mayoral candidate Rob Ford and fellow councillors criticized Rae for this expense, council voted down a request to have Rae return the money. Rae claimed that unspent campaign funds he was forced to turn over the city more than covered the cost and this example was used by Ford as an example of the Gravy Train at City Hall
26.
10 Dundas East
–
10 Dundas East is a retail, office and entertainment complex development on the north-east corner of the intersection of Yonge Street and Dundas Street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The project was delayed several times, and sits on a parcel of prime land in the citys commercial core. The complex was owned and developed by PenEquity Management Corp. but is now owned by 10 Dundas St. Ltd, before 1998, the site was occupied by several buildings including the OKeefes Brewery and a two-storey structure at the corner. From 1949 to 1974 it was home to the Brown Derby tavern, many views of that intersection, and the local area as it looked in 1986, can be seen in the movie Short Circuit with Ally Sheedy. All the buildings were demolished in the 1980s and 1990s, the project was approved in 1998 with the opening planned for 2000. The land was expropriated by the City of Toronto immediately afterwards, and while construction boarding soon went up, when it opened, the complex was renamed Toronto Life Square after the local magazine. The building was renamed 10 Dundas East in September 2009, Entertainment Properties, a Kansas City-based real estate investment trust that had provided construction financing for the project in 2005, acquired the complex in March 2010. The exterior facing Dundas Square is primarily covered with giant video screens, the Yonge Street facade is made up of curtainwall store fronts with a glass and steel canopy overhanging the sidewalk. Toronto Star architecture critic Christopher Hume wrote a piece in the newspaper entitled We dont deserve this horrorchitecture. 10 Dundas Square East is anchored by a Cineplex Cinemas 24-screen movie theatre, Adidas Sport Store, shopping mall Entertainment Centrum 10 Dundas East website http, //www. theglobeandmail. com/news/national/toronto/toronto-life-square-in-receivership/article1222909/
27.
Public space
–
A public space is a social space that is generally open and accessible to people. Roads, public squares, parks and beaches are considered public space. To a limited extent, government buildings which are open to the public, such as libraries are public spaces, although they tend to have restricted areas. Recently, the concept of Shared space has been advanced to enhance the experience of pedestrians in public space used by automobiles. Public space has become something of a touchstone for critical theory in relation to philosophy, geography, visual art, cultural studies, social studies. The term public space is often misconstrued to mean other things such as gathering place. One of the earliest examples of spaces are commons. For example, no fees or paid tickets are required for entry, non-government-owned malls are examples of private space with the appearance of being public space. In Nordic countries like Norway, Sweden and Finland, all areas are considered public space, due to a law. In the United States the right of the people to engage in speech, the government cannot usually limit ones speech beyond what is reasonable in a public space, which is considered to be a public forum. This is not to say that the government can control what one says in their own home or to others, parks, malls, beaches, waiting rooms, etc. may be closed at night. As this does not exclude any specific group, it is not considered a restriction on public use. Entry to public parks cannot be restricted based upon a users residence, in some cultures, there is no expectation of privacy in a public space, however civil inattention is a process whereby individuals are able to maintain their privacy within a crowd. Public space is shared and created for open usage throughout the community. The area is built for a range of types of recreation. The physical setting is socially constructed, which creates a behavior influence, limitations are imposed in the space to prevent certain actions from occurring--public behavior that is considered obnoxious or out of character --and are supported by law or ordinance. Police forces are involved in moving unwanted members of the public from public spaces. In fact, by not being provided suitable access, disabled people are excluded from some spaces
28.
Nathan Phillips Square
–
Nathan Phillips Square is an urban plaza in Toronto, Canada. It forms the forecourt to Toronto City Hall, or New City Hall, at the intersection of Queen Street West and Bay Street, the square was designed by the City Halls architect Viljo Revell and landscape architect Richard Strong. The square is the site of concerts, art displays, a farmers market, the winter festival of lights. During the winter months, the pool is converted into an ice rink for ice skating. The square attracts an estimated 1.5 million visitors yearly, with an area of 4.85 hectares, it is Canadas largest city square. The square is rectangular in shape, with the edge of the city meeting the square on an angle on the north side. The main portion of the square is paved with two sizes of reinforced concrete slabs, the square has a reflecting pool, a peace garden, a permanent stage and several sculptures, including Three-Way Piece No.2 by Henry Moore. Around the remaining perimeter of the square runs an elevated concrete walkway, outside the walkway are treed lawns dotted with various other memorials and monuments, such as Oscar Nemons statue of Sir Winston Churchill, and a Roman column. Beneath the square is one of the worlds largest underground parking garages, in 2012, illuminated disappearing fountains were installed among the slabs, used for decoration and cooling. The Square is property of the City of Toronto, smoking is prohibited in the entire square. The reflecting pool is situated in the south-east corner of the square, at the same time, a piece of the Berlin Wall was placed at the southern base of the central arch. To the west of the pool is a pavilion where food is available. The Peace Garden was created as a memorial to the bombing of Hiroshima. The sundial at the end of the garden pre-dates the peace memorial, inscribed with the words In appreciation of the opportunity to serve, it was originally installed in 1969. Johnson, and presented by Nathan Phillips to the residents of Toronto, the 600 m2 garden consists of a pavilion, a fountain, and surrounding plantings. The fountains pool encroaches into this corner, with an eternal flame placed in the water so as to appear as though it supports the pavilion structure, to symbolise hope. Pope John Paul II lit this flame with an ember from the Peace Flame in Hiroshima, the entire monument was formally dedicated by Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, in October 1984. As part of the redesign of the square, the Peace Garden was moved from the centre of the square to its western edge
29.
Viljo Revell
–
Viljo Gabriel Revell was a Finnish architect of the functionalist school. In Finland he is best known for the design of the Lasipalatsi and Palace Hotel, internationally, Revell is best known for designing the New City Hall of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Revell, originally spelt Rewell, was born in Vaasa in 1910 and he graduated as an architect from the Helsinki University of Technology in 1937. His next major work was the so-called Teollisuuskeskus, comprising offices, hotel, roof-terrace restaurant and ground-floor shops, the building was also based on a competition winning proposal, made together with architect Keijo Petäjä, and was completed in 1952 in time for the Helsinki Olympic Games. The building was completed in 1965, the year following Revell’s premature death, Revell married Maire Myntti in 1941, they had three daughters born in 1942,1943 and 1945. He served as artillery officer in World War II, and he was one of the survivors of the sinking of the Finnish Navy flagship. The work was financed by the Finnish Association of Architects, under the name of the Standardization Institute, as part of the research the group had contacts with a similar organisation in Germany, run by architect Ernst Neufert. Media related to Viljo Revell at Wikimedia Commons Viljo Revell 1910–1964
30.
Toronto City Hall
–
The Toronto City Hall, or New City Hall, is the seat of the municipal government of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and one of the citys most distinctive landmarks. Designed by Finnish architect Viljo Revell and landscape architect Richard Strong, and engineered by Hannskarl Bandel and it was built to replace Old City Hall, which was built in 1899. The current city hall, located at Nathan Phillips Square, is actually Torontos fourth and was built in order to replace the city hall due to a shortage of space. In 1958, an architectural competition was launched by Mayor Nathan Phillips in order to find a design for the new city hall. Revells winning proposal came first among submissions from 42 countries and it consists of near-twin towers surrounding a white disk-like council chamber, which is mounted on a raised platform with entrances located below. There is also a ramp connecting the square to the podium roof. The two towers are of unequal height, the east tower being taller than the west, the building was nicknamed The Eye of the Government because it resembles a large eye in a plan view. Revell died a year before New City Hall was completed, the recommendation was rejected by the electorate in a referendum on New Years Day in 1947. However, in October 1952, a panel of citizens appointed by city council made the same recommendation, in 1954, a partnership of three of Torontos largest architectural firms was selected to do the design, Marani and Morris, Mathers and Haldenby, and Shore and Moffat. Presented in November 1955, their design proposed a conservative, limestone-clad building in the Modernist style and it was symmetrical and faced a landscaped square. Unlike the design that would ultimately be built, it retained the stone Beaux-Arts Registry Office on the part of the site. The whole $18 million proposal was scrapped when voters rejected it in a December 1955 referendum, the parti was adapted by the architects and built as the Imperial Oil Building on St. Clair Avenue West. A five-person panel of judges was drawn up with some of the worlds greatest architecture experts, over 500 designs from 42 countries were submitted by the deadline of April 18,1958, from which eight semi-finalists were selected. In September 1958, Viljo Revells design was selected by three of the judges, though it had almost not made the short list. Eero Saarinen, as member of the panel of five judges, arrived a day and half late and he convinced two other judges on the panel that Revells unique design should be the winner. One of the two dissenting judges was William Graham Holford, who was skeptical that the design could be built within the $18 million budget set by the city, Revell received a $25,000 prize plus what was estimated to be $1 million in fees to supervise construction. He complained that not enough credit was given to his collaborators, Heikki Castren, Bengt Lundsten, and Seppo Valjus. Construction began in 1961, and the building was completed four years later and it was officially opened September 13,1965 by Governor General Georges Vanier
31.
Shibuya
–
Shibuya is a special ward in Tokyo, Japan. As of May 1,2016, it has an population of 221,801. The total area is 15.11 km², the name Shibuya is also used to refer to the shopping district which surrounds Shibuya Station, one of Tokyos busiest railway stations. This area is known as one of the centers of Japan, particularly for young people. Shibuya was historically the site of a castle in which the Shibuya family resided from the 11th century through the Edo period. Following the opening of the Yamanote Line in 1885, Shibuya began to emerge as a terminal for southwestern Tokyo and eventually as a major commercial. The village of Shibuya was incorporated in 1889 by the merger of the villages of Kami-Shibuya, Naka-Shibuya and Shimo-Shibuya within Minami-Toshima County, the village covered the territory of modern-day Shibuya Station area as well as the Hiroo, Daikanyama, Aoyama and Ebisu areas. Shibuya became a town in 1909, the town of Shibuya merged with the neighboring towns of Sendagaya and Yoyohata to form Shibuya Ward of Tokyo City in 1932. Tokyo City became Tokyo Metropolis in 1943, and the special ward was established on March 15,1947. A statue of Hachikō was built adjacent to the station, during the occupation of Japan, Yoyogi Park was used as a housing compound for U. S. personnel known as Washington Heights. The U. S. military left in 1964, and much of the park was repurposed as venues for the 1964 Summer Olympics, the ward itself served as part of the athletics 50 km walk and marathon course during the 1964 games. Shibuya has achieved popularity among young people since the early 1980s. There are several famous fashion department stores in Shibuya, Shibuya 109 is a major shopping center near Shibuya Station, particularly famous as the origin of the kogal subculture. Called Ichi-Maru-kyū, which translates as 1–0–9 in Japanese, the name is actually a pun on that of the corporation that owns it — Tōkyū, during the late 1990s, Shibuya also became known as the center of the IT industry in Japan. It was often called Bit Valley in English, a pun on both Bitter Valley, the translation of Shibuya, as well as bit, the computer term for binary digits. Shibuya includes many commercial and residential districts such as Daikanyama, Ebisu, Harajuku, Hiroo, Higashi, Omotesandō, Sendagaya. The mayor is Toshitake Kuwahara, an independent backed by the Liberal Democratic Party, Shibuya mayoral election,2003 Meiji Shrine, Shinto shrine dedicated to the souls of Emperor Meiji and Empress Shōken, surrounded by a 700, 000-square-meter forest. Shinjuku Gyoen, former Imperial gardens now open to the public as a park, Yoyogi Park, once a training base for the Imperial Japanese Army, later the Washington Heights housing area for the Occupation of Japan, then the lodgings for contestants in the Tokyo Olympics
32.
North by Northeast
–
North by Northeast is an annual music and arts festival held each June in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The festivals main is live music, but it includes a film festival, a comedy festival, art components, video game activities. The festival events happen in a variety venues, NXNE is largely a volunteer-staffed music festival, with about 1,000 volunteers in festival operations. The alternative weekly newspaper Now is a sponsor, and its owners hold an ownership interest in the festival. New in 2016 is a venue in Torontos Port Lands area for major events during two days of the festival. NXNE began in 1995, patterned on the South by Southwest festival in Austin and it was co-founded by Michael Hollett. The SXSW organization is a minority partner in NXNE. At that time it was a festival of mainly local, unsigned. Over the years the festival expanded its attendance and began to feature well-known performers, the festival events took place in a number of venues, and participants purchased wristbands for entry into the events. A film festival was added in 2001, screening primarily music-related features, documentaries, Michael Tanner was the director of the festival. In 2013, NXNE added comedy as a stream, formally recognizing the growing number of standup, sketch. NXNE also added art as its stream that year. Including exhibits, projections, installations, performances and an art fair, in 2014, NXNE marked its 20th consecutive year with over 1,000 music performers and an overall attendance of 350,000. The 2015 edition of NXNE ran for five days, June 17–21, the festival also added a video gaming component, and gaming was among the topics discussed at the one day Interactive conference at Ryerson University. Yonge Dundas Square provided festival-goers the chance to play on a giant screen, each year, NXNE Music presents hundreds of bands from Canada, the United States and around the world at about 50 Toronto music venues. Most venues host six bands each night, the festival has many venues in Torontos downtown core, along Queen Street West, College Street, and the Bloor Street Annex. NXNE Music provides a platform for emerging artists, and allows fans to see buzz bands at small club venues, the NXNE Interactive Conference takes place at the Hyatt Regency Hotel, which also serves as NXNE headquarters during the festival. It is also a place where musicians, filmmakers, and industry reps can connect with digital innovators, in 2016 the conference was a one-day event at Ryerson Universitys Ted Rogers School of Business
33.
Toronto International Film Festival
–
The Toronto International Film Festival is one of the largest publicly attended film festivals in the world, attracting over 480,000 people annually. Year-round, TIFF Bell Lightbox offers screenings, lectures, discussions, festivals, workshops, industry support, TIFF Bell Lightbox is located on the north west corner of King Street and John Street in downtown Toronto. In 2015,397 films from 71 countries were screened at 28 screens in downtown Toronto venues, welcoming an estimated 480,000 attendees, TIFF starts the Thursday night after Labour Day and lasts for eleven days. Founded in 1976, TIFF is now one of the most prestigious events of its kind in the world, in 1998, Variety magazine acknowledged that TIFF is second only to Cannes in terms of high-profile pics, stars and market activity. In 2007, TIME noted that TIFF had grown from its place as the most influential film festival to the most influential film festival. This is partially the result of TIFFs ability and reputation for generating Oscar buzz, the Toronto International Festival’s Grolsch People’s Choice Award — which is based on popular vote by Festival filmgoers — has emerged as a beacon of awards-season success. Founded by Bill Marshall, Dusty Cohl and Henk Van der Kolk and that first year,35,000 filmgoers watched 127 films from 30 countries presented in ten programmes. Piers Handling has been the director and CEO since 1994. TIFF was once centred on the Yorkville neighbourhood, but the Toronto Entertainment District later gained a level of prominence. TIFF is known for the celebrity buzz it brings to the area with international media setting up near its restaurants and stores for photos and interviews with the stars. In 2010, TIFF opened its permanent headquarters, TIFF Bell Lightbox, TIFF has grown, steadily adding initiatives throughout the years. TIFF Cinematheque and the Film Reference Library opened in 1990, the TIFF Kids International Film Festival launched in 1998. Film Circuit began exhibiting independent and Canadian films in under-serviced cities across Canada in 1994, the festival was founded in 1976 at the Windsor Arms Hotel by Bill Marshall, Henk Van der Kolk and Dusty Cohl. Beginning as a collection of the films from film festivals around the world. Ironically, however, Hollywood studios withdrew their submissions from TIFF due to concerns that Toronto audiences would be too parochial for their products, in 1994, the decision was made to replace the name Festival of Festivals with Toronto International Film Festival. From 1994 to 2009, the organization running TIFF was named Toronto International Film Festival Group. In 2009, the umbrella organization TIFFG was renamed to TIFF, in 2001, Perspective Canada, the programme that had focused on Canadian films since 1984, was replaced by two programmes, Canada First. A forum for Canadian filmmakers presenting their first feature-length work, featuring eight to 15 films, and Short Cuts Canada, in 2004, TIFF was featured as the site of murder mystery in the film Jiminy Glick in Lalawood, a comedy film starring Martin Short
34.
Luminato Festival
–
Luminato Festival, Torontos Festival of Arts and Creativity, is an annual ten-day celebration of the arts in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, launched in 2007. Over the past nine years, the Festival has presented over 9,400 artists from 40 countries and has commissioned over 75 new works of art. Each year, Luminato Festival presents over 250 events – the majority of which are free – and reach over 800,000 Festival-goers locally and internationally. Luminato was founded by Tony Gagliano, Executive chairman and CEO of St. Joseph Communications, Luminato Festival works with a Festival Advisory Committee consisting of local arts leaders. Janice Price was Luminato’s first CEO and remained in position until November 2014. Anthony Sargent was appointed CEO in May 2015, chris Lorway was selected as Luminato Festival’s first Artistic Director, until 2011. Followed by Jörn Weisbrodt, a German arts administrator and past Director of Robert Wilsons Watermill Center from September 2012 to June 2016. In July 2016, Josephine Ridge, former director of the Melbourne Festival. She programs her first Luminato festival in 2017, Luminato receives funding from sponsors, private donors, ticket sales, and various government agencies. In 2005, the Ontario Government committed $1 million in funding, in 2008, the Ontario Government announced a series of strategic investments in the provinces cultural industry. In 2007, LOréal was announced as Luminatos exclusive presenting partner and this partnership has since been presented under the banner Luminato /LOréal, Partners in Creativity. ”
35.
Nuit Blanche
–
Nuit Blanche, All-Nighter, is an annual all-night or night-time arts festival. The Nuit Blanche concept came from Jean Blaise, who founded the Centre de recherche pour le développement culturel in Nantes, France, in 1984. His concept was to have a festival in Nantes,6 p. m. till 6 am. They were as follows, Barcelona, 15–20 Oct.1990, St. Petersburg, 14–19 Oct.1991 Buenos Aires, 19–24 Oct.1992 Naples, 18–23 Oct.1993 Cairo, 17–22 Oct.1994 Havana, 16–21 Oct.1995. In 1993, a year and a half after the St, the expanded White Nights Festival has included pop culture in 2007 and high culture events every year since 1993. In 2001, when Bertrand Delanoë became Mayor of Paris, his deputy, Christophe Girard, invited Blaise to create an event there, the concept of Les Allumées was scaled down to a single night and focused on the offerings of Paris. The cities share their experiences and exchange projects and artists, each year, new cities become candidates. This first Melbourne White Night saw an estimated 300,000 people attend, exceeding initial estimates, in the capital of Colombia, Bogota, the Noche en Blanco was made between 2013 and 2015
36.
WorldPride
–
WorldPride, organised by InterPride, is an event that promotes lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender issues on an international level through parades, festivals and other cultural activities. From 2014, the 45th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots, the event will be held on a five-year cycle, the inaugural WorldPride was held in Rome in 2000. The second WorldPride was awarded to Jerusalem in 2006, WorldPride 2012 was awarded to London and coincides with the 19th Annual Europride. The selection of WorldPride 2014 was chosen on October 18,2009, the host cities are selected by InterPride, an international association of pride coordinators, at its annual general meeting. The event was put on by the Italian gay rights group Mario Mieli along with InterPride, hours after his announcement, Rutelli mostly reversed himself in response to harsh criticism from the left. He restored the funding and promised to help with permits, the event was staunchly opposed by Pope John Paul II and seen as an infringement on the numerous Catholic pilgrims visiting Rome for the Catholic Churchs Great Jubilee. The organisers claimed 250,000 people joined in the march to the Colosseum and it was one of the biggest crowds to gather in Rome for decades. Among the scheduled events were conferences, a show, a large parade, a leather dance. The first attempt to hold WorldPride in Jerusalem was in 2005 and it was called “Love Without Borders” as a nod to the many barriers within Israel, and for gays and lesbians in other ways. World Pride was a key project of Jerusalem’s Open House, the gay community centre. As WorldPride started in 2006, the parade was scheduled for August 6. However, due to the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, Jerusalems government cancelled the march, a week of events took place as scheduled and included five conferences, a film festival, exhibitions, and literary and political events. The parade was cancelled but the Jerusalem Open House announced that it would hold a parade on November 10 after reaching an agreement with the police, Pride London planned a parade with floats, a large performance area in Trafalgar Square with street parties in Golden Square and Soho. Pride London organisers had failed to secure the necessary for contractors of key areas of the work. The London Evening Standard reported that four contractors from the previous years Pride event were owed £65,000 in unpaid debts, consequently, the entertainment and stages were all cut, and licence applications for street parties in Soho withdrawn. Instead, the event plans included a Pride Walk, and a rally in Trafalgar Square. Peter Tatchell and former Pride London Associate Director James-J Walsh in an article for PinkNews criticised the management of Pride Londons management of World Pride, Tatchell said Whatever the rights and wrongs, this scaling down of WorldPride is a huge embarrassment for London and for our LGBT community. We promised LGBT people world-wide a fabulous, spectacular event and it now looks like WorldPride in London will go down in history as a damp squib
37.
Zinc
–
Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table, in some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium, both elements exhibit only one normal oxidation state, and the Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions are of similar size. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in Earths crust and has five stable isotopes, the most common zinc ore is sphalerite, a zinc sulfide mineral. The largest workable lodes are in Australia, Asia, and the United States, Zinc is refined by froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using electricity. Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the 12th century in India and was unknown to Europe until the end of the 16th century, the mines of Rajasthan have given definite evidence of zinc production going back to the 6th century BC. To date, the oldest evidence of pure zinc comes from Zawar, in Rajasthan, alchemists burned zinc in air to form what they called philosophers wool or white snow. The element was named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke. German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is credited with discovering pure metallic zinc in 1746, work by Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta uncovered the electrochemical properties of zinc by 1800. Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of iron is the application for zinc. Other applications are in batteries, small non-structural castings. A variety of compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate, zinc chloride, zinc pyrithione, zinc sulfide. Zinc is an essential mineral perceived by the public today as being of exceptional biologic and public health importance, Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases. In children, deficiency causes growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center are widespread in biochemistry, such as alcohol dehydrogenase in humans. Consumption of excess zinc can cause ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency, Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish.6 pm. The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 °C, above 210 °C, the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating. Zinc is a conductor of electricity. For a metal, zinc has relatively low melting and boiling points, the melting point is the lowest of all the transition metals aside from mercury and cadmium. Many alloys contain zinc, including brass, Other metals long known to form binary alloys with zinc are aluminium, antimony, bismuth, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, tin, magnesium, cobalt, nickel, tellurium, and sodium
38.
Plinth
–
In architecture, a plinth is the base or platform upon which a column, pedestal, statue, monument or structure rests. Gottfried Sempers The Four Elements of Architecture posited that the plinth, the hearth, the roof, the plinth usually rests directly on the ground or stylobate. According to Semper, the plinth exists to negotiate between a structure and the ground, Sempers theory has been influential in the development of architecture. Many houses in rural areas of Bangladesh are built on plinths. The word is used for the base of a cabinet or an audio turntable. In dam engineering, the plinth is the link between the ground and the dam, for the case of arch dams, the term is changed to pulvino
39.
Sam the Record Man
–
Sam the Record Man was a Canadian record store chain that, at one time, was Canadas largest music recording retailer. In 1982, its ads proclaimed that it had 140 locations and its iconic flagship store was located at 259 Yonge Street in 1959 and moved to 347 Yonge Street two years later, remaining there from 1961 until it closed in 2007. The Yonge Street store was the best known store in the Sam the Record Man chain of 140 locations across Canada, Sams became a popular attraction, drawing people into its selection of records, and later cassettes and compact disks. It flourished in the Downtown Toronto area, quickly gaining notoriety, what started as a single storefront had evolved into an entire block completely dedicated to the Sam the Record Man store. For several years, the store went into competition with the popular A&A Records flagship store, just up the street. The building was demolished over a period of two years, from 2009 until 2011 and it is part of the site on which the Ryerson University Student Learning Centre was built. The stores iconic neon sign is to be restored and installed in a new location overlooking nearby Yonge-Dundas Square, one independent franchise store, in Belleville, Ontario, continues to bear the Sam the Record Man name. The chain was launched in 1937 by Sam Sniderman and Sidney Sniderman, as a department in his familys existing store, Sniderman Radio Sales & Service. In the late 1950s a second store was opened on Yonge Street, on Labour Day 1961, the new store moved north to its location at 347 Yonge Street where it became a Toronto landmark. Eventually the original College Street location was closed, the flagship store of the competing A&A Records chain was located nearby at 351 Yonge Street. Steeles Tavern, n popular nighclub and live venue, was between the two stores at 349 Yonge Street until it closed in 1974. The Yonge Street location was noted for its kitschy signage. With Sam the Record Man growing rapidly, the added the first of two spinning records that would later become its trademark. The first record, added at 347 Yonge Street, was designed by the Markle Brothers in 1969-70, the second sign was added in 1987, just north of the original, at 349 Yonge Street. It was designed by Claude Neon Inc, in that same year, the letters spelling out SAM were added above the records, as was the lower signage that read Yes this is SAM the Record Man. The insert in the middle of the records reading Thats Entertainment was also added at this time and its first neon signage included the stores address in large neon 347 numbers vertically aligned between two windows. On the left side was a made from neon. On the far right was a neon multi-sectioned triangle similar to the one on top of the Canada Life Building, in the late 1960s, the iconic spinning record replaced the previous neon signs, with the second neon record being added in the mid 1980s
40.
Toronto Parking Authority
–
The Toronto Parking Authority or Green P is a public corporation owned by the City of Toronto, Canada. TPA was established in 1998 with the merger of parking operations in the cities of Toronto, York, Etobicoke, Scarborough, North York, the bulk of the operations was from the old Parking Authority of Toronto, established in the old city of Toronto in 1952. According to the City of Toronto website in 2016, the TPA operates 186 municipal parking lots containing about 34,000 spaces,22 of these lots accounting for approximately 10,500 spaces are garages. The remaining 23,500 spaces are contained in approximately 163 surface lots, Parking lots that are operated by the Toronto Parking Authority are marked with green signs with their signature P in the middle, hence, Green P parking. In late 2005 and throughout 2006, the TPA began the process of automating many of their surface carparks, notably Carparks 5,12,39,49, equipping these carparks allows the TPA to operate these lots on a 24-hour basis. They are operated by cashiers during the day during peak business hours, the exit pay stations accept coins and credit cards only as a method of payment. By September 2006, Carpark 29 will become an automated parking garage where customers make payments at the designated pay stations rather than to the cashiers. Automating the car parks has reduced the need for student staff. Maurice Andersons tenure as president of the Toronto Parking Authority ended in 2007, on April 30,2007, Gwyn Thomas was appointed the new president. The TPA splits its operations in two - On Street Parking and Off Street Parking, off street parking are usually major lots built in commercials districts and strips where the amount of parking demanded exceeds the spaces available on the street. Major parking lots are usually attended by cashiers to collect payment, in parking lots where turnover generally isnt high and revenue is low to moderate, customers must purchase tickets from pay and display machines and place them in their dashboard. Enforcement of parking the TPAs lots are carried out by their own enforcement officers or Taggers, customers who fail to pay or park longer for the amount of time that they purchase are issued a one-time Courtesy Envelope. If they are found to be violating the parking, they are automatically issued $30 police tags, Parking enforcement officers are members of the Toronto Police Service
41.
Green room
–
The origin of the term is often ascribed to such rooms historically being painted green. The modern green room is not green at all. The specific origin of the term is lost to history, which has led to many imaginative theories, one story is that Londons Blackfriars Theatre included a room behind the scenes, which happened to be painted green, here the actors waited to go on stage. It was called the green room, some English theatres contained several green rooms, each ranked according to the status and the salary of the actor, one could be fined for using a green room above ones station. Some theories have attempted to identify specific historical origins for the term, for example, Richard Southern, in his studies of Medieval theatre in the round, states that in this period the acting area was called The Green. This central space, often grass-covered, was used by the actors, while the surrounding space, from this source then The Green has been a traditional actors term for the stage. Even in proscenium arch theatres there was a tradition that a stage cloth should be used for a tragedy. The green room could thus be considered the room on the way to the green/stage. Technical staff at some West End theatres still refer to the stage as the green, in Shakespeares day, the actors waited in a tiring house, probably because actors were attired in this space. Here it is mentioned by Peter Quince as he plans for his troupe to rehearse in the woods, QUINCE, Pat, pat. This green plot shall be our stage, this hawthorn-brake our tiring-house and it is possible that green room might be a corruption of scene room, the room where scenery was stored which doubled as the actors waiting and warm-up room. In his Life of Samuel Johnson, James Boswell mentions visits by his subject to the Green Room at the Drury Lane Theatre. Thomas Shadwells Restoration comedy, A True Widow, mentions in Act Four, Stanmore, No madam, Selfish, the term green room is mentioned in Colley Cibbers Love Makes a Man. I do know London pretty well, and the Side-box, Sir, and behind the Scenes, ay, and the Green-Room, and all the Girls and Women~Actresses there. In the Jane Austen novel Mansfield Park, when the Bertram children convert the billiard room into a theatre, Tom Bertram notes and it seems to join the billiard room on purpose. In the 1853 Charlotte Brontë novel Villette the narrator refers to the green-room when preparing for a performance in an amateur play, jerome K. Jeromes first book comically describes his stint in English theatre during the late 1870s. There never had been a green room, I never saw a green room, except in a play, though I was always on the lookout for it. The green room is mentioned in the Sherlock Holmes short story The Man with the Twisted Lip by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, when an actor I had, of course, learned all the secrets of making up, and had been famous in the green-room for my skill
42.
Water treatment
–
Water treatment is any process that makes water more acceptable for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. Substances that are removed during the process of drinking water treatment include suspended solids, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, measures taken to ensure water quality not only relate to the treatment of the water, but to its conveyance and distribution after treatment. It is therefore common practice to keep residual disinfectants in the water to kill bacteriological contamination during distribution. World Health Organization guidelines are a set of standards intended to apply where better local standards are not implemeted. More rigorous standards apply across Europe, the USA and in most other developed countries, followed throughout the world for drinking water quality requirements. Disinfection for killing bacteria viruses and other pathogens, technologies for potable water and other uses are well developed, and generalized designs are available from which treatment processes can be selected for pilot testing on the specific source water. In addition, a number of companies provide patented technological solutions for treatment of specific contaminants. Automation of water and waste-water treatment is common in the developed world, source water quality through the seasons, scale and environmental impact can dictate capital costs and operating costs. End use of the treated water dictates the necessary quality monitoring technologies, biological processes can be employed in the treatment of wastewater and these processes may include, for example, aerated lagoons, activated sludge or slow sand filters. To be effective, sewage must be conveyed to a treatment plant by appropriate pipes and infrastructure, some wastewaters require different and sometimes specialized treatment methods. At the simplest level, treatment of sewage and most wastewaters is carried out through separation of solids from liquids, by progressively converting dissolved material into solids, usually a biological floc, which is then settled out, an effluent stream of increasing purity is produced. Two of the processes of industrial water treatment are boiler water treatment. A lack of water treatment can lead to the reaction of solids and bacteria within pipe work. Steam boilers can suffer from scale or corrosion when left untreated, scale deposits can lead to weak and dangerous machinery, while additional fuel is required to heat the same level of water because of the rise in thermal resistance. Poor quality dirty water can become a ground for bacteria such as Legionella causing a risk to public health. With the proper treatment, a significant proportion of industrial on-site wastewater might be reusable, corrosion in low pressure boilers can be caused by dissolved oxygen, acidity and excessive alkalinity
