1.
Shibuya
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Shibuya is a special ward in Tokyo, Japan. As of May 1,2016, it has an population of 221,801. The total area is 15.11 km², the name Shibuya is also used to refer to the shopping district which surrounds Shibuya Station, one of Tokyos busiest railway stations. This area is known as one of the centers of Japan, particularly for young people. Shibuya was historically the site of a castle in which the Shibuya family resided from the 11th century through the Edo period. Following the opening of the Yamanote Line in 1885, Shibuya began to emerge as a terminal for southwestern Tokyo and eventually as a major commercial. The village of Shibuya was incorporated in 1889 by the merger of the villages of Kami-Shibuya, Naka-Shibuya and Shimo-Shibuya within Minami-Toshima County, the village covered the territory of modern-day Shibuya Station area as well as the Hiroo, Daikanyama, Aoyama and Ebisu areas. Shibuya became a town in 1909, the town of Shibuya merged with the neighboring towns of Sendagaya and Yoyohata to form Shibuya Ward of Tokyo City in 1932. Tokyo City became Tokyo Metropolis in 1943, and the special ward was established on March 15,1947. A statue of Hachikō was built adjacent to the station, during the occupation of Japan, Yoyogi Park was used as a housing compound for U. S. personnel known as Washington Heights. The U. S. military left in 1964, and much of the park was repurposed as venues for the 1964 Summer Olympics, the ward itself served as part of the athletics 50 km walk and marathon course during the 1964 games. Shibuya has achieved popularity among young people since the early 1980s. There are several famous fashion department stores in Shibuya, Shibuya 109 is a major shopping center near Shibuya Station, particularly famous as the origin of the kogal subculture. Called Ichi-Maru-kyū, which translates as 1–0–9 in Japanese, the name is actually a pun on that of the corporation that owns it — Tōkyū, during the late 1990s, Shibuya also became known as the center of the IT industry in Japan. It was often called Bit Valley in English, a pun on both Bitter Valley, the translation of Shibuya, as well as bit, the computer term for binary digits. Shibuya includes many commercial and residential districts such as Daikanyama, Ebisu, Harajuku, Hiroo, Higashi, Omotesandō, Sendagaya. The mayor is Toshitake Kuwahara, an independent backed by the Liberal Democratic Party, Shibuya mayoral election,2003 Meiji Shrine, Shinto shrine dedicated to the souls of Emperor Meiji and Empress Shōken, surrounded by a 700, 000-square-meter forest. Shinjuku Gyoen, former Imperial gardens now open to the public as a park, Yoyogi Park, once a training base for the Imperial Japanese Army, later the Washington Heights housing area for the Occupation of Japan, then the lodgings for contestants in the Tokyo Olympics
2.
Tokyo
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Tokyo, officially Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous area in the world. It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government, Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Formerly known as Edo, it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters. It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868, Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture and the city of Tokyo. The Tokyo metropolitan government administers the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo, the metropolitan government also administers 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the wards is over 9 million people. The prefecture is part of the worlds most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 37.8 million people, the city hosts 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest number of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked third in the International Financial Centres Development IndexEdit, the city is also home to various television networks such as Fuji TV, Tokyo MX, TV Tokyo, TV Asahi, Nippon Television, NHK and the Tokyo Broadcasting System. Tokyo ranked first in the Global Economic Power Index and fourth in the Global Cities Index. The city is considered a world city – as listed by the GaWCs 2008 inventory – and in 2014. In 2015, Tokyo was named the Most Liveable City in the world by the magazine Monocle, the Michelin Guide has awarded Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked first in the world in the Safe Cities Index, the 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Tokyo as the 3rd-best city in the world to be a university student. Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 1979 G-7 summit, the 1986 G-7 summit, and the 1993 G-7 summit, and will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo was originally known as Edo, which means estuary. During the early Meiji period, the city was also called Tōkei, some surviving official English documents use the spelling Tokei. However, this pronunciation is now obsolete, the name Tokyo was first suggested in 1813 in the book Kondō Hisaku, written by Satō Nobuhiro. When Ōkubo Toshimichi proposed the renaming to the government during the Meiji Restoration, according to Oda Kanshi, Tokyo was originally a small fishing village named Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the twelfth century
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Harajuku Station
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Harajuku Station is a railway station in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company. The station takes its name from the area on its eastern side and this station is served by the circular Yamanote Line. The station consists of an island platform serving two tracks. The main entrance is at the end of the station. A smaller entrance leading to the centre of the platform is convenient for Takeshita Street, Takeshita Street is a popular shopping street and the Takeshita Street entrance to Harajuku Station is often very crowded. This congestion creates a bottleneck on weekends when scores of tourists and locals arrive and leave the areas in. To the north of the station there is a platform serving a loop on the east side of the freight line for use by the Imperial train. The platform has not been used since 2001, in part because the opening of the Shonan-Shinjuku Line has made it difficult to schedule special charters on the Yamanote Line corridor. The points, signals and rails incidental to the platform are in disrepair, platform edge doors were installed on the platforms in November 2014, and brought into operation from December. The station is set to be rebuilt by JR East, in time for the 2020 Summer Olympics and it has not been determined if the old station building at the Takeshita entrance will be retained. The station opened on October 30,1906, in June 2016, JR East announced plans to rebuild the station ahead of the 2020 Olympics in order to alleviate overcrowding. In fiscal 2013, the station was used by an average of 70,866 passengers daily, the daily average passenger figures in previous years are as shown below. Meiji Shrine Yoyogi Park Takeshita Street List of railway stations in Japan Transport in Greater Tokyo Official website
5.
Meiji Shrine
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Meiji Shrine, located in Shibuya, Tokyo, is the Shinto shrine that is dedicated to the deified spirits of Emperor Meiji and his wife, Empress Shōken. The shrine does not contain the grave, which is located at Fushimi-momoyama. After the emperors death in 1912, the Japanese Diet passed a resolution to commemorate his role in the Meiji Restoration, an iris garden in an area of Tokyo where Emperor Meiji and Empress Shōken had been known to visit was chosen as the buildings location. Construction began in 1915 under Itō Chūta, and the shrine was built in the traditional style, using primarily Japanese cypress. The building of the shrine was a project, mobilizing youth groups and other civic associations from throughout Japan. It was formally dedicated in 1920, completed in 1921, until 1946, the Meiji Shrine was officially designated one of the Kanpei-taisha, meaning that it stood in the first rank of government supported shrines. The original building was destroyed during the Tokyo air raids of World War II, the present iteration of the shrine was funded through a public fund raising effort and completed in October 1958. Meiji Shrine is located in a forest that covers an area of 70 hectares and this area is covered by an evergreen forest that consists of 120,000 trees of 365 different species, which were donated by people from all parts of Japan when the shrine was established. The forest is visited by many as a recreation and relaxation area in the center of Tokyo, the treasure museum is built in the Azekurazukuri style. The Gaien is the precinct, which includes the Meiji Memorial Picture Gallery that houses a collection of 80 large murals illustrative of the events in the lives of the Emperor. Today it is used for Shinto weddings as well as meeting rooms rent, Meiji Jingu Stadium List of Shinto shrines List of Jingū Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. OCLC194887 Official English site Requires Flash, Meiji Shrine English map Meiji Shrine Panorama
6.
Powered aircraft
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A powered aircraft is an aircraft that uses onboard propulsion with mechanical power generated by an aircraft engine of some kind. Aircraft propulsion nearly always either a type of propeller, or a form of jet propulsion. Other potential propulsion techniques such as ornithopters are very rarely used, a propeller or airscrew comprises a set of small, wing-like aerofoil blades set around a central hub which spins on an axis aligned in the direction of travel. The blades are set at an angle to the airflow. A tractor design mounts the propeller in front of the power source, although the pusher design allows cleaner airflow over the wing, tractor configuration is more common because it allows cleaner airflow to the propeller and provides a better weight distribution. Contra-rotating propellers have one close behind another on the same axis. A variation on the propeller is to use many broad blades to create a fan, such fans are usually surrounded by a ring-shaped fairing or duct, as ducted fans. Many kinds of plant have been used to drive propellers. The earliest designs used man power to give dirigible balloons some degree of control, attempts to achieve heavier-than-air man-powered flight did not succeed fully until Paul MacCreadys Gossamer Condor in 1977. The first powered flight of an aircraft was made in a steam-powered dirigible by Henri Giffard in 1852, attempts to marry a practical lightweight steam engine to a practical fixed-wing airframe did not succeed until much later, by which time the internal combustion engine was already dominant. The piston engine is used in the majority of smaller aircraft produced, since it is efficient at the lower altitudes. Turbine engines need not be used as jets, but may be geared to drive a propeller in the form of a turboprop, modern helicopters also typically use turbine engines to power the rotor. Turbines provide more power for less weight than piston engines, and are suited to small-to-medium size aircraft or larger. Some turboprop designs mount the propeller directly on a turbine shaft. Other less common sources include, Electric motors, often linked to solar panels to create a solar-powered aircraft. Rubber bands, wound many times to store energy, are used for flying models. Rotorcraft have spinning blades called a rotor which spins in the plane to provide lift. Forward thrust is obtained by angling the rotor disc slightly forward so that a proportion of its lift is directed backwards
7.
Yoshitoshi Tokugawa
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Lieutenant General Baron Yoshitoshi Tokugawa was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army and one of the pioneers of military aviation in Japan. Tokugawa Yoshitoshi was the son of Count Tokugawa Atsumori, through his father, he was the grandnephew of the last Shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu. While his father had created a count in 1884, he had relinquished the title in 1899. Yoshitoshi graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1903, after having specialized in military engineering, in 1909, Tokugawa was sent as a military attaché to France, specifically to study aeronautical engineering and military applications for the use of aircraft in combat. He purchased a Farman III biplane, which he shipped back to Japan, on 5 April 1911, Tokugawa piloted the inaugural flight at Japans first permanent airfield in Tokorozawa. Tokugawa, together with General Hino Kumazo promoted the new technology to the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff, on 23 April 1911, Tokugawa set a Japanese record with a Blériot, flying 48 miles in 1 hour 9 minutes 30 seconds. Tokugawa led the 2nd Air Battalion, was Commanding Officer of the 1st Air Regiment, in 1928, he was created a baron. Tokugawa came to be known in Japan as the Grandfather of Flight He was in the reserve and was recalled for command of the Imperial Army Aviation School in 1945. CLASH OF WINGS, World War II in the Air, taking Flight, Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity through the First World War. The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Air Forces, Alvin Coox Yoshitoshi Tokugawa, early aviator http, //www. rcooper. 0catch. com/etokugaw. htm
8.
Washington Heights (Tokyo)
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Washington Heights was a United States Armed Forces housing complex located in Shibuya, Tokyo during the occupation of Japan by Allied forces. Constructed in 1946, it remained in operation until 1964, by which point all land had been returned to Japanese control, today, the site encompasses Yoyogi Park, Yoyogi National Gymnasium, the NHK Broadcasting Center, and other facilities. Covering an area of 924,000 square meters, Washington Heights was home to 827 housing units for United States Army Air Force and, later and it also hosted support facilities, including schools, churches, theaters, shops, and officers clubs. Japanese citizens were not permitted to enter the area, which was fenced in with multiple gates, Washington Heights was predominantly a middle-class area, although much of Tokyo had been devastated by firebombing during the war. Before the surrender of Japan, the area was used as a ground by the Imperial Japanese Army. The U. S. military ordered the construction of the Washington Heights complex by the Japanese government, although the treaty returned Japanese sovereignty in late April 1952, military forces would remain, including those housed at Washington Heights. This resulted in protests from Japanese university students in early May, the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan, signed in 1960, determined that Washington Heights would remain in operation. The following year, though, the land was deemed necessary for construction of facilities connected with the 1964 Summer Olympics, the transfer was completed in 1964, with the Japanese government bearing the full amount of relocation expenses for U. S. military families moving to Chofu Airport. A number of the military barracks were used as athlete housing during the Games. Other athletes were housed in a newly constructed facility that became the National Olympics Memorial Youth Center. After the Olympics, nearly all the housing was razed, with one house. Washington Heights, Dependents Housing Area by Satoko Akio, ex-GIs Returning To Tokyo Wont Find The Same City They Once Knew. Washington Heights Housing Complex, photos and personal recollections
