1.
Long Beach, CA
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Long Beach is the 36th most populous city in the United States and the 7th most populous in California. It is located on the Pacific Coast of the United States, as of 2010, its population was 462,257. Long Beach is the second largest city in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the Port of Long Beach is the second busiest container port in the United States and is among the worlds largest shipping ports. The city also maintains a progressively declining oil industry with minor wells located both directly beneath the city as well as offshore, manufacturing sectors include those in aircraft, automotive parts, electronic equipment, audiovisual equipment, petrochemicals, precision metals and home furnishings. Long Beach lies in the corner of Los Angeles County. Downtown Long Beach is approximately 22 miles south of Downtown Los Angeles, indigenous people have lived in coastal Southern California for over 10,000 years, and several successive cultures have inhabited the present-day area of Long Beach. By the 16th-century arrival of Spanish explorers, the dominant group were the Tongva people and they had at least three major settlements within the present-day city. Tevaaxaanga was a settlement near the Los Angeles River, while Ahwaanga and Povuunga were coastal villages. Along with other Tongva villages, they were forced to relocate in the century due to missionization, political change. In 1784 the Spanish Empires King Carlos III granted Rancho Los Nietos to Spanish soldier Manuel Nieto, the Rancho Los Cerritos and Rancho Los Alamitos were divided from this territory. The boundary between the two ran through the center of Signal Hill on a southwest to northeast diagonal. A portion of western Long Beach was originally part of the Rancho San Pedro and its boundaries were in dispute for years, due to flooding changing the Los Angeles River boundary, between the ranchos of Juan Jose Dominguez and Manuel Nieto. In 1843 Jonathan Temple bought Rancho Los Cerritos, having arrived in California in 1827 from New England and he built what is now known as the Los Cerritos Ranch House, a still-standing adobe which is a National Historic Landmark. Temple created a cattle ranch and prospered, becoming the wealthiest man in Los Angeles County. Both Temple and his house played important local roles in the Mexican–American War. On an island in the San Pedro Bay, Mormon pioneers made an attempt to establish a colony. Two years previous Flint, Bixby & Co had also purchased along with Northern California associate James Irvine, to manage Rancho Los Cerritos, the company selected Lewellyns brother Jotham Bixby, the Father of Long Beach. Three years later Bixby bought into the property and would form the Bixby Land Company
Long Beach, CA
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Images from top, left to right: Long Beach skyline from Bluff Park,
RMS Queen Mary,
Aquarium of the Pacific Blue Cavern exhibit, Hanjin Terminal at
Port of Long Beach,
Villa Riviera,
Metro Blue Line, Long Beach Lighthouse
Long Beach, CA
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Seal
Long Beach, CA
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Long Beach boardwalk, 1907
Long Beach, CA
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Oil field in Long Beach, 1920
2.
Fanzine
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A fanzine is a nonprofessional and nonofficial publication produced by fans of a particular cultural phenomenon for the pleasure of others who share their interest. The term was coined in an October 1940 science fiction fanzine by Russ Chauvenet, typically, publishers, editors and contributors of articles or illustrations to fanzines receive no financial compensation. Fanzines are traditionally circulated free of charge, or for a nominal cost to defray postage or production expenses, copies are often offered in exchange for similar publications, or for contributions of art, articles, or letters of comment, which are then published. The term fanzine is sometimes confused with fan magazine, but the term most often refers to commercially produced publications for fans. P. These publications were produced first on small tabletop printing presses, often by students, as professional printing technology progressed, so did the technology of fanzines. Early fanzines were hand-drafted or typed on a typewriter and printed using primitive reproduction techniques. Only a very small number of copies could be made at a time, the use of mimeograph machines enabled greater press runs, and the photocopier increased the speed and ease of publishing once more. Today, thanks to the advent of publishing and self-publication. When Hugo Gernsback published the first scientifiction magazine, Amazing Stories in 1926, by 1927 readers, often young adults, would write to each other, bypassing the magazine. Science fiction fanzines had their beginnings in Serious & Constructive correspondence, fans finding themselves writing the same letter to several correspondents sought to save themselves a lot of typing by duplicating their letters. Early efforts included simple carbon copies but that proved insufficient, the first science fiction fanzine, The Comet, was published in 1930 by the Science Correspondence Club in Chicago and edited by Raymond A. Palmer and Walter Dennis. The term fanzine was coined by Russ Chauvenet in the October 1940 edition of his fanzine Detours, fanzines were distinguished from prozines, that is, all professional magazines. Prior to that, the fan publications were known as fanmags or letterzines, Science fiction fanzines used a variety of printing methods. Typewriters, school dittos, church mimeos and multi-color letterpress or other mid-to-high level printing, some fans wanted their news spread, others reveled in the artistry and beauty of fine printing. The hectograph, introduced around 1876, was so named because it could produce up to a hundred copies, hecto used an aniline dye, transferred to a tray of gelatin, and paper would be placed on the gel, one sheet at a time, for transfer. Messy and smelly, the process could create vibrant colors for the few copies produced, the next small but significant technological step after hecto is the spirit duplicator, essentially the hectography process using a drum instead of the gelatin. Introduced by Ditto Corporation in 1923, these machines were known for the six decades as Ditto Machines and used by fans because they were cheap to use. The mimeograph machine, which forced ink through a wax paper stencil cut by the keys of a typewriter, was the standard for many decades, a second-hand mimeo could print hundreds of copies and print in color
Fanzine
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Fanzines
Fanzine
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Horrors of the Screen #3, 1964
Fanzine
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British punk fanzines from the 1970s.
3.
Photocopier
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A photocopier is a machine that makes paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply. Heat, pressure or a combination of both is used to fuse the toner onto the paper. Earlier versions included the Gestetner stencil duplicator, invented by David Gestetner in 1881, xerographic office photocopying was introduced by Xerox in 1959, and it gradually replaced copies made by Verifax, Photostat, carbon paper, mimeograph machines, and other duplicating machines. Photocopying is widely used in the business, education, and government sectors, in the 2010s, there is a convergence in some high-end machines between the roles of a photocopier, a fax machine, a scanner, and a computer network-connected printer into a multi-function printer. As of 2015, some machines can copy and print in color. Chester Carlson, the inventor of photocopying, was originally a patent attorney, as well as a part-time researcher and his job at the patent office in New York required him to make a large number of copies of important papers. Carlson, who was arthritic, found this to be a painful and this motivated him to conduct experiments with photo conductivity. Carlson used his kitchen for his experiments, and, in 1938. He made the first photocopy using a plate covered with sulfur. The words 10-22-38 Astoria were written on a slide, which was placed on top of more sulfur. After the slide was removed, an image of the words remained. Carlson tried to sell his invention to some companies, but failed because the process was still underdeveloped, between 1939 and 1944, Carlson was turned down by over 20 companies, including IBM and General Electric—neither of which believed there was a significant market for copiers. In 1944, the Battelle Memorial Institute, a organization in Columbus, Ohio. Over the next five years, the institute conducted experiments to improve the process of electrophotography, in 1947, Haloid Corporation approached Battelle to obtain a license to develop and market a copying machine based on this technology. Haloid felt that the word electrophotography was too complicated and did not have good recall value, Haloid called the new copier machines Xerox Machines and, in 1948, the word Xerox was trademarked. Haloid eventually changed its name to Xerox Corporation, in 1949, Xerox Corporation introduced the first xerographic copier called the Model A. Xerox became so successful that, in North America, photocopying came to be known as xeroxing. Xerox has actively fought to prevent Xerox from becoming a genericized trademark, some languages include hybrid terms, such as the widely used Polish term kserokopia, even though relatively few photocopiers are of the Xerox brand
Photocopier
–
A
Xerox photocopier in 2010
Photocopier
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DADF or Duplex Automatic Document feeder - Canon IR6000
4.
Profit (economics)
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Profit or normal profit is a component of costs and not a component of business profit at all. It represents the opportunity cost, as the time that the owner spends running the firm could be spent on running a different firm. In other words, the cost of normal profit varies both within and across industries, it is commensurate with the associated with each type of investment. Only normal profits arise in circumstances of perfect competition when long-run economic equilibrium is reached, the same is likewise true of the long run equilibria of monopolistically competitive industries and, more generally, any market which is held to be contestable. Normally, a firm that introduces a differentiated product can initially secure a temporary power for a short while. At this stage, the price the consumer must pay for the product is high. When this finally occurs, all monopoly associated with producing and selling the product disappears. Profit can, however, occur in competitive and contestable markets in the short run, economic profit is, however, much more prevalent in uncompetitive markets such as in a perfect monopoly or oligopoly situation. This allows the firm to set a price which is higher than that which would be found in a similar but more competitive industry, allowing them economic profit in both the long and short run. In a single-goods case, an economic profit happens when the firms average cost is less than the price of the product or service at the profit-maximizing output. The economic profit is equal to the quantity of output multiplied by the difference between the average cost and the price, often, governments will try to intervene in uncompetitive markets to make them more competitive. Antitrust or competition laws were created to prevent powerful firms from using their power to artificially create the barriers to entry they need to protect their economic profits. This includes the use of predatory pricing toward smaller competitors, with lower barriers, new firms can enter the market again, making the long run equilibrium much more like that of a competitive industry, with no economic profit for firms. For example, the old AT&T monopoly, which existed before the courts ordered its breakup, had to get government approval to raise its prices. Though a regulated firm will not have a profit as large as it would in an unregulated situation. The social profit from a firms activities is the normal profit plus or minus any externalities or consumer surpluses that occur in its activity, a firm may report relatively large monetary profits, but by creating negative externalities their social profit could be relatively small. Profitability is a term of economic efficiency, mathematically it is a relative index – a fraction with profit as numerator and generating profit flows or assets as denominator. It is a standard economic assumption that, other things being equal, given that profit is defined as the difference in total revenue and total cost, a firm achieves a maximum by operating at the point where the difference between the two is at its greatest
Profit (economics)
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Only in the short run can a firm in a perfectly competitive market make an economic profit.
5.
Subcultures
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As early as 1950, David Riesman distinguished between a majority, which passively accepted commercially provided styles and meanings, and a subculture which actively sought a minority style. And interpreted it in accordance with subversive values, in his 1979 book Subculture, The Meaning of Style, Dick Hebdige argued that a subculture is a subversion to normalcy. He wrote that subcultures can be perceived as due to their nature of criticism to the dominant societal standard. Hebdige argued that subcultures bring together like-minded individuals who feel neglected by societal standards, in 2007, Ken Gelder proposed to distinguish subcultures from countercultures based on the level of immersion in society. As Cohen clarifies, every subculture’s style, consisting of image, demeanour, 2) Subcultures and resistance - In the work of John Clarke, Stuart Hall, Tony Jefferson and Brian Roberts of the Birmingham CCCS, subcultures are interpreted as forms of resistance. Society is seen as being divided into two classes, the working class and the middle class, each with its own class culture. Yet the cultural industry is capable of re-absorbing the components of such a style. 3) Subcultures and distinction - The most recent interpretations see subcultures as forms of distinction, the very idea of a unique, internally homogeneous, dominant culture is explicitly criticized. Thus forms of individual involvement in subcultures are fluid and gradual, differentiated according to each actor’s investment, Dick Hebdige writes that members of a subculture often signal their membership through a distinctive and symbolic use of style, which includes fashions, mannerisms and argot. In some instances, subcultures have been legislated against, and their activities regulated or curtailed, british youth subcultures had been described as a moral problem that ought to be handled by the guardians of the dominant culture within the post-war consensus. It may be difficult to identify certain subcultures because their style may be adopted by mass culture for commercial purposes, businesses often seek to capitalize on the subversive allure of subcultures in search of Cool, which remains valuable in the selling of any product. This process of cultural appropriation may often result in the death or evolution of the subculture, some subcultures reject or modify the importance of style, stressing membership through the adoption of an ideology which may be much more resistant to commercial exploitation. The punk subcultures distinctive style of clothing was adopted by mass-market fashion companies once the subculture became a media interest, objects borrowed from the most sordid of contexts found a place in punks ensembles, lavatory chains were draped in graceful arcs across chests in plastic bin liners. Safety pins were taken out of their domestic utility context and worn as gruesome ornaments through the cheek, fragments of school uniform were symbolically defiled and juxtaposed against leather drains or shocking pink mohair tops. In 1985, French sociologist Michel Maffesoli coined the term urban tribe and it gained widespread use after the publication of his Le temps des tribus, le déclin de lindividualisme dans les sociétés postmodernes. Eight years later, this book was published in the United Kingdom as The Time of the Tribes, according to Maffesoli, urban tribes are microgroups of people who share common interests in urban areas. The members of these small groups tend to have similar worldviews, dress styles. Their social interactions are largely informal and emotionally laden, different from late capitalisms corporate-bourgeoisie cultures, Maffesoli claims that punks are a typical example of an urban tribe
Subcultures
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Members of the seminal
punk rock band
Ramones wearing early
punk fashion items such as
Converse sneakers, black
leather jackets and blue
jeans.
Subcultures
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Sociology
Subcultures
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Trekkies are a subculture of
Star Trek fans.
Subcultures
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Potato chip packages featuring
hip hop subcultural designs in a case of mainstream commercial cultural merging
6.
DIY ethic
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DIY ethic refers to the ethic of self-sufficiency through completing tasks without the aid of a paid expert. Literally meaning do it yourself, the DIY ethic promotes the idea that anyone is capable of performing a variety of rather than relying on paid specialists. The DIY ethic requires that the adherent seeks out the required to complete a given task. The term can refer to a variety of disciplines, including home improvement, rather than belittling or showing disdain for those who engage in manual labor or skilled crafts, DIY champions the average individual seeking such knowledge and expertise. In the punk subculture, the DIY ethic is tied to punk ideology and it espouses the rejection of consumer culture, using existing systems or existing processes that would foster dependence on established societal structures. According to the aesthetic, one can express oneself and produce moving. Arguably the earliest example of this attitude was the music scene of the 1970s. Since many venues tend to shy away from experimental music, houses. Riot Grrrl, associated with feminism, also adopted the core values of the DIY punk ethic by leveraging creative ways of communication through zines. Adherents of the DIY punk ethic can also work collectively, for example, punk impresario David Fergusons CD Presents was a DIY concert production, recording studio, and record label network. The German punk band Mono für Alle, perfected the mass production of the self-made DIY album. Their album included a wooden cover and sold over 6000 units from their website. The DIY punk ethic also applies to simple living, such as. Sewing, repairing, or modifying clothing rather than buying new clothes, reclaiming recyclable products by dumpster diving. Some educators also engage in DIY teaching techniques, sometimes referred to as Edupunk, DIY music has its origins in the mid 1970s punk rock scene. It developed as a way to circumnavigate the mainstream music industry, in 2014, speaking about the 80s and 90s, Steve Albini told of the difficulties of getting record and played on the radio, saying So these independent bands had to be resourceful. They’d built their own infrastructure of independent clubs, promoters, fanzines, DIY music bands do everything themselves or with independent collaborators, from album production to marketing and communication. This choice primarily reflects a need to emphasize its independence in relation to big record labels, advances in technology and lowering costs have progressively made it easier for bands to be independent
DIY ethic
–
Boy building a model airplane
DIY ethic
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Art
7.
Comics
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Comics is a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images, often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing, cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics, fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comic albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century. The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures, scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe, histories of Japanese comics and cartooning propose origins as early as the 12th century. Comics has had a reputation for much of its history. The English term comics is used as a noun when it refers to the medium. Though the term derives from the work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult, examples of early comics The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Japan had a prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825, the most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. American comics developed out of magazines as Puck, Judge. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcaults The Yellow Kid, early Sunday strips were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fishers Mutt and Jeff. In Britain, the Amalgamated Press established a style of a sequence of images with text beneath them, including Illustrated Chips
Comics
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Manga Hokusai, early 19th century
Comics
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Comics
Comics
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Ally Sloper in Some of the Mysteries of Loan and Discount
Charles Henry Ross, 1867
Comics
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The Yellow Kid R. F. Outcault, 1898
8.
Hardcore punk
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Hardcore punk is a punk rock music genre and subculture that originated in the late 1970s. It is generally faster, harder, and more aggressive than other forms of punk rock, New York punk had a harder-edged sound than its San Francisco counterpart, featuring anti-art expressions of masculine anger, energy and subversive humor. Hardcore punk generally disavows commercialism, the music industry and anything similar to the characteristics of mainstream rock. Hardcore sprouted underground scenes across the United States in the early 1980s, particularly in Washington, New York, New Jersey, and Boston—as well as in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. Hardcore has spawned the straight movement and its associated submovements, hardline. Hardcore was heavily involved with the rise of the independent record labels in the 1980s and it has also influenced various music genres that have experienced widespread commercial success, including alternative rock, thrash metal, emo and metalcore. While traditional hardcore has never experienced mainstream success, some of its early pioneers have garnered appreciation over time. In 2011, Rolling Stone writer David Fricke placed Greg Ginn of Black Flag 99th place in his 100 Greatest Guitarists list, although the music genre started in English-speaking western countries, notable hardcore scenes have existed in Italy, Brazil, Japan, Europe and the Middle East. The origin of the hardcore punk is uncertain. The Vancouver-based band D. O. A. may have helped to popularize the term with the title of their 1981 album, Hardcore 81. C. Hardcore historian Steven Blush said that the term hardcore is also a reference to the sense of being fed up with the existing punk, Blush also states that the term refers to an extreme, the absolute most Punk. One definition of the genre is a form of exceptionally harsh punk rock, like the Oi. subgenre of the UK, hardcore punk can be considered an internal music reaction. According to one writer, distressed by the artificiality of much post-punk, lacking the art-school grace of post-punk, hardcore punk favor low key visual aesthetic over extravagance and breaking with original punk rock song patterns. One of the important philosophies in the scene is authenticity. The pejorative term poseur is applied to those who associate with punk and adopt its stylistic attributes but are deemed not to share or understand the underlying values and philosophy. Joe Keithley, the vocalist of D. O. A. said in an interview, in the vein of earlier punk rock, most hardcore punk bands have followed the traditional singer/guitar/bass/drum format. The songwriting has more emphasis on rather than melody. Critic Steven Blush writes The Sex Pistols were still rocknroll. like the craziest version of Chuck Berry, Hardcore was a radical departure from that
Hardcore punk
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Punk fans burning a United States flag in the 1980s.
Hardcore punk
–
Mike Watt, formerly the bassist for the
Minutemen
Hardcore punk
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UK and US zines
Hardcore punk
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Black Flag performing live in 1984
9.
Fanfiction
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Fan fiction or fanfiction is fiction about characters or settings from an original work of fiction, created by fans of that work rather than by its creator. It is a form of fan labor, particularly since the advent of the Internet. Fan fiction is rarely commissioned or authorized by the works creator or publisher. It may or may not infringe on the authors copyright. Attitudes of authors and copyright owners of original works to fan fiction have ranged from indifference to encouragement to rejection, copyright owners have occasionally responded with legal action. Fan fiction is defined by being related to its subjects canonical fictional universe and simultaneously existing outside it. Most fan fiction writers assume that their work is primarily by other fans. A review of the three largest sites, FanFiction, the term fan fiction has been attested in print as early as 1939, in this earliest known citation, it is used in a disparaging way to refer to amateurish science fiction. The term also appears in the 1944 Fancyclopedia, an encyclopedia of fandom jargon and it is defined there as fiction about fans, or sometimes about pros, and occasionally bringing in some famous characters from stories. The book also mentions that the term is ometimes improperly used to mean fan science fiction, the modern phenomenon of fan fiction as an expression of fandom and fan interaction was popularized and defined via Star Trek fandom and their fanzines published in the 1960s. The first Star Trek fanzine, Spockanalia, contained some fan fiction and these fanzines were produced via offset printing and mimeography, and mailed to other fans or sold at science fiction conventions for a small fee to help recoup costs. Unlike other aspects of fandom, women dominated fan fiction authoring, 83% of Star Trek fan fiction authors were female by 1970, and 90% by 1973. Fan fiction has become popular and widespread since the advent of the World Wide Web, according to one estimate. In addition to traditional fanzines and conventions, Usenet group electronic mailing lists were established for fan fiction as well as fan discussion, Online, searchable fan fiction archives were also established. The online archives were initially non-commercial hand-tended and fandom- or topic-specific and these archives were followed by non-commercial automated databases. In 1998, the not-for-profit site FanFiction. Net came online, One popular example of modern fan fiction is E. L. James Fifty Shades of Grey. This series was written as fan fiction for the Twilight series of books and movies and played off the characters of Bella. In order to not infringe on copyright issues, James changed the names to Anna and Christian for the purposes of her novels
Fanfiction
–
The Star Trek fanzine Spockanalia contained the first fan fiction in the modern sense of the term.
10.
Riot grrrl
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Riot grrrl is an underground feminist punk movement that originated in the early 1990s in Washington state and the greater Pacific Northwest. It also had origins in Washington, D. C and it is a subcultural movement that combines feminist consciousness and punk style and politics. It is often associated with feminism, which is sometimes seen as its starting point. Riot grrrl bands often address issues such as rape, domestic abuse, sexuality, racism, patriarchy, in addition to a music scene and genre, riot grrrl is a subculture involving a DIY ethic, zines, art, political action, and activism. Riot grrrls are known to hold meetings, start chapters, and support, during the late 1970s and early and mid-1980s there were a number of female punk and rock musicians that later influenced the riot grrrl ethos. The 1980s also featured a number of folk singers from New York whose lyrics were realistic and socio-political. In 1987, the magazine Sassy premiered and dealt with subjects that conventional magazines aimed at teenage girls did not. An article Women, sex and rock and roll published by Puncture in 1989 became the first manifesto of the movement, in 1991, a radio program hosted by Lois Maffeo entitled Your Dream Girl aimed at angry young women debuted on Olympia, Washington radio station KAOS. During the early 1990s the Seattle/Olympia Washington area had a sophisticated do it yourself infrastructure, young women involved in underground music scenes took advantage of this to articulate their feminist thoughts and desires through creating punk-rock fanzines and forming garage bands. The political model of collage-based, photocopied handbills and booklets was already used by the movement as a way to activate underground music, leftist politics. There was a discomfort among many women in the movement who felt that they had no space for organizing. Many women found that while they identified with a larger, music-oriented subculture, Women at the punk-rock shows saw themselves as girlfriends of the boys, so they took it upon themselves to represent their own interests by making their own fanzines, music and art. Young feminist voices were heard through multiple protests, actions, and events such as the opening night of the International Pop Underground Convention. Uses and meanings of the riot grrrl developed slowly over time. Bratmobile member Jen Smith, used the phrase girl riot in a letter to Allison Wolfe describing the atmosphere among women in the city. Riot grrrls took a double or triple r, placing it in the word girl. Although theyre known for frequently denying exclusive credit for the movement, Kathleen Hanna had been studying at The Evergreen State College in Olympia. She participated in a collective art gallery called Reko Muse
Riot grrrl
–
Allison Wolfe,
Anna Oxygen and
Jen Smith at a 2011 conference
Riot grrrl
–
Kathleen Hanna of Bikini Kill in 1996
Riot grrrl
–
Carrie Brownstein of Excuse 17 and Sleater-Kinney
11.
Feminism
–
Feminism is a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal, to define and advance political, economic, personal, and social rights for women. This includes seeking to establish opportunities for women in education. Feminists have also worked to promote autonomy and integrity, and to protect women and girls from rape, sexual harassment. Numerous feminist movements and ideologies have developed over the years and represent different viewpoints, some forms of feminism have been criticized for taking into account only white, middle class, and educated perspectives. This criticism led to the creation of specific or multicultural forms of feminism, including black feminism. Charles Fourier, a Utopian Socialist and French philosopher, is credited with having coined the word féminisme in 1837, depending on the historical moment, culture and country, feminists around the world have had different causes and goals. Most western feminist historians assert that all working to obtain womens rights should be considered feminist movements. Other historians assert that the term should be limited to the modern feminist movement and those historians use the label protofeminist to describe earlier movements. The history of the modern western feminist movements is divided into three waves, each wave dealt with different aspects of the same feminist issues. The first wave comprised womens suffrage movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the second wave was associated with the ideas and actions of the womens liberation movement beginning in the 1960s. The second wave campaigned for legal and social equality for women, the third wave is a continuation of, and a reaction to, the perceived failures of second-wave feminism, beginning in the 1990s. First-wave feminism was a period of activity during the 19th century, in the UK and US, it focused on the promotion of equal contract, marriage, parenting, and property rights for women. This was followed by Australia granting female suffrage in 1902, in 1928 this was extended to all women over 21. In the U. S. notable leaders of this movement included Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, anthony, who each campaigned for the abolition of slavery prior to championing womens right to vote. These women were influenced by the Quaker theology of spiritual equality, in the United States, first-wave feminism is considered to have ended with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, granting women the right to vote in all states. During the late Qing period and reform movements such as the Hundred Days Reform, Chinese feminists called for womens liberation from traditional roles, later, the Chinese Communist Party created projects aimed at integrating women into the workforce, and claimed that the revolution had successfully achieved womens liberation. According to Nawar al-Hassan Golley, Arab feminism was closely connected with Arab nationalism, in 1899, Qasim Amin, considered the father of Arab feminism, wrote The Liberation of Women, which argued for legal and social reforms for women. He drew links between womens position in Egyptian society and nationalism, leading to the development of Cairo University, in 1923 Hoda Shaarawi founded the Egyptian Feminist Union, became its president and a symbol of the Arab womens rights movement
Feminism
–
International Women's Day rally in
Dhaka, Bangladesh, on 8 March 2005, organized by the National Women Workers Trade Union Centre
Feminism
–
Feminist Suffrage Parade in New York City, 6 May 1912
Feminism
–
After selling her home,
Emmeline Pankhurst, pictured in New York City in 1913, travelled constantly, giving speeches throughout Britain and the United States.
Feminism
–
Louise Weiss along with other Parisian
suffragettes in 1935. The newspaper headline reads "The Frenchwoman Must Vote."
12.
Giant Robot (magazine)
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Giant Robot was a bi-monthly magazine of Asian and Asian American popular culture founded in Southern California in 1994. The publication grew from its original format—a small, photocopied zine, Giant Robot was one of the earliest American publications to feature prominent Asian film stars such as Chow Yun-fat and Jet Li, as well as Asian musicians from indie and punk rock bands. The coverage later expanded into art, design, Asian American issues, travel, the success of the commercial website enabled the establishment of a brick-and-mortar retail store in 2001, first in Los Angeles and later in San Francisco. A third store, called GR2, was opened in Los Angeles, Giant Robot further expanded to a fourth store in New York City, and a fifth in Silverlake, as well as a restaurant called gr/eats, also in Los Angeles. The GR2, San Francisco, and New York locations feature monthly art exhibitions from up and coming, in 2007, Giant Robot published its 50th issue and celebrated with an art exhibition at the Japanese American National Museum titled, Giant Robot Biennale,50 Issues. A follow-up exhibition entitled Giant Robot Biennale 2,15 Years was held at the museum in 2009, Nakamura and Wong are featured on the DVD release of the collection of animated short films The Animatrix, discussing anime in the Making of the Animatrix documentary. As of 2009, the Silverlake store has closed, the New York store closed in 2010 and the San Francisco store closed in 2011. Currently, Giant Robot has an association with Lost Weekend Video in the Mission District of San Francisco where they opened a pop-up shop. In 2010, Giant Robot presented Zen Garage at the Japanese American National Museum featuring the Scion xb Famicom Car designed by Eric Nakamura, the last issue of the magazine, #68, was released in February 2011 featuring the work of Luke Chueh on the cover. Also in 2011, Giant Robot launched their new website and updates content including articles, video, on September 22,2012, Eric Nakamura curated Giant Robot Biennale 3 at the Japanese American National Museum. The opening night brought in over 1500 people, the exhibition features the works of Rob Sato, Deth P. Sun, Ako Castuera, Eishi Takaoka, Saelee Oh, Sean Chao, Albert Reyes, and Zach Gage. Special additions to the include a original piece from Japanese painter Masakatsu Sashie as well as arcade machines running Jeni Yang and Beau Blyth’s new indie video game. On April 19,2014, Eric Nakamura and Carin Adams curated SuperAwesome, Art, the exhibition ran until June 27,2014. On April 18,2015, Eric Nakamura curated Samurai. at Worcester Art Museum in Worcester, the exhibition features samurai armor and contemporary art. Artists include, Murals by Andrew Hem, Mari Inukai, the exhibition will run until September 6,2015. org Interview of Eric Nakamura and Martin Wong UCLA International Institute Eric Nakamura interview Nylon magazine Eric Nakamura interview G4TV
Giant Robot (magazine)
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Issue #41
13.
Dazed
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Dazed is a monthly British style magazine founded in 1991. Its founding editors were Jefferson Hack and fashion photographer Rankin and it covers music, fashion, film, art, and literature. Beginning as a black-and-white folded poster published sporadically, the magazine soon turned full colour, in 1999 Dazed Film & TV was founded, a production company that would produce the first masthead television broadcast ever, the one-hour special Renegade TV Gets Dazed, for Channel 4. In 2001 the Dazed Group, as it styled itself, launched the luxury biannual AnOther Magazine, in 2005 the Group launched Another Man, a biannual fashion title for men. In November 2006, Dazed launched a new web based strand of the magazine titled Dazed Digital, on 16 May 2008, Dazed & Confused Korea published its first issue. Official website The digital edition of Dazed Dazed magazine audit
Dazed
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DAZED A/W 15 COVER
Dazed
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Dazed
14.
Bust (magazine)
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BUST is a womens lifestyle magazine that is published six times a year. The magazine is published by Debbie Stoller and Laurie Henzel, BUST covers music, news, crafts, art, sex, and fashion from an independent, third wave feminist perspective. The magazines slogan is For women with something to get off their chest, Bust magazine promotes a balance of contributing to consumerism as well as encouragement of independence from consumerism. The magazine also features articles on issues about sex in which they encourage women to embrace their sexuality, BUST was founded in New York City in 1993 by Stoller, Henzel, and Marcelle Karp. The trio founded BUST after meeting at Nickelodeon, they wanted to create a positive and she said the women she knew who read the Cosmos of the world always ended up feeling bad afterward. They support very stereotypical ideas about women, BUST started off as a zine, with Stoller, Henzel, and Karp photocopying, stapling, and distributing the issues themselves after work and on weekends. After receiving positive feedback on their zine, Stoller, Henzel, Stoller named the magazine BUST because she wanted a name that was provocative, funny, and also sexy. BUST was purchased by Razorfish Studios in August 2000, one later, after September 11. Stoller and Henzel later bought BUST back from Razorfish Studios, Bust magazine currently has apps available on Google Play and the Apple App Store. BUST sponsors the Holiday Craftacular, a craft fair in New York City that began in December 2005. The fierce, funny, and feminist women at Bust Magazine started an annual indie, there are additional events in London, Los Angeles, and Boston. They have received different awards for being a celebration of DIY culture that displays the work of all over the United States. The events are intended to bring the feminist community together and also food, giveaways. The 10th annual Bust Craftacular 2015 was in Brooklyn, New York and was at the Brooklyn Expo Center, on July 25,2013 Bust held The Bust Magazine 20th Anniversary Extravaganza in Brooklyn, New York. To commemorate the magazines 20th anniversary, they held the Golden Bra Awards, Busts DIY Guide to Life consists of more than 250 of the best DIY projects from the magazines then 15 years of publication. There is DIY guide to a range of things from gardening, to weddings. It is organized by the categories, beauty and health, fashion, food and entertainment, career, finance, travel and it is a DIY encyclopedia formulated to assist in empowering women with practical ideas for do it yourself projects. The founders of Bust, Stoller and Henzel are the authors of The Bust Guide to the New Girl Order which was published on August 1,1999, the book has eight topics on female issues and comprising the best writings from the magazine
Bust (magazine)
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Bust
15.
Bitch (magazine)
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Bitch is an independent, quarterly magazine published in Portland, Oregon. Its tagline is a feminist response to pop culture, Bitch is published by the non-profit Bitch Media feminist media organization, dedicated to providing and encouraging an engaged, thoughtful feminist response to mainstream media and popular culture. The magazine includes analysis of current political events, social and cultural trends, television shows, movies, books, music, advertising, today, in addition to the quarterly magazine, they publish daily online articles, and weekly podcasts. In 2001, a loan from San Franciscos Independent Press Association allowed Jervis and Zeisler to quit their day jobs and work on Bitch full-time and the magazine officially became a non-profit. Bitch celebrated its 10th anniversary in August 2006 by publishing a Bitch anthology entitled BITCHfest, in March 2007, Bitch relocated from its offices in Oakland, California, to Portland, Oregon. The magazines 50th issue was published in 2011 and this same year, Bitch won an Utne Reader Independent Press Award for Best Social/Cultural Coverage. Bitch Media also hosts two Podcasts entitled Popaganda hosted by Amy Lam and Sarah Mirk who discuss politics, news, Jervis, Lisa and Zeisler, Andi, Harpo eds. BITCHfest, Ten Years of Cultural Criticism from the Pages of Bitch Magazine, new York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-11343-2 Official website Bitch Media cofounder Andi Zeisler on the word Bitch Guide to the Bitch, Feminist Response to Pop Culture Records at Duke University
Bitch (magazine)
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bitch, cover from the Winter 2004 issue
16.
Maximum RocknRoll
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Maximumrocknroll, often written as Maximum Rocknroll and usually abbreviated as MRR, is a not-for-profit monthly zine of punk subculture. Based in San Francisco, MRR focuses on rock and hardcore music. Op/ed columns and news roundups are regular features as well, including submissions from international contributors, by 1990, it had become the de facto bible of the scene. It was founded by Tim Yohannan in 1982 as the newsprint booklet insert in Not So Quiet on the Western Front, the compilation included forty-seven bands from Northern California and nearby areas. In the 80s, MRR was one of the very few US fanzines that insisted on the scope of the punk movement. Today the zine has surpassed its 400th issue, and continues to include international content and it also includes artist interviews, letters, commentary, guest columnists, and extensive sections for independent reviews of punk recordings, demos, books, films, videos, and other zines. MRR has a large and dedicated all-volunteer staff motivated by a robust DIY ethic, MRR reinforces the values of the punk underground by remaining independent and not-for-profit in contrast to the small number of the major media conglomerates which fund most mainstream artists. Every month, MRR publishes many band interviews freely contributed by fans, in addition, first-hand scene reports from across the globe keep the worldwide punk scene connected. MRR has always had a policy of not giving coverage to, nor accepting advertising from and that policy extends to bands that are produced and distributed by a major label. For many years the magazine turned a profit, but much of that money was reinvested in community projects. Using a mostly volunteer staff, Gilman remains one of the worlds most important, MRR also directly sponsored The Epicenter Zone, a record store and show space in San Francisco, and helps fund numerous other clubs and musical projects around the world. Since Yohannans death in 1998, the magazine has continued to operate on essentially the same economic principles. This prompted a tightening of content parameters, first marked by a statement by founder. Yohannan asserted that certain musical subgenres such as emo, some metal, some pop, some grunge. Consequently, not only would reviews of such music be rejected, Yohannan observed that As this scene has gotten bigger, the pressure has increased on MRR to meet everyones needs. What Ive asked these labels to do is make ads for the releases they know well cover, thats better than nothing, and still allows us to have fun doing what we want to do. The outrage of affected labels and critics of the notion that rock was a musical form rather than a lifestyle pose was palpable. Asserting that MRR had increasingly come to resemble a lifestyle journal for retro-punks, some 80 issues of Punk Planet would be produced before the magazine expired in 2007
Maximum RocknRoll
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Maximumrocknroll
17.
Oxford English Dictionary
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The Oxford English Dictionary is a descriptive dictionary of the English language, published by the Oxford University Press. The second edition came to 21,728 pages in 20 volumes, in 1895, the title The Oxford English Dictionary was first used unofficially on the covers of the series, and in 1928 the full dictionary was republished in ten bound volumes. In 1933, the title The Oxford English Dictionary fully replaced the name in all occurrences in its reprinting as twelve volumes with a one-volume supplement. More supplements came over the years until 1989, when the edition was published. Since 2000, an edition of the dictionary has been underway. The first electronic version of the dictionary was available in 1988. The online version has been available since 2000, and as of April 2014 was receiving two million hits per month. The third edition of the dictionary will probably appear in electronic form, Nigel Portwood, chief executive of Oxford University Press. As a historical dictionary, the Oxford English Dictionary explains words by showing their development rather than merely their present-day usages, therefore, it shows definitions in the order that the sense of the word began being used, including word meanings which are no longer used. The format of the OEDs entries has influenced numerous other historical lexicography projects and this influenced later volumes of this and other lexicographical works. As of 30 November 2005, the Oxford English Dictionary contained approximately 301,100 main entries, the dictionarys latest, complete print edition was printed in 20 volumes, comprising 291,500 entries in 21,730 pages. The longest entry in the OED2 was for the verb set, as entries began to be revised for the OED3 in sequence starting from M, the longest entry became make in 2000, then put in 2007, then run in 2011. Despite its impressive size, the OED is neither the worlds largest nor the earliest exhaustive dictionary of a language, the Dutch dictionary Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal is the worlds largest dictionary, has similar aims to the OED and took twice as long to complete. Another earlier large dictionary is the Grimm brothers dictionary of the German language, begun in 1838, the official dictionary of Spanish is the Diccionario de la lengua española, and its first edition was published in 1780. The Kangxi dictionary of Chinese was published in 1716, trench suggested that a new, truly comprehensive dictionary was needed. On 7 January 1858, the Society formally adopted the idea of a new dictionary. Volunteer readers would be assigned particular books, copying passages illustrating word usage onto quotation slips, later the same year, the Society agreed to the project in principle, with the title A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. He withdrew and Herbert Coleridge became the first editor, on 12 May 1860, Coleridges dictionary plan was published and research was started
Oxford English Dictionary
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Seven of the twenty volumes of the printed version of the second edition of the OED
Oxford English Dictionary
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Frederick Furnivall, 1825–1910
Oxford English Dictionary
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James Murray in the Scriptorium at Banbury Road
Oxford English Dictionary
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The 78 Banbury Road,
Oxford, house, erstwhile residence of
James Murray, Editor of the Oxford English Dictionary
18.
Factsheet Five
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Factsheet Five was a periodical mostly consisting of short reviews of privately produced printed matter along with contact details of the editors and publishers. In the 1980s and early 1990s, its comprehensive reviews made it the most important publication in its field, before the widespread adoption of the web and e-mail beginning around 1994, publications such as Factsheet Five formed a vital directory for connecting like-minded people. It was the equivalent to such phenomena as International Sound Communication in the period of cassette culture. The magazine was published in 1982 by Mike Gunderloy on a spirit duplicator in his bedroom in a slanshack in Alhambra. The original focus was science fiction fanzines, but it included other reviews, bob Grumman contributed a regular column on avant-garde poetry from 1987 to 1992. Gunderloy later moved to Rensselaer, New York, where he continued to publish, by 1987, he was running a zine BBS, one of the first associated with an underground publication. In 1990, Cari Goldberg Janice and Jacob Rabinowitz joined as co-editors, Gunderloy quit publishing Factsheet Five following the completion of Issue #44 in 1991. R. Seth Friedman then published the magazine for five years in San Francisco, with the help of Christopher Becker, Miriam Wolf and Jerod Pore, circulation grew to 16,000 during that time. Gunderloy currently works as a programmer and farmer. He co-authored the book SQL Server 7 in Record Time, Jerod Pore collected articles and reviews from the print version of Factsheet Five, and with them produced Factsheet Five - Electric, one of the first zines to use the Usenet newsgroup alt. zines. Beginning in the late 1980s, Gunderloy and Pore also established an online presence on the WELL. Three books were published based on Factsheet Five, How to Publish a Fanzine by Gunderloy, The World of Zines, by Gunderloy and Janice, until 1989, Gunderloy collected and, in turn, made available several versions of the Gemstone File. A number of Gunderloys zine reviews from Factsheet Five also appeared in edited form in High Weirdness by Mail. Mike Gunderloys Factsheet Five Collection of over 10,000 zines and mail art is now held at the New York State Library in Albany, New York, however, only about 4000 zines in the collection have been cataloged. About 1/4 of the zines in the collection are listed on Excelsior, two hundred and forty zines that R. Seth Friedman donated are in the collection of the San Francisco Public Library. Magazine collector has his own journal, Factsheet Five at ZineWiki A Fresh Cup Netphemera Free download of Gunderloys How to Publish a Fanzine Excelsior, search New York State Library catalog for keyword zine. Mike Gunderloy, Factsheet Five Collection, ca, 1982-1992 at the New York State Library
Factsheet Five
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Factsheet Five #25, February 1988, featuring cover art by Freddie Baer
19.
Common Sense (pamphlet)
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Common Sense is a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1775–76 advocating independence from Great Britain to people in the Thirteen Colonies. Written in clear and persuasive prose, Paine marshaled moral and political arguments to encourage people in the Colonies to fight for egalitarian government. It was published anonymously on January 10,1776, at the beginning of the American Revolution and it was sold and distributed widely and read aloud at taverns and meeting places. In proportion to the population of the colonies at that time, it had the largest sale, as of 2006, it remains the all-time best selling American title, and is still in print today. Common Sense made public a persuasive and impassioned case for independence and he connected independence with common dissenting Protestant beliefs as a means to present a distinctly American political identity, structuring Common Sense as if it were a sermon. Historian Gordon S. Wood described Common Sense as the most incendiary, the text was translated into French by Antoine Gilbert Griffet de Labaume in 1790. Thomas Paine arrived in the American colonies in November 1774, shortly before the Battles of Lexington, though the colonies and Great Britain had commenced hostilities against one another, the thought of independence was not initially entertained. Writing of his experiences in the colonies in 1778, Paine found the disposition of the people such. Their attachment to Britain was obstinate, and it was, at that time and their ideas of grievance operated without resentment, and their single object was reconciliation. Paine quickly engrained himself in the Philadelphia newspaper business, and began writing Common Sense in late 1775 under the title of Plain Truth. Though it began as a series of letters to be published in various Philadelphia papers, it too long and unwieldy to publish as letters. Benjamin Rush recommended the publisher Robert Bell, promising Paine that, Bell zealously promoted the pamphlet in Philadelphias papers, and demand grew so high as to require a second printing. Paine, overjoyed with its success, endeavored to collect his share of the profits and donate them to purchase mittens for General Montgomerys troops, however, when Paines chosen intermediaries audited Bells accounts, they found that the pamphlet actually had made zero profits. Incensed, Paine ordered Bell not to proceed on a second edition, Bell ignored this and began advertising a new edition. While Bell believed this advertisement would convince Paine to retain his services, Paine secured the assistance of the Bradford brothers, publishers of the Pennsylvania Evening Post, and released his new edition, featuring several appendices and additional writings. Bell began working on a second edition, both Paine and Bell published several more editions through the end of their public squabble. The publicity generated by the success and compounded by the publishing disagreements no doubt propelled the pamphlet to incredible sales. Common Sense sold almost 100,000 copies in 1776, one biographer estimates that 500,000 copies sold in the first year, and another writes that Paines pamphlet went through twenty-five published editions in the first year alone
Common Sense (pamphlet)
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Pamphlet's original cover
Common Sense (pamphlet)
–
Writings
20.
Benjamin Franklin
–
Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a polymath and a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman. As a scientist, he was a figure in the American Enlightenment. As an inventor, he is known for the rod, bifocals. He facilitated many civic organizations, including Philadelphias fire department and the University of Pennsylvania, Franklin earned the title of The First American for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies. As the first United States Ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation, in the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, In a Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its heat. To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin the most accomplished American of his age, Franklin became a successful newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the leading city in the colonies, publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette at the age of 23. He became wealthy publishing this and Poor Richards Almanack, which he authored under the pseudonym Richard Saunders, after 1767, he was associated with the Pennsylvania Chronicle, a newspaper that was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of the British policies. He pioneered and was first president of The Academy and College of Philadelphia which opened in 1751 and he organized and was the first secretary of the American Philosophical Society and was elected president in 1769. Franklin became a hero in America as an agent for several colonies when he spearheaded an effort in London to have the Parliament of Great Britain repeal the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a figure in the development of positive Franco-American relations. His efforts proved vital for the American Revolution in securing shipments of crucial munitions from France, during the Revolution, he became the first US Postmaster General. He was active in community affairs and colonial and state politics, from 1785 to 1788, he served as governor of Pennsylvania. He initially owned and dealt in slaves but, by the 1750s, he argued against slavery from an economic perspective, Franklins father, Josiah Franklin, was a tallow chandler, a soap-maker and a candle-maker. Josiah was born at Ecton, Northamptonshire, England on December 23,1657, the son of Thomas Franklin, a blacksmith-farmer, and Jane White. His mother, Abiah Folger, was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts, on August 15,1667, to Peter Folger, a miller and schoolteacher, and his wife, Mary Morrill, Josiah Franklin had seventeen children with his two wives. He married his first wife, Anne Child, in about 1677 in Ecton and emigrated with her to Boston in 1683, after her death, Josiah was married to Abiah Folger on July 9,1689 in the Old South Meeting House by Samuel Willard. Benjamin, their child, was Josiah Franklins fifteenth child and tenth
Benjamin Franklin
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Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin
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Franklin's birthplace on
Milk Street, Boston, Massachusetts
Benjamin Franklin
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Benjamin Franklin (center) at work on a
printing press. Reproduction of a Charles Mills painting by the
Detroit Publishing Company.
Benjamin Franklin
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Deborah Read Franklin (c. 1759). Common-law wife of Benjamin Franklin
21.
Subculture
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As early as 1950, David Riesman distinguished between a majority, which passively accepted commercially provided styles and meanings, and a subculture which actively sought a minority style. And interpreted it in accordance with subversive values, in his 1979 book Subculture, The Meaning of Style, Dick Hebdige argued that a subculture is a subversion to normalcy. He wrote that subcultures can be perceived as due to their nature of criticism to the dominant societal standard. Hebdige argued that subcultures bring together like-minded individuals who feel neglected by societal standards, in 2007, Ken Gelder proposed to distinguish subcultures from countercultures based on the level of immersion in society. As Cohen clarifies, every subculture’s style, consisting of image, demeanour, 2) Subcultures and resistance - In the work of John Clarke, Stuart Hall, Tony Jefferson and Brian Roberts of the Birmingham CCCS, subcultures are interpreted as forms of resistance. Society is seen as being divided into two classes, the working class and the middle class, each with its own class culture. Yet the cultural industry is capable of re-absorbing the components of such a style. 3) Subcultures and distinction - The most recent interpretations see subcultures as forms of distinction, the very idea of a unique, internally homogeneous, dominant culture is explicitly criticized. Thus forms of individual involvement in subcultures are fluid and gradual, differentiated according to each actor’s investment, Dick Hebdige writes that members of a subculture often signal their membership through a distinctive and symbolic use of style, which includes fashions, mannerisms and argot. In some instances, subcultures have been legislated against, and their activities regulated or curtailed, british youth subcultures had been described as a moral problem that ought to be handled by the guardians of the dominant culture within the post-war consensus. It may be difficult to identify certain subcultures because their style may be adopted by mass culture for commercial purposes, businesses often seek to capitalize on the subversive allure of subcultures in search of Cool, which remains valuable in the selling of any product. This process of cultural appropriation may often result in the death or evolution of the subculture, some subcultures reject or modify the importance of style, stressing membership through the adoption of an ideology which may be much more resistant to commercial exploitation. The punk subcultures distinctive style of clothing was adopted by mass-market fashion companies once the subculture became a media interest, objects borrowed from the most sordid of contexts found a place in punks ensembles, lavatory chains were draped in graceful arcs across chests in plastic bin liners. Safety pins were taken out of their domestic utility context and worn as gruesome ornaments through the cheek, fragments of school uniform were symbolically defiled and juxtaposed against leather drains or shocking pink mohair tops. In 1985, French sociologist Michel Maffesoli coined the term urban tribe and it gained widespread use after the publication of his Le temps des tribus, le déclin de lindividualisme dans les sociétés postmodernes. Eight years later, this book was published in the United Kingdom as The Time of the Tribes, according to Maffesoli, urban tribes are microgroups of people who share common interests in urban areas. The members of these small groups tend to have similar worldviews, dress styles. Their social interactions are largely informal and emotionally laden, different from late capitalisms corporate-bourgeoisie cultures, Maffesoli claims that punks are a typical example of an urban tribe
Subculture
–
Members of the seminal
punk rock band
Ramones wearing early
punk fashion items such as
Converse sneakers, black
leather jackets and blue
jeans.
Subculture
–
Trekkies are a subculture of
Star Trek fans.
Subculture
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Potato chip packages featuring
hip hop subcultural designs in a case of mainstream commercial cultural merging
Subculture
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'Bears' celebrating the 2007 International Bear Rendezvous, an annual gathering of fans of the sexual subculture in
San Francisco, CA
22.
Science fiction fandom
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Science fiction fandom or SF fandom is a community or fandom of people actively interested in science fiction in contact with one another based upon that interest. SF fandom has a life of its own, but not much in the way of formal organization, Science fiction fandom started through the letter column of Hugo Gernsbacks fiction magazines. Not only did fans write comments about the stories—they sent their addresses, soon, fans were writing letters directly to each other, and meeting in person when they lived close together, or when one of them could manage a trip. In New York City, David Lasser, Gernsbacks managing editor, nurtured the birth of a local club called the Scienceers. Almost all the members were adolescent boys, around this time a few other small local groups began to spring up in metropolitan areas around the United States, many of them connecting with fellow enthusiasts via the Science Correspondence Club. In May 1930 the first science fiction fan magazine, The Comet, was produced by the Chicago branch of the Science Correspondence Club under the editorship of Raymond A. Palmer and Walter Dennis. In 1934, Gernsback established a club for fans called the Science Fiction League. Local groups across the nation could join by filling out an application, a number of clubs came into being around this time. LASFS was founded at this time as a branch of the SFL, while several competing local branches sprang up in New York City. Soon after the fans started to communicate directly with each other came the creation of science fiction fanzines and these amateur publications might or might not discuss science fiction and were generally traded rather than sold. They ranged from the utilitarian or inept to professional-quality printing and editing, science-fiction fans have been among the first users of computers, email, personal computers and the Internet. Many professional science fiction authors started their interest in fiction as fans. A widely regarded history of fandom in the 1930s can be found in Sam Moskowitzs The Immortal Storm, Moskowitz was himself involved in some of the incidents chronicled and has his own point of view, which has often been criticized. Organized fandom in Sweden emerged during the early-1950s, the first Swedish science fiction fanzine was started in the early 1950s. The oldest still existing club, Club Cosmos in Gothenburg, was formed in 1954, today, there are a number of science fiction clubs in the country, including Skandinavisk Förening för Science Fiction, Linköpings Science Fiction-Förening and Sigma Terra Corps. Between one and four science fiction conventions are held each year in Sweden, among them Swecon, an annual prize is awarded to someone that has contributed to the national fandom by the Alvar Appeltofft Memorial Fund. Since the late 1930s, SF fans have organized conventions, non-profit gatherings where the meet to discuss SF. The 1st World Science Fiction Convention or Worldcon was held in conjunction with the 1939 New York Worlds Fair, and has been held annually since the end of World War II
Science fiction fandom
–
Star Wars Celebration IV - The 501st legion guards the Obi-Wan bust I won as sculptor Lawrence Noble returns it to the booth.
Science fiction fandom
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Star Wars Celebration 2015 - Jawas & Droids
23.
H. P. Lovecraft
–
Howard Phillips Lovecraft was an American author who achieved posthumous fame through his influential works of horror fiction. He was virtually unknown and published only in magazines before he died in poverty. Lovecraft was born in Providence, Rhode Island, where he spent most of his life, among his most celebrated tales are The Call of Cthulhu and The Shadow over Innsmouth, both canonical to the Cthulhu Mythos. Lovecraft was never able to support himself from earnings as author and editor and he saw commercial success increasingly elude him in this latter period, partly because he lacked the confidence and drive to promote himself. He subsisted in straitened circumstances in his last years, an inheritance was completely spent by the time that he died at age 46. Lovecraft was born on August 20,1890 in his home at 194 Angell Street in Providence. Both of his parents were of entirely English ancestry, and most of his ancestors had been in New England since the colonial period and his great-grandfather Joseph Lovecraft Jr. emigrated to Rochester, New York from Devon, England in 1831. Lovecraft maintained throughout his life that his father died in a condition of paralysis brought on by nervous exhaustion. It has been suggested that his fathers mental illness may have been caused by syphilis, all five resided together in the family home. Lovecraft was a prodigy, reciting poetry at the age of three and writing complete poems by six. His grandfather encouraged his reading, providing him with such as One Thousand and One Nights, Thomas Bulfinchs Age of Fable, and childrens versions of the Iliad. His grandfather also stirred the boys interest in the weird by telling him his own tales of gothic horror. Lovecraft was frequently ill as a child, and he attended school until he was eight years old because of his sickly condition. He read voraciously during this period and became enamored of chemistry. He produced several hectographed publications with a circulation, beginning in 1899 with The Scientific Gazette. Four years later, he returned to school at Hope High School. Beginning in his life, Lovecraft is believed to have suffered from sleep paralysis. Much of his work is thought to have been directly inspired by these terrors
H. P. Lovecraft
–
Lovecraft in 1934
H. P. Lovecraft
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Lovecraft at c. nine years old
H. P. Lovecraft
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Lovecraft in 1915
H. P. Lovecraft
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Lovecraft's final home, May 1933 until March 10, 1937
24.
The Reign of the Superman
–
The Reign of the Superman is a short story written by Jerry Siegel and illustrated by Joe Shuster. It was the first published use by the writer/artist duo of the name Superman, the title character of this story is a telepathic villain rather than a physically powerful hero. High school friends Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster tried selling their stories to magazines in order to escape Depression era poverty, according to a 1983 interview with Siegel, he first wrote the short story The Reign of the Superman in 1932. Inspired by Friedrich Nietzsches idea of an Übermensch, Siegels original story featured his first Superman as a powerful villain bent on dominating the entire world, Siegels short story appeared in Science Fiction, The Advance Guard of Future Civilization Issue #3, with accompanying artwork by Shuster. For this publication, Siegel used the pen name Herbert S. Fine, the term Superman was popularized by George Bernard Shaw with his 1903 play Man and Superman. When Smalleys experimental potion grants Dunn telepathic powers, the man becomes intoxicated by his power and this superpowered man uses these abilities for evil, only to discover that the potions effects are temporary. Having killed the evil Smalley, who had intended to kill Dunn and give himself the same powers, as the story ends, Dunns powers wear off and he realizes he will be returning to the bread line to be a forgotten man once more. Siegel rewrote the character in 1933 as a hero bearing little or no resemblance to his villainous namesake, when Siegel saw the 48-page black-and-white comic book titled Detective Dan, Secret Operative No. 48, he decided that a Superman who was a hero could make a comic character. He went on to write a story which Shuster would draw in comic format. Titling it The Superman, Siegel and Shuster offered it to Consolidated Book Publishing, although the duo received an encouraging letter, Consolidated never again published comic books. Discouraged, Shuster burned all pages of the story, the cover surviving only because Siegel rescued it from the fire, Siegel and Shuster compared the character to Slam Bradley, a private detective the pair later created for Detective Comics #1. We had a character, Siegel later said, and were determined it would be published. Siegel and Shuster would next use the name in June 1938s Action Comics #1, in DCs year-long weekly series 52 #35, numerous superhero characters abruptly lose their powers and fall from the sky in a story titled Rain of the Supermen. DCs Tangent Universe features an alternate conception of Superman as an evolved human. Few intact copies of Science Fiction #3, the publication for this story. Collectors value it both because of its rarity and because of its importance in the history behind the development of the DC Comics character Superman, in September 2006, Heritage Auction Galleries in Dallas, Texas, auctioned off a copy for $47,800. The Official Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide #18 reprints the first two pages with opening text and Shusters splash art, nemo, the Classic Comics Library #2 p. 20-28 reprints the entire story
The Reign of the Superman
–
"The Reign of the Superman" in the
fanzine Science Fiction: The Advance Guard of Future Civilization #3 (January 1933). As a bald-headed villain, the original Superman resembles the later
Lex Luthor more than the later Superman.
25.
Comic book
–
A comic book or comicbook, also called comic magazine or simply comic, is a publication that consists of comic art in the form of sequential juxtaposed panels that represent individual scenes. Panels are often accompanied by brief descriptive prose and written narrative, although comics has some origins in 18th century Japan and 1830s Europe, comic books were first popularized in the United States during the 1930s. Comic books are reliant on their organization and appearance, authors largely focus on the frame of the page, size, orientation, and panel positions. These characteristic aspects of books are necessary in conveying the content. The key elements of comic books include panels, balloons, text, balloons are usually convex spatial containers of information that are related to a character using a tail element. The tail has an origin, path, tip, and pointed direction, there are many technological formulas used to create comic books, including directions, axes, data, and metrics. Following these key formatting procedures is the writing, drawing, Comics as a print medium have existed in America since the printing of The Adventures of Mr. Obadiah Oldbuck in 1842 in hardcover, making it the first known American prototype comic book. The introduction of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shusters Superman in 1938 turned comic books into a major industry, the Golden Age originated the archetype of the superhero. Historians generally divide the timeline of the American comic book into eras, the Golden Age of Comic Books began with the introduction of Superman in 1938, spurring a period of high sales. The Silver Age of comic books is considered to date from the first successful revival of the then-dormant superhero form. The demarcation between the Silver Age and the era, the Bronze Age of Comic Books, is less well-defined. The Modern Age of Comic Books runs from the mid-1980s to the present day, in response to attention from the government and from the media, the U. S. comic book industry set up the Comics Magazine Association of America. The CMAA instilled the Comics Code Authority in 1954 and drafted the self-censorship Comics Code that year and it was not until the 1970s that comic books could be published without passing through the inspection of the CMAA. In the early 1970s, a surge of creativity emerged in what known as underground comix. Published and distributed independently of the comics industry, most of such comics reflected the youth counterculture. Underground comics were almost never sold at newsstands, but rather in such youth-oriented outlets as head shops and record stores, frank Stacks The Adventures of Jesus, published under the name Foolbert Sturgeon, has been credited as the first underground comic. The rise of comic book specialty stores in the late 1970s created/paralleled a dedicated market for independent or alternative comics in the U. S, some independent comics continued in the tradition of underground comics. A few represented experimental attempts to bring closer to the status of fine art
Comic book
–
Comic books on display at a museum
Comic book
–
René Goscinny (1926 – 1977), writer of the
Astérix comic book series.
Comic book
–
Hugo Pratt (1927 – 1995), author of the
Corto Maltese comic book series.
26.
Superman
–
Superman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, high school living in Cleveland, Ohio. They sold Superman to Detective Comics, the future DC Comics, Superman debuted in Action Comics #1 and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, newspaper strips, television programs, films, and video games. With this success, Superman helped to create the superhero archetype, the character is also referred to by such epithets as the Man of Steel, the Man of Tomorrow, and The Last Son of Krypton. Discovered and adopted by a Kansas farm couple, the child is raised as Clark Kent, very early on he started to display various superhuman abilities, which, upon reaching maturity, he resolved to use for the benefit of humanity through a secret Superman identity. Superman resides and operates in the fictional American city of Metropolis, as Clark Kent, he is a journalist for the Daily Planet, a Metropolis newspaper. Supermans love interest is generally Lois Lane, and his archenemy is supervillain Lex Luthor and he is typically a member of the Justice League and close ally of Batman and Wonder Woman. Like other characters in the DC Universe, several versions of Superman have been depicted over the years. Supermans appearance is distinctive and iconic, he wears a blue costume with a red-and-yellow emblem on the chest, consisting of the letter S in a shield shape. This shield is used in media to symbolize the character. Superman is widely considered an American cultural icon and he has fascinated scholars, with cultural theorists, commentators, and critics alike exploring the characters impact and role in the United States and worldwide. The characters ownership has often been the subject of dispute, with Siegel, the character has been adapted extensively and portrayed in other forms of media as well, including films, television series, and video games. Several actors have portrayed Superman in motion pictures and TV series including Kirk Alyn, George Reeves, Christopher Reeve, Dean Cain, Tom Welling, Brandon Routh, Henry Cavill, Siegels fanzine did not sell well. Siegel and Shuster shifted to making comic strips, which they self-published in a book they called Popular Comics, the pair dreamed of becoming professional authors and believed that syndicated newspaper strips offered more lucrative and stable work than pulp magazines. The art quality standards were lower, making them more accessible to the inexperienced Shuster. In early 1933 or in 1934, Siegel developed a new character, also named Superman, but now a heroic character and this first prototype of Superman had no fantastic abilities and wore casual clothing. Siegel and Shuster often compared this version to Slam Bradley, a character they created in 1936. Siegel shared his idea with Shuster and they decided to turn it into a comic strip, the first publisher they solicited was Humor Publishing in Chicago, after having read one of their comic books, Detective Dan
Superman
–
"
The Reign of the Superman " in the fanzine Science Fiction, #3 (June 1933)
Superman
–
Art by
Alex Ross
Superman
–
Action Comics #1 (June 1938), the debut of Superman; cover art by Joe Shuster
Superman
–
Action Comics vol. 2 #1 (Nov. 2011), the
relaunch of Action Comics; cover art by
Rags Morales
27.
Great Depression
–
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
Great Depression
–
Dorothea Lange 's
Migrant Mother depicts destitute
pea pickers in
California, centering on
Florence Owens Thompson, age 32, a mother of seven children, in
Nipomo, California, March 1936
Great Depression
–
USA annual real GDP from 1910 to 1960, with the years of the Great Depression (1929–1939) highlighted.
Great Depression
–
Crowd gathering at the intersection of
Wall Street and Broad Street after the
1929 crash
Great Depression
–
Crowds outside the
Bank of United States in New York after its failure in 1931
28.
Damien Broderick
–
Damien Francis Broderick is an Australian science fiction and popular science writer and editor of some 70 books. Broderick holds a Ph. D. in Literary Studies from Deakin University, Australia, with a dissertation comparing the semiotics of scientific, literary and he was for several years a Senior Fellow in the School of Culture and Communication at the University of Melbourne. Broderick lives in San Antonio, Texas, with his wife and he was the founding science fiction editor of the Australian popular-science magazine Cosmos from mid-2005 to December 2010. Five of Brodericks books have won Ditmar Awards, the first and he has also won the Aurealis award four times. In November 2003, Broderick was awarded a grant for 2004–05 by the Australia Council to write fiction exploring the technological singularity, in 2005 he received the Distinguished Scholarship Award of the International Association for the Fantastic in the Arts. His recent critical studies, x, y, z, t, Dimensions of Science Fiction, Ferocious Minds, Polymathy, in 2012, with Paul Di Filippo, he published Science Fiction, The 101 Best Novels, 1985–2010, which was short-listed for a 2013 Locus Award. With his wife, Barbara Lamar, he wrote the near-future sf thriller Post Mortal Syndrome and his work has been translated into French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Danish, Polish, Czech, Hungarian, Lithuanian and Russian. In 2009, he returned to fiction, with five stories published in Asimovs magazine, one online at Tor. com. Two of these stories were selected for three 2010 Years Best anthologies, another, Under the Moons of Venus, appeared in five 2011 Years Best anthologies. The novelette Walls of Flesh, Bars of Bone, co-written with Brodericks wife Barbara Lamar, appeared in the 2010 anthology Engineering Infinity, the Beancounters Cat was selected in Gardner Dozois 2012 Years Best volume. This Wind Blowing, and this Tide was reprinted on-line in Clarkesworld 100 in 2015 and it was selected to close Gardner Dozois 2014 Years Best volume. His first horror fiction, The Unheimlich Maneuver, opens an original collection edited by Luis Ortiz, The Monkeys Other Paw, Revised Classic Stories of Dread, sorcerers World revised and expanded, The Black Grail The Dreaming Dragons – Ditmar Award 1981, runner-up John W. The Carnell Era, Volume One—with John Boston New Worlds, Before the New Wave
Damien Broderick
–
Damien Broderick
29.
Frederik Pohl
–
From about 1959 until 1969, Pohl edited Galaxy and its sister magazine If, the latter won three successive annual Hugo Awards as the years best professional magazine. He won the Campbell Memorial Award again for the 1984 collection of novellas Years of the City, for his 1979 novel Jem, Pohl won a U. S. National Book Award in the one-year category Science Fiction. It was a finalist for three other years best novel awards and he won four Hugo and three Nebula Awards. Pohl won the Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer in 2010, for his blog, Pohl was the son of Frederik George Pohl and Anna Jane Mason. Pohl Sr. held various jobs, and the Pohls lived in such locations as Texas, California, New Mexico. The family settled in Brooklyn when Pohl was around seven and he attended Brooklyn Technical High School, and dropped out at 17. In 2009, he was awarded a diploma from Brooklyn Tech. While a teenager, he co-founded the New York–based Futurians fan group, and began lifelong friendships with Donald Wollheim, Isaac Asimov and others who would become important writers and editors. Pohl later said that other friends came and went and were gone, many of the ones I met through fandom were friends all their lives – Isaac, Damon Knight, Cyril Kornbluth, Dirk Wylie, Dick Wilson. In fact, there are one or two – Jack Robins, Dave Kyle – whom I still count as friends, seventy-odd years later and he published a science fiction fanzine called Mind of Man. During 1936, Pohl joined the Young Communist League because of its positions for unions and against racial prejudice, Adolf Hitler and he became president of the local Flatbush III Branch of the YCL in Brooklyn. Pohl has said that after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, the party changed and he could no longer support it. Pohl served in the United States Army from April 1943 until November 1945, after training in Illinois, Oklahoma, and Colorado, he was mainly stationed in Italy with the 456th Bombardment Group. His first wife, Leslie Perri, was another Futurian, they were married in August 1940 and he then married Dorothy LesTina in Paris in August 1945 while both were serving in the military in Europe, the marriage ended in 1947. During 1948, he married Judith Merril, they had a daughter, Pohl and Merril divorced in 1952. In 1953, he married Carol M. Ulf Stanton, with whom he had three children and collaborated on books, they separated in 1977 and were divorced in 1983. From 1984 until his death, Pohl was married to science fiction expert and he fathered four children – Ann, Frederik III, Frederik IV and Kathy. Grandchildren include Canadian writer Emily Pohl-Weary and chef Tobias Pohl-Weary, from 1984 on, he lived in Palatine, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago
Frederik Pohl
–
Frederik Pohl (center) with
Donald A. Wollheim and John Michel in 1938
Frederik Pohl
–
Pohl in 2008 at the
J. Lloyd Eaton Science Fiction Conference
Frederik Pohl
–
The first installment of Gravy Planet (
The Space Merchants), by Pohl and
Cyril M. Kornbluth, was cover-featured on the June 1952 issue of
Galaxy Science Fiction
30.
Isaac Asimov
–
Isaac Asimov was an American writer and professor of biochemistry at Boston University. He was known for his works of fiction and popular science. Asimov was a writer, and wrote or edited more than 500 books. His books have published in 9 of the 10 major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification. Asimov wrote hard science fiction and, along with Robert A. Heinlein, Clarke, he was considered one of the Big Three science fiction writers during his lifetime. Asimovs most famous work is the Foundation Series, his major series are the Galactic Empire series. The Galactic Empire novels are set in earlier history of the same fictional universe as the Foundation series. He wrote hundreds of stories, including the social science fiction Nightfall. Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French, Asimov also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as much nonfiction. Most of his science books explain scientific concepts in a historical way. He often provides nationalities, birth dates, and death dates for the scientists he mentions, as well as etymologies, Asimov was a long-time member and vice president of Mensa International, albeit reluctantly, he described some members of that organization as brain-proud and aggressive about their IQs. He took more joy in being president of the American Humanist Association, the asteroid 5020 Asimov, a crater on the planet Mars, a Brooklyn elementary school, and a literary award are named in his honor. His exact date of birth within that range is unknown, the family name derives from a word for winter crops, in which his great-grandfather dealt. This word is spelled озимые in Russian, and азімыя in Belarusian, phonetically, both words are almost identical because in Russian О in the first unstressed syllable is always pronounced as А. Accordingly, his name originally was Исаак Озимов in Russian, however, he was known in Russia as Ayzek Azimov. Asimov had two siblings, a sister, Marcia, and a brother, Stanley, who was vice-president of New York Newsday. His family emigrated to the United States when he was three years old, since his parents always spoke Yiddish and English with him, he never learned Russian, but he remained fluent in Yiddish as well as English. Growing up in Brooklyn, New York, Asimov taught himself to read at the age of five, after becoming established in the U. S. his parents owned a succession of candy stores, in which everyone in the family was expected to work
Isaac Asimov
–
Isaac Asimov in 1965
Isaac Asimov
–
Robert A. Heinlein and
L. Sprague de Camp with Asimov (right),
Philadelphia Navy Yard, 1944
Isaac Asimov
–
The first installment of Asimov's Tyrann was the cover story in the fourth issue of
Galaxy Science Fiction in 1951. The novel was issued in book form later that year as
The Stars Like Dust.
Isaac Asimov
–
The first installment of Asimov's The Caves of Steel took the cover of the October 1953 issue of
Galaxy Science Fiction, illustrated by
Ed Emshwiller
31.
George R. R. Martin
–
George Raymond Richard Martin, often referred to as GRRM, is an American novelist and short-story writer in the fantasy, horror, and science fiction genres, screenwriter, and television producer. He is best known for his international bestselling series of fantasy novels, A Song of Ice and Fire. Martin serves as the series producer, and also scripted four episodes of the series. In 2005, Lev Grossman of Time called Martin the American Tolkien, and the later named him one of the 2011 Time 100. George Raymond Martin was born on September 20,1948, in Bayonne, New Jersey and he has two younger sisters, Darleen and Janet. His father was of half Italian descent, while his mother was of half Irish ancestry and he also has French, English, Welsh and German roots. The family first lived in a house on Broadway, belonging to Martins great-grandmother, in 1953, they moved to a federal housing project near the Bayonne docks. The young Martin began writing and selling monster stories for pennies to other neighborhood children, dramatic readings included. He also wrote stories about a mythical kingdom populated by his pet turtles, Martin attended Mary Jane Donohoe School and then later Marist High School. While there he became an avid fan, developing a strong interest in the superheroes being published by Marvel Comics. A letter Martin wrote to the editor of Fantastic Four was printed in issue No,20, it was the first of many sent, e. g. FF #32, #34, and others. In 1965, Martin won comic fandoms Alley Award for Best fan fiction for his superhero story Powerman vs. In 1970, Martin earned a B. S. in Journalism from Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, graduating cum laude, he went on to complete his M. S. in Journalism in 1971. An expert chess player, he also directed chess tournaments for the Continental Chess Association from 1973 to 1976, in the mid-1970s, Martin met English professor George Guthridge from Dubuque, Iowa, at a science fiction convention in Milwaukee. Martin persuaded Guthridge not only to give speculative fiction a second look, in turn, Guthridge helped Martin find a job at Clarke University. Martin wasnt making money to stay alive, from writing. From 1976 to 1978, Martin was an English and journalism instructor at Clarke, while he enjoyed teaching, the sudden death of friend and fellow author Tom Reamy in late 1977 made Martin reevaluate his own life, and he eventually decided to try to become a full-time writer. He resigned from his job, and being tired of the winters in Dubuque
George R. R. Martin
–
George R.R. Martin as Guest of Honour at Archipelacon in
Mariehamn in 2015
George R. R. Martin
–
Teaching at
Clarion West, 1998
George R. R. Martin
–
George R. R. Martin in July 2013
George R. R. Martin
–
GRRM signing books in a bookstore in
Ljubljana, Slovenia (June 2011)
32.
Punk zine
–
A punk zine is a zine related to the punk subculture and hardcore punk music genre. Often primitively or casually produced, they feature punk literature, such as commentary, punk poetry, news, gossip, music reviews. The DIY aesthetic of the punk subculture created an underground press. Such amateur magazines were inspired by the rock fanzines of the early 1970s, perhaps the most influential of the fanzines to cross over from science fiction fandom to rock and, later, punk rock and new wave music was Greg Shaws Who Put the Bomp, founded in 1970. One of the earliest punk zines was Punk, founded in New York City by John Holmstrom, Ged Dunn, debuting in January 1976, the zine championed the early New York underground music scene and helped associate the word punk with these bands, most notably the Ramones. Perry produced the first photocopied issue of Sniffin Glue in London after attending the Ramones concert on 4 July 1976 at the Roundhouse, Punk zines were produced in many European countries in subsequent years. The first Irish one was published in March 1977, the politically charged Maximum RocknRoll and the anarchist Profane Existence were notable punkzines that were founded in the 1980s. By that time, most local punk scenes had at least one punkzine, the magazine Factsheet Five chronicled thousands of underground publications and zines in the 1980s and 1990s. In the 1980s, the punk scene was quickly expanding to include numerous different subcultures within the genre. For example, the birth of the Queercore movement, the topics discussed in the issues often ignited forums and chatrooms where readers could share their opinions. This genre of zine was self-sustaining and produced in a DIY manner, Queercore is often accredited to a Toronto-based zine entitled J. D. s, an abbreviation for “juvenile delinquents”, created by G. B. Jones and co-published with Bruce LaBruce, J. D. s was a cut and paste style zine that featured manifestos and dialogue about identifying as queer within the realms of the punk community. Other zines that instigated this movement are Chainsaw, Outpunk, the queercore zines influenced the Riot Grrrl zines of the late 1980s and 1990s, as well. The Riot Grrrl movement emerged from the scene in the United States when women began to produce zines with feminist themes. The riot grrrl wave was influential for pinkzines as it called for females to publish, featuring political issues from a personal standpoint, the zines arose in popularity amongst the underground world of punk. The format of the riot grrrl zines was similar to that of queercore zines, in that they were cut and paste and xeroxed with many featuring collages. Other apparent themes in this category of zine include activism, social change, sexuality, body image, pages of Rage - Canada, 1982-1984 Punk Zine Archive - Out-of-print punk zines online Lights Go Out - DIY UK Punk Zine
Punk zine
–
British punk fanzines from the 1970s.
Punk zine
–
British and American punk zines, 1994-2004.
33.
Punk subculture
–
The punk subculture, which centres on punk rock music, includes a diverse array of ideologies, fashions and forms of expression, including visual art, dance, literature and film. The subculture is largely characterized by anti-establishment views and the promotion of individual freedom, the punk subculture is centered on a loud, aggressive genre of rock music called punk rock. It is usually played by small bands consisting of a vocalist, Punk politics cover the entire political spectrum. Punk-related ideologies are mostly concerned with freedom and anti-establishment views. Common punk viewpoints include anti-authoritarianism, a DIY ethic, non-conformity, direct action, there is a wide range of punk fashion, in terms of clothing, hairstyles, cosmetics, tattoos, jewelery and body modification. Early punk fashion adapted everyday objects for aesthetic effect, such as T-shirts, leather jackets, hardcore punk fans adopted a dressed-down style of T-shirts, jeans, combat boots or sneakers and crewcut-style haircuts. Women in the hardcore scene typically wore masculine clothing, one part of punk was creating explicitly outward identities of sexuality. Everything that was supposed to be hidden was brought to the front. Punk aesthetics determine the type of art punks enjoy, usually underground, minimalistic, iconoclastic. Punk artwork graces album covers, flyers for concerts, and punk zines, Punk has generated a considerable amount of poetry and prose. Punk has its own press in the form of punk zines, which feature news, gossip, cultural criticism. Some zines take the form of perzines, important punk zines include Maximum RocknRoll, Punk Planet, No Cure, Cometbus, Flipside, and Search & Destroy. Many punk-themed films have made, as have punk rock music videos. Some punk films intercut stock footage with news clips and amateur videos of concerts, Punks can come from any and all walks of life and economic classes, and punk culture has aspects of gender equalist ideology. The punk subculture emerged in the United Kingdom, Australia, exactly which region originated punk has long been a major controversy within the movement. Various musical, philosophical, political, literary and artistic movements influenced the subculture. In the late 1970s, the subculture began to diversify, which led to the proliferation of such as new wave, post-punk,2 Tone, pop punk, hardcore punk, no wave, street punk. Hardcore punk, street punk and Oi. sought to do away with the frivolities introduced in the years of the original punk movement
Punk subculture
–
Two UK punks in the 1980s
Punk subculture
–
Buzzcocks at the
Cropredy Festival in 2009.
Punk subculture
–
A German punk faces a line of
riot police at a 1984 protest.
Punk subculture
–
Punks burning a U.S. flag in the early 1980s
34.
Photocopying
–
A photocopier is a machine that makes paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply. Heat, pressure or a combination of both is used to fuse the toner onto the paper. Earlier versions included the Gestetner stencil duplicator, invented by David Gestetner in 1881, xerographic office photocopying was introduced by Xerox in 1959, and it gradually replaced copies made by Verifax, Photostat, carbon paper, mimeograph machines, and other duplicating machines. Photocopying is widely used in the business, education, and government sectors, in the 2010s, there is a convergence in some high-end machines between the roles of a photocopier, a fax machine, a scanner, and a computer network-connected printer into a multi-function printer. As of 2015, some machines can copy and print in color. Chester Carlson, the inventor of photocopying, was originally a patent attorney, as well as a part-time researcher and his job at the patent office in New York required him to make a large number of copies of important papers. Carlson, who was arthritic, found this to be a painful and this motivated him to conduct experiments with photo conductivity. Carlson used his kitchen for his experiments, and, in 1938. He made the first photocopy using a plate covered with sulfur. The words 10-22-38 Astoria were written on a slide, which was placed on top of more sulfur. After the slide was removed, an image of the words remained. Carlson tried to sell his invention to some companies, but failed because the process was still underdeveloped, between 1939 and 1944, Carlson was turned down by over 20 companies, including IBM and General Electric—neither of which believed there was a significant market for copiers. In 1944, the Battelle Memorial Institute, a organization in Columbus, Ohio. Over the next five years, the institute conducted experiments to improve the process of electrophotography, in 1947, Haloid Corporation approached Battelle to obtain a license to develop and market a copying machine based on this technology. Haloid felt that the word electrophotography was too complicated and did not have good recall value, Haloid called the new copier machines Xerox Machines and, in 1948, the word Xerox was trademarked. Haloid eventually changed its name to Xerox Corporation, in 1949, Xerox Corporation introduced the first xerographic copier called the Model A. Xerox became so successful that, in North America, photocopying came to be known as xeroxing. Xerox has actively fought to prevent Xerox from becoming a genericized trademark, some languages include hybrid terms, such as the widely used Polish term kserokopia, even though relatively few photocopiers are of the Xerox brand
Photocopying
–
A
Xerox photocopier in 2010
Photocopying
–
DADF or Duplex Automatic Document feeder - Canon IR6000
35.
John Brunner (novelist)
–
John Kilian Houston Brunner was a British author of science fiction novels and stories. His 1968 novel Stand on Zanzibar, about a world, won the 1969 Hugo Award for best science fiction novel. The Jagged Orbit won the BSFA award in 1970, Brunner was born in Preston Crowmarsh, near Wallingford in Oxfordshire, and went to school at St Andrews Prep School, Pangbourne, then to Cheltenham College. He wrote his first novel, Galactic Storm, at 17, and published it under the pen-name Gill Hunt and he served as an officer in the Royal Air Force from 1953 to 1955, and married Marjorie Rosamond Sauer on 12 July 1958. Brunner had a relationship with British new wave writers, who often considered him too American in his settings. He attempted to shift to a mainstream readership in the early 1980s. Before his death, most of his books had fallen out of print, Brunner accused publishers of a conspiracy against him, although he was difficult to deal with. Brunners health began to decline in the 1980s and worsened with the death of his wife in 1986 and he remarried, to Li Yi Tan, on 27 September 1991. He died of an attack in Glasgow on 25 August 1995. At first writing conventional space opera, Brunner later began to experiment with the novel form, the Sheep Look Up depicts ecological catastrophe in America. Brunners pen names include K. H. Brunner, Gill Hunt, John Loxmith, Trevor Staines, Ellis Quick, Henry Crosstrees Jr. and Keith Woodcott. Brunner was an member of the organisation Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and wrote the words to The H-Bombs Thunder. He was a linguist, translator, and Guest of Honour at the first European Science Fiction Convention Eurocon-1 in Trieste in 1972, John Brunner wrote the screenplay for the 1967 science fiction film The Terrornauts by Amicus Productions. Two of his stories, Some Lapse of Time and The Last Lonely Man, were adapted as TV plays in the BBC science fiction series Out of the Unknown, in series 1. Book 3 of the Zarathustra Refugee Planets series, doubleday, Panther, Curtis Times Without Number Ace F-161 Now Then. Wear the Butchers Medal Pocket Mystery set in Europe featuring neo-Nazis, black Is the Color Pyramid Horror fiction about the swinging London underground in the 1960s. The Devils Work W. W. Norton & Company Centres around a modern-day Hellfire Club, the Great Steamboat Race Ballantine Historical fiction based on an actual event. The Days of March Kerosina Novel about the days of the Campaign For Nuclear Disarmament
John Brunner (novelist)
–
John Brunner, c. 1967
John Brunner (novelist)
–
Brunner's novelette "Rendezvous With Destiny" was cover-featured on the March 1958 issue of
Fantastic Universe
36.
Mike Gunderloy
–
Factsheet Five was a periodical mostly consisting of short reviews of privately produced printed matter along with contact details of the editors and publishers. In the 1980s and early 1990s, its comprehensive reviews made it the most important publication in its field, before the widespread adoption of the web and e-mail beginning around 1994, publications such as Factsheet Five formed a vital directory for connecting like-minded people. It was the equivalent to such phenomena as International Sound Communication in the period of cassette culture. The magazine was published in 1982 by Mike Gunderloy on a spirit duplicator in his bedroom in a slanshack in Alhambra. The original focus was science fiction fanzines, but it included other reviews, bob Grumman contributed a regular column on avant-garde poetry from 1987 to 1992. Gunderloy later moved to Rensselaer, New York, where he continued to publish, by 1987, he was running a zine BBS, one of the first associated with an underground publication. In 1990, Cari Goldberg Janice and Jacob Rabinowitz joined as co-editors, Gunderloy quit publishing Factsheet Five following the completion of Issue #44 in 1991. R. Seth Friedman then published the magazine for five years in San Francisco, with the help of Christopher Becker, Miriam Wolf and Jerod Pore, circulation grew to 16,000 during that time. Gunderloy currently works as a programmer and farmer. He co-authored the book SQL Server 7 in Record Time, Jerod Pore collected articles and reviews from the print version of Factsheet Five, and with them produced Factsheet Five - Electric, one of the first zines to use the Usenet newsgroup alt. zines. Beginning in the late 1980s, Gunderloy and Pore also established an online presence on the WELL. Three books were published based on Factsheet Five, How to Publish a Fanzine by Gunderloy, The World of Zines, by Gunderloy and Janice, until 1989, Gunderloy collected and, in turn, made available several versions of the Gemstone File. A number of Gunderloys zine reviews from Factsheet Five also appeared in edited form in High Weirdness by Mail. Mike Gunderloys Factsheet Five Collection of over 10,000 zines and mail art is now held at the New York State Library in Albany, New York, however, only about 4000 zines in the collection have been cataloged. About 1/4 of the zines in the collection are listed on Excelsior, two hundred and forty zines that R. Seth Friedman donated are in the collection of the San Francisco Public Library. Magazine collector has his own journal, Factsheet Five at ZineWiki A Fresh Cup Netphemera Free download of Gunderloys How to Publish a Fanzine Excelsior, search New York State Library catalog for keyword zine. Mike Gunderloy, Factsheet Five Collection, ca, 1982-1992 at the New York State Library
Mike Gunderloy
–
Factsheet Five #25, February 1988, featuring cover art by Freddie Baer
37.
Third-wave feminism
–
Third-wave feminism encompasses several diverse strains of feminist activity and study. Though exact boundaries are a subject of debate, it is marked as beginning in the early 1990s. It is a movement in the sense that its purpose includes redefining what it is to be a feminist. The third wave arose partially as a response to the failures of second-wave feminism. It attempts to expand feminism to include women with a set of identities recognising that women are of many colors, ethnicities, nationalities, religions. Thus it can be seen as a reaction to or continuation of second-wave feminism, the related concept of intersectionality was introduced in 1989, a few years before the third wave began, but it was during this wave that the concept was embraced. Rebecca Walker coined the term Third Wave to highlight the focus on queer, Walker sought to establish that third-wave feminism was not just a reaction, but a movement in itself, because womens issues were far from over. Third-wave feminists have broadened their goals, focusing on ideas like queer theory, unlike the determined position of second-wave feminists about women in pornography, sex work, and prostitution, third-wave feminists were rather ambiguous and divided about these themes. While some thought these sexual acts were degrading and oppressing women, there was a divide in opinion but third-wave feminism embraced differences, personal narratives, and individualism, instead of all having one agenda. The focus was less on political changes and more on individualistic identity, the shift from second wave feminism came about with many of the legal and institutional rights that were extended to women. In addition to these gains, third-wave feminists believed there needed to be further changes in stereotypes, media portrayals. The purpose was to celebrate diverse identities and abandon the victim feminism ideology, third-wave ideology focuses on a more post-structuralist interpretation of gender and sexuality. In Deconstructing Equality-versus-Difference, Or, the Uses of Poststructuralist Theory for Feminism, in the The local is global, third wave feminism, peace, and social justice, the authors explain third wave feminism offers five primary focuses, Responsible choice grounded in dialogue. Respect and appreciation for experiences and dynamic knowledge, use of personal narratives in both theorizing and political activism. Political activism as local, with connections and consequences. Riot grrrl was thought by some to be the beginning of third wave feminism and this was a movement based on hard core punk rock that talked about issues like rape, patriarchy, sexuality, women empowerment, and other feminist issues. They responded to the Anita Hill and Clarence Thomas court case as well, third-wave feminists such as Elle Green often focus on micro-politics, and challenge the second waves paradigm as to what is, or is not, good for women. Womens studies, and redsuited congresswomen – perhaps means that women today have really reaped what feminism has sown
Third-wave feminism
–
Kathleen Hanna was the lead singer of
Bikini Kill: a
riot grrrl band formed in 1990.
38.
Scrapbooking
–
Scrapbooking is a method, an art for preserving, presenting, arranging personal and family history in the form of a book, box, card. Typical memorabilia include photographs, printed media, and artwork, scrapbook albums are often decorated and frequently contain extensive journaling. Scrapbooking is a commonly practiced in many parts of the world. In the 15th century, commonplace books, popular in England, emerged as a way to compile information that included recipes, quotations, letters, poems, each commonplace book was unique to its creators particular interests. Friendship albums became popular in the 16th century and these albums were used much like modern day yearbooks, where friends or patrons would enter their names, titles and short texts or illustrations at the request of the albums owner. These albums were created as souvenirs of European tours and would contain local memorabilia including coats of arms or works of art commissioned by local artisans. Starting in 1570, it became fashionable to incorporate colored plates depicting scenes such as Venetian costumes or Carnival scenes. These provided affordable options as compared to works and, as such, these plates were not sold to commemorate or document a specific event. In 1775, James Granger published a history of England with several pages at the end of the book. The pages were designed to allow the owner to personalize the book with his own memorabilia. For example, college women around the turn of the century used scrapbooks extensively to construct representations of their life as students. Without photograph albums to provide images of life events, students created unique representations through scrapbooks in order to illustrate their lives using ephemera. A guest list or group of visiting cards might represent a young woman’s visit to a party, a playbill and ticket stub might serve as reminders of a trip to New York to see a Broadway show. Solid objects such as plants, silverware, or small trinkets were also used when further visual representation was needed, a page from these subject-based scrapbooks might include class schedules, exam booklets, letters from professors, or other printed material from school events. Thus scrapbooks from this era can create a complete image of their maker’s life. During the 19th century, scrapbooking was seen as a more involved way to preserve one’s experiences than journaling or other writing-based forms of logging. Printed material such as newspapers, visiting cards, playbills. The growing volume of ephemera of this kind, parallel to the growth of industrialized society and this is why scrapbooks devoted solely to cataloguing recipes, coupons, or other lists were also common during this time
Scrapbooking
–
A vintage scrapbook
Scrapbooking
–
The
verso side of the cover page of Anne Wagner's scrapbook.
Scrapbooking
–
An elaborate example of a braided hairlock attached to a page. The inscription is from Elizabeth Venables; the location is given as Abergale, July 29, 1803.
Scrapbooking
–
This poem was handwritten for Anne Wagner by her brother, G.W. Wagner, August 13, 1795.
39.
Boingboing
–
Boing Boing is a website, first established as a zine in 1988, later becoming a group blog. Common topics and themes include technology, futurism, science fiction, gadgets, intellectual property, Disney and it twice won the Bloggies for Weblog of the Year, in 2004 and 2005. The editors are Mark Frauenfelder, Cory Doctorow, David Pescovitz, Xeni Jardin, and Rob Beschizza, Boing Boing started as a zine in 1988 by married duo Mark Frauenfelder and Carla Sinclair. Issues were subtitled The Worlds Greatest Neurozine, associate editors included Gareth Branwyn, Jon Lebkowsky, and Paco Nathan. Along with Mondo 2000, Boing Boing was an influence in the development of the cyberpunk subculture and it reached a maximum circulation of 17,500 copies. The last issue of the zine was #15, Boing Boing was established as a Web site in 1995 and one year later was a web-only publication. While researching for an article about blogs in 1999, Frauenfelder became acquainted with the Blogger software and he relaunched Boing Boing as a weblog on 21 January 2000, describing it as a directory of wonderful things. Over time, Frauenfelder was joined by four co-editors, Doctorow, Pescovitz, Jardin and Beschizza, maggie Koerth-Baker, after a run as a guest blogger in 2009, joined the site as its Science Editor. In September 2003, Boing Boing removed their Quicktopics user-comment feature without warning or explanation, bloggers commenting on the change at the time speculated that it stemmed from identity impersonators and idiot flamers pretending to be co-editors. Xeni Jardin was a guest on the NewsHour with Jim Lehrer to discuss the Washington Posts decision to remove its Comments section on its website, in August 2007, Boing Boing staff launched a redesigned site, which included a restored comment facility, moderated by Teresa Nielsen Hayden. In 2004, the project incorporated as Happy Mutants LLC, Boing Boing, by the mid-2000s, had become one of the most-read and linked-to blogs in the world according to Fast Company. The site added advertising over the course of late 2004, placed above and to the left and right of material, and, in 2005, in the sites RSS feed as well. Editor Cory Doctorow noted that John said its going to be harder to make a money to pay your bandwidth bills than it will be to make a lot of money and have a real source of income from this. Boing Boing featured a guest blogger sidebar, then stopped the series in summer of 2004, in September 2006, Boing Boing introduced a weekly podcast, Boing Boing Boing, intended to cover the weeks posts and upcoming projects. The shows cast consists of the Boing Boing editors, accompanied by a weekly guest, in the same month, Boing Boing introduced a second podcast called Get Illuminated, which features interviews with writers, artists, and other creatives. The sites own original content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial license, the latter was forced to comply with the companys demand by its hosting provider. Ralph Lauren issued DMCA takedown notices to BoingBoings ISP and Blogspot, Blogspot complied, but Boing Boings ISP consulted with Boing Boing and agreed that the image was fair use. As a result, Boing Boing issued a rebuttal, using the same image again
Boingboing
–
1990 Boing Boing logo, from a T-shirt
Boingboing
–
Boing Boing
Boingboing
–
Boing Boing co-editors, 2008. Left to right:
David Pescovitz,
Xeni Jardin,
Cory Doctorow,
Mark Frauenfelder.
40.
Monochrom
–
Its main office is located at Museumsquartier/Vienna. The groups members are, Johannes Grenzfurthner, Evelyn Fürlinger, Harald Homolka-List, Anika Kronberger, Franz Ablinger, Frank Apunkt Schneider, Daniel Fabry, Günther Friesinger and Roland Gratzer. The group is known for working with different media and entertainment formats, Johannes Grenzfurthner calls this looking for the best weapon of mass distribution of an idea. Monochrom is openly left-wing and tries to encourage debate, sometimes using subversive affirmation or over-affirmation as a tactic. The group popularized the concept of context hacking, in the early 1990s, Johannes Grenzfurthner was an active member of several BBS message boards. He used his connections to create a zine or alternative magazine that dealt with art, technology and subversive cultures. Franz Ablinger joined Grenzfurthner and they became the core team. The first issue was released in 1993, in 1995 we decided that we didnt want to constrain ourselves to just one media format. We knew that we wanted to create statements, create viral information, so a quest for the best Weapon of Mass Distribution started, a search for the best transportation mode for a certain politics of philosophical ideas. This was the Cambrian Explosion of monochrom and we wanted to experiment, try stuff, find new forms of telling our stories. But, to be clear, it was not about keeping the pace, of staying up-to-date, the emergence of new media formats is certainly interesting. But etching information into copper plates is just as exciting and we think that the perpetual return of the new, to cite Walter Benjamin, is nothing to write home about - except perhaps for the slave-drivers in the fashion industry. Weve never been interested in the new just in itself, in the moment where things dont tally, where productive confusion arises. All the other team members joined between 1995 and 2006. Grenzfurthner is the artistic director. He defines monochroms artistic and activist approach as Context hacking or Urban Hacking, Context hacking transfers the hackers’ objectives and methods to the network of social relationships in which artistic production occurs, and upon which it is dependent. One of context hackers central ambitions is to bring the factions of counterculture, from its very foundation, the group defined itself as a movement, culture and open field of experimentation. It is fundamental for the core members to combine artistic
Monochrom
–
monochrom
Monochrom
–
monochrom members: Harald Homolka-List, Frank Apunkt Schneider, Anika Kronberger, Günther Friesinger, Evelyn Fürlinger, Roland Gratzer, Franz Ablinger, Johannes Grenzfurthner, Daniel Fabry. Image taken in Lower Austria, April 2012.
41.
Etsy
–
Etsy is a peer-to-peer e-commerce website focused on handmade or vintage items and supplies, as well as unique factory-manufactured items. These items cover a range, including art, photography, clothing, jewelry, food, bath and beauty products, quilts, knick-knacks. Many sellers also sell craft supplies such as beads, wire, all vintage items must be at least 20 years old. The site follows in the tradition of craft fairs, giving sellers personal storefronts where they list their goods for a fee of US$0.20 per item. At the end of 2014, Etsy had 685 employees, and had 29 million items listed on its website, in 2014, Etsy clocked a total sales of US$1.93 billion on the platform. Of this,36. 1% came from purchases made on mobile devices and 30. 9% was generated outside the USA, in 2014, Etsy garnered a revenue of US$195.6 million, and registered a net loss of US$15.2 million. Etsy generates revenue primarily from three revenue streams and its Marketplace revenue includes a fee of 3. 5% of sale value, which an Etsy seller pays for each completed transaction, and a listing fee of 20 cents per item. Seller Services, Etsys fastest growing revenue stream, includes fees for such as Promoted Listings, payment processing. Other revenue includes fees received from third-party payment processors, in November 2016, Etsy disclosed it purchased Blackbird Technologies for $32.5 million. Blackbird Technologies is a startup that developed AI software used for shopping context - search applications, the site was launched in 2005 by iospace, a small company composed of Robert Kalin, Chris Maguire, and Haim Schoppik. The initial version had two and a half months to build. Later Jared Tarbell joined the team, former NPR executive Maria Thomas joined as COO in 2008, was promoted to CEO and left Etsy in December 2009. Robert Kalin resumed his role as CEO from December 2009 until July 2011, investors include Sean Meenan, Spencer and Judson Ain, Union Square Ventures, and founders of Flickr and Delicious. Kalin said that he named the site Etsy because he wanted a word because I wanted to build the brand from scratch. I was watching Fellinis 8 ½ and writing down what I was hearing, in Italian, you say etsi a lot. And in Latin and French, it means what if, Etsy passed $1.7 million in sales in May 2007. On July 29, Etsy had its one-millionth sale and anticipated its two-millionth sale would occur mid-December 2007, in November 2007, buyers spent $4.3 million purchasing 300,000 items for sale on Etsy, an increase of 43 percent from October 2007. In June 2007, it expected to be profitable by the fall, in January 2008, Etsy received an additional $27 million in funding from Union Square Ventures, Hubert Burda Media, and Jim Breyer
Etsy
–
Etsy staff at work, July 2010
Etsy
–
Etsy
Etsy
–
Art in the Etsy office in
Brooklyn.
Etsy
–
Etsy Labs community workspace area.
42.
Webzine
–
An online magazine is a magazine published on the Internet, through bulletin board systems and other forms of public computer networks. One of the first magazines to convert from a print magazine format to being online only was the computer magazine Datamation, some online magazines distributed through the World Wide Web call themselves webzines. An ezine is a specialized term appropriately used for small magazines and newsletters distributed by any electronic method, for example. Some social groups may use the terms cyberzine and hyperzine when referring to electronically distributed resources, an online magazine shares some features with a blog and also with online newspapers, but can usually be distinguished by its approach to editorial control. Many large print-publishers now provide digital reproduction of their print magazine titles through various services for a fee. These service providers refer to their collections of these digital format products as online magazines. Online magazines representing matters of interest to specialists in or societies for academic subjects, science, in the late 1990s, e-zine publishers began adapting to the interactive and informative qualities of the Internet instead of simply duplicating print magazines on the web. Publishers of traditional print titles and entrepreneurs with an eye to a readership in the millions started publishing online titles. Salon. com, founded in July 1995 by David Talbot, was launched with considerable media exposure, in the 2000s, some webzines began appearing in a printed format to complement their online versions. Digital edition List of online magazine archives News site Salon
Webzine
–
The hacker/phreak magazine
Phrack is an example of an early plain-text online magazine.
43.
Last Gasp
–
Last Gasp is a San Francisco-based book publisher with a lowbrow art and counterculture focus. Owned and operated by Ron Turner, for most of its existence Last Gasp was a publisher, distributor, Last Gasp was established in 1970. Although the company came onto the scene a bit later than some of the underground publishers. Last Gasp no longer publishes floppy comics, the company publishes art and photography books, graphic novels, fiction, Last Gasp followed Slow Death Funnies with the all-female anthology It Aint Me, Babe, spearheaded by Trina Robbins. Last Gasp incorporated on September 11,1971, considered to be an enabler of the Air Pirates infamous Walt Disney parodies, Turners name was added to Disneys lawsuit against the collective. Turner quickly settled with Disney, but Air Pirates Dan ONeill, Bobby London, the companys success with Slow Death and It Aint Me, Babe enabled Last Gasp to expand into distribution, in addition to publishing. The company soon became a part of the underground comix movement. In 1972, Last Gasp published Justin Greens seminal autobiographical comic Binky Brown Meets the Holy Virgin Mary, beginning in 1972, Last Gasp began publishing ongoing titles moving over from other companies, beginning with Young Lust, and then Rand Holmes Harold Hedd. In 1977, the picked up Joyce Farmer and Lyn Chevelys Tits & Clits Comix. Last Gasp published the three issues of San Francisco Comic Book in 1980–1983, and the latter half of Zap Comix run from 1982–2005. Last Gasp also published Weirdo from 1981–1993, and Cherry Poptart from 1982–1992, in the early 1980s Last Gasp published some of the first books about the West Coast punk rock scene, including a number of titles by Peter Belsito. Last Gasp moved its headquarters from Berkeley to San Francisco in c, Last Gasp hosted Burritos, Beer & Cheer for more than 30 years. In early December 2016, Last Gasp announced it was ending its business to focus solely on book publishing. As a consequence, the company planned to lay off the bulk of its employees by February 2017. Town of Evening Calm, Country of Cherry Blossoms Mizuno, Junko, barefoot Gen Belsito, Peter, Bob Davis, and Marian Kester. StreetArt, The Punk Poster in San Francisco 1977-1981 ISBN9780867193008 Belsito, Peter, hardcore California, A History of Punk and New Wave ISBN9780867193145 Belsito, Peter. Notes From the Pop Underground ISBN 978-0867193374 Cometbus, despite Everything, A Cometbus Omnibus ISBN 0-86719-561-4 Corinne, Tee. The Cunt Coloring Book Griffith, Bill, dead Kennedys, The Unauthorized Version ISBN 0-86719-312-3 LeRoy, J. T. with illustrations by Cherry Hood
Last Gasp
–
'Lunch with Ron Turner', 2007.
44.
Philadelphia
–
In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
Philadelphia
–
From top left, the Philadelphia skyline, a
statue of Benjamin Franklin, the
Liberty Bell, the
Philadelphia Museum of Art,
Philadelphia City Hall, and
Independence Hall
Philadelphia
–
An 18th century map of Philadelphia.
Philadelphia
–
Penn's Treaty with the Indians by
Benjamin West
Philadelphia
–
Benjamin Franklin, 1777
45.
Portland, Oregon
–
Portland is a port and the largest city in the U. S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County. It is in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the confluence of the Willamette, the city covers 145 square miles and had an estimated population of 632,309 in 2015, making it the 26th most populous city in the United States. Approximately 2,389,228 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area and its Combined Statistical Area ranks 17th with a population of 3,022,178. Roughly 60% of Oregons population resides within the Portland metropolitan area, named after Portland, Maine, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the industry was a major force in the citys early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous cities in the world. After the citys economy experienced a boom during World War II. Beginning in the 1960s, Portland became noted for its liberal political values, and the city has earned a reputation as a bastion of counterculture. According to a 2009 Pew Research Center study, Portland ranks as the eighth most popular American city, the city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. The city government is notable for its planning and investment in public transportation. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool and this climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the City of Roses for over a century. Keep Portland Weird is a slogan for the city. During the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula and these massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet of water. The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by Meriwether Lewis, before its European settlement, the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast. Large numbers of settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1830s via the Oregon Trail. In the early 1840s a new settlement began emerging ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River and this community was initially referred to as Stumptown and The Clearing because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth. In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file a land claim. For 25 cents Overton agreed to half of the 640-acre site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston
Portland, Oregon
–
Clockwise: View of Portland with
Mount St. Helens in background; downtown cityscape;
Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall;
Pioneer Courthouse;
Mt. Tabor Reservoir; Skyline Memorial Gardens
Portland, Oregon
Portland, Oregon
–
Pioneer Courthouse, 1886
Portland, Oregon
–
Portland waterfront in 1898
46.
Toronto
–
Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, Toronto is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is well known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, the name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto, meaning place where trees stand in the water. This refers to the end of what is now Lake Simcoe. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
Toronto
–
From top left:
Downtown Toronto featuring the
CN Tower and
Financial District from the
Toronto Harbour,
City Hall, the
Ontario Legislative Building,
Casa Loma,
Prince Edward Viaduct, and the
Scarborough Bluffs
Toronto
–
Coat of arms
Toronto
–
Map of Toronto, 1894
Toronto
–
Yonge Street in 1900
47.
Ipswich
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Ipswich is the county town of Suffolk, England, located on the estuary of the River Orwell, about 60 miles north east of London. The town has been occupied since the Saxon period. It has also known as Gyppewicus and Yppswyche. Ipswich is one of Englands oldest towns, if not the oldest, the claim has also been made of the Essex town of Colchester, but that town was abandoned for some time, leaving Ipswich to claim to be the oldest continuously inhabited town in England. Under the Roman empire, the area around Ipswich formed an important route inland to towns and settlements via the rivers Orwell. A large Roman fort, part of the defences of Britain, stood at Walton near Felixstowe. The modern town took shape in Anglo-Saxon times around Ipswich dock, gipeswic ) arose as the equivalent to these, serving the Kingdom of East Anglia, its early imported wares dating to the time of King Rædwald, supreme ruler of the English. The famous ship-burial and treasure at Sutton Hoo nearby is probably his grave, the Ipswich Museum houses replicas of the Roman Mildenhall and Sutton Hoo treasures. A gallery devoted to the towns origins includes Anglo-Saxon weapons, jewellery, the 7th-century town was centred near the quay. Towards 700 AD, Frisian potters from the Netherlands area settled in Ipswich and their wares were traded far across England, and the industry was unique to Ipswich for 200 years. With growing prosperity, in about 720 AD a large new part of the town was out in the Buttermarket area. Ipswich was becoming a place of national and international importance, parts of the ancient road plan still survive in its modern streets. After the invasion of 869 Ipswich fell under Viking rule, the earth ramparts circling the town centre were probably raised by Vikings in Ipswich around 900 to prevent its recapture by the English. The town operated a mint under royal licence from King Edgar in the 970s, the abbreviation Gipes appears on the coins. King John granted the town its first charter in 1200, laying the foundations of its modern civil government. In the next four centuries it made the most of its wealth, Five large religious houses, including two Augustinian Priories, and those of the Greyfriars, Ipswich Whitefriars and Ipswich Blackfriars, stood in medieval Ipswich. The last Carmelite Prior of Ipswich was the celebrated John Bale, there were also several hospitals, including the leper hospital of St Mary Magdalene, founded before 1199. During the Middle Ages the Marian Shrine of Our Lady of Grace was a pilgrimage destination
Ipswich
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Top down:
Christchurch Mansion,
Willis Building,water tower,
Ipswich Waterfront, Ipswich Town Centre,
Sir Bobby Robson Bridge
Ipswich
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Ancient House is decorated with a particularly fine example of
pargeting.
Ipswich
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Timber-frame buildings in St Nicholas Street
Ipswich
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Neptune Marina Quay, Ipswich
48.
AK Press
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AK Press is a worker-managed independent publisher and book distributor that specialises in radical left and anarchist literature. It is collectively owned and operated out of Oakland, California, AK was founded in Stirling, Scotland by Ramsey Kanaan in 1987 as a small mail order outlet, named after his mother Ann Kanaan. The project soon expanded, venturing into independent book publishing, and AK Press also now has a branch in Oakland, Kanaan and several other members of AK Press left in 2007 to form a new radical publishing company PM Press. AK Press is organized as a workers co-operative, the Press is owned by all members of the collective and works without bosses and it operates online through akpress. org in the United States, and through akuk. com in Europe. In the US, it manages a Bookmobile that sells books at various gatherings around the country, in the United Kingdom, AK Press manages stalls at similar events. AK Press has released spoken word albums by such as Noam Chomsky, Howard Zinn, Jello Biafra, Arundhati Roy and Mumia Abu-Jamal and music by artists including David Rovics. The business also sells clothing, buttons, stickers, and various anarchist props like an upside down map of the world, list of book distributors AK Press Revolution by the Book, AK Press blog AK Press UK Author Ward Churchill Anarchy Reigns at AK Press, Publishers Weekly
AK Press
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AK Press (2015).
49.
Oakland, California
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Oakland /ˈoʊklənd/ is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. The city was incorporated in 1852, Oaklands territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. Its land served as a resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland, enlarging the citys population, increasing its housing stock and it continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry. Oakland is known for its sustainability practices, including a top-ranking for usage of electricity from renewable resources, in addition, due to a steady influx of immigrants during the 20th century, along with thousands of African-American war-industry workers who relocated from the Deep South during the 1940s. Oakland is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun Indians, who lived there for thousands of years, the Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone. In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, in 1772, the area that later became Oakland was claimed, with the rest of California, by Spanish settlers for the King of Spain. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown granted the East Bay area to Luis María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio, the grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain. Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons, Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente. The portion of the parcel that is now Oakland was called encinal—Spanish for oak grove—due to the oak forest that covered the area. In 1851, three men—Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—began developing what is now downtown Oakland, on May 4,1852, the Town of Oakland incorporated. Two years later, on March 25,1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland, with Horace Carpentier elected the first mayor, the city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, a number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, at the time of incorporation, Oakland consisted of the territory that lay south of todays major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north, Oaklands rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902. This resulted in the town of Alameda being made an island
Oakland, California
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Oakland skyline, with the old eastern span of the
San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge in background
Oakland, California
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1857 Map of Oakland
Oakland, California
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One day's output of 1917
Chevrolet automobiles at their major
West Coast plant, now the location of
Eastmont Town Center
Oakland, California
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In 1924, the
Tribune Tower was completed; in 1976, it was restored and declared an Oakland landmark.
50.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
Melbourne
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(From top left to bottom right)
Melbourne City Centre,
Flinders Street Station,
Shrine of Remembrance,
Federation Square,
Melbourne Cricket Ground,
Royal Exhibition Building.
Melbourne
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Melbourne Landing, 1840; watercolour by W. Liardet (1840)
Melbourne
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"Canvas Town", South Melbourne in the 1850s depicting temporary accommodation for the thousands who poured into Melbourne each week during the gold rush.
Melbourne
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Lithograph of the
Royal Exhibition Building, built to host the
Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880
51.
Maximum Rocknroll
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Maximumrocknroll, often written as Maximum Rocknroll and usually abbreviated as MRR, is a not-for-profit monthly zine of punk subculture. Based in San Francisco, MRR focuses on rock and hardcore music. Op/ed columns and news roundups are regular features as well, including submissions from international contributors, by 1990, it had become the de facto bible of the scene. It was founded by Tim Yohannan in 1982 as the newsprint booklet insert in Not So Quiet on the Western Front, the compilation included forty-seven bands from Northern California and nearby areas. In the 80s, MRR was one of the very few US fanzines that insisted on the scope of the punk movement. Today the zine has surpassed its 400th issue, and continues to include international content and it also includes artist interviews, letters, commentary, guest columnists, and extensive sections for independent reviews of punk recordings, demos, books, films, videos, and other zines. MRR has a large and dedicated all-volunteer staff motivated by a robust DIY ethic, MRR reinforces the values of the punk underground by remaining independent and not-for-profit in contrast to the small number of the major media conglomerates which fund most mainstream artists. Every month, MRR publishes many band interviews freely contributed by fans, in addition, first-hand scene reports from across the globe keep the worldwide punk scene connected. MRR has always had a policy of not giving coverage to, nor accepting advertising from and that policy extends to bands that are produced and distributed by a major label. For many years the magazine turned a profit, but much of that money was reinvested in community projects. Using a mostly volunteer staff, Gilman remains one of the worlds most important, MRR also directly sponsored The Epicenter Zone, a record store and show space in San Francisco, and helps fund numerous other clubs and musical projects around the world. Since Yohannans death in 1998, the magazine has continued to operate on essentially the same economic principles. This prompted a tightening of content parameters, first marked by a statement by founder. Yohannan asserted that certain musical subgenres such as emo, some metal, some pop, some grunge. Consequently, not only would reviews of such music be rejected, Yohannan observed that As this scene has gotten bigger, the pressure has increased on MRR to meet everyones needs. What Ive asked these labels to do is make ads for the releases they know well cover, thats better than nothing, and still allows us to have fun doing what we want to do. The outrage of affected labels and critics of the notion that rock was a musical form rather than a lifestyle pose was palpable. Asserting that MRR had increasingly come to resemble a lifestyle journal for retro-punks, some 80 issues of Punk Planet would be produced before the magazine expired in 2007
Maximum Rocknroll
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Maximumrocknroll
