1.
Safran
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Safran S. A. is a French multinational aircraft engine, rocket engine, aerospace-component, defense, and security company. It was formed by a merger between the aircraft and rocket engine manufacturer and aerospace component manufacturer group SNECMA and the security company SAGEM in 2005 and its headquarters are located in Paris. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, the name Safran was chosen from 4,250 suggestions. As a holding company for many subsidiaries the name was deemed suitable for the suggestion of direction, movement, Safran translates as rudder blade and as saffron, which the company highlights as one of the catalysts for early international trade. In 1905 Louis Seguin created the company Gnome, production of the first rotary engine for airplanes, the Gnome Omega, started in 1909. This company merged with the Le Rhône, a company created in 1912 by Louis Verdet, Gnome & Rhône was nationalized in 1945, creating Snecma. In 2000, this gave its name to the “Snecma Group”. Sagem was created in 1924 by Marcel Môme, in 1939, Sagem entered the telephone and transmissions market by taking control of Société anonyme des télécommunications. It acquired Société de Fabrication d’Instruments de Mesure, a measurement instrument specialist, however, by 2008 Sagem Mobile and Sagem Communications had been sold. Sagem Mobile became Sagem Wireless in January 2009, the Safran Group was created on May 11,2005, with the merger of Snecma and Sagem SA. In June 2014, Arianespace CEO Stephane Israel announced that European efforts to remain competitive in response to SpaceXs recent success have begun in earnest and this included the creation of a new joint venture company from Arianespaces two largest shareholders, the launch-vehicle producer Airbus Group and engine-producer Safran. By May 2015, Safran had created a division as well called Airbus Safran Launchers. This entity is currently developing the Ariane 6 launch vehicle for initial flights in the 2020s
2.
Ticker symbol
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A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock on a particular stock market. A stock symbol may consist of letters, numbers or a combination of both, ticker symbol refers to the symbols that were printed on the ticker tape of a ticker tape machine. Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market, for example, AAPL is for Apple Inc. OODH is for Orion DHC, Inc. and HD is for Home Depot, a stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape, the allocation of symbols and formatting convention is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the name where possible. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes, for example Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on the Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA, while in Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-Latin scripts. For example, the bank HSBCs stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005, symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil, Exxon used a spelling of the company XON as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was XOM, symbols are sometimes reused, in the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since Mar 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously used by Vivendi which had delisted. To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known, on many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker, although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes, the most prevalent of these is the International Securities Identifying Number. An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO6166, Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, stocks, and warrants. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange on which it trades, for instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide, and is priced in five different currencies, it has the same ISIN on each, though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics, but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL number or their ISIN, in the United States, modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poors to bring a national standard to investing
3.
Euronext
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Euronext NV is a European stock exchange seated in Amsterdam, Brussels, London, Lisbon and Paris. In addition to cash and derivatives markets, the Euronext group provides listing market data, market solutions, custody and its total product offering includes equities, exchange-traded funds, warrants and certificates, bonds, derivatives, commodities and indices. As of 2017, Euronext was the largest in continental Europe with 1,300 issuers representing a €3 trillion market capitalization, Euronext merged with NYSE Group, Inc. on April 4,2007 to form NYSE Euronext. On November 13,2013 Intercontinental Exchange, completed acquisition of NYSE Euronext, in June 2014 Euronext completed an initial public offering making it a standalone company again. In December 2001, Euronext acquired the shares of the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange, in 2002 the group merged with the Portuguese stock exchange Bolsa de Valores de Lisboa e Porto, renamed Euronext Lisbon. In 2001, Euronext became a company itself after completing its Initial Public Offering. Despite this, NYSE Group and Euronext penned an agreement, subject to shareholder vote. The initial regulatory response by SEC chief Christopher Cox was positive, the new firm, tentatively dubbed NYSE Euronext, would be headquartered in New York City, with European operations and its trading platform run out of Paris. In addition, the two hoped to add Borsa Italiana into the grouping. Deutsche Börse dropped out of the bidding for Euronext on 15 November 2006, a run-up of NYSE Groups stock price in late 2006 made the offering far more attractive to Euronexts shareholders. On 19 December 2006, Euronext shareholders approved the transaction with 98. 2% of the vote, only 1. 8% voted in favour of the Deutsche Börse offer. Jean-François Théodore, the Chief Executive Officer of Euronext, stated that expected the transaction to close within three or four months. Some of the agencies with jurisdiction over the merger had already given approval. NYSE Group shareholders gave their approval on 20 December 2006, the merger was completed on 4 April 2007, forming NYSE Euronext. In 2008 and 2009 Deutsche Börse made two attempts to merge with NYSE Euronext. Both attempts did not enter into advanced steps of merger, in 2011, Deutsche Börse and NYSE Euronext confirmed that they were in advanced merger talks. Such a merger would create the largest exchange in history, the deal was approved by shareholders of NYSE Euronext on July 7,2011, and Deutsche Börse on July 15,2011 and won the antitrust approved by the US regulators on December 22,2011. Deutsche Börse unsuccessfully appealed this decision, in 2012, Euronext announced the creation of Euronext London to offer listing facilities in the UK
4.
Plaisir, Yvelines
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Plaisir is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. It is located in the suburbs of Paris,29.5 km from the center of Paris. It borders among others on Élancourt, Trappes and Les-Clayes-sous-Bois and it has a major shopping mall. It is twinned with Lowestoft, England and Bad Aussee, Austria
5.
Net income
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In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
6.
Aerospace
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Aerospace is the human effort in science, engineering and business to fly in the atmosphere of Earth and surrounding space. Aerospace organisations research, design, manufacture, operate, or maintain aircraft and/or spacecraft, Aerospace activity is very diverse, with a multitude of commercial, industrial and military applications. Aerospace is not the same as airspace, which is the air space directly above a location on the ground. In most industrial countries, the industry is a cooperation of public. Along with these public space programs, many companies produce technical tools and components such as spaceships, some known companies involved in space programs include Boeing, Airbus Group, SpaceX, Lockheed Martin, MacDonald Dettwiler and Northrop Grumman. These companies are involved in other areas of aerospace such as the construction of aircraft. Modern aerospace began with George Cayley in 1799, Cayley proposed an aircraft with a fixed wing and a horizontal and vertical tail, defining characteristics of the modern airplane. Airmen like Otto Lilienthal, who introduced cambered airfoils in 1891, the Wright brothers were interested in Lilienthals work and read several of his publications. They also found inspiration in Octave Chanute, an airman and the author of Progress in Flying Machines, war and science fiction inspired great minds like Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and Wernher von Braun to achieve flight beyond the atmosphere. The launch of Sputnik 1 in October 1957 started the Space Age, in April 1981, the Space Shuttle Columbia launched, the start of regular manned access to orbital space. A sustained human presence in space started with Mir in 1986 and is continued by the International Space Station. Space commercialization and space tourism are more recent focuses in aerospace, Aerospace manufacturing is a high-technology industry that produces aircraft, guided missiles, space vehicles, aircraft engines, propulsion units, and related parts. Most of the industry is geared toward governmental work, for each original equipment manufacturer, the US government has assigned a Commercial and Government Entity code. These codes help to each manufacturer, repair facilities. In the United States, the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics, others include the very large airline industry. The aerospace industry employed 472,000 wage and salary workers in 2006, most of those jobs were in Washington state and in California, with Missouri, New York and Texas also being important. The leading aerospace manufacturers in the U. S. are Boeing, United Technologies Corporation, SpaceX, Northrop Grumman and these manufacturers are facing an increasing labor shortage as skilled U. S. workers age and retire. In India, Bangalore is a center of the aerospace industry, where Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, the National Aerospace Laboratories
7.
Airplane
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An airplane or aeroplane is a powered, fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or propeller. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations, the broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research. Commercial aviation is a massive industry involving the flying of tens of thousands of daily on airliners. Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, the Wright brothers invented and flew the first airplane in 1903, recognized as the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight. They built on the works of George Cayley dating from 1799, between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal also studied heavier-than-air flight. Following its limited use in World War I, aircraft continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the battles of World War II. The first jet aircraft was the German Heinkel He 178 in 1939, the first jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet, was introduced in 1952. The Boeing 707, the first widely successful commercial jet, was in service for more than 50 years. Aéroplane originally referred just to the wing, as it is a plane moving through the air, in an example of synecdoche, the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. In the United States and Canada, the airplane is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and most of the Commonwealth, the aeroplane is usually applied to these aircraft. Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the Greek legend of Icarus and Daedalus, and this machine may have been suspended for its flight. Some of the earliest recorded attempts with gliders were those by the 9th-century poet Abbas ibn Firnas, leonardo da Vinci researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his Codex on the Flight of Birds. In 1799, George Cayley set forth the concept of the airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion. Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, in 1856, Frenchman Jean-Marie Le Bris made the first powered flight, by having his glider LAlbatros artificiel pulled by a horse on a beach. Then Alexander F. Mozhaisky also made some innovative designs, in 1883, the American John J. Montgomery made a controlled flight in a glider. Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were Otto Lilienthal, Percy Pilcher, sir Hiram Maxim built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a 110-foot wingspan that was powered by two 360-horsepower steam engines driving two propellers
8.
Airship
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An airship or dirigible balloon is a type of aerostat or lighter-than-air aircraft that can navigate through the air under its own power. Aerostats gain their lift from large gas bags filled with a gas that is less dense than the surrounding air. In early dirigibles, the gas used was hydrogen, due to its high lifting capacity. Helium gas has almost the same lifting capacity and is not flammable, unlike hydrogen, significant amounts were first discovered in the United States and for a while helium was only used for airships by the United States. Most airships built since the 1960s have used helium, though some have used hot air, the envelope of an airship may form a single gas bag, or may contain a number of internal gas-filled cells. An airship also has engines, crew, and optionally also payload accommodation, the main types of airship are non-rigid, semi-rigid, and rigid. Non-rigid airships, often called blimps, rely on internal pressure to maintain the shape of the airship, semi-rigid airships maintain the envelope shape by internal pressure, but have some form of supporting structure, such as a fixed keel, attached to it. Rigid airships have a structural framework which maintains the shape and carries all structural loads. Rigid airships were first flown by Count Zeppelin and the vast majority of rigid airships built were manufactured by the firm he founded, as a result, rigid airships are called zeppelins. S. Navy helium-filled rigids, the USS Akron and USS Macon respectively, during the pioneer years of aeronautics, terms such as airship, air-ship, air ship and ship of the air meant any kind of navigable or dirigible flying machine. In 1919 Frederick Handley Page was reported as referring to ships of the air, in the 1930s, large intercontinental flying boats were also sometimes referred to as ships of the air or flying-ships. Nowadays the term airship is used only for powered, dirigible balloons, semirigid architecture is the more recent and the late appearance is caused by both advancements about deformable structures and exigiency of reducing weight and volume of the airships. They have a structure that ensure to keep the shape jointly with overpressure of the gas envelope. An aerostat is an aircraft which remain aloft using buoyancy or static lift, Airships are a type of aerostat. The term aerostat has also used to indicate a tethered or moored balloon as opposed to a free-floating balloon. A blimp is a non-rigid aerostat, in American usage it refers specifically to a non-rigid type of dirigible balloon or airship. In British usage it refers to any non-rigid aerostat, including balloons and other kite balloons, having a streamlined shape. The initials LZ, for Luftschiff Zeppelin, usually prefixed their crafts serial identifiers, streamlined Parsifal-shaped rigid airships are usually referred to as Zeppelin, because of the fame that this company has acquired due to the number of airships it produced
9.
Inflatable boats
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An inflatable boat is a lightweight boat constructed with its sides and bow made of flexible tubes containing pressurised gas. Often the transom is rigid, providing a location and structure for mounting an outboard motor, some inflatable boats have been designed to be disassembled and packed into a small volume, so that they can be easily stored and transported to water when needed. The boat, when inflated, is kept rigid crossways by a removable thwart. This feature allows such boats to be used as liferafts for larger boats or aircraft, the most common term for inflatable boats is rubber boat although rubber is usually no longer used in their construction. Other terms used include inflatable dinghy, rubber dinghy, inflatable, inflatable rescue boat, there are ancient carved images of animal skins filled with air being used as one-man floats to cross rivers. These floats were inflated by mouth, sometimes, these images have been wrongly described as ancient scuba. The discovery of the process to vulcanize rubber was made by Charles Goodyear in 1838, in late 1843, Thomas Hancock filed for a UK patent, which was also granted in 1844, after the Goodyear patent had been granted. In 1852, while traveling in England, Charles Goodyear discovered that Thomas Hancocks company was producing vulcanized rubber, the last of the suits were settled in 1855. Vulcanization stabilized the rubber allowing it to be durable and flexible. Shortly thereafter, several people expanded on experimentation of rubber coated fabrics, in 1839 the Duke of Wellington tested the first inflatable pontoons. Lieutenant Peter Halkett, an officer in the Royal Navy designed the Halkett boat in 1845 as the first successful inflatable boat and his first design was made of rubber-impregnated Mackintosh cloth. The boat cloak served as a poncho or cloak until inflated. A special pocket held bellows for inflation, and a blade to turn a walking stick into a paddle, a special umbrella could double as a sail. Although the Admiralty saw no use to which Halketts designs could be put in general naval service, John Franklin bought one to take on the ill-fated 1845 expedition in which the entire expedition party of 129 men and two ships vanished. In his explorations along the Oregon Trail, and the tributaries and forks of the Platte River during the years 1842 and 1843, frémont recorded what may have been the first use of an inflatable rubber boat for travel down rivers and rapids in the Rocky Mountains. The sides were formed by two cylinders, eighteen inches in diameter, connected with others forming the bow and stern. By 1855 there were numerous types of rubber boats in use, some made by Goodyear in the U. S. In 1866, four men crossed the Atlantic Ocean from New York to Britain on a three-tube raft called Nonpareil, from 1900 to 1910, the development of rubber manufacturing enabled attempts at producing circular rubber inflatable boats, similar to modern coracles
10.
Recreational boating
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A yacht /ˈjɒt/ is a recreational boat or ship. In modern use of the term, yachts differ from working ships mainly by their leisure purpose, there are two different classes of yachts, sailing and power boats. With the rise of the steamboat and other types of powerboat, sailing vessels in general came to be perceived as luxury, later the term came to encompass large motor boats for primarily private pleasure purposes as well. Yacht lengths normally range from 10 metres up to dozens of meters, a luxury craft smaller than 12 metres is more commonly called a cabin cruiser or simply a cruiser. A superyacht generally refers to any yacht above 24 m and a megayacht generally refers to any yacht over 50 metres and this size is small in relation to typical cruise liners and oil tankers. A few countries have a special flag worn by recreational boats or ships, although inspired by the national flag, the yacht ensign does not always correspond with the civil or merchant ensign of the state in question. Yacht ensigns differ from merchant ensigns in order to signal that the yacht is not carrying cargo that requires a customs declaration, carrying commercial cargo on a boat with a yacht ensign is deemed to be smuggling in many jurisdictions. Until the 1950s, almost all yachts were made of wood or steel, although wood hulls are still in production, the most common construction material is fibreglass, followed by aluminium, steel, carbon fibre, and ferrocement. The use of wood has changed and is no longer limited to traditional board-based methods, wood is mostly used by hobbyists or wooden boat purists when building an individual boat. Apart from materials like carbon fibre and aramid fibre, spruce veneers laminated with epoxy resins have the best weight-to-strength ratios of all boatbuilding materials. Sailing yachts can range in length from about 6 metres to well over 30 metres. Most privately owned yachts fall in the range of about 7 metres -14 metres, in the United States, sailors tend to refer to smaller yachts as sailboats, while referring to the general sport of sailing as yachting. Within the limited context of racing, a yacht is any sailing vessel taking part in a race. Many modern racing yachts have efficient sail-plans, most notably the Bermuda rig. This capability is the result of a sail-plan and hull design oriented towards this capability, day sailing yachts are usually small, at under 6 metres in length. Sometimes called sailing dinghies, they often have a keel, centreboard. Most day sailing yachts do not have a cabin, as they are designed for hourly or daily use and not for overnight journeys. They may have a cabin, where the front part of the hull has a raised solid roof to provide a place to store equipment or to offer shelter from wind or spray
11.
CNES
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The Centre national détudes spatiales is the French government space agency. Its headquarters are located in central Paris and it is under the supervision of the French Ministries of Defence and it operates from the Toulouse Space Center and Guiana Space Centre, but also has payloads launched from space centres operated by other countries. The president of CNES is Jean-Yves Le Gall, CNES is member of Institute of Space, its Applications and Technologies. CNES benefits from the second largest national budget allocated to space, CNES was established under President Charles de Gaulle in 1961. CNES was responsible for the training of French astronauts, until the last active CNES astronauts transferred to the European Space Agency in 2001. As of January 2015, CNES is working with Germany and a few governments to start a modest research effort with the hope to propose a LOX/methane reusable launch vehicle by mid-2015. If built, flight testing would not start before approximately 2026. Hammaguir missile range built in Algeria,1963 Cats launched into space via Véronique rockets. 1965 First French satellite put in orbit,1969 French Guiana Space Centre completed. Commercial competition in space is fierce, so launch services must be tailored to space operators’ needs, the new versions of Ariane 5 can launch large satellites or perform dual launches while the Vega and Soyuz-2 are small and medium-lift launchers. CNES is taking part in the Galileo navigation programme alongside the European Union, in addition to Spot and the future Pleiades satellites, CNES is working for the defence community as prime contractor for the Helios satellites. France’s contribution to the International Space Station is giving French scientists the opportunity to perform experiments in microgravity. The CNES is studying formation flying, a technique whereby several satellites fly components of a much heavier, CNES is collaborating with other space agencies in a number of projects. Joint missions with NASA result in PARASOL and CALIPSO satellites, CNES plays a major role in the construction and operation of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity satellite. In December 2006, CNES announced that it would publish its UFO archive online by late January or mid-February, most of the 6,000 reports have been filed by the public and airline professionals. Jacques Arnould, an official for the French Space Agency, said that the data had accumulated over a 30-year period and that they were often reported to the Gendarmerie. In the last two decades of the 20th century, France was the country whose government paid UFO investigators, employed by CNESs UFO section GEPAN, later known as SEPRA. On March 22,2007, CNES released its UFO files to the public through its website, the CNES has several tracking stations
12.
Weather balloon
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To obtain wind data, they can be tracked by radar, radio direction finding, or navigation systems. Balloons meant to stay at a constant altitude for long periods of time are known as transosondes, one of the first people to use weather balloons was Léon Teisserenc de Bort, the French meteorologist. Starting in 1896 he launched hundreds of balloons from his observatory in Trappes. These experiments led to his discovery of the tropopause and stratosphere, the balloon itself produces the lift, and is usually made of a highly flexible latex material, though Chloroprene may also be used. The unit that performs the actual measurements and radio transmissions hangs at the end of the string. Specialized radiosondes are used for measuring particular parameters, such as determining the ozone concentration, an example of specialized measurements is found in the Tethered Balloon Measurements in Cyprus in 2003, as part of the Preliminary Evaluation of Air Quality in Cyprus. The balloon is filled with hydrogen due to lower cost. The ascent rate can be controlled by the amount of gas with which the balloon is filled, Weather balloons may reach altitudes of 40 km or more, limited by diminishing pressures causing the balloon to expand to such a degree that it disintegrates. In this instance the instrument package is usually lost, above that altitude sounding rockets are used, and for even higher altitudes satellites are used. Weather balloons are launched around the world for observations used to diagnose current conditions as well as by human forecasters, about 800 locations around the globe do routine releases, twice daily, usually at 0000 UTC and 1200 UTC. Specialized uses also exist, such as for aviation interests, pollution monitoring, photography or videography, field research programs often use mobile launchers from land vehicles as well as ships and aircraft. In recent years weather balloons have also used for scattering human ashes at high-altitude by companies such as Stardust Ashes. The Weather balloon was used to create the fictional entity Rover during production of the 1960s TV series The Prisoner in Portmeirion, Gwynedd, North Wales. This was retained in further scenes shot at MGM Borehamwood UK during 1966-67
13.
Parachute
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A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag. Parachutes are usually out of light, strong cloth, originally silk. Parachutes often take the shape of a dome, but shapes may vary including some taking the shape of an inverted dome, depending on the situation, parachutes are used with a variety of loads, including people, food, equipment, space capsules, and bombs. Drogue chutes are used to aid horizontal deceleration of a vehicle, the earliest evidence for the parachute dates back to the Renaissance period. The oldest parachute design appears in a manuscript from 1470s Renaissance Italy. As a safety measure, four straps run from the ends of the rods to a waist belt, shortly after, a more sophisticated parachute was sketched by the polymath Leonardo da Vinci in his Codex Atlanticus dated to ca. Here, the scale of the parachute is in a more favorable proportion to the weight of the jumper, Leonardos canopy was held open by a square wooden frame, which alters the shape of the parachute from conical to pyramidal. It is not known whether the Italian inventor was influenced by the earlier design, the feasibility of Leonardos pyramidal design was successfully tested in 2000 by Briton Adrian Nicholas and again in 2008 by the Swiss skydiver Olivier Vietti-Teppa. The Croatian polymath and inventor Faust Vrančić examined da Vincis parachute sketch and he kept the square frame, but replaced the canopy with a bulging sail-like piece of cloth that he came to realize decelerates the fall more effectively. However, in book, John Wilkins wrote about flying. The modern parachute was invented in the late 18th century by Louis-Sébastien Lenormand in France, Lenormand also sketched his device beforehand. Two years later, in 1785, Lenormand coined the word parachute by hybridizing a Latin prefix para, and chute, also in 1785, Jean-Pierre Blanchard demonstrated it as a means of safely disembarking from a hot-air balloon. Subsequent development of the focused on it becoming more compact. In 1797, André Garnerin made the first descent using such a parachute, Garnerin also invented the vented parachute, which improved the stability of the fall. In 1907 Charles Broadwick demonstrated two key advances in the parachute he used to jump from hot air balloons at fairs and he folded his parachute into a pack he wore on his back. And the parachute was pulled from the pack by a line attached to the balloon. When Broadwick jumped from the balloon, the line became taut, pulled the parachute from the pack. In 1911 a successful test took place with a dummy at the Eiffel tower in Paris, the puppets weight was 75 kg, the parachutes weight was 21 kg
14.
Marine engineering
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Marine engineering includes the engineering of boats, ships, oil rigs and any other marine vessel or structure, as well as oceanographic engineering. It includes but is not limited to power and propulsion plants, machinery, piping, automation and control systems for vehicles of any kind, such as surface ships. The purely mechanical ship operation aspect of engineering has some relationship with naval architecture. In some cases, the responsibilities of each industry collide and is not specific to either field, propellers are examples of one of these types of responsibilities. For naval architects a propeller is a hydrodynamic device, for marine engineers a propeller acts similarly to a pump. Hull vibration, excited by the propeller, is another such area, noise control and shock hardening must be the joint responsibility of both the naval architect and the marine engineer. In fact, most issues caused by machinery are responsibilities in general, not all marine engineering is concerned with moving vessels. Archimedes is traditionally regarded as the first marine engineer, having developed a number of engineering systems in antiquity. Modern marine engineering dates back to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, in 1712 Thomas Newcomen, a blacksmith, created a steam powered engine to pump water out of mines. In 1807 Robert Fulton successfully used an engine to propel a vessel through the water. Fultons ship used the engine to power a small paddle wheel as its propulsion system. The integration of steam engines into ships was the start of the engineering profession. Before the integration of engines in ships, the maritime professions consisted of deck department jobs and this was because there was no engine for engineers to work on. The type of propulsion used before the engine powered paddle wheel was wind power, paddle wheel ships were the front runner of the industry for the next 30 years till the next type of propulsion came around. Only twelve years after Fulton’s Clermont had her first voyage, the Savannah marked the first sea voyage from America to Europe. Around 50 years later the steam powered paddle wheels had a peak with the creation of the Great Eastern, the Great Eastern was said to be ahead of its time and was destined for failure. Since the 1800s there have many improvements to the design of engines. The maritime industry holds 90% of all international trade, Marine engineers work on more than just engines in ships
15.
Evacuation slide
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An evacuation slide is an inflatable slide used to evacuate an aircraft quickly. An escape slide is required on all aircraft where the door sill height is such that, in the event of an evacuation. Escape slides are packed and held within the structure inside the slide bustle. In many modern planes, to reduce time, evacuation slides deploy automatically when a door is opened in an armed condition. Modern planes often indicate a condition with an indicator light. Many slides are designed to double as life rafts in case of a water landing. Some of these aircraft are the Embraer 190, Boeing 707,717,727 and 737, however, other aircraft require the use of overwing slides for the window exits to ensure that passengers can reach the ground quickly and safely. These include the Boeing 767, Boeing 757, and Airbus A320-series aircraft, window exits usually come in two configurations, An unhinged hatch type exit, where the hatch is unlocked from the inside and pulled into the cabin, whereupon it can be disposed. A manual inflation handle for the slide, if equipped. Most aircraft overwing exits are of this type, a hinged self-disposing exit hatch, that opens automatically outward using a spring when the exit handle is pulled. This design is found only on Boeing 737 NG aircraft. Window exits are equipped with ditching or life lines. These may be attached to the frame of the window exit. One end has a buckle to connect to attachments on the aircrafts wings, the first aircraft evacuation slide was developed and produced by Air Cruisers, founded by James F. Boyle, inventor of the World War II life vest, the Mae West. The patent for the escape chute assembly was submitted by Boyle in 1954. Today Air Cruisers provides slides for over 65% of the aircraft slide market, prior to inflatables, some passenger aircraft utilized canvas type slides which required the crew to undertake an extensive rigging procedure. Canvas type slides are found on some Russian aircraft. There are two types of aircraft evacuation slides, slides and slide/rafts
16.
Arresting gear
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An Arresting gear, or arrestor gear, is a mechanical system used to rapidly decelerate an aircraft as it lands. Arresting gear on aircraft carriers is a component of naval aviation. Similar systems are found at land-based airfields for expeditionary or emergency use. Typical systems consist of steel wire ropes laid across the aircraft landing area. During a normal arrestment, the tailhook engages the wire and the kinetic energy is transferred to hydraulic damping systems attached below the carrier deck. There are other related systems which use nets to catch aircraft wings or landing gear and these barricade and barrier systems are only used for emergency arrestments for aircraft without operable tailhooks. Arresting cable systems were invented by Hugh Robinson and were utilized by Eugene Ely on his first landing on a ship - the armored cruiser USS Pennsylvania and these early systems had cables run through pulleys and attached to dead weights, such as sandbags. More modern arresting cables were tested on HMS Courageous in June 1931, the system is designed to absorb theoretical maximum energy of 47,500,000 foot-pounds at maximum cable run-out. If the aircraft failed to catch a wire, its landing gear would be caught by a 3–4 foot high net known as the barrier. If the aircraft caught a wire upon touchdown, the barrier could be lowered to allow aircraft to taxi over it. The final safety net was the barricade, a large,15 foot high net that prevented landing aircraft from crashing into aircraft parked on the bow. Barriers are no longer in use, although ground based arresting gear are sometimes called barriers, barricades are still in use aboard carriers, but they are only rigged and used in emergencies. A normal arrestment is accomplished when the hook of an incoming aircraft engages one of the deck pendants. The arresting engine brings about a smooth, controlled stop of the landing aircraft, at the completion of the arrestment, the aircraft arresting hook is disengaged from the deck pendant, which is then retracted to its normal position. Modern carriers typically have three or four arresting cables laid across the landing area. All U. S. carriers in the Nimitz-class, along with Enterprise, have four wires, with the exception of the USS Ronald Reagan and USS George H. W. Bush, the Gerald R. Ford-class carriers will also have three. Pilots aim for the second or third wire to reduce the risk of landing short, aircraft coming in to land on a carrier are at approximately 85% of full throttle. At touchdown, the advances the throttles to full power
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Telemetry
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Telemetry is an automated communications process by which measurements and other data are collected at remote or inaccessible points and transmitted to receiving equipment for monitoring. The word is derived from Greek roots, tele = remote, systems that need external instructions and data to operate require the counterpart of telemetry, telecommand. Many modern telemetry systems take advantage of the low cost and ubiquity of GSM networks by using SMS to receive, a telemeter is a device used to remotely measure any quantity. It consists of a sensor, a path, and a display, recording. Telemeters are the devices used in telemetry. Electronic devices are used in telemetry and can be wireless or hard-wired. Other technologies are possible, such as mechanical, hydraulic. Telemetry may be commutated to allow the transmission of data streams in a fixed frame. Telemetering information over wire had its origins in the 19th century, One of the first data-transmission circuits was developed in 1845 between the Russian Tsars Winter Palace and army headquarters. In 1874, French engineers built a system of weather and snow-depth sensors on Mont Blanc that transmitted real-time information to Paris, in 1901 the American inventor C. Michalke patented the selsyn, a circuit for sending synchronized rotation information over a distance, in 1906 a set of seismic stations were built with telemetering to the Pulkovo Observatory in Russia. In 1912, Commonwealth Edison developed a system of telemetry to monitor electrical loads on its power grid, the Panama Canal used extensive telemetry systems to monitor locks and water levels. Wireless telemetry made early appearances in the radiosonde, developed concurrently in 1930 by Robert Bureau in France, mochanovs system modulated temperature and pressure measurements by converting them to wireless Morse code. In the US and the USSR, the Messina system was replaced with better systems. Early Soviet missile and space telemetry systems which were developed in the late 1940s used either pulse-position modulation or pulse-duration modulation, in the United States, early work employed similar systems, but were later replaced by pulse-code modulation. Later Soviet interplanetary probes used redundant radio systems, transmitting telemetry by PCM on a decimeter band, telemetry has been used by weather balloons for transmitting meteorological data since 1920. Telemetry is used to transmit drilling mechanics and formation evaluation information uphole, in real time and these services are known as Measurement while drilling and Logging while drilling. Information acquired thousands of feet below ground, while drilling, is sent through the hole to the surface sensors
18.
The Carlyle Group
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The Carlyle Group is an American multinational private equity, alternative asset management and financial services corporation. In 2012, Carlyle completed a $700 million initial public offering, According to a 2015 ranking called the PEI300 based on capital raised over the last five years, Carlyle was ranked No.1 as the largest private equity firm in the world. Carlyles Corporate Private Equity division manages a series of leveraged buyout, Growth capital funds – Carlyle manages 10 active growth capital funds with approximately $6.3 billion in assets under management as of December 31,2016. Carlyles Real Assets division manages 26 active investment carry funds focused on real estate, infrastructure and energy, as of December 31,2016, the Global Market Strategies division had $29 billion of assets under management across several strategies. Loans and Structured Credit funds – Carlyle manages 44 structured credit funds, distressed Credit – Carlyle manages three funds focused on investments in financially distressed companies, with more than $3.4 billion in assets under management as of December 31,2016. Private Credit – Carlyle manages five funds focused on investments in private credit, in 2011, Carlyle acquired AlpInvest and has integrated the business, including its leading fund-of-funds and secondary platforms, significantly expanding Carlyles global asset management business. AlpInvest has offices in New York City, Amsterdam and Hong Kong with over 75 investment professionals, metropolitan constructs and manages U. S. non-U. S. and global real estate portfolios, which include primary and secondary fund interests as well as co-investments. The founding partners named the firm after the Carlyle Hotel in New York City where Norris, Rubenstein, who was a Washington-based lawyer, had worked in the Carter Administration. Norris and DAneillo had previously worked together at Marriott Corporation while Conway was an executive at MCI Communications. Of the founding five partners Rubenstein, Conway and DAneillo remain active in the business while Rosenbaum left in the first year and Norris departed in 1995. Carlyle was founded with $5 million of financial backing from T. Rowe Price, Alex. Brown & Sons, First Interstate Equities, in the late 1980s, Carlyle raised capital on a deal-by-deal basis to pursue leveraged buyout investments including a failed takeover battle for Chi-Chis. The firm raised its first dedicated buyout fund with $100 million of commitments in 1990. In its early years, Carlyle also advised in transactions including a $500 million investment by Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal, Carlyle initially developed a reputation for acquiring businesses related to the defense industry. In 1992, Carlyle completed the acquisition of the Electronics division of General Dynamics Corporation, renamed GDE Systems, Carlyle would later sell the business to Tracor in October 1994. Carlyle acquired Magnavox Electronic Systems, the communications and electronic-warfare systems segment of Magnavox. Carlyle sold Magnavox for approximately $370 million to Hughes Aircraft Company in 1995, Carlyle also invested in Vought Aircraft through a partnership with Northrop Grumman. Carlyles most notable defense industry investment came in October 1997 with its acquisition of United Defense Industries, the $850 million acquisition of United Defense represented Carlyles largest investment to that point. Carlyle was able to complete an IPO of United Defense on the New York Stock Exchange in December 2001 selling a significant portion of its interest in the company, Carlyle completed a sale of its remaining United Defense stock and exited the investment in April 2004
19.
Olivier Zarrouati
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Olivier Zarrouati is a French engineer and business man. Since 2007, he has been Chief Executive Officer of Zodiac Aerospace, Zarrouati, an alumnus of the Ecole Polytechnique, graduated from the École nationale supérieure de laéronautique et de lespace in 1982. Zarrouati started his career as an engineer before joining the French Space agency from 1982 to 1988. In 1989, he joined Matra Marconi Space as project manager for earth observation satellites, in 1998, he led the Development Direction of Intertechnique which was acquired by Zodiac group in 1999. He then served as CEO of Aerosafety’s segment and CEO of the Group’s aeronautical activities, since 2007, he has been Chief Executive Officer of Zodiac Aerospace. In October 2015, he was chosen by the Supervisory Board to serve a term of four years as CEO. Since 2011, Zarrouati has been President of the ISAE SUPAERO Foundation, in 2000, he was appointed Knight of the National Order of Merit and Knight of the Legion of Honor in 2013
