1.
Unincorporated area
–
Occasionally, municipalities dissolve or disincorporate, which may happen if they become fiscally insolvent, and services become the responsibility of a higher administration. In some countries, such as in Brazil, Japan, France or the United Kingdom, unlike many other countries, Australia has only one level of local government immediately beneath state and territorial governments. A local government area often contains several towns and even entire cities, thus, aside from very sparsely populated areas and a few other special cases, almost all of Australia is part of an LGA. Unincorporated areas are often in locations, cover vast areas or have very small populations. Postal addresses in unincorporated areas, as in parts of Australia. Thus, there is any ambiguity regarding addresses in unincorporated areas. The Australian Capital Territory has no municipalities and is in some sense an unincorporated area, the territorial government is directly responsible for matters normally carried out by local government. The far west and north of New South Wales constitutes the Unincorporated Far West Region, a civil servant in the state capital manages such matters as are necessary. The second unincorporated area of state is Lord Howe Island. In the Northern Territory,1. 45% of the area and 4. In South Australia, 60% of the area is unincorporated and communities located within can receive services provided by a state agency. Firstly, the remote area that is unincorporated is the Abrolhos Islands. Secondly, the unincorporated areas are A-class reserves either in, or close to. In Canada, depending on the province, a settlement is one that does not have a municipal council that governs solely over the settlement. It is usually, but not always, part of a municipal government. This can range from hamlets to large urbanized areas that are similar in size to towns. In British Columbia, unincorporated settlements lie outside municipal boundaries entirely, Unincorporated settlements with a population of between 100 and 1,000 residents may have the status of designated place in Canadian census data. In some provinces, large tracts of undeveloped wilderness or rural country are unorganized areas that fall directly under the provincial jurisdiction
2.
Lake Tuendae
–
Lake Tuendae is an artificial pond at the Desert Studies Center in Zzyzx, California. It is inhabited by introduced mudhens as well as the endangered Mohave tui chub, list of lakes in California National Park Service. Mojave National Preserve - Mohave Tui Chub Research, archived from the original on 2006-04-29
3.
Desert Studies Center
–
The Desert Studies Center is a field station of the California State University located in Zzyzx, California, United States in the Mojave Desert. The purpose of the Center is to provide opportunities to research, receive instruction. Before the Center, the site was the Zzyzx Mineral Springs and Health Spa, the consortium continues to manage the site. The center has a 10, 000-watt solar panel array, a few of California State University Fullertons biology courses require students visit the center for a mandatory field trip to pass those courses
4.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
U.S. state
–
A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
6.
California
–
California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
7.
San Bernardino County, California
–
San Bernardino County, officially the County of San Bernardino, is a county located in the southern portion of the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,035,210, making it the fifth-most populous county in California, the county seat is San Bernardino. With an area of 20,105 square miles, San Bernardino County is the largest county in the United States by area, although some of Alaskas boroughs and census areas are larger. It is larger than each of the nine smallest states, larger than the four smallest states combined, Spanish Missionaries from Mission San Gabriel Arcángel established a church at the village of Politania in 1810. Father Francisco Dumetz named the church San Bernardino on May 20,1810, the Franciscans also gave the name San Bernardino to the snowcapped peak in Southern California, in honor of the saint and it is from him that the county derives its name. In 1819, they established the San Bernardino de Sena Estancia, following Mexican independence from Spain in 1821, Mexican citizens were granted land grants to establish ranchos in the area of the county. Rancho Jurupa in 1838, Rancho Cucamonga and El Rincon in 1839, Rancho Santa Ana del Chino in 1841, Rancho San Bernardino in 1842 and Rancho Muscupiabe in 1844. Agua Mansa was the first town in what became San Bernardino County, some of the southern parts of the countys territory were given to Riverside County in 1893. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 20,105 square miles. It is the largest county by area in California and the largest in the United States and it is slightly larger than the states of New Jersey, Connecticut, Delaware and Rhode Island combined. It borders both Nevada and Arizona, the bulk of the population, roughly two million, live in the roughly 480 square miles south of the San Bernardino Mountains adjacent to Riverside and in the San Bernardino Valley. Over 300,000 others live just north of the San Bernardino Mountains, agglomerating around Victorville covering roughly 280 square miles in Victor Valley, roughly another 100,000 people live scattered across the rest of the sprawling county. The Mojave National Preserve covers some of the desert, especially between Interstate 15 and Interstate 40. The desert portion also includes the cities of Needles next to the Colorado River and Barstow at the junction in Interstate 15, trona is at the northwestern part of the county west of Death Valley. This national park, mostly within Inyo County, also has a portion of land within the San Bernardino County. The largest metropolitan area in the Mojave Desert part of the county is Victor Valley, with the localities of Adelanto, Apple Valley, Hesperia. Further south, a portion of Joshua Tree National Park overlaps the county near Twentynine Palms, additional places near and west of Twentynine palms include Yucca Valley, Joshua Tree, and Morongo Valley. The mountains are home to the San Bernardino National Forest, and include the communities of Crestline, Lake Arrowhead, Running Springs, Big Bear City, Forest Falls, the San Bernardino Valley is at the eastern end of the San Gabriel Valley
8.
Pacific Time Zone
–
The Pacific Time Zone observes standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time. During daylight saving time, its time offset is UTC−7 and is based on the mean solar time of the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called the Pacific Time Zone. Specifically, it uses Pacific Standard Time when observing standard time, most of Canada uses daylight saving time. In Mexico, the UTC−8 time zone is known as the Northwest Zone, the largest city in the Pacific Time Zone is Los Angeles, the citys metropolitan area is the largest in the zone. The following states or areas are part of the Pacific Time Zone, California Washington Oregon – all, except for most of Malheur County, nevada Idaho Panhandle – the northern half of Idaho, north of the Salmon River. The town of Hyder, Alaska, is officially in the Alaska Time Zone, however, most of the town observes the Pacific Time because of strong connections with nearby Stewart, British Columbia, which is in the Pacific Time Zone. The United States Post Office in Hyder strictly adheres to Alaska Time, in Canada, the Pacific Time Zone includes most of British Columbia, all of Yukon, and the townsite of Tungsten. In Mexico, the state of Baja California lies completely within the Pacific Time Zone and this does not include the state of Baja California Sur, which is south of Baja California. Through 2006, the time changed to daylight time at 02,00 LST to 03,00 LDT on the first Sunday in April. The Canadian provinces and territories that use daylight time each adopted these dates between October 2005 and February 2007, in Mexico, beginning in 2010, the portion of the country in this time zone uses the extended dates, as do some other parts. The vast majority of Mexico, however, still uses the old dates
9.
Daylight saving time
–
Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
10.
ZIP Code
–
ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
11.
North American Numbering Plan
–
The North American Numbering Plan is a telephone numbering plan that encompasses 25 distinct regions in twenty countries primarily in North America, including the Caribbean and the U. S. territories. Not all North American countries participate in the NANP, each participating country forms a regulatory authority that has plenary control over local numbering resources. The FCC also serves as the U. S. regulator, Canadian numbering decisions are made by the Canadian Numbering Administration Consortium. The NANP divides the territories of its members into numbering plan areas which are encoded numerically with a telephone number prefix. Each telephone is assigned a telephone number unique only within its respective plan area. The telephone number consists of a central office code and a four-digit station number. The combination of a code and the telephone number serves as a destination routing address in the public switched telephone network. For international call routing, the NANP has been assigned the calling code 1 by the International Telecommunications Union. The North American Numbering Plan conforms with ITU Recommendation E.164, from its beginnings in 1876 and throughout the first part of the 20th century, the Bell System grew from essentially local or regional telephone systems. These systems expanded by growing their subscriber bases, as well as increasing their service areas by implementing additional local exchanges that were interconnected with tie trunks and it was the responsibility of each local administration to design telephone numbering plans that accommodated the local requirements and growth. As a result, the Bell System as a developed into an unorganized system of many differing local numbering systems. The diversity impeded the efficient operation and interconnection of exchanges into a system for long-distance telephone communication. The new numbering plan was accepted in October 1947, dividing most of North America into 86 Numbering Plan Areas. Each NPA was assigned a Numbering Plan Area code, often abbreviated as area code and these codes were first used by long-distance operators to establish long-distance calls between toll offices. The first customer-dialed direct call using area codes was made on November 10,1951, from Englewood, New Jersey, to Alameda, California. Direct distance dialing was introduced across the country and by the early 1960s most areas of the Bell System had been converted and it was commonplace in cities. In the following decades, the system expanded to all of the United States and its territories, Canada, Bermuda. By 1967,129 area codes had been assigned, mexican participation was planned, but implementation stopped after two area codes had been assigned and Mexico opted for an international numbering format, using country code 52
12.
Area codes 442 and 760
–
Area code 760 is a California telephone area code that was split from area code 619 on March 22,1997. Area code 442 is an overlay of 760 that became effective on November 21,2009 and it encompasses much of the southeastern and southernmost portions of the state. The area includes Imperial, Inyo, and Mono counties, as well as portions of San Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino, Los Angeles, area code 760 was split from 619 in 1997, which in turn had been split from area code 714 in 1982. Within a decade from its creation, however,760 was strained to the point that a new code would be necessary to serve the area. The initial plan was an area code split, with the San Diego
13.
Geographic Names Information System
–
It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
14.
Mojave National Preserve
–
Mojave National Preserve is a United States National Preserve located in the Mojave Desert of San Bernardino County, California, USA, between Interstate 15 and Interstate 40. The preserve was established October 31,1994 with the passage of the California Desert Protection Act by the US Congress, previously, it was the East Mojave National Scenic Area, under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management. At 1,600,000 acres, it is the third largest unit of the National Park System in the contiguous United States. Natural features include the Kelso Dunes, the Marl Mountains and the Cima Dome, as well as volcanic formations such as Hole-in-the-Wall, the preserve encloses Providence Mountains State Recreation Area and Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve, which are both managed by the California Department of Parks and Recreation. Impressive Joshua Tree forests cover parts of the preserve, the Cima Dome and Shadow Valley forests are the largest in the world. The defunct railroad depot and ghost town of Kelso are also found there, the depot is now the visitor center. The preserve is commonly traversed by 4 wheel drive vehicles traveling on the historic Mojave Road, summer temperatures average 90 °F, with highs exceeding 105 °F. Elevations in the Preserve range from 7,929 feet at Clark Mountain to 880 feet near Baker. Annual precipitation varies from 3.37 inches near Baker, to almost 9 inches in the mountains, at least 25% of precipitation comes from summer thunderstorms. Snow is often found in the mountains during the winter, the California Desert Protection Act of 1994 designated a wilderness area within Mojave National Preserve of approximately 695,200 acres. The National Park Service manages the wilderness in accordance with the Wilderness Act, the CDPA, the following climate data is for a higher elevation area in the preserve. See also Climate of the Mojave Desert, Mojave Memorial Cross Official website Photo tour of Mojave National Preserve - from USGS
15.
Interstate 15 in California
–
The route consists of the southernmost 287.26 miles of I-15, a major Interstate Highway that extends north through Nevada, a short section of Arizona, Utah, Idaho, and Montana to the Canada–US border. It is a thoroughfare for traffic between San Diego and the Inland Empire, as well as between Southern California, Las Vegas, Nevada, and points beyond. South of its junction at Interstate 8 in San Diego, the highway becomes SR15, extending 5.59 miles to Interstate 5, about 12 miles from the Mexican border. This segment was signed as a state route instead of an Interstate. Including this segment, the length of Route 15 is 293.64 miles. Wetterling and San Bernardino County Sheriffs Lieutenant Alfred E. Stewart Memorial Highway, SR15 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System. SR15 begins south of I-5 at 32nd Street near Harbor Drive, after this, SR15 has an interchange with SR94, which has been cited as not being up to Interstate standards. Between the Polk Avenue and Orange Avenue overpasses, the freeway goes under a city park that was built on top of the freeway during construction in 2001, pedestrian bridges were also built at Monroe Avenue and Landis Street to reduce the effects of the freeway geographically dividing the community. Between I-8 and I-805, SR15 follows the alignment of 40th Street. It continues seamlessly into the terminus of I-15 at I-8 in San Diego. On the northbound conversion to I-15 at I-8, there is no End SR15 sign, there are various local names for the highway, such as the Escondido Freeway between San Diego and Escondido. I-15 between SR163 and Pomerado Road/Miramar Road is known as the Semper Fi Highway in recognition of the nearby Marine Corps Air Station Miramar. I-15 between Scripps Poway Pkwy and Camino Del Norte is known as the Tony Gwynn Memorial Freeway in recognition of Tony Gwynn who played in the San Diego Padres, North of the Escondido city limits it is known as the Avocado Highway, whose designation ends upon entering Temecula. There are other names as noted below. Heading northward, I-15 currently begins at I-8, at the place that its continuation, SR15. I-15 goes through Mission Valley and intersects with SR52, before merging with SR163, after traversing the Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, I-15 comes into Rancho Peñasquitos, where it intersects with the end of SR56. Northward, the route crosses Lake Hodges inside the upper San Diego city limits, I-15 continues north into Escondido, where it interchanges with SR78. In Riverside County, SR79 joins I-15 and runs concurrently with the route for a 3. 2-mile portion in Temecula, then, I-15 intersects with the southern end of I-215, which continues the designation of the Escondido Freeway
16.
Collector road
–
A collector road or distributor road is a low-to-moderate-capacity road which serves to move traffic from local streets to arterial roads. Unlike arterials, collector roads are designed to access to residential properties. Rarely, jurisdictions differentiate major and minor roads, the former being generally wider and busier. Collector roads can vary widely in appearance, some urban collectors are wide boulevards entering communities or connecting sections. Others are residential streets, which are wider than local roads. Small-scale commercial areas can be found on roads in residential areas. Key community functions such as schools, churches, and recreational facilities can often be found on collector roads, a collector road usually consists of a mixture of signaled intersections, roundabouts, traffic circles, or stop signs, often in the form of a four‑way stop. Two-way stops are used at intersections with local streets that favour traffic movement on the collector. In North America, a collector road normally has traffic lights at an intersection with an arterial road, traffic calming is occasionally used in older areas on collector roads as well. Collector roads can originate in different ways. Most often, they are planned within a suburban layout and built expressly for that purpose, occasionally, UK Government Planning Portal, Glossary, D
17.
Mojave Desert
–
The Mojave Desert is an arid rain-shadow desert and the driest desert in North America. It is located in the southwestern United States, primarily within southeastern California and southern Nevada, very small areas also extend into Utah and Arizona. The central part of the desert is sparsely populated, while its peripheries support large communities such as Las Vegas, Lancaster, Palmdale, Victorville, the Mojave Desert is bordered by the Great Basin Desert to its north and the Sonoran Desert to its south and east. Topographical boundaries include the Tehachapi Mountains to the west, and the San Gabriel Mountains, the mountain boundaries are distinct because they are outlined by the two largest faults in California – the San Andreas and Garlock faults. The Mojave Desert displays typical basin and range topography and it occupies less than 50,000 sq mi, making it the smallest of the North American deserts. The Mojave Desert is often referred to as the desert, in contrast to the low desert. However, the Mojave Desert is generally lower than the Great Basin Desert to the north, the spelling Mojave originates from the Spanish language while the spelling Mohave comes from modern English. The Mojave Desert receives less than 13 in of rain a year and is generally between 2,000 and 5,000 feet in elevation, zion National Park in Utah lies at the junction of the Mojave, the Great Basin Desert, and the Colorado Plateau. Despite its aridity, the Mojave has long been a center of production, fed by irrigation coming from groundwater. The Mojave is a desert of temperature extremes and two distinct seasons, winter months bring comfortable daytime temperatures, which dip precipitously to around 20 °F on valley floors, and below 0 °F at higher elevations. Storms moving from the Pacific Northwest can bring rain and in places even snow. More often, the shadow created by the Sierra Nevada as well as mountain ranges within the desert such as the Spring Mountains, bring only clouds. By early June, it is rare for another Pacific storm to have a significant impact on the regions weather, summer weather is dominated by heat. Temperatures on valley floors can soar above 120 °F and above 130 °F at the lowest elevations, low humidity, high temperatures, and low pressure, draw in moisture from the Gulf of Mexico creating thunderstorms across the desert southwest known as the North American monsoon. Autumn is generally pleasant, with one to two Pacific storm systems creating regional rain events, october is one of the driest and sunniest months in the Mojave, and temperatures usually remain between 70 °F and 90 °F on the valley floors. After temperature, wind is the most significant weather phenomenon in the Mojave, during the June Gloom, cooler air can be pushed out into the desert from Southern California. In Santa Ana wind events, hot air from the desert blows out into the Los Angeles basin, wind farms in these areas generate power from these winds. The other major factor in the region is elevation
18.
Baker, California
–
Baker is a census-designated place located in San Bernardino County, California, USA. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 735. Bakers ZIP Code is 92309 and the community is within area codes 442 and 760, Baker was founded as a station on the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad in 1908, and was named after Richard C. Baker, business partner of Francis Marion Smith in building the railroad, Baker later became president of the T&T himself. It is the site of a vacant for-profit prison formerly operated by Cornell Corrections which experienced a riot on December 2,2003. It was permanently closed on December 25,2009, GEO Group purchased Cornell Companies, its owner, on August 12,2010. It had previously experienced escapes in August and November 1995, Baker is located in the Mojave Desert at the junction of Interstate 15 and SR127. Its elevation is approximately 930 feet above sea level, which is lower than either Barstow or Las Vegas. The Cronese Mountains are located southwest of the community, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 2.7 square miles, all of it land. Summer temperatures in Baker routinely exceed 110 °F,2007 saw a record of 125 °F, the 2010 United States Census reported that Baker had a population of 735. The population density was 273.5 people per square mile, the racial makeup of Baker was 302 White,1 African American,5 Native American,10 Asian,14 Pacific Islander,380 from other races, and 23 from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 502 persons, the Census reported that 731 people lived in households,4 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 were institutionalized. There were 29 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1 same-sex married couples or partnerships,28 households were made up of individuals and 4 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.40, there were 168 families, the average family size was 3.74. The median age was 26.1 years, for every 100 females there were 113.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.1 males, there were 303 housing units at an average density of 112.7 per square mile, of which 116 were owner-occupied, and 99 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1. 7%, the vacancy rate was 20. 8%. 414 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 317 people lived in housing units
19.
Interstate 15
–
Interstate 15 is a major Interstate Highway in the western United States. I-15 begins near the Mexico–US border in San Diego County and stretches north to Alberta, Canada, passing through the states of California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Idaho, and Montana. The interstate serves the cities of San Diego, Las Vegas, St. George, Salt Lake City, Pocatello and Butte. It also passes close to the areas of Orange County, California, Los Angeles County, California, Provo, Utah, Ogden, Utah. The stretches of Interstate 15 in Idaho, Utah, and Arizona have been designated as the Veterans Memorial Highway, since its creation, I-15 has served as a long-haul route for North American commerce. Also since the construction of I-15, California, Nevada, as a result, the route of I-15 has substantially increased in population and commuter traffic. The northern terminus is in Sweet Grass, Montana, at the Canada–US border and it is 1,433 miles long from San Diego to Sweet Grass. North of its junction with the Riverside Freeway, State Route 91, in the Inland Empire near Corona, the route roughly follows the former routes of State Route 31. North of Devore, the highway follows the alignment of historic U. S. Highway 66 along with U. S. Highway 91. U. S.395 breaks away at Hesperia and the route continues on a path to Barstow 35 miles to the north. Meanwhile, the old alignments of U. S.91, at that point, I-15 follows the old route of U. S.91 exclusively as U. S.66 turned east toward Needles. For many parts of the highway, high-voltage power lines, such as Path 46 and Path 27, almost all originating from the Hoover Dam, many of these link distant power stations to the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The southern starting point of Interstate 15 was in 1947 planned to be in San Bernardino and this was logical as I-15 was following the old alignment of the historic Route 66 which passed through San Bernardino. But in 1964, legislation was passed to extend the interstate to San Diego. This segments alignment is generally northeast to southwest for about 15 miles, then, in Fontana/Rancho Cucamonga, its directional alignment shifts to north–south where it eventually junctions with Interstate 10. The segment that had built from Devore to San Bernardino was retained as an interstate. Note that during the construction of I-15s present alignment, and for some time afterwards, I-215 was numbered as I-15E, I-15 runs for a total of 287 miles in California. Interstate 15 begins in Primm and continues through Las Vegas along the Las Vegas Strip corridor, then the interstate crosses the border with Arizona in Mesquite
20.
Las Vegas
–
The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert. Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city known primarily for its gambling, shopping, fine dining, entertainment and it is the leading financial, commercial, and cultural center for Nevada. The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World and it is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry, claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any city in the world. Today, Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the worlds most visited tourist destinations. The citys tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City, and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature, films, television programs, Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911. At the close of the 20th century, it was the most populated American city founded within that century, population growth has accelerated since the 1960s, and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled, increasing by 85. 2%. Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century, and according to a 2013 estimate, perhaps the earliest visitors to the Las Vegas area were nomadic Paleo-Indians, who traveled there 10,000 years ago, leaving behind petroglyphs. Anasazi and Paiute tribes followed at least 2,000 years ago, a young Mexican scout named Rafael Rivera is credited as the first non-Native American to encounter the valley, in 1829. Trader Antonio Armijo led a 60-man party along the Spanish Trail to Los Angeles, the area was named Las Vegas, which is Spanish for the meadows, as it featured abundant wild grasses, as well as desert spring waters for westward travelers. The year 1844 marked the arrival of John C, frémont, whose writings helped lure pioneers to the area. Downtown Las Vegas Fremont Street is named after him, eleven years later members of the LDS Church chose Las Vegas as the site to build a fort halfway between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles, where they would travel to gather supplies. The fort was abandoned several years afterward, the remainder of this Old Mormon Fort can still be seen at the intersection of Las Vegas Boulevard and Washington Avenue. Las Vegas was founded as a city in 1905, when 110 acres of adjacent to the Union Pacific Railroad tracks were auctioned in what would become the downtown area. In 1911, Las Vegas was incorporated as a city,1931 was a pivotal year for Las Vegas. At that time, Nevada legalized casino gambling and reduced residency requirements for divorce to six weeks and this year also witnessed the beginning of construction on nearby Hoover Dam. The influx of workers and their families helped Las Vegas avoid economic calamity during the Great Depression. The construction work was completed in 1935, in 1941, the Las Vegas Army Air Corps Gunnery School was established. Currently known as Nellis Air Force Base, it is home to the team called the Thunderbirds
21.
Nevada
–
Nevada is a state in the Western, Mountain West, and Southwestern regions of the United States of America. Nevada is the 7th most extensive, the 34th most populous, nearly three-quarters of Nevadas people live in Clark County, which contains the Las Vegas–Paradise metropolitan area where three of the states four largest incorporated cities are located. Nevada is officially known as the Silver State because of the importance of silver to its history and economy. It is also known as the Battle Born State, because it achieved statehood during the Civil War, as the Sage-brush State, for the plant of the same name. Nevada borders Oregon to the northwest, Idaho to the northeast, California to the west, Arizona to the southeast, Nevada is largely desert and semi-arid, much of it located within the Great Basin. Areas south of the Great Basin are located within the Mojave Desert, while Lake Tahoe, about 86% of the states land is managed by various jurisdictions of the U. S. federal government, both civilian and military. Before European contact, Native Americans of the Paiute, Shoshone, the first Europeans to explore the region were Spanish. They called the region Nevada because of the snow covered the mountains in winter. The area formed part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the United States annexed the area in 1848 after its victory in the Mexican–American War, and it was incorporated as part of Utah Territory in 1850. The discovery of silver at the Comstock Lode in 1859 led to a boom that became an impetus to the creation of Nevada Territory out of western Utah Territory in 1861. Nevada became the 36th state on October 31,1864, as the second of two added to the Union during the Civil War. Nevada has a reputation for its libertarian laws, in 1940, with a population of just over 110,000 people, Nevada was by far the least-populated state, with less than half the population of the next least-populated state. However, legalized gambling and lenient marriage and divorce laws transformed Nevada into a major tourist destination in the 20th century, Nevada is the only U. S. state where prostitution is legal, though it is illegal in Clark County, Washoe County and Carson City. The tourism industry remains Nevadas largest employer, with mining continuing as a sector of the economy. The name Nevada comes from the Spanish nevada, meaning snow-covered, most Nevadans pronounce the second syllable of their state name using the vowel of trap. Many from outside the Western United States pronounce it with the vowel of father, although the latter pronunciation is closer to the Spanish pronunciation, it is not the pronunciation preferred by most Nevadans. State Assemblyman Harry Mortenson proposed a bill to recognize the alternate pronunciation of Nevada, though the bill was not supported by most legislators, the Nevadan pronunciation is the de facto official one, since it is the one used by the state legislature. Nevada is almost entirely within the Basin and Range Province, and is broken up by many mountain ranges
22.
Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad
–
The Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad, the T&T, was a former class II railroad extending roughly 200 miles in eastern California and southwestern Nevada. The railroad was listed as a carrier, however it was built by Francis Marion Smith the Borax King and his Pacific Coast Borax Company primarily to transport borax to processing. The line is now completely abandoned and its mainline route was through remote reaches of the Eastern Mojave Desert. It had spurs, to the town of Goldfield. It did not reach its namesake town of Tonopah further northwest, grading began on the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad—T&T line on July 30,1905. 50- and 65-pound rails were laid starting on November 19,1905, the line was completed on October 30,1907, with the T&T tracks ending at Gold Center, Nevada. From Gold Center the T&T reached into Beatty, Nevada with joint trackage rights with the Brock Road Bullfrog Goldfield Railroad, the T&T also reached Rhyolite, Nevada over the Bullfrog Goldfield trackage via the connecting wye at Gold Center. The T&T owned and ran both lines under a new identity from 1920 until January,1928. The T&T also had a 7-mile branch that ran from its mainline at Death Valley Junction, at Horton, California the T&T separated from the narrow gauge Death Valley Railroad —DVRR. The DVRR ran for 21 miles from Death Valley Junction west to Devar, later renamed Ryan, mines Ryan, via Colmanite and was abandoned in 1931. The T&T branch had 3 rail tracks from Horton to Death Valley Junction, the T&T branch was built in 1907 and the DVRR was built in 1914. The branch to the Lila C. was removed not long after all operations were transferred to Devar−Ryan, originally a verbal agreement between Smith and William A. Clark was to build a line from Las Vegas to the Lila C mine. However grading was stopped in 1905, due to Clark apparently changing his mind, Clark was the owner of the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad, and he built the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad instead from Las Vegas north to Goldfield. In response, Smith started his own competing railroad, the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad, once the gold mining boom ended, the T&T railroad struggled to survive, as borax shipping came to comprise the majority of its business. In 1926 Smith acquired a mine in the western Mojave Desert. The company town of Boron was developed close by, by 1927 the line relied upon whatever traffic could be found. Over most of its existence, the Pacific Coast Borax Company had made up the losses from the railroads operations, a railcar was bought to replace the already worn out steam locomotives and to cut costs on running the T&T line. Discussions for cessation/abandonment were started as early as 1930, after the major Mojave River flood of 1933, Ludlow was abandoned and operations ran north from Crucero, a Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad railhead
23.
Spring (hydrology)
–
A spring is any natural situation where water flows from an aquifer to the Earths surface. It is a component of the hydrosphere, a spring may be the result of karst topography where surface water has infiltrated the Earths surface, becoming part of the area groundwater. The groundwater then travels through a network of cracks and fissure—openings ranging from intergranular spaces to large caves, the water eventually emerges from below the surface, in the form of a karst spring. The forcing of the spring to the surface can be the result of an aquifer in which the recharge area of the spring water table rests at a higher elevation than that of the outlet. Spring water forced to the surface by elevated sources are artesian wells and this is possible even if the outlet is in the form of a 300-foot-deep cave. In this case the cave is used like a hose by the higher elevated area of groundwater to exit through the lower elevation opening. Non-artesian springs may simply flow from a higher elevation through the earth to a lower elevation, still other springs are the result of pressure from an underground source in the earth, in the form of volcanic activity. The result can be water at elevated temperature such as a hot spring, the action of the groundwater continually dissolves permeable bedrock such as limestone and dolomite, creating vast cave systems. The term seep refers to springs with small flow rates in which the water has filtered through permeable earth. Fracture springs, discharge from faults, joints, or fissures in the earth, tubular springs, in which the water flows from underground caverns. Spring discharge, or resurgence, is determined by the springs recharge basin, factors that affect the recharge include the size of the area in which groundwater is captured, the amount of precipitation, the size of capture points, and the size of the spring outlet. Water may leak into the system from many sources including permeable earth, sinkholes. In some cases entire creeks seemingly disappear as the water sinks into the ground via the stream bed, grand Gulf State Park in Missouri is an example of an entire creek vanishing into the groundwater system. The water emerges 9 miles away, forming some of the discharge of Mammoth Spring in Arkansas, human activity may also affect a springs discharge--withdrawal of groundwater reduces the water pressure in an aquifer, decreasing the volume of flow. Springs are often classified by the volume of the water they discharge, the largest springs are called first-magnitude, defined as springs that discharge water at a rate of at least 2800 liters or 100 cubic feet of water per second. The scale for spring flow is as follows, Minerals become dissolved in the water as it moves through the underground rocks and this may give the water flavor and even carbon dioxide bubbles, depending on the nature of the geology through which it passes. This is why spring water is bottled and sold as mineral water. Springs that contain significant amounts of minerals are sometimes called mineral springs, Springs that contain large amounts of dissolved sodium salts, mostly sodium carbonate, are called soda springs
24.
Prehistory
–
Prehistory means literally before history, from the Latin word for before, præ, and Greek ιστορία. Neighbouring civilisations were the first to follow, most other civilisations reached the end of prehistory during the Iron Age. The period when a culture is written about by others, but has not developed its own writing is known as the protohistory of the culture. By definition, there are no records from human prehistory. Clear techniques for dating were not well-developed until the 19th century and this article is concerned with human prehistory as defined here above. There are separate articles for the history of the Earth. However, for the race as a whole, prehistory ends when recorded history begins with the accounts of the ancient world around the 4th millennium BC. For example, in Egypt it is accepted that prehistory ended around 3200 BC, whereas in New Guinea the end of the prehistoric era is set much more recently. The three-age system is the periodization of prehistory into three consecutive time periods, named for their respective predominant tool-making technologies, Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age. The notion of prehistory began to surface during the Enlightenment in the work of antiquarians who used the word primitive to describe societies that existed before written records, the first use of the word prehistory in English, however, occurred in the Foreign Quarterly Review in 1836. The main source for prehistory is archaeology, but some scholars are beginning to more use of evidence from the natural and social sciences. This view has been articulated by advocates of deep history, human population geneticists and historical linguists are also providing valuable insight for these questions. Human prehistory differs from history not only in terms of its chronology, restricted to material processes, remains and artifacts rather than written records, prehistory is anonymous. Because of this, reference terms that use, such as Neanderthal or Iron Age are modern labels with definitions sometimes subject to debate. Palaeolithic means Old Stone Age, and begins with the first use of stone tools, the Paleolithic is the earliest period of the Stone Age. The early part of the Palaeolithic is called the Lower Palaeolithic, evidence of control of fire by early humans during the Lower Palaeolithic Era is uncertain and has at best limited scholarly support. The most widely accepted claim is that H. erectus or H. ergaster made fires between 790,000 and 690,000 BP in a site at Bnot Yaakov Bridge, Israel. The use of fire enabled early humans to cook food, provide warmth, Early Homo sapiens originated some 200,000 years ago, ushering in the Middle Palaeolithic
25.
Mojave Road
–
A four-wheel drive vehicle is required for all but a few short stretches of this road, which is unmaintained. The old road from Fork of the Road eastward along the Mojave River is interrupted after 10.9 acres by private property, the road is resumed at an access point from the north in Manix Wash. Under optimal conditions, its length of 133 miles from Beales Crossing to Manix Wash can be travelled in 2 to 3 days. The watering holes recur at intervals of about 60 miles to 70 miles, francisco Garcés, the Spanish Franciscan missionary, traveled the trail with Mohave guides, after leaving the expedition of Juan Bautista de Anza in 1776. José María de Zalvidea, the zealous Franciscan administrator of Mission San Gabriel also crossed the trail in 1806, in 1826, Jedediah Smith became the first North American to travel the Mojave Trail. From 1829-30, Mexican traders from New Mexico established the routes came to be called the Old Spanish Trail trade route to California. The first of these Armijos route intercepted the Mohaves trail at the mouth of the Mojave River near Soda Lake, Wagon trains of settlers coming west on the Santa Fe Trail, soon followed Beales Wagon Road and the Mojave Road into Southern California. Beales road was shorter than the route via the more southern Southern Emigrant Trail and it was cooler in summer, soon hostiities began between the Mohaves and the settlers, triggering the Mohave War. From the time of the Mohave War the trail came under the purview of the U. S. government. Army posts were established at Fort Mojave, at Beales Crossing in 1859 and after the Bitter Spring Expedition at Camp Cady,10.9 miles east of Fork of the Road, in 1860. Later in the 1860s, smaller outposts were established east of Camp Cady along the trail, the army protected the settlers and travelers from the attacks of the resident Paiute, Mojave and Chemehuevi Native Americans until 1871. This also opened the way for large mining development in the Mojave Desert region of San Bernardino County, the following list of markers follows east to west travel. The Colorado River – Where the trail begins, near Beales Crossing,35. 046280°N114. 627890°W /35.046280, -114. 627890 Beaver Lake - A lake, sometimes a slough of the Colorado River during spring floods. The original road passed the lake on the north 2.5 miles -3 miles from the river crossing, the Mohave War Battle of Beaver Lake was fought there just north of the lake. In the 20th century, cutoff from the floods of the river by the construction of dams above it, Beaver Lake dried up, becoming playa. The modern trail cuts across the middle of this water feature. 35. 070010°N114. 639990°W /35.070010, -114. 639990 Piute Creek – With Piute Spring, a spring, as its source. 35. 115020°N114. 985260°W /35.115020, -114. 985260 Lanfair Valley – Cattle ranches have been here since 1880, Indian Well an old well of debatable origin lies to the northwest of Indian Hill
26.
Curtis Howe Springer
–
He was also the host of well-known evangelical syndicated radio programs that were broadcast throughout the United States for several decades. Springer was in actuality neither a doctor nor a minister, in 1969, the American Medical Association labeled him the King of Quacks. In the early 1970s, the government discovered that Springer held no legal rights to the land where Zzyzx stood, consequently, he was evicted from the space. Curtis Howe Springer was born December 2,1896, and hailed from Birmingham and he was married to Mary Louise Berkebile. They separated at some point, and he married a woman named Helen, Springer had several children, including a daughter, Marilou, and a son, Curtis Jr. who later became a judge in Montgomery, Alabama. He claimed to have been a private in the United States Army, in Springers early life, he drummed up crowds for William Jennings Bryans tirades against demon rum and was a sheet music vendor at Billy Sundays evangelical services. Following World War I, Springer worked at a school in Florida, in the late 1920s, Springer moved to Chicago, where he became involved with an automotive technical school called Greer College. Springer was fired by 1930, and the school was forced into bankruptcy shortly afterward, although all his lectures were free, Springer would ask for donations part-way through his speech, and often attempt to sell audience members private courses in psychoanalysis for $25 per session. In advertisements for his appearances, he would follow his name with M. D. N. D. D. O. or Ph. D. Chicago was largely Springers home base until the summer of 1934, after he applied for airtime on WGN radio, the station contacted American Medical Associations Bureau of Investigations for information regarding Springer. The AMA and Better Business Bureau quickly began to note of his completely falsified education record. Before long, Springer had been labeled as a notorious fraud, the book concluded that a most thorough search fails to show that Springer was ever graduated by any reputable college or university, medical or otherwise. Although denied airtime on WGN, he was successful in obtaining a twice-daily slot as an radio evangelist on Chicagos WCFL and he began broadcasting on the station in 1934. His programs were often an outlet for his support of Franklin Roosevelt, in addition, he would often use the radio show to sell his medicines, including the antacid Re-Hib and Antediluvian Tea. Around 1935, Springer left Chicago and began preaching on KDKA in Pittsburgh, Springers wife Mary encouraged him to try to launch a health spa and in 1931, he launched a resort called Haven of Rest in Fort Hill, Pennsylvania. Only six years after it first opened, he lost Haven of Rest due to non-payment of taxes and he attempted to set up other resorts and gatherings in Wilkes-Barre, Johnstown, and Mount Davis in Pennsylvania, Cumberland, Maryland, and Davenport, Iowa. In 1944, Springer and his new fiancée Helen filed a claim on federal land to 12,800 acres in Californias Mojave Desert. The land contained the remains of an 1860 Army post and a station on the defunct Tonopah
27.
General Mining Act of 1872
–
The General Mining Act of 1872 is a United States federal law that authorizes and governs prospecting and mining for economic minerals, such as gold, platinum, and silver, on federal public lands. All citizens of the United States of America 18 years or older have the right under the 1872 mining law to locate a lode or placer mining claim on federal lands open to mineral entry and these claims may be located once a discovery of a locatable mineral is made. Locatable minerals include but are not limited to platinum, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, uranium, miners and prospectors in the California Gold Rush of 1849 found themselves in a legal vacuum. California miners spread the concept all over the west with each new mining rush, although the practices for open mining on public land were more-or-less universal in the West, and supported by state and territorial legislation, they were still illegal under existing federal law. In June 1865, Representative George Washington Julian of Indiana introduced a bill for the government to take the mines from their discoverers. He advocated that the government itself work the mines for the benefit of the treasury. Western representatives successfully argued that western miners and prospectors were performing valuable services by promoting commerce, in 1864, Congress passed a law that instructed courts deciding questions of contested mining rights to ignore federal ownership, and defer to the miners in actual possession of the ground. The following year, Congressional supporters of western miners tacked legislation legalizing lode mining on public land onto a law regarding ditch and canal rights in California, Oregon, the legislation, known as the Chaffee laws after Colorado Territorial representative Jerome B. Chaffee, passed and was signed on July 26,1866, Congress extended similar rules to placer mining claims in the placer law signed into law on July 9,1870. The Chaffee law of 1869 and the law of 1871 were combined into the General Mining Act of 1872. The mining law of 1866 had given discoverers rights to mining claims to extract gold, silver, cinnabar. When Congress passed the General Mining Act of 1872, the wording was changed to or other valuable deposits, the 1872 law was codified as 30 U. S. C. §§ 22-42 The 1872 act also granted rights to lode claims. The Act of 1872 also set the price for land assumed under the mining act, FORTY-SECOND CONGRESS. A patent shall issue for the placer-claim, including such vein or lode, upon the payment of five dollars per acre such vein or lode claim and it set the price of the land claim to range $2.50 to $5.00 per acre. This price set by law has remained the same since 1872, the Mineral Policy Center estimates that mining companies extract $2 billion to $3 billion in minerals from public lands every year. From 1872 to 1993, mining companies produced more than $230 billion from lands claimed under the Act, a mining claim is the right to explore for and extract minerals from a tract of land. Claim staking is the procedure of marking the boundaries of the mining claim
28.
Bureau of Land Management
–
President Harry S. Truman created the BLM in 1946 by combining two existing agencies, the General Land Office and the Grazing Service. Most BLM public lands are located in these 12 western states, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming. The mission of the BLM is to sustain the health, diversity, originally BLM holdings were described as land nobody wanted because homesteaders had passed them by. All the same, ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits, the agency manages 221 wilderness areas,23 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Landscape Conservation System totaling about 30 million acres. There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands, total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and Native American groups. The BLMs roots go back to the Land Ordinance of 1785 and these laws provided for the survey and settlement of the lands that the original 13 colonies ceded to the federal government after the American Revolution. As additional lands were acquired by the United States from Spain, France and other countries, the United States Congress directed that they be explored, surveyed, during the Revolutionary War, military bounty land was promised to soldiers who fought for the colonies. After the war, the Treaty of Paris of 1783, signed by the United States, England, France, in the 1780s, other states relinquished their own claims to land in modern-day Ohio. By this time, the United States needed revenue to function, Land was sold so that the government would have money to survive. In order to sell the land, surveys needed to be conducted, the Land Ordinance of 1785 instructed a geographer to oversee this work as undertaken by a group of surveyors. The first years of surveying were completed by trial and error, once the territory of Ohio had been surveyed, in 1812, Congress established the General Land Office as part of the Department of the Treasury to oversee the disposition of these federal lands. By the early 1800s, promised bounty land claims were finally fulfilled, over the years, other bounty land and homestead laws were enacted to dispose of federal land. Several different types of patents existed and these include cash entry, credit, homestead, Indian, military warrants, mineral certificates, private land claims, railroads, state selections, swamps, town sites, and town lots. A system of land offices spread throughout the territories, patenting land that was surveyed via the corresponding Office of the Surveyor General of a particular territory. This pattern gradually spread across the entire United States, the laws that spurred this system with the exception of the General Mining Law of 1872 and the Desert Land Act of 1877 have since been repealed or superseded. The Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 allowed leasing, exploration, and production of selected commodities, such as coal, oil, gas, the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 established the United States Grazing Service to manage the public rangelands by establishment of advisory boards that set grazing fees. The Oregon and California Revested Lands Sustained Yield Management Act of 1937, commonly referred as the O&C Act, in 1946, the Grazing Service was merged with the General Land Office to form the Bureau of Land Management within the Department of the Interior. It took several years for new agency to integrate and reorganize
29.
California State University
–
The California State University is a public university system in California. Composed of 23 campuses and eight off-campus centers enrolling 460,200 students with 24,405 faculty and 23,012 staff, CSU is the largest four-year public university system in the United States. It is one of three higher education systems in the state, with the other two being the University of California system and the California Community Colleges System. The CSU System is incorporated as The Trustees of the California State University, the California State University system headquarters are at 401 Golden Shore in Long Beach, California. The California State University was created in 1960 under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, with nearly 100,000 graduates annually, the CSU is the countrys greatest producer of bachelors degrees. The university system collectively sustains more than 150,000 jobs within the state, altogether, about half of the bachelors degrees, one-third of the masters degrees, and nearly two percent of the doctoral degrees awarded annually in California are from the CSU. Furthermore, the CSU is one of the top U. S. producers of graduates who move on to earn their Ph. D. degrees in a related field. The CSU has a total of 17 AACSB accredited graduate business schools which is twice as many as any other collegiate system. Since 1961, nearly three million alumni have received their bachelors, masters, or doctoral degrees from the CSU system, CSU offers more than 1,800 degree programs in some 240 subject areas. In Fall of 2015,9,282 of CSUs 24,405 faculty were tenured or on the tenure track. The school was taken over by the state in 1862 and moved to San Jose and renamed the California State Normal School, a southern branch of the California State Normal School was created in Los Angeles in 1882. In 1887, the California State Legislature dropped the word California from the name of the San Jose and Los Angeles schools, later Chico, San Diego, and other schools became part of the State Normal School system. In 1919, the State Normal School at Los Angeles became the Southern Branch of the University of California, in 1927, in May 1921, the legislature enacted a comprehensive reform package for the states educational system, which went into effect that July. This meant that they were to be managed from Sacramento by the deputy director of the division, who in turn was under the state Superintendent of Education, by this time it was already commonplace to refer to most of the campuses with their city names plus the word state. The resulting administrative situation from 1921 to 1960 was quite complicated, at least one president would depart his state college because of his express frustration over that issue. During the 1920s and 1930s, the State Teachers Colleges started to transition from normal schools into teachers colleges whose graduates would be qualified to teach all K–12 grades. A leading proponent of this idea was Charles McLane, the first president of Fresno State, in 1932, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching was asked by the state legislature and governor to perform a study of California higher education. This recommendation spectacularly backfired when the faculties and administrations of the State Teachers Colleges rallied to protect their independence from the Regents
30.
Dmitri Borgmann
–
Dmitri A. Borgmann was a German-American author best known for his work in recreational linguistics. Borgmann was born on October 22,1927 in Berlin, Germany, to Hans, fearing that the Nazi government would discover Lisas Jewish ancestry, the family fled to the United States in 1936, and settled in Chicago. Borgmann graduated from the University of Chicago and found work as an actuary, Borgmann eventually relocated the company and his family to Dayton, Washington. Borgmann first attracted attention for his skill with words in 1958. Around this time he started contributing word puzzles and trivia to Line o Type or Two. Much of this material was mined from back issues of The Enigma, by 1964 he had established himself as the countrys leading authority on word play, a designation he continued to hold up until the time of his death. Today it is best remembered for popularizing the word logology to refer to the field of recreational linguistics, the publicity generated by Language on Vacation led to Borgmann being contracted by industrial design firm Loewy & Snaith to invent brand names for their clients. For this work he is cited as the creator of Exxon. At $2000 per letter, commentators joked that this made Borgmann the most highly paid writer in history, Borgmann edited the magazine for its inaugural year, but resigned after Greenwood refused to meet his salary demands. When Greenwood appointed fellow logologist Howard W. Bergerson to succeed him as editor-in-chief, a follow-up to Language on Vacation, entitled Beyond Language, Adventures in Word and Thought, was published in 1967, it was less successful but still attracted favorable reviews. Borgmann also edited and annotated a book on crossword puzzles, 1970s Curious Crosswords, throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s he was a regular writer for The Chicago Tribune, Games, and Puzzle Lovers Newspaper, and continued to contribute articles to Word Ways. He also sponsored Jackpot Jubilee, a series of word contests and he also advertised the church in Hustler, encouraging the publisher to omit the first T in Immortality. As many as a hundred joined the movement. Borgmann had a reputation for being reclusive to the point of eccentricity, none of his colleagues from publishing—not even his literary agent Joseph Madachy, nor Martin Gardner, who got Borgmann the editorship of Word Ways—ever met him personally. His successors at Word Ways, Howard W. Bergerson and A. Ross Eckler, Borgmanns home life was even more secluded, most external and internal windows were boarded up or covered with heavy drapes, and mirrors were not permitted in the house. Borgmann rarely left his cluttered upstairs room, sometimes working secretively for weeks without seeing his family, though he was diagnosed with a heart condition, he refused to take his prescribed medication, and eventually succumbed to a heart attack on December 7,1985. He was survived by his wife of 23 years, Iris Sterling, after his death, Eckler and Borgmanns son Keith went through his papers, finding material for a number of articles which were published posthumously in Word Ways. Language on Vacation, An Olio of Orthographical Oddities, beyond Language, Adventures in Word and Thought
31.
Beyond Language
–
Beyond Language, Adventures in Word and Thought is a 1967 book written by Dmitri Borgmann. Unlike its predecessor, however, the part of the book is presented as a series of 119 self-contained Problems with accompanying Hints. More often than not, however, the format is simply a conceit which enables the author to expound the results of his lexicographic, for example, Problem 94 challenges the reader to trace the origin of the word FEAMYNG, a purported collective noun for ferrets. Borgmanns solution, which four pages, shows the term to be a ghost word. Problem 84 contains the earliest known example in print of the repetitive homonym Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo, the book also contains a separate set of 18 Bafflers—short essays on logological problems for which Borgmann had no complete solution. Topics discussed here include kinship terms, color terms, word squares, letter bigrams, the books appendices contain an extensive bibliography of books and periodicals covering logology. Beyond Language was not as great a success as Language on Vacation, kirkus Reviews called Borgmanns puzzles unique and challenging, noting that the persistent can spend a pleasant year in figuring out such problems. Time recommended the book for the tired scientist, mathematician or logician, in the decades since its publication, the books Problems and Bafflers have proved a fruitful source of logological research. Many of them have been investigated and developed by A. Ross Eckler, Jr. Philip M. Cohen, members of the National Puzzlers League. Other claims made by the book have been challenged and debunked, of note is a 2003 study by Darryl Francis which investigated Borgmanns assertion that the name Torpenhow Hill is a quadruple etymological tautology. It concluded not only that Borgmanns etymology may be incorrect, but also that the hill does not even exist
32.
Automobile Club of Southern California
–
The Automobile Club of Southern California is the Southern California affiliate of the American Automobile Association federation of motor clubs. The completion of the Ridge Route greatly facilitated automobile travel through this significant mountain barrier, starting around 1910, the Auto Club sent teams of cartographers to survey the states roads for the production of maps and to create a uniform signing system. The Auto Club posted thousands of porcelain-on-steel traffic signs throughout the state, the signs were produced by a local company that manufactured porcelain-on-steel bathtubs. A few of these remain in service today, though they are extremely rare. The year 1923 marked the completion of the Auto Clubs main office on the corner of Figueroa Street, designed by architects Sumner P. Hunt and Silas R. Burns, and built in the Spanish Colonial Revival style, the building now serves as the Los Angeles branch office. The clubs headquarters are still in Los Angeles but its offices are in Costa Mesa. From 1934 through 1941 the buildings served as the site of the Auto Clubs annual Outing Show. These events were halted after the start of the war and were never revived, the Auto Club has also experienced its share of scandals. His lawsuit dragged on for over 15 years and involved two trials and three appeals, all of which Braude ultimately won. In the end, the Auto Club was forced to revise its election procedures to give board outsiders a better chance of winning seats. Today, the Automobile Club of Southern Californias affiliated insurance company and it provides coverage for automobiles, homes, recreational vehicles, motorcycles and watercrafts. Unusually, it is organized as a reciprocal inter-insurance exchange rather than as an insurance company. The Auto Club is the largest member of the AAA federation, the Auto Club is still a membership organization, and provides as a member benefit maps, travel planning, emergency roadside service, and DMV services. Members also receive Westways, a magazine published eight times a year and devoted to travel, branch offices stretch from Chula Vista, near the international border with Mexico, to the small town of Bishop, in Californias eastern Sierra mountains. It went on to affiliate with AAA Northern New England in 2003, AAA Alabama was acquired in 2007. The Auto Club later affiliated with AAA East Central, it affiliated with AAA Tidewater in 2012, from Central California northward, the California State Automobile Association, now called AAA Northern California, Nevada & Utah, provides services to ACSC members who travel north. AAA Northern California and ACSC are both members of the AAA federation of motor clubs, while membership is not interchangeable among AAA clubs, each club provides certain services to all AAA members on a reciprocal basis, notably roadside assistance. In recent years, the Auto Club has returned to its roots with involvement in racing, sponsoring the annual Auto Club 400 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race
33.
United States Board on Geographic Names
–
The United States Board on Geographic Names is a federal body within the United States Geological Survey, an agency of the Department of the Interior. The purpose of the board is to establish and maintain uniform usage of names throughout the federal government of the United States. The Board was created in 1890, its present form derives from a law of 1947, under the U. S. Department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, the BGN was created by presidential order. Mendenhall, superintendent of the U. S. President Benjamin Harrison signed an Executive Order on September 4,1890, to this Board shall be referred all unsettled questions concerning geographic names. The decisions of the Board are to be accepted … as the authority for such matters. The Board was given authority to resolve all unsettled questions concerning geographic names, Decisions of the Board were accepted as binding by all departments and agencies of the federal government. The Board has developed principles, policies, and procedures governing the use of domestic and it also deals with the names of geographical features underseas and in Antarctica. Although its official purpose is to resolve problems and new name proposals for the federal government. Any person or organization, public or private, may make inquiries or request the Board to render decisions on proposed new names, proposed name changes. Generally, the BGN defers federal name use to comply with local usage, for example, in rare cases where a locally used name is very offensive, the BGN may decide against adoption of the local name for federal use. In federal mapping and names collection efforts, there is often a phase lag where a delay occurs in adoption of a locally used name, sometimes the delay is several decades. Volunteers in the Earth Science Corps are used to assist the U. S. Geological Survey in collecting names of geographic features. The Geographic Names Information System, developed by the BGN in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey, includes topographic map names, the names of books and historic maps which confirm the feature or place name are cited. Variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded, the BGN has members from six federal departments as well as the Central Intelligence Agency, the Government Publishing Office, the Library of Congress, and the U. S. Postal Service. The BGN rules on hundreds of naming decisions annually and stores over two million records in its databases at geonames. usgs. gov. State and local governments, and private mapping organizations usually follow the BGNs decisions, the BGN has an executive committee and two permanent committees with full authority, the 10 to 15-member Domestic Names Committee and the 8 to 10-member Foreign Names Committee. The BGN does not create a name, the BGN responds to proposals for names from federal agencies, state, local, and tribal governments. The BGN does not translate terms, but instead accurately uses foreign names in the Roman alphabet, for non-Roman languages, the BGN uses transliteration systems or creates them for less well-known languages
34.
Latin alphabet
–
The Latin alphabet is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world. It is the script of the English language and is often referred to simply as the alphabet in English. It is an alphabet which originated in the 7th century BC in Italy and has changed continually over the last 2500 years. It has roots in the Semitic alphabet and its offshoot alphabets, the Phoenician, Greek, the phonetic values of some letters changed, some letters were lost and gained, and several writing styles developed. Two such styles, the minuscule and majuscule hands, were combined into one script with alternate forms for the lower and upper case letters, due to classicism, modern uppercase letters differ only slightly from their classical counterparts. The Latin alphabet started out as uppercase serifed letters known as roman square capitals, the lowercase letters evolved through cursive styles that developed to adapt the formerly inscribed alphabet to being written with a pen. Throughout the ages, many stylistic variations of each letter have evolved that are still identified as being the same letter. From the Cumae alphabet, the Etruscan alphabet was derived, the Latins ultimately adopted 21 of the original 26 Etruscan letters. Gaius Julius Hyginus, who recorded much Roman mythology, mentions in Fab, the Parcae, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos invented seven Greek letters — A B H T I Y. Others say that Mercury invented them from the flight of cranes, which, palamedes, too, son of Nauplius, invented eleven letters, Simonides, too, invented four letters — Ó E Z PH, Epicharmus of Sicily, two — P and PS. The Greek letters Mercury is said to have brought to Egypt, Cadmus in exile from Arcadia, took them to Italy, and his mother Carmenta changed them to Latin to the number of 15. Apollo on the added the rest. The original Latin alphabet was, The oldest Latin inscriptions do not distinguish between /ɡ/ and /k/, representing both by C, K and Q according to position, K was used before A, Q was used before O or V, C was used elsewhere. This is explained by the fact that the Etruscan language did not make this distinction, C originated as a turned form of Greek Gamma and Q from Greek Koppa. In later Latin, K survived only in a few such as Kalendae, Q survived only before V. G was later invented to distinguish between /ɡ/ and /k/, it was simply a C with an additional diacritic. C stood for /ɡ/ I stood for both /i/ and /j/, V stood for both /u/ and /w/. K was marginalized in favour of C, which stood for both /ɡ/ and /k/
35.
Place names considered unusual
–
Unusual place names are names for cities, towns, and other regions which are considered non-ordinary in some manner. Death Valley, California, one of the hottest locations on Earth, the highest recorded land temperature, 134° F, was recorded inside Death Valley at Furnace Creek, California in 1913. Boring, Oregon is named after William H. Boring, who settled in the area in the 1870s, the town name is a homonym for the word boring, and the town often makes puns based on its name. Borings town motto is The most exciting place to live and it has taken on the similarly named Dull, Bland Shire, New South Wales, Australia, named for founder William Bland, is similarly named. The county of Essex in southeastern England is home to the village of Ugley, and in the county of Hertfordshire, the hamlet of Nasty, a number of settlements have names that are offensive or humorous in other languages, such as Fucking, Austria. Although as a place name Fucking is benign in German, in English the word is a profanity, similarly, while the town of Condom, France, has no humorous connotations in French, English speakers will likely associate it with condoms, a form of barrier contraception. Hell, Norway, comes from the old Norse word hellir, in modern Norwegian the word for hell is helvete, while hell can mean luck. The US also has Hell, Michigan, however, it is unincorporated, some placenames are deemed to be offensive or unacceptable, often through historic changes in what is tolerated. An example of this would be the once common English street name Gropecunt Lane, during the Middle Ages the word cunt may often have been considered merely vulgar, having been in common use in its anatomical sense since at least the 13th century. In the city of York, Grapcunt Lane was renamed Grope Lane and is now called Grape Lane, in Spain, a municipality was named Castrillo Matajudíos from 1627 to 2015. A number of placenames in the United States historically used the word nigger, over the course of the 20th century, many of these placenames were changed because of the increasingly negative racist connotations of the word. One example is Dead Nigger Creek in Texas which was changed to Dead Negro Draw, another is Niggerhead Mountain near Malibu, California which was changed to Negrohead Mountain in the 1960s and finally to Ballard Mountain in 2010 for an early African American settler. Sometimes settlement names are changed as a publicity stunt or to promote tourism. Waters, Arkansas changed its name to Pine Ridge, Arkansas after it became known that the radio sitcom Lum and Abner had based the town in which it was set, Pine Ridge. Now a sparsely populated and no longer incorporated community, Pine Ridge is home to a Lum, Saint Augusta, Minnesota was for a short time named Ventura, Minnesota after the then-governor Jesse Ventura to draw attention in avoiding annexation by the nearby city of Saint Cloud. The name was reverted to the name after the crisis passed. Unorthodox spelling or pronunciation, short or long names, and names derived from unusual sources are seen as unusual. The Welsh village Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch changed its name in the 1860s from the shorter Llanfairpwllgwyngyll to increase its publicity, at 58 letters, it has the longest place name in the UK
36.
Zzyzx (album)
–
Zzyzx is the third studio album of the Norwegian industrial rock band Zeromancer. The album takes its title from the name of a road leading to and this album saw Zeromancer approaching a more lighter sound with a more much mainstream direction yet with much more meaningful lyrics. The album spawned two singles, Erotic Saints followed by Famous Last Words and this was also their only album released through the Warner Music Group. Teenage Recoil Hollywood Famous Last Words Erotic Saints Idiot Music Stop the Noise, feed You with a Kiss Lamp Halo Mosquito Coil Blood Music New Madonna Gone to Your Head Fractured There are several different versions of this album all with different songs at the end. This is track listing for 2004 Cleopatra Records version, all songs by Keller, Ljung, and Schröder. The last two songs are special tracks, alex Møklebust – vocals Kim Ljung – bass, backing vocals Noralf Ronthi – drums Chris Schleyer – guitar Erik Ljunggren – Keyboard, programming
37.
Zeromancer
–
Zeromancer is a Norwegian industrial rock band formed in 1999 by members of the band Seigmen. The current lineup is Alex Møklebust, Kim Ljung, Noralf Ronthi, Lorry Kristiansen and they have released six studio albums, the latest, Bye-Bye Borderline, was released on January 25,2013. The core of Zeromancer met in the influential Norwegian band Seigmen, during the 1990s, Seigmen dominated the Norwegian rock scene and also made a name for themselves internationally, playing concerts abroad. When Seigmen split in March 1999, Kim Ljung and Erik Ljunggren went to Los Angeles, two more members of Seigmen joined them in Los Angeles, Alex Møklebust and Noralf Ronthi. James Saes recorded the first demos with the band and stood in as their guitar player, a little later, the band was complete, when they joined with Chris Schleyer, formerly of Kidneythieves and Prick which was released under Trent Reznors label Nothing Records. On March 13,2000, Zeromancer released their first album, the title track was a minor hit at many clubs and venues. The album also won Zeromancer the award for the best newcomer of 2000 at the German Alternative Music Awards, a music video was created for the song Clone Your Lover. In 2001, Zeromancer released the album Eurotrash, which featured a version of the song Send Me an Angel by Australian band Real Life. A music video was created for the song Dr Online, in spring 2003, coinciding with the US reissue of Clone Your Lover, the band toured in the United States with the early 1990s bands Pigface and My Life With The Thrill Kill Kult. This tour did much to increase Zeromancers fanbase in the United States, the tour also let Zeromancer take a break from recording their third studio album, working on it after the tour was over. In autumn 2003, Zeromancer released their album, Zzyzx. The songs on the album were a lot calmer than the first two albums, which fans had not expected, the name comes from a street sign that the band saw while touring in the United States. In San Bernardino County, California, there is a place named Zzyzx Springs, a music video was created for the song Erotic Saints. Following the release, Chris Schleyer left the band and joined A Perfect Circle as a rehearsal guitarist, in 2007, he created his new band Affected and worked with Nine Inch Nails on their tour. The band went on hiatus for three years, during this time, Kim Ljung created his solo project, Ljungblut, and recorded a double-CD with Dan Heide. Alex Møklebust did some producing for a few Norwegian bands and Erik Ljunggren has lent his programming skills to a number of other artists, Seigmen also reunited for some concerts and recorded a live CD and DVD. Zeromancer returned in fall 2006 and began touring again, an early ten-track demo from the oval room was recorded. They released a single titled Doppelgänger I Love You and it was played in Europe, peaking at number 4 on the Deutsche Alternative Charts
38.
Michael Connelly
–
Michael Connelly is an American author of detective novels and other crime fiction, notably those featuring LAPD Detective Hieronymus Harry Bosch and criminal defense attorney Mickey Haller. His books, which have translated into 39 languages, have garnered him many awards. Connelly was the President of the Mystery Writers of America from 2003 to 2004, Connelly was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the second oldest child of W. Michael Connelly, a property developer, and Mary Connelly, a homemaker. According to Connelly, his father was a frustrated artist who encouraged his children to want to succeed in life and was a risk taker who alternated success with failure in his pursuit of a career. Connellys mother was a fan of crime fiction and introduced her son to the world of mystery novels, at age 12, Connelly moved with his family from Philadelphia to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, where he attended St. Thomas Aquinas High School. At age 16, Connelly’s interest in crime and mystery escalated when, on his way home from his work as a hotel dishwasher, Connelly, curious, decided to investigate and found that the object was a gun wrapped in a lumberjack shirt. After putting the gun back, he followed the man to a bar, later that night, Connelly brought the police down to the bar, but the man was already gone. This event introduced Connelly to the world of police officers and their lives, impressing him with the investigators’ hard faces, Connelly had planned on following his father’s early choice of career in building construction and started out at the University of Florida in Gainesville as a building construction major. After earning grades that were lower than expected, Connelly went to see Robert Altman’s film The Long Goodbye and was enchanted by what he saw, the film, based on Raymond Chandler’s 1953 novel of the same name, inspired Connelly to want to become a mystery writer. He was a student of Harry Crews, there, he covered the crime beat during the South Florida cocaine wars, an era that brought with it much violence and murder. The honor also brought Connelly a job as a reporter at the Los Angeles Times. He moved to California in 1987 with his wife Linda McCaleb, after moving to Los Angeles, Connelly went to see the High Tower Apartments where Raymond Chandlers famous character, Philip Marlowe, had lived, and Robert Altman had filmed. Connelly got the manager of the building to promise to him if the apartment ever became available. Ten years later, the manager tracked Connelly down, and Connelly decided to rent the place and this apartment served as a place to write for several years, but its value derived more from nostalgia than comfort. After three years at the Los Angeles Times, Connelly wrote his first published novel, The Black Echo and he sold The Black Echo to Little, Brown to be published in 1992 and won the Mystery Writers of Americas Edgar Award for best first novel. Connelly describes his own work as a big canvas with all the characters of his books floating across it as currents on a painting, sometimes they are bound to collide, creating cross currents. This is something that Connelly creates by bringing back characters from previous books, Connelly went on to write three more novels about Detective Bosch — The Black Ice, The Concrete Blonde, and The Last Coyote — before quitting his job as a reporter to write full-time. Harry Bosch and Connelly received a deal of publicity in 1994
39.
The Narrows (Connelly novel)
–
The Narrows is the 14th novel by American crime author Michael Connelly, and the tenth featuring the Los Angeles detective Hieronymus Harry Bosch. Digging deeper, Bosch follows a lead to Las Vegas that brings him into contact with the FBI, as Bosch and Walling are both outsiders to the main FBI investigation, they eventually join forces. The novel shifts points of view, cutting from Boschs first-person commentary to the perspectives of Walling. Bosch meets a neighbor whom he discovers to be Cassie Black, the main character of Void Moon. In the end, Bosch and Walling bring The Poet to justice by chasing him into the channels of the swollen Los Angeles River in L. A. where he drowns while Bosch barely survives. His death is confirmed this time, as opposed to The Poet where he was presumed dead
40.
Zzyzx (film)
–
Zzyzx is a 2006 thriller set in the Mojave Desert and Las Vegas. The film was written by Art DAlessandro, produced and directed by Richard Halpern, and stars Kenny Johnson, Robyn Cohen, Ryan Fox, and Kayo Zepeda. Two friends are driving to Shanghai to over the weekend, and one of the men, Lou who is driving, as they explore Zzyzx Road, Lou teases Ryan by almost hitting a pedestrian. As Ryan complains about Lous behavior, Lou doubles back and sets a course for the man that they saw on the road. Ryan grabs the wheel in the hopes to stop Lou from hitting the man, the man dies, only after whispering the words Go home into Lous ear. Lou takes his identification and puts on his watch, Lou and Ryan contemplate what to do next, now that the man has died. As a woman walks up the road towards their car, they grab the body and they talk to the woman, named Candice, to find that shes the wife of the man they killed. She invites them into her husbands Winnebago, and they drink a few beers, after they converse for a while, we learn a lot about the characters of Lou and Ryan themselves. Lou used to be in the Army, after going to Iraq and coming back, Lou consistently derides Ryan, and calls him Mitch because it rhymes with bitch. Ryan is found to be an introverted person. Lou and Ryan keep an eye on Candice to make sure that she not find out they killed her husband. They eventually get drunk and they all take narcotics, eventually Candice and Lou end up making out, while Ryan tries to pull Candice off of Lou. Lou storms out of the trailer after this, as he knows that Candice knows what happened and he throws the keys to the Winnebago into the desert. Candice finds the key to the car that Ryan and Lou drove into the desert, much to her dismay, the car doesnt start. Lou tries to intimidate her out of the car, but he ends up getting stabbed in his cheek by Candice, Ryan, thinking that Lou is to blame for the murder, helps Candice start the car. After Ryan fixes the car, Candice drives off while Ryan is still on the hood of the car, Ryan, in retaliation, disables the car down by ripping out some wires. In the end, Ryan beats Lou dead with a golf club and he then proceeds to free Candice, and Candice offers to have sex with him in exchange. Afterward Candice gouges out Ryans eyes, and sets him on fire and she finds her husbands body and cuts his leg off, revealing that he had $100,000 hidden in a prosthetic leg
Media related to Zzyzx, California at Wikimedia Commons
